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savings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_savings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Labor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teenagers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teenagers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Teenagers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teenagers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Labor unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_South_in_wartime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_South_in_wartime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The South in wartime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_South_in_wartime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_support_for_war_effort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_support_for_war_effort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Civilian support for war effort</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civilian_support_for_war_effort-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civilian support for war effort subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civilian_support_for_war_effort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacifism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pacifism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspected_disloyalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspected_disloyalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Suspected disloyalty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspected_disloyalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Racial tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nursing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nursing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nursing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nursing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteer_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteer_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Volunteer activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteer_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Baby boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housewives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housewives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Housewives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housewives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_politics_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_politics_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Racial politics of the war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Racial_politics_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Racial politics of the war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Racial_politics_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_policies_during_and_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policies_during_and_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Immigration policies during and after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_policies_during_and_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repatriation_of_Americans_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repatriation_of_Americans_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Repatriation of Americans abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repatriation_of_Americans_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Internment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FEPC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FEPC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>FEPC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FEPC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans_and_the_Double_V_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans_and_the_Double_V_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>African Americans and the Double V campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans_and_the_Double_V_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racism_in_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_in_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Racism in propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_in_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Wartime politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wartime_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wartime politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wartime_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prewar_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prewar_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Prewar background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prewar_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Wartime events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Propaganda and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propaganda_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Propaganda and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Posters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Posters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bond_drives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bond_drives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bond drives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bond_drives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollywood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollywood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Hollywood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollywood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Local activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Auto_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Auto racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_U.S._soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_U.S._soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Attacks on U.S. soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_U.S._soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1.1</span> <span>Encyclopedias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Economy and labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family,_gender_and_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family,_gender_and_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.4</span> <span>Family, gender and minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family,_gender_and_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_and_teaching_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_and_teaching_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.5.1</span> <span>Primary sources and teaching materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_and_teaching_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda,_advertising,_media,_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda,_advertising,_media,_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.6</span> <span>Propaganda, advertising, media, public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda,_advertising,_media,_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social,_state_and_local_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social,_state_and_local_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.7</span> <span>Social, state and local history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social,_state_and_local_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">United States Home Front</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; font-weight: bold;">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ServiceOnTheHomeFrontPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ServiceOnTheHomeFrontPA.jpg/220px-ServiceOnTheHomeFrontPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" 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Bill">G.I. Bill</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Chronology</b> <br /><table style="background:var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: inherit; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%" style="text-align:left;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/10px-Arrleft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/15px-Arrleft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Arrleft.svg/20px-Arrleft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="133" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945-1964)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_American_Theater" title="Template:Campaignbox North American Theater"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_North_American_Theater" title="Template talk:Campaignbox North American Theater"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_North_American_Theater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox North American Theater"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Theater_(WWII)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)"><span class="wrap">American Theater (WWII)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II#Canada" title="Home front during World War II">Canada</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angler_POW_escape" title="Angler POW escape">Angler POW escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">St. Lawrence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bell_Island" title="Battle of Bell Island">Bell Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bowmanville" title="Battle of Bowmanville">Bowmanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kiebitz" title="Operation Kiebitz"><i>Kiebitz</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kiebitz#Operation_Pointe_Maisonnette" title="Operation Kiebitz"><i>Point Maisonnette</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machita_incident" title="Machita incident">Machita incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Alley" title="Torpedo Alley">Torpedo Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_California_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on California ships">California ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pastorius" title="Operation Pastorius"><i>Pastorius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordsburg_killings" title="Lordsburg killings">Lordsburg killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_Spy_Ring" title="Duquesne Spy Ring">Duquesne Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Fort_Stanton" title="Escape from Fort Stanton">Fort Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pelikan" title="Operation Pelikan"><i>Pelikan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster" title="Port Chicago disaster">Port Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawton_riot" title="Fort Lawton riot">Fort Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Elster" title="Operation Elster"><i>Elster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Papago_Escape" title="Great Papago Escape">Great Papago Escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_riot" title="Santa Fe riot">Santa Fe riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Judith" title="Battle of Point Judith">Point Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_prisoner_of_war_massacre" title="Utah prisoner of war massacre">Utah prisoner of war massacre</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Central and South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Operation Bolívar"><i>Bolívar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pelikan" title="Operation Pelikan"><i>Pelikan</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt>Greenland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II#German_weather_stations" title="Greenland in World War II">German weather stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>United States home front during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></b> supported the <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> in many ways, including a wide range of volunteer efforts and submitting to government-managed <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Rationing in the United States">rationing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>. There was a general feeling of agreement that the sacrifices were for the national good during the war. </p><p>The labor market changed radically. Peacetime conflicts concerning race and labor took on a special dimension because of the pressure for national unity. The <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_during_World_War_II#Propaganda" title="Entertainment industry during World War II">Hollywood film industry</a> was important for propaganda. Every aspect of life from politics to personal savings changed when put on a wartime footing. This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low to high productivity jobs in industrial centers. Millions of students, retirees, housewives, and unemployed moved into the active labor force. The hours they had to work increased dramatically as the time for leisure activities declined sharply. </p><p>Gasoline, meat, clothing, and footwear were tightly rationed. Most families were allocated 3 US gallons (11 L; 2.5 imp gal) of gasoline a week, which sharply curtailed driving for any purpose. Production of most durable goods, like new housing, vacuum cleaners, and kitchen appliances, was banned until the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters. Prices and wages were controlled. Americans saved a high portion of their incomes, which led to renewed growth after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controls_and_taxes">Controls and taxes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Controls and taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Federal tax policy was highly contentious during the war, with President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> opposing a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> in Congress. However, both sides agreed on the need for high taxes (along with heavy borrowing) to pay for the war: top marginal tax rates ranged from 81% to 94% for the duration of the war, and the income level subject to the highest rate was lowered from $5,000,000 to $200,000. Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully, by executive order 9250,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to impose a 100% surtax on after-tax incomes over $25,000 (equal to roughly $440,192 today). However, Roosevelt did manage to impose this cap on executive pay in corporations with government contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress also enlarged the tax base by lowering the minimum income to pay taxes, and by reducing personal exemptions and deductions. By 1944 nearly every employed person was paying federal income taxes (compared to 10% in 1940).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many controls were put on the economy. The most important was price controls, imposed on most products and monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration" title="Office of Price Administration">Office of Price Administration</a>. Wages were also controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations dealt with numerous agencies, especially the <a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> (WPB), and the War and Navy departments, which had the purchasing power and priorities that largely reshaped and expanded industrial production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="Rationing in the United States">Rationing in the United States § World War II</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg/200px-Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg/300px-Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg/400px-Sugar_rationing_-_NARA_-_535570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption>Sugar rationing</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1942 a rationing system was begun to guarantee minimum amounts of necessities to everyone (especially poor people) and prevent inflation. Tires were the first item to be rationed in January 1942 because supplies of natural rubber were interrupted. Gasoline rationing proved an even better way to allocate scarce rubber. In June 1942 the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Food_Board" title="Combined Food Board">Combined Food Board</a> was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies, with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain. By 1943, government-issued ration coupons were required to purchase coffee, sugar, meat, cheese, butter, lard, margarine, canned foods, dried fruits, jam, gasoline, bicycles, fuel oil, clothing, silk or nylon stockings, shoes, and many other items. Some items, like automobiles and home appliances, were no longer made. The rationing system did not apply to used goods like clothes or cars, but they became more expensive since they were not subject to price controls. </p><p>To get a classification and a book of rationing stamps, people had to appear before a local rationing board. Each person in a household received a ration book, including babies and children. When purchasing gasoline, a driver had to present a gas card along with a ration book and cash. Ration stamps were valid only for a set period to forestall hoarding. All forms of automobile racing were banned, including the <a href="/wiki/1942_Indianapolis_500" title="1942 Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> which was canceled from 1942 to 1945. Sightseeing driving was banned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_savings">Personal savings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal savings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal income was at an all-time high, and more dollars were chasing fewer goods to purchase. This was <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">a recipe for economic disaster</a> that was largely avoided because Americans—persuaded daily by their government to do so—were also saving money at an all-time high rate, mostly in War Bonds but also in private savings accounts and insurance policies. Consumer saving was strongly encouraged through investment in <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a> that would mature after the war. Most workers had an automatic payroll deduction; children collected savings stamps until they had enough to buy a bond. Bond rallies were held throughout the U.S. with celebrities, usually Hollywood film stars, to enhance the bond advertising effectiveness. Several stars were responsible for personal appearance tours that netted multiple millions of dollars in bond pledges—an astonishing amount in 1943. The public paid ¾ of the face value of a war bond and received the full face value back after a set number of years. This shifted their consumption from the war to postwar and allowed over 40% of GDP to go to military spending, with moderate inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Americans were challenged to put "at least 10% of every paycheck into Bonds". Compliance was very high, with entire factories of workers earning a special "Minuteman" flag to fly over their plant if over 90% workers belonged to the "Ten Percent Club". There were seven major War Loan drives, all of which exceeded their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labor">Labor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unemployment problems of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> largely ended with the mobilization for war. Out of a labor force of 54 million, unemployment fell by half from 7.7 million in spring 1940 (when the first accurate statistics were compiled) to 3.4 million by fall of 1941 and fell by half again to 1.5 million by fall of 1942, hitting an all-time low of 700,000 in fall 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a growing labor shortage in war centers, with sound trucks going street by street begging for people to apply for war jobs. </p><p>Greater wartime production created millions of new jobs, while the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> reduced the number of young men available for civilian jobs. So great was the demand for labor that millions of retired people, housewives, and students entered the labor force, lured by patriotism and wages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shortage of grocery clerks caused retailers to convert from service at the counter to self-service. With new shorter women clerks replacing taller men, some stores lowered shelves to 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m). Before the war, most groceries, dry cleaners, drugstores, and department stores offered home delivery service. The labor shortage and gasoline and tire rationing caused most retailers to stop delivery. They found that requiring customers to buy their products in person increased sales.<sup id="cite_ref-kennett1985_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennett1985-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosie_the_Riveter_(Vultee)_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/270px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/405px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/540px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a>", working on an <a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-31_Vengeance" title="Vultee A-31 Vengeance">A-31 "Vengeance" dive bomber</a>, Tennessee, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Women also joined the workforce to replace men who had joined the forces, though in fewer numbers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1890 to 1990, the percentage of married women in the workforce rose from 5% to 60%. Most of this change in workforce participation was during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt stated that the efforts of civilians at home to support the war through personal sacrifice was as critical to winning the war as the efforts of the soldiers themselves. "<a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a>" became the symbol of women laboring in manufacturing. Women worked in defense plants and volunteered for war-related organizations. Women even learned to fix cars and became "conductorettes" for the train. The war effort brought about significant changes in the role of women in society as a whole. During the duration of the war, women had access to job opportunities beyond the traditionally “pink-collar” jobs. These jobs were often previously filled exclusively by men, and were higher paying and typically required more skill. Afterwards, there was a reversion to traditional gender roles and an expectation for women to become housewives, or at least take on more traditionally female jobs. </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Throckmorton_McLean" title="Alice Throckmorton McLean">Alice Throckmorton McLean</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Women%27s_Voluntary_Services" title="American Women's Voluntary Services">American Women's Voluntary Services</a> (AWVS) in January 1940, 23 months before the United States entered the war. When Pearl Harbor was bombed, the AWVS had more than 18,000 members who were ready to drive ambulances, fight fires, lead evacuations, operate mobile kitchens, deliver first aid, and perform other emergency services.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By war's end the AWVS counted 325,000 women at work and selling an estimated $1 billion in war bonds and stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the war, most of the munitions-making jobs ended. Many factories were closed; others retooled for civilian production. In some jobs, women were replaced by returning veterans who did not lose seniority because they were in service. However, the number of women at work in 1946 was 87% of the number in 1944, leaving 13% who lost or quit their jobs. Many women working in machinery factories and more were taken out of the workforce. Many of these former factory workers found other work at kitchens, being teachers, etc. </p><p>The table shows the development of the United States labor force by sex during the war years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total labor force (*1000) </th> <th>of which Male (*1000) </th> <th>of which Female (*1000) </th> <th>Female share of total (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>56,100</td> <td>41,940</td> <td>14,160</td> <td>25.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>57,720</td> <td>43,070</td> <td>14,650</td> <td>25.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td>60,330</td> <td>44,200</td> <td>16,120</td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td>64,780</td> <td>45,950</td> <td>18,830</td> <td>29.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td>66,320</td> <td>46,930</td> <td>19,390</td> <td>29.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>66,210</td> <td>46,910</td> <td>19,304</td> <td>29.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>60,520</td> <td>43,690</td> <td>16,840</td> <td>27.8 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:With_nearly_1000_(African-American)_women_employed_as_burners,_welders,_scalers,_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif/lossy-page1-270px-With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif/lossy-page1-405px-With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif/lossy-page1-540px-With_nearly_1000_%28African-American%29_women_employed_as_burners%2C_welders%2C_scalers%2C_and_in_other_capacities_at_the..._-_NARA_-_535803.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2430" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welder</a> helping construct the<br /><a href="/wiki/SS_George_Washington_Carver" title="SS George Washington Carver">SS George Washington Carver</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Shipyards" title="Kaiser Shipyards">Kaiser Shipyards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>, April 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>Women also took on new roles in sport and entertainment, which opened to them as more and more men were drafted. The <a href="/wiki/All-American_Girls_Professional_Baseball_League" title="All-American Girls Professional Baseball League">All-American Girls Professional Baseball League</a> was the creation of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cubs" title="Chicago Cubs">Chicago Cubs</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Wrigley" title="Philip K. Wrigley">Philip Wrigley</a>, who sought alternative ways to expand his baseball franchise as top male players left for military service. In 1943, he created an eight-team league in small industrial cities <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">around the Great Lakes</a>. Night games offered affordable, patriotic entertainment to working Americans who had flocked to wartime jobs in the Midwest hubs of Chicago and Detroit. The league provided a novel entertainment of women playing baseball well while wearing short, feminine uniform skirts. Players as young as fifteen were recruited from white farm families and urban industrial teams. Fans supported the League to the extent that it continued well past the conclusion of the war, lasting through 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming">Farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory-garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victory-garden.jpg/220px-Victory-garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victory-garden.jpg/330px-Victory-garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Victory-garden.jpg/440px-Victory-garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Victory garden poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Labor shortages were felt in agriculture, even though most farmers were given an exemption and few were drafted. Large numbers volunteered or moved to cities for factory jobs. At the same time, many agricultural commodities were in greater demand by the military and for the civilian populations of Allies. Production was encouraged and prices and markets were under tight federal control.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between December 1941 and December 1942 it was estimated 1.6 million men & women left agricultural work for military service or to get higher paying jobs in war industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt-2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilians were encouraged to create "<a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory gardens</a>", farms that were often started in backyards and lots. Children were encouraged to help with these farms, too.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero Program</a>, a bi-national labor agreement between Mexico and the U.S., started in 1942. Some 290,000 braceros ("strong arms", in Spanish) were recruited and contracted to work in the agriculture fields. Half went to Texas, and 20% to the Pacific Northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1942 and 1946 some 425,000 Italian and <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">German prisoners of war</a> were used as farm laborers, loggers, and cannery workers. In Michigan, for example, the POWs accounted for more than one-third of the state's agricultural production and food processing in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To help with the need for a larger source of food, the nation looked to school-aged children to help on farms. Schools often had a <a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory garden</a> in vacant parking lots and on roofs. Children would help on these farms to help with the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slogan, "Grow your own, can your own", also influenced children to help at home.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teenagers">Teenagers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Teenagers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the war's ever-increasing need for able-bodied men consuming America's labor force in the early 1940s, industry turned to teen-aged boys and girls to fill in as replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, many states had to change their child-labor laws to allow these teenagers to work. The lures of patriotism, adulthood, and money led many youths to drop out of school and take a defense job. Between 1940 and 1944, the number of teenage workers tripled from 870,000 in 1940 to 2.8 million in 1944, while the number of students in public high schools dropped from 6.6 million in 1940 to 5.6 million in 1944, about a million students—and many teachers—took jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Policymakers did not want high school students to drop out. Government agencies, parents, school administrations and employers would cooperate in local "Go-to-School Drives" to encourage high school students to stay whether this be part or full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A recruitment poster for the Victory Farm Volunteers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg/190px-Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg/285px-Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg/379px-Be_a_victory_farm_volunteer_in_the_U.S._Crop_Corps._See_your_principal._-_DPLA_-_02dd08ce2937f69d4b39ff660e05f6bd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="7564" /></a><figcaption>Recruitment poster for the Victory Farm Volunteers, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Victory Farm Volunteers under the US Crop Corps accepted teenagers from 14–18 to work in agricultural jobs. However some states did lower their age limit with the youngest being 9. At the program's peak in 1944 there would be 903,794 volunteers which made it larger than the amount in the Women's Land Army, foreign migrant workers and the number of prisoners of war who were laborers. These volunteers were mainly from the cities and urban areas. Volunteers mostly worked for three months in the summer and for a fourth if high schools decided to push starting dates back. To join, a volunteer needed the consent of their parent(s)/guardian(s). There were three types of work environments for the volunteers. The most common (80% of volunteers) involved them being transported to a worksite daily via buses or farming trucks and returned home at night. Another program involved where volunteers lived with farming families and worked alongside them with about 1 in 5 doing this. There was also camps set up which were not very common as only 4% of all VFV volunteers lived there between 1943 & 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt-2022_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_unions">Labor unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labor unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/300px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/450px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg/600px-AlfredPalmerwelder1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>Welder making boilers for a ship, Combustion Engineering Co., <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>. June 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>The war mobilization changed the relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO) with both employers and the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the CIO and the larger <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (AFL) grew rapidly in the war years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all the unions that belonged to the CIO were fully supportive of both the war effort and of the Roosevelt administration. However, the United Mine Workers, who had taken an isolationist stand in the years leading up to the war and had opposed Roosevelt's reelection in 1940, left the CIO in 1942. The major unions supported a wartime no-strike pledge that aimed to eliminate not only major strikes for new contracts but also the innumerable small strikes called by <a href="/wiki/Shop_steward" class="mw-redirect" title="Shop steward">shop stewards</a> and local union leadership to protest particular grievances. In return for labor's no-strike pledge, the government offered arbitration to determine the wages and other terms of new contracts. Those procedures produced modest wage increases during the first few years of the war but not enough to keep up with inflation, particularly when combined with the slowness of the arbitration machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the complaints from union members about the no-strike pledge became louder and more bitter, the CIO did not abandon it. The Mine Workers, by contrast, who did not belong to either the AFL or the CIO for much of the war, threatened numerous strikes including a successful twelve-day strike in 1943. The strikes and threats made mine leader <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> a much-hated man and led to legislation hostile to unions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the major unions grew stronger during the war. The government put pressure on employers to recognize unions to avoid the sort of turbulent struggles over union recognition of the 1930s, while unions were generally able to obtain maintenance of membership clauses, a form of <a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">union security</a>, through arbitration and negotiation. Employers gave workers new untaxed benefits (such as vacation time, pensions, and health insurance), which increased real incomes even when wage rates were frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wage differential between higher-skilled and less-skilled workers narrowed, and with the enormous increase in overtime for blue-collar wage workers (at time and a half pay), incomes in working-class households shot up, while the salaried middle class lost ground. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers,_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg/300px-Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg/450px-Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg/600px-Workers_on_the_Liberator_Bombers%2C_Consolidated_Aircraft_Corp_fsac.1a34948u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8238" data-file-height="6434" /></a><figcaption>Workers at <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Aircraft" title="Consolidated Aircraft">Consolidated Aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>The experience of bargaining on a national basis, while restraining local unions from striking, also tended to accelerate the trend toward bureaucracy within the larger CIO unions. Some, such as the Steelworkers, had always been centralized organizations in which authority for major decisions resided at the top. The UAW, by contrast, had always been a more grassroots organization, but it also started to try to rein in its maverick local leadership during these years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIO also had to confront deep racial divides in its membership, particularly in the UAW plants in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> where white workers sometimes struck to protest the promotion of black workers to production jobs, but also in shipyards in Alabama, mass transit in Philadelphia, and steel plants in Baltimore. The CIO leadership, particularly those in further left unions such as the Packinghouse Workers, the UAW, the NMU, and the Transport Workers, undertook serious efforts to suppress hate strikes, to educate their membership, and to support the Roosevelt Administration's tentative efforts to remedy racial discrimination in war industries through the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practices Commission</a>. Those unions contrasted their relatively bold attack on the problem with the AFL.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CIO unions were progressive in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">gender discrimination</a> in the wartime industry, which now employed many more women workers in nontraditional jobs. Unions that had represented large numbers of women workers before the war, such as the UE (electrical workers) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Food,_Agricultural,_Hotel,_Restaurant,_Catering,_Tobacco_and_Allied_Workers%27_Associations" title="International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Associations">Food and Tobacco Workers</a>, had fairly good records of fighting discrimination against women. Most union leaders saw women as temporary wartime replacements for the men in the armed forces. The wages of these women needed to be kept high so that the veterans would get high wages.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_South_in_wartime">The South in wartime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The South in wartime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The war marked a time of dramatic change in the poor, heavily rural South as new industries and military bases were developed by the Federal government, providing badly needed capital and infrastructure in many regions. People from all parts of the US came to the South for military training and work in the region's many bases and new industries. During and after the war millions of hard-scrabble farmers, both white and black, left agriculture for urban jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States began mobilizing for war in a major way in the spring of 1940. The warm sunny weather of the South proved ideal for building 60 percent of the Army's new training camps and nearly half the new airfields, In all 40 percent of spending on new military installations went to the South. For example, sleepy <a href="/wiki/Starke,_Florida" title="Starke, Florida">Starke, Florida</a>, a town of 1,500 people in 1940, became the base of <a href="/wiki/Camp_Blanding" title="Camp Blanding">Camp Blanding</a>. By March 1941, 20,000 men were constructing a permanent camp for 60,000 soldiers. Money flowed freely for the war effort, as over $4 billion went into military facilities in the South, and another $5 billion into defense plants. Major shipyards were built in Virginia, Charleston, and along the Gulf Coast. Huge warplane plants were opened in Dallas-Fort Worth and Georgia. The most secret and expensive operation was at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, where unlimited amounts of locally generated electricity were used to prepare uranium for the atom bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of production workers doubled during the war. Most training centers, factories and shipyards were closed in 1945 and the families that left hardscrabble farms often remained to find jobs in the urban South. The region had finally reached the take off stage into industrial and commercial growth, although its income and wage levels lagged well behind the national average. Nevertheless, as <a href="/wiki/George_Tindall" title="George Tindall">George B. Tindall</a> notes, the transformation was, "The demonstration of industrial potential, new habits of mind, and a recognition that industrialization demanded community services."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian_support_for_war_effort">Civilian support for war effort</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civilian support for war effort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_defense#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil defense">United States civil defense § World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">American propaganda during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg/200px-Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg/300px-Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg/400px-Synagogue_D-Day3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2871" data-file-height="3538" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in New York City remained open 24 hours on <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> (June 6, 1944) for special services and prayer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the war, it became apparent that German U-boats were using the backlighting of coastal cities in the Eastern Seaboard and the South to destroy ships exiting harbors. It became the first duty of civilians recruited for the local civilian defense to ensure that <a href="/wiki/Blackout_(wartime)" title="Blackout (wartime)">lights were either off or thick curtains drawn over all windows at night</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/State_Guard#Origins" class="mw-redirect" title="State Guard">State Guards</a> were reformed for internal security duties to replace the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guardsmen</a> who were federalized and sent overseas. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a> was established, which enrolled civilian spotters in air reconnaissance, search-and-rescue, and transport. Its Coast Guard counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</a>, used civilian boats and crews in similar rescue roles. Towers were built in coastal and border towns, and spotters were trained to recognize enemy aircraft. Blackouts were practiced in every city, even those far from the coast. All exterior lighting had to be extinguished, and black-out curtains placed over windows. The main purpose was to remind people that there was a war on and to provide activities that would engage the civil spirit of millions of people not otherwise involved in the war effort. In large part, this effort was successful, sometimes almost to a fault, such as the Plains states where many dedicated aircraft spotters took up their posts night after night watching the skies in an area of the country that no enemy aircraft of that time could hope to reach.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations">United Service Organizations</a> (USO) was founded in 1941 in response to a request from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide morale and recreation services to uniformed military personnel. The USO brought together six civilian agencies: the <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/YWCA_USA" title="YWCA USA">Young Women's Christian Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Community_Service" title="National Catholic Community Service">National Catholic Community Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travelers_Aid_International" title="Travelers Aid International">National Travelers Aid Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Welfare_Board" title="National Jewish Welfare Board">National Jewish Welfare Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women volunteered to work for the Red Cross, the USO, and other agencies. Other women previously employed only in the home, or in traditionally female work, took jobs in factories that directly supported the war effort or filled jobs vacated by men who had entered military service. Enrollment in high schools and colleges plunged as many high school and college students dropped out to take war jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various items, previously discarded, were saved after use for what was called "recycling" years later. Families were requested to save fat drippings from cooking for use in soap making. Neighborhood "scrap drives" collected scrap copper and brass for use in artillery shells. Milkweed was harvested by children ostensibly for lifejackets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft">Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/270px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/405px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/540px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="5656" /></a><figcaption>A female factory worker in 1942, Fort Worth, Texas. Women entered the workforce because men were <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> into the armed forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1940, Congress passed the first peace-time <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> legislation. It was renewed (by one vote) in summer 1941. It involved questions as to who should control the draft, the size of the army, and the need for deferments. The system worked through local draft boards comprising community leaders who were given quotas and then decided how to fill them. There was very little draft resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation went from a surplus manpower pool with high unemployment and relief in 1940 to a severe manpower shortage by 1943. The industry realized that the Army urgently desired production of essential war materials and foodstuffs more than soldiers. (Large numbers of soldiers were not used until the invasion of Europe in summer 1944.) In 1940–43 the Army often transferred soldiers to civilian status in the Enlisted Reserve Corps to increase production. Those transferred would return to work in essential industry, although they could be recalled to active duty if the Army needed them. Others were discharged if their civilian work was deemed essential. There were instances of mass releases of men to increase production in various industries. Working men who had been classified <a href="/wiki/4F_(military_conscription)" class="mw-redirect" title="4F (military conscription)">4F</a> or otherwise ineligible for the draft took second jobs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the figure below an overview of the development of the United States labor force, the armed forces and unemployment during the war years.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Total labor force (*1000) </th> <th>Armed forces (*1000) </th> <th>Unemployed (*1000) </th> <th>Unemployment rate (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1939</td> <td>55,588</td> <td>370</td> <td>9,480</td> <td>17.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>56,180</td> <td>540</td> <td>8,120</td> <td>14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941</td> <td>57,530</td> <td>1,620</td> <td>5,560</td> <td>9.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942</td> <td>60,380</td> <td>3,970</td> <td>2,660</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td>64,560</td> <td>9,020</td> <td>1,070</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944</td> <td>66,040</td> <td>11,410</td> <td>670</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>65,290</td> <td>11,430</td> <td>1,040</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>60,970</td> <td>3,450</td> <td>2,270</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>One contentious issue involved the drafting of fathers, which was avoided as much as possible. The drafting of 18-year-olds was desired by the military but vetoed by public opinion. Racial minorities were drafted at the same rate as Whites and were paid the same. The experience of World War I regarding men needed by industry was particularly unsatisfactory—too many skilled mechanics and engineers became privates (there is a possibly apocryphal story of a <i>banker</i> assigned as a <i>baker</i> due to a clerical error, noted by historian Lee Kennett in his book "G.I.") Farmers demanded and were generally given occupational deferments (many volunteered anyway, but those who stayed at home lost postwar veteran's benefits.) </p><p>Later in the war, in light of the tremendous amount of manpower that would be necessary for the invasion of France in 1944, many earlier deferment categories became draft eligible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, pacifism was a very strong force in most of the Protestant churches. Only a minority of religious leaders, typified by <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a>, paid serious attention to the threats to peace posed by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, or Imperial Japan. After Pearl Harbor in December 1941, practically all the religious denominations gave some support to the war effort, such as providing chaplains. Typically, church members sent their sons into the military without protest, accepted shortages and rationing as a war necessity, purchased war bonds, working munitions industries, and prayed intensely for safe return and for victory. Church leaders, however, were much more cautious while holding fast to the ideals of peace, justice and humanitarianism, and sometimes criticizing military policies such as the bombing of enemy cities. They sponsored 10,000 military chaplains, and set up special ministries in and around military bases, focused not only on soldiers but their young wives who often followed them. The mainstream Protestant churches supported the "<a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V</a>" campaign of the black churches to achieve victory against the enemies abroad, and victory against racism on the home front. However, there was little religious protest against the incarceration of Japanese on the West Coast or against segregation of Blacks in the services. The intense moral outrage regarding the Holocaust largely appeared after the war ended, especially after 1960. Many church leaders supported studies of postwar peace proposals, typified by <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, a leading Protestant layman and a leading adviser to top-level Republicans. The churches promoted strong support for European relief programs, especially through the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pacifism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major churches showed much less pacifism than in 1914. The pacifist churches such as the Quakers and Mennonites were small but maintained their opposition to military service, though many young members, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> voluntarily joined the military. Unlike in 1917–1918, the positions were generally respected by the government, which set up non-combat civilian roles for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God</a> had a strong pacifist element reaching a high point in the late 1930s. This small Fundamentalist Protestant denomination regarded World War II as a just war because America was attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Quakers generally regarded World War II as a just war and about 90% served, although there were some conscientious objectors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> and Brethren continued their pacifism, but the federal government was much less hostile than in the previous war. These churches helped their young men to both become conscientious objectors and to provide valuable service to the nation. <a href="/wiki/Goshen_College" title="Goshen College">Goshen College</a> set up a training program for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs. Although young women pacifists were not eligible for the draft, they volunteered for unpaid Civilian Public Service jobs to demonstrate their patriotism; many worked in mental hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a> denomination, however, refused to participate in any forms of service, and thousands of its young men refused to register and went to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the 1940 Selective Service and Training Act, the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> would be formed for conscientious objectors to do work considered to be of "national importance". What type of work varied based on the location of the camps and what was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, about 43,000 conscientious objectors (COs) refused to take up arms. About 6,000 COs went to prison, especially the Jehovah's Witnesses. About 12,000 served in Civilian Public Service (CPS)—but never received any veterans benefits. About 25,000 or more performed noncombatant jobs in the military, and did receive postwar veterans benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rare but notable example of pacifism from within the government came from <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a>'s opposition to the war. Rankin voted against the war particularly because she saw women and peace to be 'inseparable',<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even actively encouraged women to do more to prevent the war in America.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspected_disloyalty">Suspected disloyalty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suspected disloyalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition to World War II</a></div> <p>Civilian support for the war was widespread, with isolated cases of draft resistance. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">F.B.I.</a> was already tracking elements that were suspected of loyalty to Germany, Japan, or Italy, and many were arrested in the weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. 7,000 German and Italian aliens (who were not U.S. citizens) were moved back from the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>, along with some 100,000 of Japanese descent. Some enemy aliens were held without trial during the entire war. The U.S. citizens accused of supporting Germany were given public trials, and often were freed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_movements">Population movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Population movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was large-scale migration to industrial centers, especially the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a>. Millions of wives followed their husbands to military camps; for many families, especially from farms, the moves were permanent. One 1944 survey of migrants in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> and San Diego found that three quarters wanted to stay after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-tuttle195_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuttle195-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new military training bases were established or enlarged, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. Large numbers of African Americans left the cotton fields and headed for the cities. Housing was increasingly difficult to find in industrial centers, as there was no new non-military construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg/220px-Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg/330px-Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg/440px-Bicycling_in_Central_Park_on_Sunday_8d22282v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Women cycling in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in New York City, September 1942. Many Americans during World War 2 would end up bicycling instead of driving.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, the Office of Defense Transportation (ODT) would be created to help regulate transportation. During the war people would reduce travelling for personal reasons. Those that drove cars would do less and carpool. People would end up walking and bicycling more often while bus and rail usages would increase to levels that were never seen until that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Flamm-2006_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flamm-2006-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the United States entered World War II, it was a vastly motorized country as about 85% of all passenger travel came from private cars while all other forms of mass transit made up about 14% of passenger travel. Commuting by car would be limited by the ODT through car, tire and gasoline rationing, banning pleasure driving, regulating the movement of commercial vehicles, establishing a national 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) speed limit along with public campaigns and carpooling programs. What was defined as pleasure driving was ambiguous and the policy banning it was unpopular. The newly established speed limit was enforced by state and local level officials. Exemptions were made to the national speed limit for military and emergencies vehicles that were on duties that required speedier travel times.<sup id="cite_ref-Flamm-2006_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flamm-2006-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, taxis were also regulated by the ODT.<sup id="cite_ref-Young-2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Railroads previously saw a decline in travel during the 1920s and 30s with World War 2 reversing this decline as the number of passenger travel dramatically increased. This gain in railroad travel largely came from soldiers who were travelling. During the war 43 million soldiers were transported at an average of 1 million per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Young-2010_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941 prior to the United States entering the war, 3.4 million passengers were transported both across the Atlantic Ocean and throughout the United States. Many airlines ended up cancelling their regular flights and turned over the 200 out of 360 airlines to the military,<sup id="cite_ref-Young-2010_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be placed under the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Command" title="Air Transport Command">Air Transport Command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war "casual" air travel would practically disappear in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_tensions">Racial tensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Racial tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large-scale movement of black Americans from the rural South to urban and defense centers in the North and the West (and some in the South) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a> led to local confrontations over jobs and housing shortages. The cities were relatively peaceful; much-feared large-scale race riots did not happen, but there was nevertheless violence on both sides, as in the <a href="/wiki/1943_Detroit_race_riot" title="1943 Detroit race riot">1943 race riot in Detroit</a> and the anti-Mexican <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Zoot Suit Riots</a> in Los Angeles in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "zoot suit" was a highly conspicuous costume worn by Mexican American teenagers in Los Angeles. As historian Roger Bruns notes, "the Zoot suit also represented a stark visual expression of culture for Mexican Americans, about making a statement—a mark of defiance against the place in society in which they found themselves." They gained admiration from within their in-group, and "disgust and ridicule from others, especially the Anglos."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_women_in_World_War_II" title="American women in World War II">American women in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riveting_team2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riveting_team2.jpg/200px-Riveting_team2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riveting_team2.jpg/300px-Riveting_team2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Riveting_team2.jpg/400px-Riveting_team2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8406" data-file-height="6596" /></a><figcaption>Riveting team working on the cockpit shell of a <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">C-47</a> transport at the plant of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a> photo by Alfred T. Palmer, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker,_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation,_Burbank,_California_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg/200px-World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg/300px-World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg/400px-World_War_II_woman_aircraft_worker%2C_Vega_Aircraft_Corporation%2C_Burbank%2C_California_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7373" data-file-height="5679" /></a><figcaption>Woman aircraft worker checking assemblies. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg/200px-Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg/300px-Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg/400px-Woman_standing_next_to_a_wide_range_of_tire_sizes_required_by_military_aircraft._-_NARA_-_196199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Woman standing next to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Tire_code" title="Tire code">tire sizes</a> required by <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft" title="Military aircraft">military aircraft</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Standlee (2010) argues that during the war the traditional gender division of labor changed somewhat, as the "home" or domestic female sphere expanded to include the "home front". Meanwhile, the public sphere—the male domain—was redefined as the international stage of military action.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wartime mobilization drastically changed the sexual divisions of labor for women, as young able-bodied men were sent overseas and wartime manufacturing production increased. Throughout the war, according to Susan Hartmann (1982), an estimated 6.5 million women entered the labor force. Women, many of whom were married, took a variety of paid jobs in a multitude of vocational jobs, many of which were previously exclusive to men. The greatest wartime gain in female employment was in the manufacturing industry, where more than 2.5 million additional women represented an increase of 140 percent by 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1982_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann_1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was catalyzed by the "<a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a>" phenomenon. </p><p>The composition of the marital status of women who went to work changed considerably throughout the war. One in every ten married women entered the labor force during the war, and they represented more than three million of the new female workers, while 2.89 million were single and the rest widowed or divorced. For the first time in the nation's history, there were more married women than single women in the female labor force. In 1944, thirty-seven percent of all adult women were reported in the labor force, but nearly fifty percent of all women were employed at some time during that year at the height of wartime production.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1982_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann_1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year the unemployment rate hit an all-time historical low of 1.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hartmann (1982), the women who sought employment, based on various surveys and public opinion reports at the time suggests that financial reasoning was the justification for entering the labor force; however, patriotic motives made up another large portion of women's desires to enter. Women whose husbands were at war were more than twice as likely to seek jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartmann_1982_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartmann_1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fundamentally, women were thought to be taking work defined as "men's work;" however, the work women did was typically catered to specific skill sets management thought women could handle. Management would also advertise women's work as an extension of domesticity.<sup id="cite_ref-milkman_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkman-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in a <a href="/wiki/Sperry_Corporation" title="Sperry Corporation">Sperry Corporation</a> recruitment pamphlet the company stated, "Note the similarity between squeezing orange juice and the operation of a small drill press." A <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Willow_Run" title="Willow Run">Willow Run</a> bomber plant publication proclaimed, "The ladies have shown they can operate drill presses as well as egg beaters." One manager was even stated saying, "Why should men, who from childhood on never so much as sewed on buttons be expected to handle delicate instruments better than women who have plied embroidery needles, knitting needles, and darning needles all their lives?"<sup id="cite_ref-milkman_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milkman-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these instances, women were thought of and hired to do jobs management thought they could perform based on sex-typing. </p><p>Following the war, many women left their jobs voluntarily. One <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant">Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant</a> (formally Twin Cities Ordnance Plant) worker in <a href="/wiki/New_Brighton,_Minnesota" title="New Brighton, Minnesota">New Brighton, Minnesota</a> confessed, "I will gladly get back into the apron. I did not go into war work with the idea of working all my life. It was just to help out during the war."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other women were laid off by employers to make way for returning veterans who did not lose their seniority due to the war. </p><p>There are a few examples of reluctance of women to take on wartime jobs. For example, due to labour shortages the American government had to actively promote the war to civilians and the <a href="/wiki/War_Manpower_Commission" title="War Manpower Commission">War Manpower Commission</a> used propaganda to sell the war to American women. There was a change in attitudes regarding women in employment in wartime America, and the government started to promote women in work as part of nature, and those that resisted or were reluctant to find work were slackers.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war, many men who entered into the service did not return. This left women to take up the sole responsibility of the household and provide economically for the family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nursing">Nursing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nursing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nursing became a highly prestigious occupation for young women. A majority of female civilian nurses volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Army Nurse Corps">Army Nurse Corps</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Navy Nurse Corps</a>. These women automatically became officers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teenaged girls enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Nurse_Corps" title="Cadet Nurse Corps">Cadet Nurse Corps</a>. To cope with the growing shortage on the homefront, thousands of retired nurses volunteered to help out in local hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volunteer_activities">Volunteer activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Volunteer activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg/220px-OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg/330px-OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/OfficeofCivilianDefense1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>What Can I Do? The Citizen's Handbook for War U.S. Office of Civilian Defense 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Women staffed millions of jobs in community service roles, such as nursing, the <a href="/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations">USO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unorganized women were encouraged to collect and turn in materials that were needed by the war effort. Women collected fats rendered during cooking, children formed balls of aluminum foil they peeled from chewing gum wrappers and also created rubber band balls, which they contributed to the war effort. Hundreds of thousands of men joined civil defense units to prepare for disasters, such as enemy bombing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a> (WASP) mobilized 1,000 civilian women to fly new warplanes from the factories to airfields located on the east coast of the U.S. This was historically significant because flying a warplane had always been a male role. No American women flew warplanes in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baby_boom">Baby boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Baby boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage and motherhood came back as prosperity empowered couples who had postponed marriage. The birth rate started shooting up in 1941, paused in 1944–45 as 12 million men were in uniform, then continued to soar until reaching a peak in the late 1950s. This was the "<a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">Baby Boom</a>". </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>-like move, the federal government set up the "EMIC" program that provided free prenatal and natal care for the wives of servicemen below the rank of sergeant. </p><p>Housing shortages, especially in the munitions centers, forced millions of couples to live with parents or in makeshift facilities. Little housing had been built in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Depression</a> years, so the shortages grew steadily worse until about 1949 when a massive housing boom finally caught up with demand. (After 1944 much of the new housing was supported by the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a>.) </p><p>Federal law made it difficult to divorce absent servicemen, so the number of divorces peaked when they returned in 1946. In long-range terms, divorce rates changed little.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housewives">Housewives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Housewives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_(World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg/220px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg/330px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg/440px-Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_44_%28World_War_II_American_home_front_diorama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A World War II American home front diorama, depicting a woman and her daughter, at the <a href="/wiki/Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum" title="Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum">Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Juggling their roles as mothers due to the Baby Boom and the jobs they filled while the men were at war, women strained to complete all tasks set before them. The war caused cutbacks in automobile and bus service and migration from farms and towns to munitions centers. Those housewives who worked found the dual role difficult to handle. </p><p>Stress came when sons, husbands, fathers, brothers, and fiancés were drafted and sent to faraway training camps, preparing for a war in which nobody knew how many would be killed. Millions of wives tried to relocate near their husbands' training camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial_politics_of_the_war">Racial politics of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Racial politics of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_policies_during_and_after_World_War_II">Immigration policies during and after World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Immigration policies during and after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the trend in immigration policies was both more and less restrictive. The United States immigration policies focused more on national security and were driven by foreign policy imperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngai-2004_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngai-2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882 was finally repealed. This Act was the first law in the United States that excluded a specific group—the Chinese—from migrating to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngai-2004_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngai-2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But during World War II, with the Chinese as allies, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act</a>, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943. There was also the <a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a>, which clarified how to become and remain a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngai-2004_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngai-2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it allowed immigrants who were not citizens, like the Filipinos or those in the outside territories to gain citizenship by enlisting in the army. In contrast, the Japanese and Japanese-Americans were subject to internment in the U.S. There was also legislation like the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>, also known as the Alien Registration Act of 1940, which required indicted communists, anarchists, and fascists. Another program was the <a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero Program</a>, which allowed over two decades, nearly 5 million Mexican workers to come and work in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngai-2004_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngai-2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When World War II broke out in 1939, a common belief spread that Germany was planting spies and saboteurs in the US under the guise of immigrants. American consuls under the encouragement of US Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Breckinridge Long</a> who was the head of visa related affairs in the US State Department to screen visa applicants so much to the point that few could ever pass "the endless criteria to prove they were not 'likely to become a public charge.'" Long was described as being anti-Semitic <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited with making it harder for Jewish refugees to come to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, there was also the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Directive_of_1945" title="Truman Directive of 1945">Truman Directive of 1945</a>, which did not allow more people to migrate but did use the immigration quotas to let in more displaced people after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also the War Brides Act of 1945, which allowed spouses of US soldiers to get an expedited path towards citizenship. In contrast, the 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">McCarran-Walter Act</a>, turned away migrants based not on their country of origin but rather whether they are moral or diseased.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repatriation_of_Americans_abroad">Repatriation of Americans abroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Repatriation of Americans abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When World War II began in Europe during 1939, the United States would attempt to repatriate approximately 100,000 Americans who were in Europe. The Special Division was created within the US State Department to handle matters involving the war and giving assistance to Americans who were abroad and being repatriated with Breckinridge Long being given responsibility of the Special Division. The US government would end up chartering 6 ships from United States Lines to repatriate Americans. On November 4, 1939, the Neutrality Act was signed into law which banned American ships from traveling to "'states engaged in armed conflict.'" and by early November 75,000 Americans had been repatriated from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the declaration of war on Germany and the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">The Final Solution</a>, the State Department once again attempted to repatriate more Americans. This was difficult as there was no way to communicate with them and tell them about the possibility of repatriation. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Green_(producer)" title="Joseph Green (producer)">Joseph Green</a> of the Special Division suggested looking at passports issued in Europe in 1941 along with those who got passports validated in 1940 or 1941 if they were looking to stay in Europe but Long said that was impractical leaving it to the Swiss to handle this matter but denied the Swiss from looking at American files. A memo written by Joseph Green found that 5,111 Americans were interned in Germany with 1,191 having passports. Germany said that Americans would be treated similar to the way POWs with Germany arresting American civilians in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> "and the Eastern territories" in what they said was in response to how the United States was treating German citizens. The United States did not repatriate Americans in Slovakia as Slovakia was trying to use them as political leverage and Hungary for logistical reasons. By September 1944, 30,000 Americans were in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment">Internment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Internment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></div> <p>In 1942 the War Department demanded that all enemy nationals be removed from war zones on the West Coast. The question became how to evacuate the estimated 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry living on the Pacific Coast of the continental United States. Roosevelt looked at the secret evidence available to him:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> had collaborated with the Japanese invasion troops; most of the adult Japanese in California had been strong supporters of Japan in the war against China. There was evidence of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">code-breakers</a> that decrypted messages to Japan from agents in North America and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> before and after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Magic_(cryptography)" title="Magic (cryptography)">MAGIC</a> cables were kept a secret from all but those with the highest clearance, such as Roosevelt. On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Order 9066</a> which set up designated military areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded." The most controversial part of the order included American born children and youth who had dual U.S. and Japanese citizenship. </p><p>In February 1943, when activating the <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">442nd Regimental Combat Team</a>—a unit composed mostly of American-born American citizens of Japanese descent living in Hawaii—Roosevelt said, "No loyal citizen of the United States should be denied the democratic right to exercise the responsibilities of his citizenship, regardless of his ancestry. The principle on which this country was founded and by which it has always been governed is that Americanism is a matter of the mind and heart; Americanism is not, and never was, a matter of race or ancestry." In 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> upheld the legality of the executive order in the <i>Korematsu v. United States</i> case. The executive order remained in force until December when Roosevelt released the Japanese internees, except for those who announced their intention to return to Japan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_.281922.E2.80.931943.29" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> was an official enemy, and citizens of Italy were also forced away from "strategic" coastal areas in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Altogether, 58,000 Italians were forced to relocate. They relocated on their own and were not put in camps. Known spokesmen for <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> were arrested and held in prison. The restrictions were dropped in October 1942, and Italy became a <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">co-belligerent</a> of the Allies in 1943. In the east, however, the large Italian populations of the northeast, especially in munitions-producing centers such as <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, faced no restrictions and contributed just as much to the war effort as other Americans. </p><p>By the time of WWII, the United States had a large population of ethnic Germans. Among residents of the United States in 1940, more than 1.2 million persons had been born in Germany, 5 million had two native-German parents, and 6 million had one native-German parent. Many more had distant German ancestry. During WWII, the United States detained at least 11,000 ethnic Germans, overwhelmingly German nationals between the years 1940 and 1948 in two designated camps at Fort Douglas, Utah, and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FEPC">FEPC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: FEPC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practices Commission</a> (FEPC) was a federal executive order requiring companies with government contracts not to discriminate based on race or religion. It assisted African Americans in obtaining defense industry jobs during the second wave of the Great Migration of southern blacks to Northern and Western war production and urban centers. Under pressure from <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph's</a> growing March on Washington Movement, on June 25, 1941, President Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) by signing <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">Executive Order</a> 8802. It said, "there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin". In 1943 Roosevelt greatly strengthened FEPC with a new executive order, #9346. It required that all government contracts have a non-discrimination clause.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FEPC was the most significant breakthrough ever for Blacks and women on the job front. During the war, the federal government operated airfields, shipyards, supply centers, ammunition plants, and other facilities that employed millions. FEPC rules applied and guaranteed equality of employment rights. These facilities shut down when the war ended. In the private sector, the FEPC was generally successful in enforcing non-discrimination in the North and West but did not attempt to challenge segregation in the South, and in the border region, its intervention led to hate strikes by angry white workers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans_and_the_Double_V_campaign">African Americans and the Double V campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: African Americans and the Double V campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V campaign</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22V%22_home_campaign,_Washington,_DC,_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif/lossy-page1-200px-%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif/lossy-page1-300px-%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif/lossy-page1-400px-%22V%22_home_campaign%2C_Washington%2C_DC%2C_10-1942_-_NARA_-_533827.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Participants in the Double V campaign, 1942. From the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The African American community in the United States resolved on a <a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V campaign</a>: victory over <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> abroad, and victory over discrimination at home. During the second phase of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>, five million African-Americans relocated from rural and poor Southern farms to urban and munitions centers in Northern and Western states in search of racial, economic, social, and political opportunities. Racial tensions remained high in these cities, particularly in overcrowding in housing as well as competition for jobs. As a result, cities such as <a href="/wiki/1943_Detroit_race_riot" title="1943 Detroit race riot">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlem_riot_of_1943" title="Harlem riot of 1943">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Los Angeles</a> experienced <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">race riots</a> in 1943, leading to dozens of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black newspapers created the Double V campaign to build black morale and head off radical action.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee, the NAACP, and CIO unions, these Black women fought a "<a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V campaign</a>"—fighting against the Axis abroad and restrictive hiring practices at home. Their efforts redefined citizenship, equating their patriotism with war work, and seeking equal employment opportunities, government entitlements, and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, black women worked in segregated jobs; in the West and most of the North, they were integrated. However, <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strikes</a> erupted in Detroit, Baltimore, and <a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville, Indiana</a> where white migrants from the South refused to work alongside black women.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism_in_propaganda">Racism in propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Racism in propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pro-American media during the war tended to portray the Axis powers in a negative light. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SpeedComicsNo32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/200px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/300px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/SpeedComicsNo32.jpg/400px-SpeedComicsNo32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>With the war in full swing, patriotically themed <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a> were an important source of propaganda.</figcaption></figure> <p>Germans were portrayed as weak, barbaric, or stupid, and were heavily associated with Nazism and Nazi imagery. For example, the comic book Captain America No. 1 features the titular superhero punching Hitler. Similar anti-German sentiments existed in cartoons as well. The Popeye cartoon, <i><a href="/wiki/Seein%27_Red,_White_%27N%27_Blue" title="Seein' Red, White 'N' Blue">Seein' Red, White, 'N' Blue</a></i> (aired on February 19, 1943), ends with Uncle Sam punching a sickly-looking Hitler. In the Donald Duck cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Fuehrer%27s_Face" title="Der Fuehrer's Face">Der Fuehrer's Face</a></i>, Donald Duck is portrayed as a Nazi living in Germany, where the Nazi war effort is heavily satirized and caricatured.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American media portrayed the Japanese negatively as well. While attacks on Germans were generally focused on high-level Nazi officials such as Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, and Göring, the Japanese were targeted more broadly. Portrayals of the Japanese ranged from showing them being vicious and feral, as on the cover of Marvel Comics' Mystery Comics no. 32, to mocking their physical appearance and speech patterns. In the Looney Tunes cartoon <i><a href="/wiki/Tokio_Jokio" title="Tokio Jokio">Tokio Jokio</a></i> (aired May 13, 1943), the Japanese people are all shown to be dim-witted, obsessed with being polite, cowardly, and physically short with buckteeth, big lips, squinty eyes, and glasses. The entire cartoon is also narrated in broken English, with the letter "R" often replacing "L" in pronunciation of words, a common stereotype.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese slurs were commonly used, such as "Jap", "monkey face", and "slanty eyes".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stereotypes are also seen in <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Geisel</a>'s comics created during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_politics">Wartime politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wartime politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prewar_background">Prewar background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prewar background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When World War 2 began, the United States was initially neutral until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Polling done immediately after the war found over 90% opposed entering the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as time went on public opinion began to shift toward joining the war.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_WWII_Museum_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable non-interventionist group was the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was formed in September 1940. Another smaller non-interventionist group was Keep America Out of War Congress (originally known as the Keep America Out of War Committee) or KAOWC which was a socialist-pacifist organization formed in March 1938 lasting until the Attack on Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regards for pro-interventionist forces, one organization was the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Defend_America_by_Aiding_the_Allies" title="Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies">Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies</a> (CDAAA) which was formed in May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the war and this practically ended any debate about entering the war.<sup id="cite_ref-The_National_WWII_Museum_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt easily won the bitterly contested <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 election</a>, but the Conservative coalition maintained a tight grip on Congress regarding taxes and domestic issues. <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>, the defeated GOP candidate in 1940, became a roving ambassador for Roosevelt. After Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> became enmeshed in a series of squabbles with other high officials, Roosevelt stripped him of his administrative responsibilities and dropped him from the 1944 ticket. Roosevelt in cooperation with big-city party leaders replaced Wallace with Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. Truman was best known for investigating waste, fraud, and inefficiency in wartime programs.<sup id="cite_ref-David_M_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_M-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_events">Wartime events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wartime events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite conspiracy theories saying FDR would cancel the <a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_elections" title="1942 United States elections">1942 elections</a>, they went ahead as they previously had prior to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 80 million men and women eligible to vote, only 28 million did so. The election would not go well for FDR and his party as they lost 7 seats in the Senate and 47 in the House of Representatives; with a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a> of Republicans and Southern Democrats taking control of both houses on domestic issues. Reducing the draft age to 18, regulations & restrictions from the war along with rationing and a drift away from the New Deal are credited with hurting the Democrats that year.<sup id="cite_ref-David_M_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_M-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 presidential election</a>, Roosevelt would end up defeating <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a> who came from the conservative wing of the Republican Party in a close election. Several Republicans would run for the presidential nomination which were: Wendell Willkie, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey and Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a>. Dewey would win the nomination selecting Bricker as his running mate. Willkie would mobilize liberal Republicans while Dewey and Bricker attracted Republicans from the conservative bloc of the party. Campaigning would carry out during the 1944 presidential election just like in previous ones.<sup id="cite_ref-David_M_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_M-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein,_1929_45th_Street,_Pennsauken,_New_Jersey,_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October,_1944._(52598205915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg/178px-SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg/268px-SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg/357px-SC_195535_-_Cpl._Charles_A._Klein%2C_1929_45th_Street%2C_Pennsauken%2C_New_Jersey%2C_seals_his_soldiers%27_ballet._2_October%2C_1944._%2852598205915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4438" data-file-height="5469" /></a><figcaption>A soldier sealing his ballot, October 1944</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting">Voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, traditional means of voting were unavailable to soldiers drafted into the military along with women serving in auxiliary corps or volunteer organizations like the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>; so instead those working/serving away from home had to cast <a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">absentee ballots</a> if they chose to vote. Many states during the war did not have absentee voting laws and those that did, did not take into account the circumstance generated by the war. To solve this issue with absentee voting, US Congress would pass the 1942 and later 1944 Soldier Voting Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning-2016_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-2016-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soldier Voting Act of 1942 would be enacted on September 16, 1942, allowing for men and women serving the country to cast an absentee ballot if they still lived in the United States. It would disregard any state voting registration requirement and prohibited the use of poll taxes for those covered by the act. However, turnout was low in the 1942 elections and of the 4 million men serving in the military along with "tens of thousands of women" 28,000 absentee ballots were cast making this a less than 1% turnout rate for those in the armed forces. Also because of the timing of the act, states did not have much time to prepare ballots. The Soldier Voting Act of 1944 would pass in April 1944. As part of the act a federal ballot was created that allowed for states that did not have adequate voting mechanisms and the act encouraged states to amend absentee voting laws. The <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_elections" title="1944 United States elections">1944 elections</a> did see a significant increase in the number of absentee ballots cast by soldiers with an estimated 3.4 million absentee votes being cast or about 25% of those in the armed forces casting an absentee ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning-2016_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-2016-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda_and_culture">Propaganda and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Propaganda and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homefront_posters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Homefront_posters.jpg/200px-Homefront_posters.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Homefront_posters.jpg/300px-Homefront_posters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Homefront_posters.jpg/400px-Homefront_posters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Rural school <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a> in front of homefront posters in <a href="/wiki/San_Augustine_County,_Texas" title="San Augustine County, Texas">San Augustine County, Texas</a>. 1943</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">American propaganda during World War II</a></div><p>Patriotism became the central theme of advertising throughout the war, as large scale campaigns were launched to sell war bonds, promote efficiency in factories, reduce ugly rumors, and maintain civilian morale. The war consolidated the advertising industry's role in American society, deflecting earlier criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The media cooperated with the federal government in presenting the official view of the war. All movie scripts had to be pre-approved.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there were widespread rumors in the Army to the effect that people on the homefront were slacking off. A <a href="/wiki/Private_Snafu" title="Private Snafu">Private SNAFU</a> film cartoon (released to soldiers only) belied that rumor.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin Pan Alley produced patriotic songs to rally the people.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posters">Posters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Posters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Szyk_(1894-1951)._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_(1942),_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/220px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/330px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/440px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._Fool_the_Axis_Use_Prophylaxis_poster_%281942%29%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><i> Fool the Axis Use Prophylaxis</i> poster. 1942, Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_russian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poster_russian.jpg/190px-Poster_russian.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poster_russian.jpg/285px-Poster_russian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Poster_russian.jpg/380px-Poster_russian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Government poster showing a friendly <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet soldier</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Posters helped to mobilize the nation. Inexpensive, accessible, and ever-present, the poster was an ideal agent for making war aims the personal mission of every citizen. Government agencies, businesses, and private organizations issued an array of poster images linking the military front with the home front—calling upon every American to boost production at work and home. Some resorted to extreme racial and ethnic caricatures of the enemy, sometimes as hopelessly bumbling cartoon characters, sometimes as evil, half-human creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bond_drives">Bond drives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bond drives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A strong aspect of American culture then as now was a fascination with celebrities, and the government used them in its eight war bond campaigns that called on people to save now (and redeem the bonds after the war, when houses, cars, and appliances would again be available).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/War_bond#United_States_2" title="War bond">War Bond</a> drives helped finance the war. Americans were challenged to put at least 10% of every paycheck into bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance was high, with entire workplaces earning a special "Minuteman" flag to fly over their plant if all workers belonged to the "Ten Percent Club".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollywood">Hollywood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hollywood studios also went all-out for the war effort, as studios encouraged their stars (such as <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>) to enlist. Hollywood had military units that made training films—<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> narrated many of them. Nearly all of Hollywood made hundreds of war movies that, in coordination with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">Office of War Information</a> (OWI), taught Americans what was happening and who the heroes and the villains were. Ninety million people went to the movies every week.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most highly regarded films during this period included <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Miniver" title="Mrs. Miniver">Mrs. Miniver</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Going_My_Way" title="Going My Way">Going My Way</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle_Dandy" title="Yankee Doodle Dandy">Yankee Doodle Dandy</a></i>. Even before active American involvement in the war, the popular <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Stooges" title="The Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a> comic trio were lampooning the Nazi German leadership, and Nazis in general, with a number of <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short subject</a> films, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/You_Nazty_Spy!" title="You Nazty Spy!">You Nazty Spy!</a></i> released in January 1940 – the very first Hollywood film of any length to satirize Hitler and the Nazis<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – nearly two years before the United States was drawn into World War II. </p><p>Cartoons and short subjects were a major sign of the times, as <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Brothers Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney Studios</a> gave unprecedented aid to the war effort by creating cartoons that were both patriotic and humorous, and also contributed to remind movie-goers of wartime activities such as rationing and scrap drives, war bond purchases, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory gardens</a>. Warner shorts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Daffy_%E2%80%93_The_Commando" title="Daffy – The Commando">Daffy – The Commando</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Draftee_Daffy" title="Draftee Daffy">Draftee Daffy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Herr_Meets_Hare" title="Herr Meets Hare">Herr Meets Hare</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Rhapsody_(film)" title="Russian Rhapsody (film)">Russian Rhapsody</a></i> are particularly remembered for their biting wit and unflinching mockery of the enemy (particularly <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tōjō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>). Their cartoons of <a href="/wiki/Private_Snafu" title="Private Snafu">Private Snafu</a>, produced for the military as "training films", served to remind many military men of the importance of following proper procedure during wartime, for their safety. <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_cartoon_studio" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio">MGM</a> also contributed to the war effort with slyly pro-US short cartoon <a href="/wiki/The_Yankee_Doodle_Mouse" title="The Yankee Doodle Mouse">The Yankee Doodle Mouse</a> with "Lt." <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mouse" title="Jerry Mouse">Jerry Mouse</a> as the hero and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cat" title="Tom Cat">Tom Cat</a> as the "enemy". </p><p>To heighten the suspense, Hollywood needed to feature attacks on American soil and obtained inspirations for dramatic stories from the Philippines. Indeed, the Philippines became a "homefront" that showed the American way of life threatened by the Japanese enemy. Especially popular were the films <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_to_Bataan" title="Texas to Bataan">Texas to Bataan</a></i> (1942), <i><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(1943_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor (1943 film)">Corregidor</a></i> (1943), <i><a href="/wiki/Bataan_(film)" title="Bataan (film)">Bataan</a></i> (1943), <i><a href="/wiki/They_Were_Expendable" title="They Were Expendable">They Were Expendable</a></i> (1945), and <i><a href="/wiki/Back_to_Bataan" title="Back to Bataan">Back to Bataan</a></i> (1945).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OWI had to approve every film before they could be exported. To facilitate the process the OWI's Bureau of Motion Pictures (BMP) worked with producers, directors, and writers before the shooting started to make sure that the themes reflected patriotic values. While Hollywood had been generally nonpolitical before the war, the liberals who controlled OWI encouraged the expression of New Deal liberalism, bearing in mind the huge domestic audience, as well as an international audience that was equally large.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Censorship" title="Office of Censorship">Office of Censorship</a></div> <p>Prior to entering the war, the US government had already done two years of planning in terms of how to conduct censorship. Censorship would officially begin one hour after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> which took place on December 7, 1941, censoring all cable, radiotelephone and telegraphic messages between the rest of the United States and Hawaii. Control of censorship was temporarily placed under FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> from December 8 to the 19th when the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Censorship" title="Office of Censorship">Office of Censorship</a> was created via a presidential executive order with <a href="/wiki/Byron_Price" title="Byron Price">Byron Price</a> leading the office for the duration of the war. Censorship was both practiced mandatorily and voluntarily depending on the circumstance. International communication was subjected to mandatory censorship while the domestic press participated on a voluntary basis as the federal government decided mandatory censorship would not be needed as long as patriotic broadcasters and publishers withheld any information that was deemed to harm the Allied war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_Jr.-1972_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel_Jr.-1972-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war would be covered by over 2,000 correspondents supplying their reports to newsreels, radios, magazines, newspapers and television which was an emerging technology. In the 1930s and 40s most Americans relied on print journalist to get their news.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The news was prohibited from covering the travels of the president, the location of the newly moved <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> or any diplomatic or military missions.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_Jr.-1972_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel_Jr.-1972-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_activism">Local activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Local activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way to enlist everyone in the war effort was scrap collection (called "recycling" decades later). Many everyday commodities were vital to the war effort, and drives were organized to recycle such products as rubber, tin, waste kitchen fats (raw material for explosives), newspaper, lumber, steel, and many others. Popular phrases promoted by the government at the time were "Get into the scrap!" and "Get some cash for your trash" (a nominal sum was paid to the donor for many kinds of scrap items) and <a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Thomas "Fats" Waller</a> even wrote and recorded a song with the latter title. Such commodities as rubber and tin remained highly important as recycled materials until the end of the war, while others, such as steel, were critically needed at first. War propaganda played a prominent role in many of these drives. Nebraska had perhaps the most extensive and well-organized drives; it was mobilized by the <i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_World-Herald" title="Omaha World-Herald">Omaha World Herald</a></i> newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auto_racing">Auto racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Auto racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1942, the Office of Defense Transportation ordered an indefinite ban on <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a> in an effort to conserve rubber and gasoline.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_letter_to_Landis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>The 1942 "Green Light Letter" sent by President Roosevelt to <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Baseball">Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a> authorizing wartime baseball</figcaption></figure> <p>Baseball was at a peak in its popularity as the <a href="/wiki/National_pastime" class="mw-redirect" title="National pastime">national pastime</a> at the outset of the war. In January 1942, however, <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Baseball">Commissioner of Baseball</a> and former federal judge <a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a> handwrote a letter to President Roosevelt asking whether the President felt "professional baseball should continue to operate" given that "these are not ordinary times." Roosevelt wrote back the following day in what became known as the "Green Light Letter" that it would be "thoroughly worthwhile" and "best for the country to keep baseball going." He reasoned that the public would be working longer and harder hours than ever before and therefore had a greater need for recreation than ever before.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943 and 1944, Commissioner Landis, with input from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bartlett_Eastman" title="Joseph Bartlett Eastman">Joseph Bartlett Eastman</a> of the Office of Defense Transportation, ordered that all <a href="/wiki/Spring_training" title="Spring training">spring training</a> take place north of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in order to cut down on travel.<sup id="cite_ref-obermeyer_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obermeyer-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) teams regularly played exhibition games to raise money and morale for the war effort, often against military teams; <a href="/wiki/Ford_Frick" title="Ford Frick">Ford Frick</a> testified in 1951 before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> that MLB teams played 61 games on military bases between 1942 and 1944. The league raised more than $2.1 million (equivalent to $36.3 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-obermeyer_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obermeyer-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> </p><p>Because many of the able-bodied young men of the United States enlisted or were drafted into service, many MLB roster spots went to players deemed physically unfit for service.<sup id="cite_ref-replacement_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-replacement-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ranged from players such as <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Holmes" title="Tommy Holmes">Tommy Holmes</a>, who had a chronic <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinus</a> condition,<sup id="cite_ref-replacement_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-replacement-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Pete_Gray" title="Pete Gray">Pete Gray</a>, who had only one arm.<sup id="cite_ref-replacement_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-replacement-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 332">: 332 </span></sup> Older stars such as <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Foxx" title="Jimmie Foxx">Jimmie Foxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Waner" title="Lloyd Waner">Lloyd Waner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chapman_(baseball)" title="Ben Chapman (baseball)">Ben Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babe_Herman" title="Babe Herman">Babe Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hal_Trosky" title="Hal Trosky">Hal Trosky</a> also found new playing opportunities and came out of retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-siwwii_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siwwii-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the United States entered the war, the country's two professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> leagues, the <a href="/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925%E2%80%931955)" title="American Basketball League (1925–1955)">American Basketball League</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(United_States)" title="National Basketball League (United States)">National Basketball League</a>, both shrunk to four teams. Much of the country's best basketball was played on military bases.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 1,000 players left or postponed their professional football careers due to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the depletion of rosters, the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a> merged with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> in 1943 to become the <a href="/wiki/Steagles" title="Steagles">Steagles</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Cardinals" title="Chicago Cardinals">Chicago Cardinals</a> in 1944 to become <a href="/wiki/Card-Pitt" title="Card-Pitt">Card-Pitt</a>. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Rams" title="Cleveland Rams">Cleveland Rams</a> suspended operations altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-steagles_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steagles-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, due to the lack of well-rounded athletes available, the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> also began allowing free substitutions, which revolutionized the game.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)" title="U.S. Open (golf)">U.S. Open</a> was not held between 1942 and 1945 because of the scarcity of the rubber essential to the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Golf_ball" title="Golf ball">golf balls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> were also converted to more practical use. For example, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a> was used to raise cows for beef for <a href="/wiki/Camp_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Gordon">Camp Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Country_Club" title="Congressional Country Club">Congressional Country Club</a> was used as a <a href="/wiki/Special_ops" class="mw-redirect" title="Special ops">special ops</a> training ground while several others were converted to farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_on_U.S._soil">Attacks on U.S. soil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Attacks on U.S. soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> never launched a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of the United States">invasion of the United States</a>, there were attacks and acts of sabotage on U.S. soil. </p> <ul><li>December 7, 1941 – <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, a surprise attack that killed almost 2,500 people in the then incorporated territory of Hawaii which caused the U.S. to enter the war the next day.</li> <li>January–August 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">Second Happy Time</a>, German U-boats engaged American ships off the U.S. East Coast.</li> <li>February 23, 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Bombardment of Ellwood</a>, a Japanese submarine attack on California.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">Attacks on California ships</a> by Japanese submarines</li> <li>March 4, 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a>, a Japanese reconnaissance over Pearl Harbor following the attack on December 7, 1941.</li> <li>June 3, 1942 – August 15, 1943 – <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands Campaign</a>, the battle for the then incorporated territory of Alaska.</li> <li>June 21–22, 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Bombardment of Fort Stevens</a>, the second attack on a U.S. military base in the continental U.S. in World War II.</li> <li>September 9, 1942, and September 29, 1942 – <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a>, the only attack by enemy aircraft on the contiguous U.S. and the second enemy aircraft attack on the U.S. continent in World War II.</li> <li>November 1944 – April 1945 – <a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fu-Go balloon bombs</a>, over 9,300 of them were launched by Japan across the Pacific Ocean towards the U.S. to start forest fires. On May 5, 1945, six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon when they stumbled upon a bomb and it exploded, the only deaths to occur in the U.S. as a result of an enemy balloon attack during World War II.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_U.S._Armed_Forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II">Ethnic minorities in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Generation" title="Greatest Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a>, for rest of world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_I" title="United States home front during World War I">United States home front during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas#World_War_II" title="History of Texas">History of Texas § World War II</a></li> <li>US Government films: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Marketing" title="Black Marketing">Black Marketing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_on_the_March" title="Campus on the March">Campus on the March</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Browne,_Farmer" title="Henry Browne, Farmer">Henry Browne, Farmer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manpower_(1942_film)" title="Manpower (1942 film)">Manpower</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro_Colleges_in_War_Time" title="Negro Colleges in War Time">Negro Colleges in War Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arm_Behind_the_Army" title="The Arm Behind the Army">The Arm Behind the Army</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, Carl G and Schneider, Dorothy; <i>World War II</i>; p. 57 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438108907" title="Special:BookSources/1438108907">1438108907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold G. Vatter, <i>The U.S. Economy in World War II</i> (1988) pp. 27–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kennedy, <i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i> (2001) pp. 615–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin Roosevelt, <i>Executive Order 9250 Establishing the Office of Economic Stabilization.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16171#axzz1qK2AszpJ">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16171#axzz1qK2AszpJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320092912/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16171#axzz1qK2AszpJ">Archived</a> 2012-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carola Frydman and Raven Molloy, "Pay Cuts for the Boss: Executive Compensation in the 1940s," <i>Journal of Economic History</i> 72 (March 2012), 225–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Perrett, <i>Days of sadness, months of triumph: the American people, 1939–1945: Volume 1</i> (1985) p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey C Mansfield, <i>A short history of OPA</i> (Historical reports on War Administration) (1951)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. C. Koistinen, <i>Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945</i> (2004) pp. 498–517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inflation existed because not all prices were controlled, and even when they were prices rose as "sales" disappeared, low-end items were less available, and quality deteriorated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Kimble, <i>Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds And Domestic Propaganda</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WPA workers were counted as unemployed. U.S. Bureau of the Census, <i>Statistical Abstract: 1946</i> (1946) p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller and Cornford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennett1985-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kennett1985_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Kennett1985" class="citation book cs1">Lee Kennett (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fordurationunite00kenn/page/130"><i>For the duration... : the United States goes to war, Pearl Harbor-1942</i></a>. 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Fidler, The Origins and History of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. McFarland, 2006. Sue Macy, A Whole New Ball game. Henry Holt, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter W. 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(2000). <i>The war at home</i>. San Diego: Lucent Books. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56006-531-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56006-531-9"><bdi>978-1-56006-531-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+at+home&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56006-531-9&rft.aulast=Kallen&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruggs1963" class="citation journal cs1">Scruggs, Otey M. 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Smithsonian Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611054718/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/civic_responsibility/smithsonian_siyc_fall07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+Civic+responsibility&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianeducation.org%2Feducators%2Flesson_plans%2Fcivic_responsibility%2Fsmithsonian_siyc_fall07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruga1988" class="citation journal cs1">Aruga, Natsuki (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00236568800890331">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"An' finish school": Child labor during World War II"</a>. <i>Labor History</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 498–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00236568800890331">10.1080/00236568800890331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labor+History&rft.atitle=%22An%27+finish+school%22%3A+Child+labor+during+World+War+II&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=498-530&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00236568800890331&rft.aulast=Aruga&rft.aufirst=Natsuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F00236568800890331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of the Census, <i>Historical Statistics of the United States</i> (1976) table H-424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaworski2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jaworski, Taylor (February 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050714000060">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"You're in the Army Now:" The Impact of World War II on Women's Education, Work, and Family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>74</b> (1): 169–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050714000060">10.1017/S0022050714000060</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=%22You%27re+in+the+Army+Now%3A%22+The+Impact+of+World+War+II+on+Women%27s+Education%2C+Work%2C+and+Family&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-195&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050714000060&rft.aulast=Jaworski&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0022050714000060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtenstein (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Taft, <i>The A.F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger</i> (1959) pp. 204–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. C. Koistinen, <i>Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945</i> (2004) p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, <i>John L. Lewis: A Biography</i> (1977) pp. 415–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Holley et al. <i>The Labor Relations Process</i> (2008) p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Glaberman, <i>Wartime Strikes: The Struggle Against the No Strike Pledge in the UAW During World War II</i> (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Kersten, <i>Race, Jobs, and the War: The FEPC in the Midwest, 1941–46</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, <i>Women at War with America</i> ch 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton Sosna, and James C. Cobb, <i>Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South</i> (UP of Mississippi, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHon1942" class="citation journal cs1">Hon, Ralph C. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">"The South in a War Economy"</a>. <i>Southern Economic Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 291–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1052610">10.2307/1052610</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1052610">1052610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+South+in+a+War+Economy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-308&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1052610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1052610%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hon&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1052610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For comprehensive coverage see Dwight C. Hoover and B.U. Ratchford, <i>Economic Resources and Policies of the South</i> (1951).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell B. Olwell, <i>At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee</i> (2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey W. Grantham, <i>The South in modern America</i> 1994) pp 172–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tindall, <i>The Emergence of the New South</i> pp.694–701, quoting p. 701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meghan_K._Winchell_2008_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meghan K. Winchell, <i>Good Girls, Good Food, Good Fun: The Story of USO Hostesses during World War II</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, pp. 78–9, 226–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grace Palladino, <i>Teenagers: An American History</i> (1996) p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Mintz, <i><a href="/wiki/Huck%27s_Raft:_A_History_of_American_Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood">Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood</a></i> (2006) pp. 258–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, Scott (May 2010). "Going to War with Milkweeds from Vermont". <i>Vermont's Northland Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vermont%27s+Northland+Journal&rft.atitle=Going+to+War+with+Milkweeds+from+Vermont&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2010-05&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flynn (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the US Bureau of the Census; Bicentennial edition, Part 2, Chapter D, Labor, Series D 1–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Resch, ed., <i> Americans at war: society, culture, and the homefront</i> (2005) 3: 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald I. Sittser, <i>A cautious patriotism: The American Churches and the Second World War</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/96833520/a-cautious-patriotism-the-american-churches-the">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114105145/https://www.questia.com/library/96833520/a-cautious-patriotism-the-american-churches-the">Archived</a> 2020-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell K. Hall, 'A Withdrawal from Peace: The Historical Response to War of the Church of God (Anderson, Indiana),' <i>Journal of Church and State</i> (1985) 27#2 pp. 301–314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. Hamm, et al., 'The Decline of Quaker Pacifism in the Twentieth Century: Indiana Yearly Meeting of Friends as a Case Study,' <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (2000) 96#1 pp. 45–71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/imh/VAA4025-096-1-a03">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Waltner Goossen, <i>Women Against the Good War: Conscientious Objection and Gender on the American Home Front, 1941–1947</i> (1997) pp. 98–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._James_Penton1997" class="citation book cs1">M. James Penton (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22americans+incarcerated+for+conscientious+objection%22"><i>Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. U. of Toronto Press. p. 142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331165712/https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%22americans+incarcerated+for+conscientious+objection%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Delayed%3A+The+Story+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=U.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=M.+James+Penton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3D%2522americans%2Bincarcerated%2Bfor%2Bconscientious%2Bobjection%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Kali (October 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/conscientious-objectors-civilian-public-service">"Alternative Service: Conscientious Objectors and Civilian Public Service in World War II"</a>. <i>The National WWII Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010000017/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/conscientious-objectors-civilian-public-service">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft.atitle=Alternative+Service%3A+Conscientious+Objectors+and+Civilian+Public+Service+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Kali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fconscientious-objectors-civilian-public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott H. Bennett, " American Pacifism, the 'Greatest Generation,' and World War II" in G. Kurt Piehler and Sidney Pash, <i>The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on Diplomacy, War, and the Home Front</i> (2010) pp 259–92 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/120865167/the-united-states-and-the-second-world-war-new-perspectives">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113061846/https://www.questia.com/read/120865167/the-united-states-and-the-second-world-war-new-perspectives">Archived</a> 2020-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulford Q. Sibley and Philip E. 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"Steps to Political Equality: Woman Suffrage and Electoral Politics in the Lives of Emily Newell Blair, Anne Henrietta Martin, and Jeannette Rankin". <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3347204">10.2307/3347204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347204">3347204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Steps+to+Political+Equality%3A+Woman+Suffrage+and+Electoral+Politics+in+the+Lives+of+Emily+Newell+Blair%2C+Anne+Henrietta+Martin%2C+and+Jeannette+Rankin&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3347204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3347204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Perrett, <i>Days of sadness, years of triumph: the American people, 1939–1945: Volume 1</i> (1985) p. 218, 366</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michal R. Belknap, <i>American political trials</i> (1994) p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Steele, <i>Free Speech in the Good War</i> (1999) ch 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuttle195-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tuttle195_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuttle,_William_M._Jr.1995" class="citation book cs1">Tuttle, William M. Jr. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195049053/page/59"><i>Daddy's Gone to War: The Second World War in the Lives of America's Children</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195049053/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504905-3"><bdi>978-0-19-504905-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daddy%27s+Gone+to+War%3A+The+Second+World+War+in+the+Lives+of+America%27s+Children&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504905-3&rft.au=Tuttle%2C+William+M.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195049053%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flamm-2006-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flamm-2006_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flamm-2006_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamm2006" class="citation journal cs1">Flamm, Bradley (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233547720">"Putting the Brakes on 'Non-Essential' Travel: 1940s Wartime Mobility, Prosperity, and the US Office of Defense"</a>. <i>Journal of Transport History</i>. <b>27</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FTJTH.27.1.6">10.7227/TJTH.27.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154113012">154113012</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transport+History&rft.atitle=Putting+the+Brakes+on+%27Non-Essential%27+Travel%3A+1940s+Wartime+Mobility%2C+Prosperity%2C+and+the+US+Office+of+Defense&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FTJTH.27.1.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154113012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233547720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young-2010_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young-2010_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young-2010_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungYoung2010" class="citation book cs1">Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313356537" title="Special:BookSources/9780313356537"><bdi>9780313356537</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+And+The+Postwar+Years+In+America%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313356537&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Young%2C+Nancy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjbR9EXABPEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2020" class="citation web cs1">Linden, Bob van der (June 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/air-transport-command-and-airlines-during-world-war-ii-1">"Air Transport Command and the Airlines During World War II"</a>. <i>National Air and Space Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Upton, <i>Encyclopedia of American race riots</i> (2006) pp xxix to xli, 222, 225, 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Bruns2014" class="citation book cs1">Roger Bruns (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vY2OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Zoot Suit Riots</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313398797" title="Special:BookSources/9780313398797"><bdi>9780313398797</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425194505/https://books.google.com/books?id=vY2OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805799019" title="Special:BookSources/9780805799019"><bdi>9780805799019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Front+and+Beyond%3A+American+Women+in+the+1940s&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780805799019&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomefrontbeyonda00hartrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tassava, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/?s=tassava">"The American Economy during World War II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722234528/http://eh.net/?s=tassava">Archived</a> 2015-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. February 10, 2008. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LOONEY+TUNES+%28Looney+Toons%29%3A+Tokio+Jokio+%28WW2+Racist%29+%281943%29+%28Remastered%29+%28HD+1080p%29&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.au=8thManDVD.com%E2%84%A2+Cartoon+Channel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DBlUld1yXKRo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsshproover2011" class="citation cs2">sshproover (2011-01-17), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCFZ6nh9djY"><i>Popeye The Sailor 113 – Scrap the Japs [BANNED]</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105195935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCFZ6nh9djY">archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popeye+The+Sailor+113+%E2%80%93+Scrap+the+Japs+%5BBANNED%5D&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft.au=sshproover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DbCFZ6nh9djY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonolaf2016" class="citation cs2">Monolaf (2016-01-27), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202055250/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTvvPbBruiA&gl=US&hl=en"><i>My Personal Favourite Moments involving Bugs Bunny During WWII</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTvvPbBruiA">the original</a> on 2019-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Personal+Favourite+Moments+involving+Bugs+Bunny+During+WWII&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.au=Monolaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnTvvPbBruiA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2012" class="citation web cs1">Popova, Maria (2012-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brainpickings.org/2012/08/10/dr-seusss-wartime-propaganda-cartoons/">"Dr. Seuss's World War II Political Propaganda Cartoons"</a>. <i>Brain Pickings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025011551/https://www.brainpickings.org/2012/08/10/dr-seusss-wartime-propaganda-cartoons/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brain+Pickings&rft.atitle=Dr.+Seuss%27s+World+War+II+Political+Propaganda+Cartoons&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brainpickings.org%2F2012%2F08%2F10%2Fdr-seusss-wartime-propaganda-cartoons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-isolation-intervention">"THE UNITED STATES: ISOLATION-INTERVENTION"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=THE+UNITED+STATES%3A+ISOLATION-INTERVENTION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-united-states-isolation-intervention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_National_WWII_Museum-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_National_WWII_Museum_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_National_WWII_Museum_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-debate">"The Great Debate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_WWII_Museum" title="The National WWII Museum">The National WWII Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Great+Debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fgreat-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1977" class="citation journal cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947701200201">"Non-interventionism of the Left: The Keep America Out of the War Congress, 1938–41"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 221–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947701200201">10.1177/002200947701200201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159511354">159511354</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2023</span> – via SAGE journals.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Non-interventionism+of+the+Left%3A+The+Keep+America+Out+of+the+War+Congress%2C+1938%E2%80%9341&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-236&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947701200201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159511354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F002200947701200201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_M-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_M_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_M_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_M_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Jordan, <i>FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944</i> (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2020" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Tracy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKXeDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Year of Peril: America in 1942</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300233780" title="Special:BookSources/9780300233780"><bdi>9780300233780</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+of+Peril%3A+America+in+1942&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300233780&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKXeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Michael A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=fac_dis"><i>POLITICS AS USUAL: FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT, THOMAS DEWEY, AND THE WARTIME PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1944</i></a>. Liberty University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=POLITICS+AS+USUAL%3A+FRANKLIN+ROOSEVELT%2C+THOMAS+DEWEY%2C+AND+THE+WARTIME+PRESIDENTIAL+CAMPAIGN+OF+1944&rft.pub=Liberty+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1065%26context%3Dfac_dis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning-2016-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning-2016_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning-2016_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2016" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, Molly Guptill (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2171&context=fac_articles_chapters">"Fighting to Lose the Vote: How the Soldier Voting Acts of 1942 and 1944 Disenfranchised America's Armed Forces"</a>. <i>New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy</i>. <b>19</b> (2) – via New York Law School Digital Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Journal+of+Legislation+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Fighting+to+Lose+the+Vote%3A+How+the+Soldier+Voting+Acts+of+1942+and+1944+Disenfranchised+America%27s+Armed+Forces&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Molly+Guptill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.nyls.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2171%26context%3Dfac_articles_chapters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inger L. Stole, <i>Advertising at War: Business, Consumers, and Government in the 1940s</i> by (University of Illinois Press; 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, <i>Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising, 1941–45,</i> (1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_Front.ogv" title="File:Home Front.ogv">Private Snafu cartoon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bush_Jones2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bush_Jones" title="John Bush Jones">John Bush Jones</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NlUVOC70BCEC"><i>The Songs That Fought the War: Popular Music And The Home Front, 1939–1945</i></a>. University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584654438" title="Special:BookSources/9781584654438"><bdi>9781584654438</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521230353/https://books.google.com/books?id=NlUVOC70BCEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Songs+That+Fought+the+War%3A+Popular+Music+And+The+Home+Front%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781584654438&rft.au=John+Bush+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlUVOC70BCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> all have extensive collections of World War II posters accessible online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Kimble2006" class="citation book cs1">James J. Kimble (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7MjHMxSrY8C"><i>Mobilizing the Home Front: War Bonds and Domestic Propaganda</i></a>. Texas A&M U.P. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585444854" title="Special:BookSources/9781585444854"><bdi>9781585444854</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424094651/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7MjHMxSrY8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+the+Home+Front%3A+War+Bonds+and+Domestic+Propaganda&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+U.P.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781585444854&rft.au=James+J.+Kimble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7MjHMxSrY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen_Johnson1982" class="citation book cs1">Keen Johnson (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJL6rhoJeq4C&pg=PA401"><i>The Public Papers of Governor Keen Johnson, 1939–1943</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813130675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813130675"><bdi>978-0813130675</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425115654/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJL6rhoJeq4C&pg=PA401">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Papers+of+Governor+Keen+Johnson%2C+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0813130675&rft.au=Keen+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJL6rhoJeq4C%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ax8XAQAAIAAJ&q=%2210-percent+club%22+%22war+bonds%22"><i>Minuteman</i> Volume 2, Issues 13–28 (1942) p. 31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427160009/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ax8XAQAAIAAJ&q=%2210-percent+club%22+%22war+bonds%22&dq=%2210-percent+club%22+%22war+bonds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mVTQT7vDLtCu6gH82OR6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA">Archived</a> 2016-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_L._McLaughlinSally_E._Parry2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert L. McLaughlin; Sally E. Parry (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wellalwayshavemo00mcla"><i>We'll Always Have the Movies: American Cinema During World War II</i></a></span>. U.P. of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813171371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813171371"><bdi>978-0813171371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We%27ll+Always+Have+the+Movies%3A+American+Cinema+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=U.P.+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0813171371&rft.au=Robert+L.+McLaughlin&rft.au=Sally+E.+Parry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwellalwayshavemo00mcla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threestooges.net/filmography/episode/44">"<i>You Nazty Spy!</i> at threestooges.net"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190322201628/http://www.threestooges.net/filmography/episode/44">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Nazty+Spy%21+at+threestooges.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.threestooges.net%2Ffilmography%2Fepisode%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camilla Fojas, 'Foreign Domestics: The Filipino "Homefront" in World War II Hollywood,' <i>Comparative American Studies</i> (March 2010) 8#1 pp. 3–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppesBlack1977" class="citation journal cs1">Koppes, Clayton R.; Black, Gregory D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171027-161513543">"What to Show the World: The Office of War Information and Hollywood, 1942-1945"</a>. <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 87–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1888275">10.2307/1888275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888275">1888275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=What+to+Show+the+World%3A+The+Office+of+War+Information+and+Hollywood%2C+1942-1945&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-105&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1888275&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1888275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Koppes&rft.aufirst=Clayton+R.&rft.au=Black%2C+Gregory+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.caltech.edu%2FCaltechAUTHORS%3A20171027-161513543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>; they report on p. 90, "OWI demanded affirmation of New Deal liberalism for America and the world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDaniel_Jr.-1972-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_Jr.-1972_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_Jr.-1972_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel_Jr.1972" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel Jr., Alvin William (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2785&context=uop_etds">"The war on words: the Office of Censorship in World War II"</a>. <i>University of the Pacific</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2023</span> – via Scholarly Commons – University of the Pacific.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+war+on+words%3A+the+Office+of+Censorship+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=McDaniel+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alvin+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.pacific.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2785%26context%3Duop_etds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuljung2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buljung, Brianna (2011). "From the Foxhole: American Newsmen and the Reporting of World War II". <i>International Social Science Review</i>. <b>86</b> (1/2): 44–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887473">41887473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=From+the+Foxhole%3A+American+Newsmen+and+the+Reporting+of+World+War+II&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=44-64&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41887473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buljung&rft.aufirst=Brianna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James J. Kimble, 'The Militarization of the Prairie,' <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> (2007) 27#2 pp. 83–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/07/08/85042134.html?pageNumber=29">"RACING BAN POSTPONED; Auto and Motor Cycle Contests to End After July 31"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. July 8, 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120194828/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/07/08/85042134.html?pageNumber=29">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=RACING+BAN+POSTPONED%3B+Auto+and+Motor+Cycle+Contests+to+End+After+July+31&rft.date=1942-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1942%2F07%2F08%2F85042134.html%3FpageNumber%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreovicz2016" class="citation news cs1">Oreovicz, John (22 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/racing/racing/indycar/indy500/2011/columns/story?columnist=oreovicz_john&id=6516590">"Oreovicz: Hulman saves day at Indy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN.com" title="ESPN.com">ESPN.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Oreovicz%3A+Hulman+saves+day+at+Indy&rft.date=2016-05-22&rft.aulast=Oreovicz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fracing%2Fracing%2Findycar%2Findy500%2F2011%2Fcolumns%2Fstory%3Fcolumnist%3Doreovicz_john%26id%3D6516590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazerCulbertson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bazer, Gerald; Culbertson, Steven (Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/spring/greenlight.html">"When FDR Said 'Play Ball'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Prologue_(magazine)" title="Prologue (magazine)">Prologue</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue&rft.atitle=When+FDR+Said+%27Play+Ball%27&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bazer&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Culbertson%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2002%2Fspring%2Fgreenlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obermeyer-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obermeyer_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obermeyer_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermeyer2013" class="citation book cs1">Obermeyer, Jeff (25 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xV8sAAAAQBAJ"><i>Baseball and the Bottom Line in World War II: Gunning for Profits on the Home Front</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7043-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7043-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-7043-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baseball+and+the+Bottom+Line+in+World+War+II%3A+Gunning+for+Profits+on+the+Home+Front&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7043-3&rft.aulast=Obermeyer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxV8sAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-replacement-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-replacement_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-replacement_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-replacement_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron2015" class="citation book cs1">Aaron, Mark Z. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAryBgAAQBAJ"><i>Who's on First: Replacement Players in World War II</i></a>. SABR, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933599908" title="Special:BookSources/9781933599908"><bdi>9781933599908</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+on+First%3A+Replacement+Players+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=SABR%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781933599908&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Mark+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfAryBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siwwii-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siwwii_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanes1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Jeanes, William (August 26, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/vault/1991/08/26/124797/baseball-in-world-war-ii-fdr-let-baseball-continue-so-we-had-a-pastime-played-by-graybeards-no-beards-and-other-marvels">"Baseball in World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120194835/https://vault.si.com/vault/1991/08/26/baseball-in-world-war-ii-fdr-let-baseball-continue-so-we-had-a-pastime-played-by-graybeards-no-beards-and-other-marvels">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Baseball+in+World+War+II&rft.date=1991-08-26&rft.aulast=Jeanes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fvault%2F1991%2F08%2F26%2F124797%2Fbaseball-in-world-war-ii-fdr-let-baseball-continue-so-we-had-a-pastime-played-by-graybeards-no-beards-and-other-marvels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinoli2016" class="citation book cs1">Finoli, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkOWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>The 50 Greatest Players in Pittsburgh Pirates History</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5871-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-5871-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+50+Greatest+Players+in+Pittsburgh+Pirates+History&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5871-6&rft.aulast=Finoli&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkOWCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, William H. (20 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9IqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT123"><i>Hal Trosky: A Baseball Biography</i></a>. McFarland. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6645-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6645-7"><bdi>978-1-4766-6645-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hal+Trosky%3A+A+Baseball+Biography&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6645-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9IqDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2010" class="citation book cs1">Grasso, John (15 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA13"><i>Historical Dictionary of Basketball</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7506-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7506-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120194834/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Basketball&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7506-7&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZUarsZyzokC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2019" class="citation news cs1">Dixon, Schuyler (October 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/nfl-reaches-west-coast-fairly-stable-war-40s-66061128">"NFL reaches West Coast, is fairly stable despite war in '40s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NFL+reaches+West+Coast%2C+is+fairly+stable+despite+war+in+%2740s&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Schuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FSports%2FwireStory%2Fnfl-reaches-west-coast-fairly-stable-war-40s-66061128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steagles-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-steagles_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Joshua (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/15/sports/football/15steagles.html">"Steelers Shared Resources With 2 Teams During World War II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125040921/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/15/sports/football/15steagles.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Steelers+Shared+Resources+With+2+Teams+During+World+War+II&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F15%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2F15steagles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operations.nfl.com/inside-football-ops/players-legends/evolution-of-the-nfl-player/">"Evolution of the NFL Player"</a>. NFL Football Operations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125040922/https://operations.nfl.com/inside-football-ops/players-legends/evolution-of-the-nfl-player/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+NFL+Player&rft.pub=NFL+Football+Operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperations.nfl.com%2Finside-football-ops%2Fplayers-legends%2Fevolution-of-the-nfl-player%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulloRodell2003" class="citation book cs1">Zullo, Allan; Rodell, Chris (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tyCrebHUGnMC"><i>Amazing But True Golf Facts</i></a>. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-3860-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-3860-9"><bdi>978-0-7407-3860-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120194837/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyCrebHUGnMC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+But+True+Golf+Facts&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2003-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7407-3860-9&rft.aulast=Zullo&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Rodell%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtyCrebHUGnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2021" class="citation book cs1">Coyne, Tom (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3crEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159"><i>A Course Called America: Fifty States, Five Thousand Fairways, and the Search for the Great American Golf Course</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-2805-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-2805-0"><bdi>978-1-9821-2805-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Course+Called+America%3A+Fifty+States%2C+Five+Thousand+Fairways%2C+and+the+Search+for+the+Great+American+Golf+Course&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-2805-0&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3crEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brinkley, David. <i>Washington Goes to War</i> Knopf, 1988; memoir</li> <li>Campbell, D'Ann (1984), <i>Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era</i> Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; <i>Public Opinion, 1935–1946</i> (1951), a massive compilation of many public opinion polls from the USA</li> <li>Ferguson, Robert G. 'One Thousand Planes a Day: Ford, Grumman, General Motors and the Arsenal of Democracy.' <i>History and Technology</i> 2005 21(2): 149–175. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0734-1512">0734-1512</a> Fulltext in Swetswise, Ingenta, and Ebsco</li> <li>Flynn, George Q. <i>The Draft, 1940–1973</i> (1993) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1105-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1105-3">0-7006-1105-3</a>)</li> <li>Gallup, George Horace, ed. <i>The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971</i> 3 vol (1972) esp vol 1. summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers</li> <li>Garfinkel, Herbert. <i>When Negroes March: The March on Washington and the Organizational Politics for FEPC</i> (1959).</li> <li>Koistinen, Paul A. C. <i>Arsenal of World War II: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1940–1945</i> (2004)</li> <li>Miller, Sally M., and Daniel A. Cornford eds. <i>American Labor in the Era of World War II</i> (1995), essays by historians, mostly on California</li> <li>Lichtenstein, Nelson. <i>Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II</i> (2003)</li> <li>Wynn, Neil A. <i>The Afro-American and the Second World War</i> (1977)</li> <li>Vatter, Howard. <i>The U.S. Economy in World War II</i> Columbia University Press, 1985. General survey</li> <li>Hinshaw, David. <i>The Home Front</i> (1943)</li> <li>Hoehling, A. A. <i>Home Front, the U.S.A.</i> (1966)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Michael C.C. <i>The Best War Ever: America and World War II</i> (1993); contains detailed bibliography</li> <li>Blum, John Morton. <i>V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II</i> (1995); original edition (1976)</li> <li>Casdorph, Paul D. <i>Let the Good Times Roll: Life at Home in America During World War II</i> (1989)</li> <li>Jeffries, John W. <i>Wartime America: The World War II Home Front</i> (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wartimeamerica00john">online</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, David M. <i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Freedom-Fear-American-Depression-1929-1945/dp/0195144031/">excerpt and text search</a>; a major scholarly survey of the era</li> <li>Kennett, Lee. <i> For the Duration: The United States Goes to War, Pearl Harbor—1942</i> (1985), covers the first six months.</li> <li>Lingeman, Richard R. <i>Don’t You Know There’s a War On? The American Home Front, 1941–1945</i> (1970), popular history</li> <li>Perrett, Geoffrey. <i>Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph: The American People, 1939–1945</i> (1973), popular history.</li> <li>Polenberg, Richard. <i>War and Society: The United States, 1941–1945</i> (1980)</li> <li>Smith, Gaddis. <i>American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941–1945</i> (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118212">online</a></li> <li>Sparrow, James T. <i>Warfare state: World War II Americans and the age of big government</i> (Oxford UP, 2011).</li> <li>Tindall, George B. <i>The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945</i> (1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnewso00tind">online free to borrow</a> pp 687=732.</li> <li>Titus, James, ed. <i>The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century: The American Experience in Comparative Perspective</i> (1984) essays by scholars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329738/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-031.pdf">online free</a></li> <li>Winkler, Allan M. <i>Home Front U.S.A.: America During World War II</i> (3rd ed. 2012). short survey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ciment, James D. and Thaddeus Russell, eds. <i>The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II</i> (3 vol 2006)</li> <li>Frank, Lisa Tendrich. <i>An Encyclopedia of American Women at War: From the Home Front to the Battlefields</i> (2013)</li> <li>Resch, John Phillips, and D'Ann Campbell eds. <i>Americans at War: Society, Culture, and the Homefront</i> (vol 3 2004)</li> <li>Shearer, Benjamin F. ed. <i>Home Front Heroes: A Biographical Dictionary of Americans during Wartime</i> (3 vol. 2006)</li> <li><i>10 Eventful Years: 1937–1946</i> 4 vol. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1947. Highly detailed encyclopedia of events <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Eventful%20Years%22%20%29%20AND%20date%3A%5B1947-01-01%20TO%201947-12-31%5D">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_and_labor">Economy and labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Economy and labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aruga, Natsuki. " 'An' Finish School': Child Labor during World War II" <i>Labor History</i> 29 (1988): 498–530. DOI: 10.1080/00236568800890331.</li> <li>Campbell, D'Ann. 'Sisterhood versus the Brotherhoods: Women in Unions' in Campbell, <i>Women at War with America</i> (1984) pp. 139–62</li> <li>Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Time <i>John L. Lewis</i> (1986). Biography of the head of coal miners' union</li> <li>Campbell, W. Glenn, ed. <i>Economics of mobilization and war</i> (1952) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsofmobil0000camp">online</a></li> <li>Evans Paul. 'The Effects of General Price Controls in the United States during World War II.' <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 90 (1983): 944–66. a statistical study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1837127">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Feagin, Joe R., and Kelly Riddell. 'The State, Capitalism and World War II: The U.S. Case.' <i>Armed Forces and Society</i> (1990) 17#1 pp. 53–79.</li> <li>Flynn, George Q. <i>The Mess in Washington: Manpower Mobilization in World War II</i> (1979) * Fraser, Steve. <i>Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor</i> (1993). leader of CIO</li> <li>Hall, Martha L. et al., "American Women's Wartime Dress: Sociocultural Ambiguity Regarding Women's Roles During World War II," <i>Journal of American Culture</i> 38 (Sept. 2015), 234–42.</li> <li>Harrison, Mark. 'Resource Mobilization for World War II: The U.S.A., UK, U.S.S.R. and Germany, 1938–1945.' <i>Economic History Review</i> 41 (1988): 171–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596054">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</i> (Random House, 2012) 413 pp.</li> <li>Hyde, Charles K. <i>Arsenal of Democracy: The American Automobile Industry in World War II</i> (Wayne State University Press; 2013) 264 pages</li> <li>Jacobs, Meg. '"How About Some Meat?": The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State Building from the Bottom Up, 1941–1946,' <i>Journal of American History</i> 84#3 (1997), pp. 910–941 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2953088">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Jensen, Richard J. "The causes and cures of unemployment in the Great Depression." <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 19.4 (1989): 553–583. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rjensen.people.uic.edu/causes-cures.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Kersten, Andrew E. <i>Labor's home front: the American Federation of Labor during World War II</i> (NYU Press, 2006).</li> <li>Klein, Maury. <i>A Call to Arms: Mobilizing America for World War II</i> (2013).</li> <li>Lichtenstein, Nelson. <i>Labor's war at home: The CIO in World War II</i> (Temple University Press, 2003).</li> <li>Lipsitz, George. <i>Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rainbow-Midnight-LABOR-CULTURE-1940S/dp/0252063945/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Maines, Rachel. 'Wartime Allocation of Textiles and Apparel Resources: Emergency Policy in the Twentieth Century.' <i>Public Historian</i> (1985) 7#1 pp. 29–51.</li> <li>Mills, Geoffrey, and Hugh Rockoff. "Compliance with Price Controls in the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II," <i>Journal of Economic History</i> 47#1 (1987): 197–213. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2121945">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Myers, Margaret G. <i>Financial History of the United States</i> (1970). pp 343–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/financialhistory00myerrich">online</a></li> <li>Reagan, Patrick D. 'The Withholding Tax, Beardsley Ruml, and Modern American Public Policy.' <i>Prologue</i> 24 (1992): 19–31.</li> <li>Rockoff, Hugh. "The Response of the Giant Corporations to Wage and Price Controls in World War II." <i>Journal of Economic History</i> (1981) 41#1 pp. 123–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120906">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Romer, Christina D.</a> 'What Ended the Great Depression?' <i>Journal of Economic History</i> 52 (1992): 757–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123226">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Seidman, Joel. <i>American Labor from Defense to Reconversion</i> (1953)</li> <li>Simmons, Dean. <i>Swords into plowshares: Minnesota's POW camps during World War II</i>. (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9669001-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9669001-0-1">978-0-9669001-0-1</a>.</li> <li>Sosna, Morton, and James C. Cobb, <i>Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South</i> (UP of Mississippi, 1997).</li> <li>Tuttle, William M. Jr. 'The Birth of an Industry: The Synthetic Rubber 'Mess' in World War II.' <i>Technology and Culture</i> 22 (1981): 35–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3104292">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Wilcox, Walter W. <i>The Farmer in the Second World War.</i> (1947) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmerinsecondwo0000walt">online</a></li> <li>Wilson, Mark R. <i>Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II</i> (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/12840/reviews/159119/blaker-wilson-destructive-creation-american-business-and-winning-world">online review</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_2">Draft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bennett, Scott H., ed. <i>Army GI, Pacifist CO: The World War II Letters of Frank and Albert Dietrich</i> (New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 2005).</li> <li>Blum, Albert A. <i>Drafted Or Deferred: Practices Past and Present</i> Ann Arbor: Bureau of Industrial Relations, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan, 1967.</li> <li>Flynn George Q. 'American Medicine and Selective Service in World War II.' <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i> 42 (1987): 305–26.</li> <li>Flynn George Q. <i>The Draft, 1940–1973</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Draft-1940-1973-Modern-War-Studies/dp/0700611053/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family,_gender_and_minorities"><span id="Family.2C_gender_and_minorities"></span>Family, gender and minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Family, gender and minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, Beth, and David Farber; 'The "Double-V" Campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, Racial Ideology, and Federal Power,' <i>Journal of Social History</i> Volume: 26. Issue: 4. 1993. pp. 817+.</li> <li>Campbell, D'Ann. <i>Women at War with America</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenatwarwitham0000camp/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Daniel, Clete. <i>Chicano Workers and the Politics of Fairness: The FEPC in the Southwest, 1941–1945</i> University of Texas Press, 1991</li> <li>Collins, William J. 'Race, Roosevelt, and Wartime Production: Fair Employment in World War II Labor Markets,' <i>American Economic Review</i> 91:1 (March 2001), pp. 272–286. in JSTOR</li> <li>Costello, John. <i>Virtue Under Fire: How World War II Changed Our Social and Sexual Attitudes</i> (1986), US and Britain</li> <li>Escobedo, Elizabeth. <i>From Coveralls to Zoot Suits: The Lives of Mexican American Women on the World War II Home Front</i> (2013)</li> <li>Finkle, Lee. 'The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II,' <i>Journal of American History</i> (1973) 60#3 pp. 692–713 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1917685">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hall, Martha L. et al., "American Women's Wartime Dress: Sociocultural Ambiguity Regarding Women's Roles During World War II," <i>Journal of American Culture</i> 38 (Sept. 2015), 234–42.</li> <li>Hartmann, Susan M. <i>Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 40s</i> (1982)</li> <li>Kryder, Daniel. <i>Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II</i> (2001)</li> <li>Kuhn, Clifford M., "'It Was a Long Way from Perfect, but It Was Working': The Canning and Home Production Initiatives in Green County, Georgia, 1940–1942," <i>Agricultural History</i> (2012) 86#1 pp. 68–90. on Victory gardens</li> <li>Lees, Lorraine M. 'National Security and Ethnicity: Contrasting Views during World War II.' <i>Diplomatic History</i> 11 (1987): 113–25.</li> <li>Myrdal, Gunnar. <i>An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</i> (1944), famous classic</li> <li>Ossian, Lisa L. <i>The Forgotten Generation: American Children and World War II</i> (University of Missouri Press; 2011) 192 pages; children's experiences at school, at play, at work, and in the home.</li> <li>Tuttle Jr. William M.; <i>Daddy's Gone to War: The Second World War in the Lives of America's Children</i> Oxford University Press, 1995; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30030636">online review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/guides/womens_studies/womlab.asp"><i>Records of the Women's Bureau</i> (1997), short essay on women at work</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Ward, Barbara McLean, ed., <i>Produce and Conserve, Share and Play Square: The Grocer and the Consumer on the Home-Front Battlefield during World War II</i>, Portsmouth, NH: Strawbery Banke Museum</li> <li>Pfau, Ann Elizabeth. <i>Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II</i> (Columbia UP. 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burns, James MacGregor. <i>Roosevelt: Soldier of Freedom</i> (1970), vol 2 covers the war years.</li> <li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns. <i>No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II</i> (1995)</li> <li>Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.</i> (1985). encyclopedia</li> <li>Hooks Gregory. <i>The Military-Industrial Complex: World War II's Battle of the Potomac</i> University of Illinois Press, 1991.</li> <li>Jeffries John W. 'The "New" New Deal: FDR and American Liberalism, 1937–1945.' <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1990): 397–418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2150824">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Leff Mark H. 'The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II,' <i>Journal of American History</i> 77 (1991): 1296–1318. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2078263">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Patterson, James T. <i>Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft</i> (1972)</li> <li>Steele Richard W. 'The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940–1941.' <i>Journal of American History</i> 71 (1994): 69–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1899834">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Young, Nancy Beck. <i>Why We Fight: Congress and the Politics of World War II</i> (University Press of Kansas; 2013) 366 pages; a comprehensive survey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources_and_teaching_materials">Primary sources and teaching materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Primary sources and teaching materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dorn, Charles, and Connie Chiang. "Lesson Plan – National Unity and National Discord: The Western Homefront during World War II," <i>Journal of the West</i> (Summer 2010) 49#3 pp. 41–60. It contains a detailed lesson plan for 11th grade, focused on the social history of the Homefront in the West (especially California).</li> <li>Nicholas, H. G. <i>Washington despatches, 1941–1945: weekly political reports from the British Embassy</i> (1985) 718 pages; unusually rich secret reports from British diplomats (especially <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>) analyzing American government and politics</li> <li>Piehler, G. Kurt, ed, <i>The United States in World War II: A Documentary Reader</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-United-States-World-War/dp/1444331205/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda,_advertising,_media,_public_opinion"><span id="Propaganda.2C_advertising.2C_media.2C_public_opinion"></span>Propaganda, advertising, media, public opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Propaganda, advertising, media, public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blanchard, Margaret A. '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08821127.1995.10731748#.Ufn84qxfuSp">Freedom of the Press in World War II</a>.' <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journalism_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journalism (journal)">American Journalism</a></i>. Volume 12, Issue 3, 1995. p. 342–358. Published online on 24 July 2013. DOI: 10.1080/08821127.1995.10731748.</li> <li>Bredhoff, Stacey (1994), <i>Powers of Persuasion: Poster Art from World War II,</i> National Archives Trust Fund Board.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Hadley_CantrilMildred_Strunk1951" class="citation book cs1">Albert Hadley Cantril; Mildred Strunk (1951). <i>Public opinion: 1935–1946</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+opinion%3A+1935%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Albert+Hadley+Cantril&rft.au=Mildred+Strunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>, summaries of thousands of polls in US, Canada, Europe</li> <li>Fauser, Annegret. <i>Sounds of War: Music in the United States During World War II</i> (Oxford University Press; 2013) 366 pages; focuses on classical music in the 1940s, including work by both American composers and Europeans in exile.</li> <li>Fox, Frank W (1975), <i>Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising, 1941–45,</i> Brigham Young University Press.</li> <li>Fyne, Robert (1994), <i>The Hollywood Propaganda of World War II,</i> Scarecrow Press.</li> <li>Gregory, G.H. (1993), <i>Posters of World War II,</i> Gramercy Books.</li> <li>Gallup, George H. (1972), <i>The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935– 1971, Vol. 1, 1935–1948,</i> summary of every poll</li> <li>Holsinger, M. Paul, and Mary Anne Schofield; <i>Visions of War: World War II in Popular Literature and Culture</i> (1992)</li> <li>Witkowski, Terrence H. 'World War II Poster Campaigns: Preaching Frugality to American Consumers' <i>Journal of Advertising</i>, Vol. 32, 2003</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social,_state_and_local_history"><span id="Social.2C_state_and_local_history"></span>Social, state and local history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Social, state and local history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown DeSoto. <i>Hawaii Goes to War. Life in Hawaii from Pearl Harbor to Peace.</i> 1989.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavnes,_Max_Parvin1961" class="citation book cs1">Cavnes, Max Parvin (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RjTAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Hoosier community at war</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598056399" title="Special:BookSources/9780598056399"><bdi>9780598056399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hoosier+community+at+war&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780598056399&rft.au=Cavnes%2C+Max+Parvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RjTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>, on Indiana</li> <li>Chandonnet, Fern. <i>Alaska at War, 1941-1945: The Forgotten War Remembered</i> (2007)</li> <li>Clive Alan. <i>State of War: Michigan in World War II</i> University of Michigan Press, 1979.</li> <li>Daniel Pete. 'Going among Strangers: Southern Reactions to World War II.' <i>Journal of American History</i> 77 (1990): 886–911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2078990">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Davis, Anita Price. <i>North Carolina and World War II: A Documentary Portrait</i> (McFarland, 2014) ISBN 978-0-7864-7984-9. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=42885">online review</a></li> <li>Escobedo, Elizabeth. <i>From Coveralls to Zoot Suits: The Lives of Mexican American Women on the World War II Home Front</i> (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Evans, Jon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu:253845/datastream/PDF/view"><i>Weathering the Storm: Florida Politics during the Administration of Spessard L. Holland in World War II</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Florida State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Weathering+the+Storm%3A+Florida+Politics+during+the+Administration+of+Spessard+L.+Holland+in+World+War+II&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=Florida+State+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiginole.lib.fsu.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Ffsu%3A253845%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gleason Philip. 'Pluralism, Democracy, and Catholicism in the Era of World War II.' <i>Review of Politics</i> 49 (1987): 208–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1407504">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hartzel, Karl Drew. <i>The Empire State At War</i> (1949), on upstate New York</li> <li>Hiltner, Aaron. <i>Friendly Invasions: Civilians and Servicemen on the World War II American Home Front</i> (2017).</li> <li>Jaworski, Taylor. <i>World War II and the Industrialization of the American South</i> (Paper. No. w23477. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.middlebury.edu/~larroyoabad/workshop/papers/Jaworski.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124548/http://community.middlebury.edu/~larroyoabad/workshop/papers/Jaworski.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-09-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Charles. 'V for Virginia: The Commonwealth Goes to War,' <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> 100 (1992): 365–398 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4249293">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Johnson Marilynn S. 'War as Watershed: The East Bay and World War II.' <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 63 (1994): 315–41, on Northern California <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640969">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange,_DorotheaCharles_Wollenberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Dorothea; Charles Wollenberg (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DbrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Photographing the second gold rush: Dorothea Lange and the East Bay at war, 1941–1945</i></a>. Heyday Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930588-78-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930588-78-6"><bdi>978-0-930588-78-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographing+the+second+gold+rush%3A+Dorothea+Lange+and+the+East+Bay+at+war%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Heyday+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-930588-78-6&rft.au=Lange%2C+Dorothea&rft.au=Charles+Wollenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DbrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+home+front+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span> in Northern California</li> <li>LaRossa, Ralph. <i>Of War and Men: World War II in the Lives of Fathers and Their Families</i> (2011)</li> <li>Larson, Thomas A. <i>Wyoming's war years, 1941-1945</i> (1993)</li> <li>Lichtenstein Nelson. 'The Making of the Postwar Working Class: Cultural Pluralism and Social Structure in World War II.' <i>Historian</i> 51 (1988): 42–63.</li> <li>Lee James Ward, Carolyn N. Barnes, and Kent A. Bowman, eds. <i>1941: Texas Goes to War</i> University of North Texas Press, 1991.</li> <li>Lotchin, Roger W. 'The Historians' War or The Home Front's War?: Some Thoughts for Western Historians,' <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> (1995) 26#2 pp. 185–196 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/970188">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Marcello, Ronald E. <i>Small Town America in World War II: War Stories from Wrightsville, Pennsylvania</i> (University of North Texas Press, 2014) 452 pp.</li> <li>Miller Marc. <i>The Irony of Victory. World War II and Lowell, Massachusetts</i> (U of Illinois Press, 1988).</li> <li>Nash Gerald D. <i>The American West Transformed. The Impact of the Second World War</i> (Indiana UP, 1985).</li> <li>Newton, Wesley Phillips. <i>Montgomery in the Good War: Portrait of a Southern City, 1939–1946</i> (U of Alabama Press, 2000), Montgomery, Alabama.</li> <li>Pleasants, Julian M. <i>Home Front: North Carolina During World War II</i> (UP of Florida, 2017), 366 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=52830">online review</a></li> <li>Scranton, Philip. ed. <i>The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940s to the 1970s</i> (U of Georgia Press, 2001).</li> <li>Smith C. Calvin. <i>War and Wartime Changes: The Transformation of Arkansas, 1940–1945</i> (U of Arkansas Press, 1986).</li> <li>O'Brien, Kenneth Paul and Lynn Hudson Parsons, eds. <i>The Home-Front War: World War II and American Society</i> essays by scholars</li> <li>Spinney, Robert G. <i>World War II in Nashville: Transformation of the Homefront</i> (1998)</li> <li>Verge, Arthur C. 'The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles,' <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> (1994) 63#3 pp. 289–314 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3640968">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Watters, Mary. <i>Illinois in the Second World War.</i> 2 vol (1951)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/rosie/">Regional Oral History Office / Rosie the Riveter / World War II American Homefront Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.verizon.net/vzetqw5o/antiaxispropaganda/">American Anti-Axis Propaganda from World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720071523/http://mysite.verizon.net/vzetqw5o/antiaxispropaganda/">Archived</a> 2009-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/">FDR Cartoon Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121143603/http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/">Archived</a> 2009-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caphistory.org/museum_exh_1.html">National Museum of the Civil Air Patrol (online, World War II section)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/powers_of_persuasion_intro.html">Powers of Persuasion: Poster Art from World War II, National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.northwestern.edu/govpub/collections/wwii-posters/index.html">Northwestern U Library World War II Poster Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060428074320/http://www.library.northwestern.edu/govpub/collections/wwii-posters/index.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genealogytoday.com/guide/war-ration-books.html">War Ration Book Records and Related Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/sets/72157603671370361/">Library of Congress: 1000 Digitized Photos of World War II Occupations on the Homefront</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120032402/http://knowledgenetwork.alumni.msu.edu/knowledge-visualization/metro-agriculture.html">A Visual History of Victory Gardens</a> curated by Michigan State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/publications/article.asp?id=138#fb25">Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s</a> Robert Higgs, 1 March 1992</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/596">Dick Dorrance papers</a>, which document the rise of FM broadcasting and the role that broadcasters and radio could play in the war effort, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_in_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USWWII" title="Template:USWWII"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USWWII" title="Template talk:USWWII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States in World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Home front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="United States aircraft production during World War II">United States aircraft production during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Internment of Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy#World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&oldid=1257264802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&oldid=1257264802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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