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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivy Mike</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="أيفي مايك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيفي مايك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Айви Майк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Айви Майк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آیوی مایک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیوی مایک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="아이비 마이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이비 마이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="קיסוס מייק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיסוס מייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Иви Майк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иви Майк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88)" title="ஐவி மைக் (அணுகுண்டு சோதனை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐவி மைக் (அணுகுண்டு சோதனை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Айві Майк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айві Майк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ivy Mike" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%98%A5%E8%97%A4%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B" title="常春藤麥克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="常春藤麥克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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162.18694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1952 American nuclear test</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ivy Mike</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IvyMikeGIFColorCorrected.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/IvyMikeGIFColorCorrected.gif/280px-IvyMikeGIFColorCorrected.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/IvyMikeGIFColorCorrected.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="178" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Detonation and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> of the <i>"Mike"</i> shot (in fast motion).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States<br />Marshall Islands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test series</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Operation Ivy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enewetak" class="mw-redirect" title="Enewetak">Enewetak</a>, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1, 1952<span class="noprint"><br />(72 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1952-11-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Test type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing#Types" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Atmospheric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Yield</th><td class="infobox-data">10.4 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons of TNT</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Test chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;padding-right:1em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper" title="Operation Tumbler–Snapper">Tumbler–Snapper How</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-left:1em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_King" title="Ivy King">Ivy King</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ivy Mike</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">codename</a> given to the first full-scale test of a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear device</a>, in which part of the explosive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">yield</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-first_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LT_6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT_6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Elugelab" title="Elugelab">Elugelab</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a>, in the now independent island nation of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Operation Ivy</a>. It was the first full test of the <a href="/wiki/Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller–Ulam design">Teller–Ulam design</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Two-stage_thermonuclear_weapons" title="Nuclear weapon design">staged</a> fusion device.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellerstein_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellerstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its physical size and fusion fuel type (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> liquid <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>), the "Mike" device was not suitable for use as a deliverable weapon. It was intended as a "technically conservative" <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> experiment to validate the concepts used for multi-<a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megaton</a> detonations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellerstein_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellerstein-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samples from the explosion had traces of the isotopes <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-246" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium-246">plutonium-246</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">plutonium-244</a>, and the predicted elements <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schedule">Schedule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Teller%E2%80%93Ulam_design" title="History of the Teller–Ulam design">Teller–Ulam</a> breakthrough in March 1951, there was steady progress made on the issues involved in a thermonuclear explosion and there were additional resources devoted to staging, and political pressure towards seeing, an actual test of a hydrogen bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137–139">: 137–139 </span></sup> A date within 1952 seemed feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomic-shield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 556">: 556 </span></sup> In October 1951 physicist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> pushed for July 1952 as a target date for a first test, but project head <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Holloway" title="Marshall Holloway">Marshall Holloway</a> thought October 1952, a year out, was more realistic given how much engineering and fabrication work the test would take and given the need to avoid the summer monsoon season in the Marshall Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 482">: 482 </span></sup> On June 30, 1952, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> chair <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dean_(lawyer)" title="Gordon Dean (lawyer)">Gordon Dean</a> showed President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> a model of what the Ivy Mike device would look like; the test was set for November 1, 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomic-shield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 590">: 590 </span></sup> </p><p>One attempt to significantly delay the test, or not hold it at all, was made by the <a href="/wiki/State_Department_Panel_of_Consultants_on_Disarmament" title="State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament">State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, who felt that avoiding a test might forestall the development of a catastrophic new weapon and open the way for new arms agreements between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 139–142">: 139–142 </span></sup> The panel lacked political allies in Washington, however, and no test delay was made on this account.<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–148">: 145–148 </span></sup> </p><p>There was a separate desire voiced for a very short delay in the test, for more political reasons: it was scheduled to take place just a few days before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 497">: 497 </span></sup> Truman wanted to keep the thermonuclear test away from partisan politics but had no desire to order a postponement of it himself; however he did make it known that he would be fine if it was delayed past the election due to "technical reasons" being found.<sup id="cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomic-shield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 590–591">: 590–591 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 497–498">: 497–498 </span></sup> Atomic Energy Commission member <a href="/wiki/Eugene_M._Zuckert" title="Eugene M. Zuckert">Eugene M. Zuckert</a> was sent to the Enewetak test site to see if such a reason could be found, but weather considerations – on average there were only a handful of days each month that were suitable for the test – indicated it should go ahead as planned, and in the end no schedule delay took place.<sup id="cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atomic-shield-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 590–592">: 590–592 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 498">: 498 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Device_design_and_preparations">Device design and preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Device design and preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg/440px-Ivy_Mike_Sausage_device.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>A view of the "Sausage" device casing, with its instrumentation and cryogenic equipment attached. The long pipes were for measurement purposes; their function was to transmit the first radiation from the "primary" and "secondary" stages (known as "Teller light") to instruments just as the device was detonated, before being destroyed in the explosion. The man seated lower right shows scale.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 82-short-ton (74-metric-ton) "Mike" device was a building that resembled a factory rather than a weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that Soviet engineers derisively referred to "Mike" as a "thermonuclear installation".<sup id="cite_ref-Brotherhood_2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotherhood_2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 391">: 391 </span></sup> </p><p>The device was designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, on the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>. It had been decided that nothing other than a full-scale test would validate the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">Teller-Ulam design</a>. Garwin was instructed to use very conservative estimates when designing the test, and told that it need not be small and light enough to be deployed by air.<sup id="cite_ref-Teller_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teller-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 327">: 327 </span></sup> </p><p>Liquid <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> was chosen as the fuel for the fusion reaction because its use simplified the experiment from a physicist's point of view, and made the results easier to analyze. From an engineering point of view, its use necessitated the development of previously unknown technologies to handle the difficult material, which had to be stored at extremely low temperatures, near <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 41–42">: 41–42 </span></sup> A large cryogenics plant was built to produce liquid hydrogen (used for cooling the device) and deuterium (fuel for the test). A 3,000-kilowatt (4,000 hp) power plant was also constructed for the cryogenics facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>The device that was developed for testing the Teller-Ulam design became known as a "Sausage" design:<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>At its center was a cylindrical insulated <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> Dewar (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">vacuum flask</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Cryostat" title="Cryostat">cryostat</a>. This tank, almost 7 ft (2.1 m) across and more than 20 ft (6.1 m) high,<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> had walls almost 30 cm (0.98 ft) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-CTBTO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBTO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It weighed approximately 54 short tons (49 metric tons).<sup id="cite_ref-AtomicPhotography_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtomicPhotography-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was capable of holding 1,000 L (260 U.S. gal) of liquid deuterium, cooled to near-absolute zero.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reichhardt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reichhardt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> deuterium provided the fuel for the "secondary" (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a>) stage of the explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup></li> <li>At one end of the cylindrical Dewar flask was a <a href="/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 5 nuclear bomb">TX-5</a><sup id="cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swordsoarIII-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 66">: 66 </span></sup> regular <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> bomb (not boosted<sup id="cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swordsoarIII-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup>). The TX-5 bomb was used to create the conditions needed to initiate the fusion reaction. This "primary" fission stage was nested inside the radiation case at the upper section of the device, and was not in physical contact with the "secondary" fusion stage. The TX-5 did not require refrigeration.<sup id="cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swordsoarIII-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup></li> <li>Running down the center of the Dewar flask within the secondary was a cylindrical rod of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> within a chamber of tritium gas. This "fission sparkplug" was imploded by x-rays from the primary detonation. That provided a source of outward-moving pressure inside the deuterium and increased conditions for the fusion reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup></li> <li>Surrounding the assembly was a 5-short-ton (4.5-metric-ton) natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> "tamper". The exterior of the tamper was lined with sheets of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> channel to conduct <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a> from the "primary" to the "secondary" stage. As laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">Teller-Ulam design</a>, the function of the X-rays was to compress the "secondary" with tamper/pusher <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a>, foam plasma pressure and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation pressure</a>. This process increases the density and temperature of the deuterium to the level needed to sustain a thermonuclear reaction, and compress the "sparkplug" to a <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass_(nuclear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical mass (nuclear)">supercritical mass</a> – inducing the "sparkplug" to undergo nuclear fission and to thereby start a fusion reaction in the surrounding deuterium fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Ivy_Mike_shot_cab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>The Ivy Mike shot cab and signal tower.</figcaption></figure> <p>The entire "Mike" device (including cryogenic equipment) weighed 82 short tons (74 metric tons). It was housed in a large corrugated-aluminum building, called the shot cab, which was 88 ft (27 m) long, 46 ft (14 m) wide, and 61 ft (19 m) high, with a 300 ft (91 m) signal tower. Television and radio signals were used to communicate with a control room on <a href="/wiki/USS_Estes" title="USS Estes">USS <i>Estes</i></a> where the firing party was located.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladeck_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p><p>It was set up on the Pacific island of <a href="/wiki/Elugelab" title="Elugelab">Elugelab</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Enewetak" class="mw-redirect" title="Enewetak">Enewetak</a> atoll. Elugelab was connected to the islands of Dridrilbwij (Teiteir), Bokaidrikdrik (Bogairikk), and Boken (Bogon) by a 9,000 ft (2.7 km) artificial causeway. Atop the causeway was an <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>-sheathed <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> tube filled with <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballonet" title="Ballonet">ballonets</a>, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Light_pipes" title="Nuclear weapon design">Krause-Ogle box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladeck_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> This allowed <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> radiation to pass uninhibited to instruments in an unmanned detection station, Station 202, on Boken Island. From there signals were sent to recording equipment at Station 200, also housed in a bunker on Boken Island. Personnel returned to Boken Island after the test to recover the recording equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladeck_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 136, 138">: 136, 138 </span></sup> </p><p>In total, 9,350 military and 2,300 civilian personnel were involved in the "Mike" shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladeck_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 2
Quotation: "The total number of personnel involved in the task force was nearly 11,650, of which 9,350 were military and 2,300 were civilians. Most of the civilians and over 6,600 of the military personnel operated from Enewetak Atoll and from task force ships that were based there. Most of the remaining military were Air Force personnel who were based at Kwajalein, 360 mi (667 km) southeast of Enewetak."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2</span> </sup> The operation involved the cooperation of the United States army, navy, air force and intelligence services. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)">USS <i>Curtiss</i></a> brought components from the United States to Elugelab for assembly. Work was completed on October 31, at 5.00 p.m. Within an hour, personnel were evacuated in preparation for the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detonation">Detonation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Detonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IvyMikeFireball.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IvyMikeFireball.gif/220px-IvyMikeFireball.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IvyMikeFireball.gif/330px-IvyMikeFireball.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IvyMikeFireball.gif/440px-IvyMikeFireball.gif 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Ivy-<i>Mike</i> fireball.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg/440px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Enewetak Atoll, <b>before</b> "Mike" shot. Note island of Elugelab on left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg/220px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg/330px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg/440px-Ivy_Mike_-_Elugelab_pt2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Enewetak Atoll, <b>after</b> "Mike" shot. The crater is on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The test was carried out on 1 November 1952 at 07:15 local time (19:15 on 31 October, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a>). It produced a yield of 10.4 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">megatons of TNT</a> (44 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">PJ</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Rowberry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowberry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fabry_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabry-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span data-sort-value="7001770000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>77% of the final yield came from <a href="/wiki/Fast_fission" title="Fast fission">fast fission</a> of the uranium tamper, which produced large amounts of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">fallout</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fireball created by the explosion had a maximum radius of 2.9 to 3.3 km (1.8 to 2.1 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maximum radius was reached several seconds after the detonation, during which the hot fireball lifted up due to <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. While still relatively close to the ground, the fireball had yet to reach its maximum dimensions and was thus approximately 5.2 km (3.2 mi) wide. The <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> rose to an altitude of 17 km (56,000 ft) in less than 90 seconds. One minute later it had reached 33 km (108,000 ft), before stabilizing at 41 km (135,000 ft) with the top eventually spreading out to a diameter of 161 km (100 mi) with a stem 32 km (20 mi) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Blades_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blades-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blast created a crater 1.9 km (6,230 ft) in diameter and 50 m (164 ft) deep where Elugelab had once been;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the blast and water waves from the explosion (some waves up to 6 m (20 ft) high) stripped the test islands clean of vegetation, as observed by a helicopter survey within 60 minutes after the test, by which time the mushroom cloud and steam were blown away. Radioactive coral debris fell upon ships positioned 56 km (35 mi) away, and the immediate area around the atoll was heavily contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Froehlich_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froehlich-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buesseler_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buesseler-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Close to the fireball, lightning discharges were rapidly triggered.<sup id="cite_ref-Colvin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colvin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire shot was documented by the filmmakers of <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain_Air_Force_Station" title="Lookout Mountain Air Force Station">Lookout Mountain studios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> explosion sound was <a href="/wiki/Overdubbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdubbed">overdubbed</a> over what was a completely silent detonation from the vantage point of the camera, with the blast wave sound only arriving later, as akin to <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, with the exact time depending on its distance.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was also accompanied by powerful, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>-esque music featured on many test films of that period and was hosted by actor <a href="/wiki/Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a>. A private screening was given to President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> who had succeeded President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in January 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Weart_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weart-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> In 1954, the film was released to the public after censoring, and was shown on commercial television channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Weart_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weart-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, perhaps the most ardent supporter of the development of the hydrogen bomb, was in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, at the time of the shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able to receive first notice that the test was successful by observing a <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a>, which picked up the <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> that traveled through the earth from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhodes_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 777–778">: 777–778 </span></sup> In his memoirs, Teller wrote that he immediately sent an unclassified telegram to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Riddle_Graves" title="Elizabeth Riddle Graves">Dr. Elizabeth "Diz" Graves</a>, the head of the rump project remaining at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> during the shot. The telegram contained only the words "It's a boy," which came hours earlier than any other word from Enewetak.<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teller_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teller-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352">: 352 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_discoveries">Scientific discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg/220px-IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg/330px-IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg/440px-IvyMikeCloudTrinity%26Beyond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption><i>Mike</i> <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An hour after the bomb was detonated, U.S. Air Force pilots took off from Enewetak Island to fly into the atomic cloud and take samples. Pilots had to monitor extra readouts and displays while "piloting under unusual, dangerous, and difficult conditions” including heat, radiation, unpredictable winds and flying debris. "Red Flight" Leader <a href="/wiki/Virgil_K._Meroney" title="Virgil K. Meroney">Virgil K. Meroney</a> flew into the stem of the explosion first. In five minutes, he had gathered all the samples he could, and exited. Next Bob Hagan and Jimmy Robinson entered the cloud. Robinson hit an area of severe turbulence, entering a spin and barely retaining consciousness. He regained control of his plane at 20,000 feet, but the electromagnetic storm had disrupted his instruments. In rain and poor visibility, without working instruments, Hagan and Robinson were unable to find the KB-29 tanker aircraft to refuel.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladeck_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> They attempted to return to the field at Enewetak. Hagan, out of fuel, made a successful <a href="/wiki/Deadstick_landing" title="Deadstick landing">dead-stick landing</a> on the runway. Robinson's <a href="/wiki/F-84_Thunderjet" class="mw-redirect" title="F-84 Thunderjet">F-84 Thunderjet</a> crashed and sank 3.5 miles short of the island. Robinson's body was never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F-84G-5-RE_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-84G-5-RE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolverton_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolverton-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fuel tanks on the airplane's wings had been modified to scoop up and filter passing debris. The filters from the surviving planes were sealed in lead and sent to <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a> for analysis. Radioactive and contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, the "Mike" samples were extremely difficult to handle. Scientists at Los Alamos found traces in them of isotopes <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-246" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium-246">plutonium-246</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-244" title="Plutonium-244">plutonium-244</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al_Ghiorso" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Ghiorso">Al Ghiorso</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> speculated that the filters might also contain atoms that had transformed, through radioactive decay, into the predicted but undiscovered elements 99 and 100. Ghiorso, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gerald_Thompson" title="Stanley Gerald Thompson">Stanley Gerald Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a> obtained half a filter paper from the Ivy Mike test. They were able to detect the existence of the elements <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, which had been produced by intensely concentrated neutron flux about the detonation site. The discovery was kept secret for several years, but the team was eventually given credit. In 1955 the two new elements were named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KAPL_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAPL-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagy_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagy-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_tests">Related tests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Related tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simplified and lightened bomb version (the <a href="/wiki/Mark_16_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 16 nuclear bomb">EC-16</a>) was prepared and scheduled to be tested in operation <a href="/wiki/Castle_Yankee" title="Castle Yankee">Castle Yankee</a>, as a backup in case the non-cryogenic "Shrimp" fusion device (tested in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a>) failed to work; that test was canceled when the Bravo device was tested successfully, making the cryogenic designs obsolete.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ivy_Mike_002.jpg/194px-Ivy_Mike_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ivy_Mike_002.jpg/291px-Ivy_Mike_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ivy_Mike_002.jpg/389px-Ivy_Mike_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nuclear fallout map of Mike test."><img alt="Nuclear fallout map of Mike test." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png/120px-Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png/181px-Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png/241px-Ivy_Mike_fallout_map.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> map of <i>Mike</i> test.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mike fireball."><img alt="Mike fireball." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg/160px-Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg/240px-Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg/320px-Ivy_Mike_fireball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mike</i> fireball.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01,_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mike test crater, relative to Enewetak Atoll."><img alt="Mike test crater, relative to Enewetak Atoll." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png/126px-Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png/188px-Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png/251px-Enewetak_Atoll_2005-09-01%2C_EO-1_bands_10-8-2-1.png 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="4136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mike</i> test crater, relative to <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mike mushroom cloud central stem's updraft tropopause overshoots."><img alt="Mike mushroom cloud central stem's updraft tropopause overshoots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg/148px-Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg/221px-Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg/295px-Ivy_Mike_overshooting_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mike</i> <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_cloud" title="Mushroom cloud">mushroom cloud</a> central stem's updraft tropopause overshoots. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History of nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Castle" title="Operation Castle">Operation Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-6s" title="RDS-6s">RDS-6s</a> – first Soviet thermonuclear test, coming less than a year later</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myatomiclife.com/1951---op-greenhouse.html">"Operation Greenhouse – 1951"</a>. <i>Atomic Shadows</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Shadows&rft.atitle=Operation+Greenhouse+%E2%80%93+1951&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myatomiclife.com%2F1951---op-greenhouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first small-scale thermonuclear test was the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse#George" title="Operation Greenhouse">George explosion</a> of Operation Greenhouse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LT_6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LT_6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615231826/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf"><i>United States Nuclear Tests: July 1945 through September 1992</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (DOE/NV-209 REV15), Las Vegas, NV: Department of Energy, Nevada Operations Office, December 1, 2000, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/publications/historical/DOENV_209_REV15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Nuclear+Tests%3A+July+1945+through+September+1992&rft.place=Las+Vegas%2C+NV&rft.pub=Department+of+Energy%2C+Nevada+Operations+Office&rft.date=2000-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fhistorical%2FDOENV_209_REV15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellerstein-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellerstein_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellerstein_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellerstein2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Wellerstein, Alex (January 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/a-hydrogen-bomb-by-any-other-name">"A Hydrogen Bomb by Any Other Name"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Crossing the Rubicon: A Missed Opportunity to Stop the H-Bomb?". <i>International Security</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 132–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538857">10.2307/2538857</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538857">2538857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154778522">154778522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+Rubicon%3A+A+Missed+Opportunity+to+Stop+the+H-Bomb%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-160&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154778522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538857&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Barton+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atomic-shield-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atomic-shield_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettDuncan1969" class="citation book cs1">Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/04/f0/Hewlett%20and%20Duncan%20-%20Atomic%20Shield%20%28complete%29.pdf"><i>Atomic Shield, 1947–1952</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Vol. 2. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Shield%2C+1947%E2%80%931952&rft.place=University+Park&rft.series=A+History+of+the+United+States+Atomic+Energy+Commission&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Fsites%2Fprod%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F04%2Ff0%2FHewlett%2520and%2520Duncan%2520-%2520Atomic%2520Shield%2520%2528complete%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1 August 1995). <i>Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68-480400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68-480400-2"><bdi>978-0-68-480400-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95011070">95011070</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456652278">456652278</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7720934M">7720934M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105755363" class="extiw" title="d:Q105755363">Q105755363</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Sun%3A+The+Making+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456652278&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95011070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7720934M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-68-480400-2&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsonsZaballa2017" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Keith M.; Zaballa, Robert A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Bombing the Marshall Islands: A Cold War Tragedy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108508742" title="Special:BookSources/9781108508742"><bdi>9781108508742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombing+the+Marshall+Islands%3A+A+Cold+War+Tragedy&rft.pages=41-46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781108508742&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft.au=Zaballa%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQQvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brotherhood_2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brotherhood_2002_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerken2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregg_Herken" title="Gregg Herken">Herken, Gregg</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofbom0000herk_v0x5/page/391/mode/1up">"Notes for Chapter Fourteen 'A Bad Business Now Threatening'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofbom0000herk_v0x5"><i>Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence and Edward Teller</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-506588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-506588-6"><bdi>978-0-80-506588-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002017219">2002017219</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890256840">890256840</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7932650M">7932650M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. p. 391: <q>Mike was meant to be a proof-of-principle test of radiation implosion, and not a deliverable bomb. Housed in a six-story building, weighing more than 80 tons, the cryogenically-cooled device was later described disdainfully by the Russians as a "thermonuclear installation."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+for+Chapter+Fourteen+%27A+Bad+Business+Now+Threatening%27&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+the+Bomb%3A+The+Tangled+Lives+and+Loyalties+of+Robert+Oppenheimer%2C+Ernest+Lawrence+and+Edward+Teller&rft.pages=391&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890256840&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002017219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7932650M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-80-506588-6&rft.aulast=Herken&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrotherhoodofbom0000herk_v0x5%2Fpage%2F391%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teller-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teller_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teller_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellerSchoolery2009" class="citation book cs1">Teller, Edward; Schoolery, Judith (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n82xMo-BI8QC&q=%22It%27s+a+boy%2C%22"><i>Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786751709" title="Special:BookSources/9780786751709"><bdi>9780786751709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+A+Twentieth+Century+Journey+In+Science+And+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Perseus+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780786751709&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Schoolery%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn82xMo-BI8QC%26q%3D%2522It%2527s%2Ba%2Bboy%252C%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTBTO-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTBTO_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/1-november-1952-ivy-mike">"1 November 1952 – Ivy Mike"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization" title="Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization">Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Preparatory+Commission+for+the+Comprehensive+Nuclear-Test-Ban+Treaty+Organization&rft.atitle=1+November+1952+%E2%80%93+Ivy+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctbto.org%2Fspecials%2Ftesting-times%2F1-november-1952-ivy-mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtomicPhotography-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AtomicPhotography_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillingham2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dillingham, Clay, ed. (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanl.gov/discover/publications/national-security-science/2015-july/_assets/doc/NSS-july-2015.pdf">"Atomic Photography: Blasts From The Past"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Security Science</i>. <b>15</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>: 16–21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Science&rft.atitle=Atomic+Photography%3A+Blasts+From+The+Past&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanl.gov%2Fdiscover%2Fpublications%2Fnational-security-science%2F2015-july%2F_assets%2Fdoc%2FNSS-july-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/wonecks.net/dist/4/1630/files/2016/03/Deuterium-Article-1aqpg12.pdf">"Deuterium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deuterium&rft.pages=8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com%2Fwonecks.net%2Fdist%2F4%2F1630%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F03%2FDeuterium-Article-1aqpg12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichhardt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reichhardt_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichhardt2017" class="citation news cs1">Reichhardt, Tony (November 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/first-hydrogen-bomb-180967074/">"The First Hydrogen Bomb"</a>. <i>Air & Space</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space&rft.atitle=The+First+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Reichhardt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fdaily-planet%2Ffirst-hydrogen-bomb-180967074%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swordsoarIII-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swordsoarIII_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2007" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Chuck (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscoldwar.com"><i>The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (CD-ROM & download available) (2nd ed.). Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979191503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979191503"><bdi>978-0979191503</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231585284">231585284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swords+of+Armageddon%3A+U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons+Development+Since+1945&rft.place=Sunnyvale%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chukelea+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231585284&rft.isbn=978-0979191503&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscoldwar.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladeck-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gladeck_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladeck_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladeck_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladeck_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladeck_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladeckHallowellMartinMcMullan1982" class="citation techreport cs1">Gladeck, F. R.; Hallowell, J. H.; Martin, E. J.; McMullan, F. W.; Miller, R. H.; et al. (1 December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2-Hist_Rpt_Atm/1952_DNA_6036F.pdf"><i>Operation Ivy: 1952</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span> (Technical report). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Defense_Threat_Reduction_Agency" title="Defense Threat Reduction Agency">Defense Nuclear Agency</a>. DNA 6036F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822185725/https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2-Hist_Rpt_Atm/1952_DNA_6036F.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Operation+Ivy%3A+1952&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Defense+Nuclear+Agency&rft.date=1982-12-01&rft.aulast=Gladeck&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rft.au=Hallowell%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Martin%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=McMullan%2C+F.+W.&rft.au=Miller%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Pozega%2C+R.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Rowland%2C+R.+H.&rft.au=Shelton%2C+C.+F.&rft.au=Berkhouse%2C+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+S.&rft.au=Doyle%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Jones%2C+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtra.mil%2FPortals%2F61%2FDocuments%2FNTPR%2F2-Hist_Rpt_Atm%2F1952_DNA_6036F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowberry-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowberry_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowberry2014" class="citation news cs1">Rowberry, Ariana (February 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2014/02/27/castle-bravo-the-largest-u-s-nuclear-explosion">"Castle Bravo: The Largest U.S. Nuclear Explosion"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Castle+Bravo%3A+The+Largest+U.S.+Nuclear+Explosion&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.aulast=Rowberry&rft.aufirst=Ariana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fup-front%2F2014%2F02%2F27%2Fcastle-bravo-the-largest-u-s-nuclear-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabry-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fabry_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabry2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Fabry, Merrill (2 November 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4096424/ivy-mike-history/">"What the First H-Bomb Test Looked Like"</a></span>. History. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Vol. 186, no. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1311479">1311479</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904052722/https://time.com/4096424/ivy-mike-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>At 7:15 a.m. local time on Elugelab Island, Mike was detonated from a control ship 30 m. away. The detonation resulted in a massive explosion, equivalent to 10.4 Megatons of TNT.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+the+First+H-Bomb+Test+Looked+Like&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1311479&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Fabry&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4096424%2Fivy-mike-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(programmer)" title="John Walker (programmer)">Walker, John</a> (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/Bombcalc?yield=10400&yunit=1&range=5&runit=0.62137119&rotate=310&imsize=800">"Nuclear Bomb Effects Computer"</a>. 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Ed. 1962, Based on Data from The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Rev. Ed., 'The maximum fireball radius presented on the computer is an average between that for air and surface bursts. Thus, the fireball radius for a surface burst is 13 percent larger than that indicated and for an air burst, 13 percent smaller.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Fourmilab<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Bomb+Effects+Computer+Rev.+Ed.+1962%2C+Based+on+Data+from+The+Effects+of+Nuclear+Weapons%2C+Rev.+Ed.%2C+%27The+maximum+fireball+radius+presented+on+the+computer+is+an+average+between+that+for+air+and+surface+bursts.+Thus%2C+the+fireball+radius+for+a+surface+burst+is+13+percent+larger+than+that+indicated+and+for+an+air+burst%2C+13+percent+smaller.%27&rft.pub=Fourmilab&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fbombcalc%2Finstructions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607091341/http://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg">"Mock up"</a>. Remm.nlm.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remm.nlm.gov/RemmMockup_files/radiationlethality.jpg">the original</a> on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mock+up&rft.pub=Remm.nlm.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remm.nlm.gov%2FRemmMockup_files%2Fradiationlethality.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blades-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blades_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBladesSiracusa2014" class="citation book cs1">Blades, David M. Blades; Siracusa, Joseph M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKEXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>A History of U.S. Nuclear Testing and Its Influence on Nuclear Thought, 1945–1963</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442232013" title="Special:BookSources/9781442232013"><bdi>9781442232013</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+U.S.+Nuclear+Testing+and+Its+Influence+on+Nuclear+Thought%2C+1945%E2%80%931963&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442232013&rft.aulast=Blades&rft.aufirst=David+M.+Blades&rft.au=Siracusa%2C+Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKEXBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Ivy.html">"Operation Ivy 1952 - Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>Nuclear Weapon Archive</i>. 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(December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2016.09.015">"Time-resolved record of 236U and 239, 240Pu isotopes from a coral growing during the nuclear testing program at Enewetak Atoll (Marshall Islands)"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Radioactivity</i>. <b>165</b>: 197–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2016.09.015">10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.09.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27764678">27764678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Radioactivity&rft.atitle=Time-resolved+record+of+236U+and+239%2C+240Pu+isotopes+from+a+coral+growing+during+the+nuclear+testing+program+at+Enewetak+Atoll+%28Marshall+Islands%29&rft.volume=165&rft.pages=197-205&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvrad.2016.09.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27764678&rft.aulast=Froehlich&rft.aufirst=M.B.&rft.au=Chan%2C+W.Y.&rft.au=Tims%2C+S.G.&rft.au=Fallon%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Fifield%2C+L.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jenvrad.2016.09.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buesseler-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buesseler_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuesselerCharettePikeHenderson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Buesseler, Ken O.; Charette, Matthew A.; Pike, Steven M.; Henderson, Paul B.; Kipp, Lauren E. 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(July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681739">"Radiation maps of ocean sediment from the Castle Bravo crater"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (31): 15420–15424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11615420H">2019PNAS..11615420H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1903478116">10.1073/pnas.1903478116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6681739">6681739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308235">31308235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Radiation+maps+of+ocean+sediment+from+the+Castle+Bravo+crater&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=15420-15424&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681739%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31308235&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1903478116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11615420H&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Emlyn+W.&rft.au=Molina%2C+Monica+Rouco&rft.au=Abella%2C+Maveric+K.+I.+L.&rft.au=Nikoli%C4%87-Hughes%2C+Ivana&rft.au=Ruderman%2C+Malvin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6681739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colvin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Colvin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvinMitchellGreigMurphy1987" class="citation journal cs1">Colvin, J. 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"An empirical study of the nuclear explosion-induced lightning seen on IVY-MIKE". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>92</b> (D5): 5696. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....92.5696C">1987JGR....92.5696C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJD092iD05p05696">10.1029/JD092iD05p05696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=An+empirical+study+of+the+nuclear+explosion-induced+lightning+seen+on+IVY-MIKE&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=D5&rft.pages=5696&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJD092iD05p05696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987JGR....92.5696C&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+C.+K.&rft.au=Greig%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Pechacek%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Raleigh%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2019" class="citation news cs1">Chamberlain, Craig (January 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/739553">"New book tells story of secret Hollywood studio that shaped the nuclear age"</a>. <i>Illinois News Bureau</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+News+Bureau&rft.atitle=New+book+tells+story+of+secret+Hollywood+studio+that+shaped+the+nuclear+age&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.illinois.edu%2Fview%2F6367%2F739553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219010502/http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-14">"Nuclear Warfare Lecture 14 by Professor Grant J. Matthews of University of Notre Dame OpenCourseWare. Mechanical Shock velocity equation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-14#mechanical-shock">the original</a> on December 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Warfare+Lecture+14+by+Professor+Grant+J.+Matthews+of+University+of+Notre+Dame+OpenCourseWare.+Mechanical+Shock+velocity+equation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focw.nd.edu%2Fphysics%2Fnuclear-warfare%2Fnotes%2Flecture-14%23mechanical-shock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weart-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weart_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weart_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeart2012" class="citation book cs1">Weart, Spencer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KBD-YrGOVkC&pg=PA80"><i>The Rise of Nuclear Fear</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674065062" title="Special:BookSources/9780674065062"><bdi>9780674065062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Nuclear+Fear&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780674065062&rft.aulast=Weart&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KBD-YrGOVkC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,823289,00.html">"The Atom: The Road Beyond Elugelab"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Vol. 63, no. 15. April 12, 1954. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Atom%3A+The+Road+Beyond+Elugelab&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1954-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C823289%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2009" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofcol0000axel"><i>The Real History of the Cold War: A New Look at the Past</i></a></span>. Sterling. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realhistoryofcol0000axel/page/156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402763021" title="Special:BookSources/9781402763021"><bdi>9781402763021</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+the+Cold+War%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Past&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402763021&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealhistoryofcol0000axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordWheeler2010" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Kenneth; Wheeler, John Archibald (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGFkK2tTXPsC&q=elizabeth+graves+physicist&pg=PA227"><i>Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics</i></a>. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393079487" title="Special:BookSources/9780393079487"><bdi>9780393079487</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geons%2C+Black+Holes%2C+and+Quantum+Foam%3A+A+Life+in+Physics&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780393079487&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGFkK2tTXPsC%26q%3Delizabeth%2Bgraves%2Bphysicist%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-84G-5-RE-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F-84G-5-RE_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/f-84/51-1040.html">"F-84G-5-RE Thunderjet Serial Number 51-1040"</a>. <i>Pacific Wrecks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Wrecks&rft.atitle=F-84G-5-RE+Thunderjet+Serial+Number+51-1040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Faircraft%2Ff-84%2F51-1040.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolverton-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolverton_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolverton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wolverton, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/into-the-mushroom-cloud-35152524/">"Into the Mushroom Cloud Most pilots would head away from a thermonuclear explosion"</a>. <i>Air & Space Magazine</i> (August). Smithsonian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=Into+the+Mushroom+Cloud+Most+pilots+would+head+away+from+a+thermonuclear+explosion&rft.issue=August&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wolverton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhistory-of-flight%2Finto-the-mushroom-cloud-35152524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KAPL-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KAPL_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnolls_Atomic_Power_Laboratory_(KAPL)2010" class="citation book cs1">Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL) (2010). <i>Nuclides and Isotopes – Chart of the Nuclides</i> (17th ed.). Schenectady, NY: Bechtel Marine Propulsion Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclides+and+Isotopes+%E2%80%93+Chart+of+the+Nuclides&rft.place=Schenectady%2C+NY&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Bechtel+Marine+Propulsion+Corporation&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Knolls+Atomic+Power+Laboratory+%28KAPL%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagy-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagy_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy2009" class="citation book cs1">Nagy, Sandor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VbO2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry</i></a>. Vol. I. EOLSS Publications. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848261266" title="Special:BookSources/9781848261266"><bdi>9781848261266</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiochemistry+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781848261266&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Sandor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbO2CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Hansen, Chuck</a> (20 March 1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usnuclearweapons0000hans"><i>U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History</i></a></span> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517567401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517567401"><bdi>978-0517567401</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87021995">87021995</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865554459">865554459</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2392513M">2392513M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Nuclear+Weapons%3A+The+Secret+History&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1988-03-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865554459&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87021995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2392513M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0517567401&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusnuclearweapons0000hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Mike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivy_Mike" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OperationIVY1952_201501">Operation IVY</a></i> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> – <i>formerly classified</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120206122658/http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name%3DContent%26pa%3Dshowpage%26pid%3D184">Sonicbomb.com: "Ivy Mike test" video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0363641">Technical Photography on Operation Ivy by EG&G</a> – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614130131/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0363641">"Full Text"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0363641">the original</a> on June 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Full+Text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fget-tr-doc%2Fpdf%3FAD%3DAD0363641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvy+Mike" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5.5 MB)</span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ivy_Mike&params=11_40_0_N_162_11_13_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">11°40′0″N</span> <span class="longitude">162°11′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">11.66667°N 162.18694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">11.66667; 162.18694</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear weapons tests of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_weapons_tests_conducted_by_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of United States nuclear weapons tests">Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Anvil_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Anvil (nuclear test)">Anvil</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Aqueduct" title="Operation Aqueduct">Aqueduct</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Arbor" title="Operation Arbor">Arbor</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">Argus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bedrock" title="Operation Bedrock">Bedrock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowline" title="Operation Bowline">Bowline</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle" title="Operation Buster–Jangle">Buster–Jangle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Castle" title="Operation Castle">Castle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Charioteer" title="Operation Charioteer">Charioteer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cornerstone" title="Operation Cornerstone">Cornerstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Cresset" title="Operation Cresset">Cresset</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Crossroads</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Crosstie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dominic" title="Operation Dominic">Dominic</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Starfish_Prime" title="Starfish Prime">Starfish Prime</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Emery" title="Operation Emery">Emery</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fishbowl" title="Operation Fishbowl">Fishbowl</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Flintlock_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Flintlock (nuclear test)">Flintlock</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fulcrum" title="Operation Fulcrum">Fulcrum</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusileer" title="Operation Fusileer">Fusileer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Greenhouse" title="Operation Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenadier" title="Operation Grenadier">Grenadier</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Grommet" title="Operation Grommet">Grommet</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannikin" title="Cannikin">Cannikin</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Guardian" title="Operation Guardian">Guardian</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_I" title="Operation Hardtack I">Hardtack I</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hardtack_Teak" title="Hardtack Teak">Hardtack Teak</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_II" title="Operation Hardtack II">Hardtack II</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ivy" title="Operation Ivy">Ivy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Julin" title="Operation Julin">Julin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Latchkey" title="Operation Latchkey">Latchkey</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Feller_(nuclear_tests)" title="Little Feller (nuclear tests)">Little Feller</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mandrel" title="Operation Mandrel">Mandrel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketeer_(nuclear_test)" title="Operation Musketeer (nuclear test)">Musketeer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Niblick" title="Operation Niblick">Niblick</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Nougat" title="Operation Nougat">Nougat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx" title="Operation Phalanx">Phalanx</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Plumbbob" title="Operation Plumbbob">Plumbbob</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Praetorian" title="Operation Praetorian">Praetorian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_56_(nuclear_test)" title="Project 56 (nuclear test)">Project 56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_57" title="Project 57">Project 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_58/58A" title="Project 58/58A">Project 58/58A</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Quicksilver_(1978)" title="Operation Quicksilver (1978)">Quicksilver</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Ranger</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Redwing" title="Operation Redwing">Redwing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Roller_Coaster" title="Operation Roller Coaster">Roller Coaster</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandstone" title="Operation Sandstone">Sandstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sculpin" title="Operation Sculpin">Sculpin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Storax" title="Operation Storax">Storax</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunbeam" title="Operation Sunbeam">Sunbeam</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Teapot" title="Operation Teapot">Teapot</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tinderbox" title="Operation Tinderbox">Tinderbox</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Toggle" title="Operation Toggle">Toggle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Touchstone" title="Operation Touchstone">Touchstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper" title="Operation Tumbler–Snapper">Tumbler–Snapper</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole" title="Operation Upshot–Knothole">Upshot–Knothole</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Whetstone" title="Operation Whetstone">Whetstone</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Wigwam" title="Operation Wigwam">Wigwam</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Test<br />areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gnome_(nuclear_test)" title="Project Gnome (nuclear test)">Carlsbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gasbuggy" title="Project Gasbuggy">Carson National Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site" title="Nevada Test Site">Nevada Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Flat" title="Frenchman Flat">Frenchman Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa" title="Pahute Mesa">Pahute Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainier_Mesa" title="Rainier Mesa">Rainier Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crosstie" title="Operation Crosstie">Central Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shoal" title="Project Shoal">Sand Springs Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range">Nevada Test and Training Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Site" title="Salmon Site">Salmon Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amchitka#Nuclear_testing" title="Amchitka">Amchitka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rulison" title="Project Rulison">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Rio_Blanco" title="Project Rio Blanco">Rifle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Argus" title="Operation Argus">South Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atomic_Testing_Museum" title="National Atomic Testing Museum">National Atomic Testing Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallout:_An_American_Nuclear_Tragedy" title="Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy">Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_C._Graves" title="Alvin C. Graves">Alvin C. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Hadley" title="Reed Hadley">Reed Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Chuck Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbin_Harney" title="Corbin Harney">Corbin Harney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Rock_exercises" title="Desert Rock exercises">Desert Rock exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_against_Nuclear_Tests" title="International Day against Nuclear Tests">International Day against Nuclear Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Desert_Experience" title="Nevada Desert Experience">Nevada Desert Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Plowshare" title="Project Plowshare">Project Plowshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act" title="Radiation Exposure Compensation Act">Radiation Exposure Compensation Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atomic_Cafe" title="The Atomic Cafe">The Atomic Cafe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bikini" title="Radio Bikini">Radio Bikini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium_nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test">Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_and_Beyond:_The_Atomic_Bomb_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie">Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Uniform" title="Vela Uniform">Vela Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Vitale" title="Louis Vitale">Louis Vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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