CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"42c55e90-981a-4b0d-8a63-9180b9b3f940","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act","wgTitle":"Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act","wgCurRevisionId":1258471050,"wgRevisionId":1258471050,"wgArticleId":55663,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from January 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from January 2023","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","1883 in American law","Civil service in the United States","Civil service reform in the United States","Public administration","United States federal government administration legislation", "Presidency of Chester A. Arthur","Assassination of James A. Garfield","History of racism in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act","wgRelevantArticleId":55663,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7162467","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/1200px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/800px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/640px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act rootpage-Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legislative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Act" title="Pendleton Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pendleton Act" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendeltoni_avaliku_teenistuse_reformi_seadus" title="Pendeltoni avaliku teenistuse reformi seadus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pendeltoni avaliku teenistuse reformi seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EB%93%A4%ED%84%B4%EB%B2%95" title="펜들턴법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펜들턴법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendletonin_laki_valtion_viranhaltijoista" title="Pendletonin laki valtion viranhaltijoista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pendletonin laki valtion viranhaltijoista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="彭德尔顿法案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彭德尔顿法案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162467#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&oldid=1258471050" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&id=1258471050&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7162467" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1883 United States federal law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Pendleton Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">47th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">ch. 27, 22 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-22-403">403</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as S. 133 by <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on December 27, 1882 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/s646">39-5</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on January 4, 1883 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272">155-46</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> on January 16, 1883</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</b> is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">47th United States Congress</a> and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political patronage. </p><p>By the late 1820s, American politics operated on the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>, a political patronage practice in which officeholders awarded their allies with government jobs in return for financial and political support. Proponents of the spoils system were successful at blocking meaningful civil service reform until the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">assassination</a> of President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> in 1881. The 47th Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act during its <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session">lame duck session</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, himself a former spoilsman, signed the bill into law. </p><p>The Pendleton Civil Service Act provided for the selection of some government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote these government officials for political reasons and created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> to enforce the merit system. The act initially only applied to about ten percent of federal employees, but it now covers most federal employees. As a result of the court case <i><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A9vano_v._Campbell" title="Luévano v. Campbell">Luévano v. Campbell</a></i>, most federal government employees are no longer hired by means of competitive examinations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of one man kicking another out of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/220px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/330px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/440px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Hayes kicking <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> out of the New York Custom House</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">presidency of Andrew Jackson</a>, presidents had increasingly made political appointments on the basis of political support rather than on the basis of merit, in a practice known as the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>. In return for appointments, these appointees were charged with raising campaign funds and bolstering the popularity of the president and the party in their communities. The success of the spoils system helped ensure the dominance of both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the period before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in the period after the Civil War. Patronage became a key issue in elections, as many partisans in both major parties were more concerned about control over political appointments than they were about policy issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Civil War, Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> introduced the first major civil service reform bill, calling for the use of competitive exams to determine political appointments. Sumner's bill failed to pass Congress, and in subsequent years several other civil service reform bills were defeated even as the public became increasingly concerned about public corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55,_60_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55,_60-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking office in 1877, President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> established a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul71_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes's efforts for reform brought him into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwart</a>, or pro-spoils, branch of the Republican party, led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Congress unwilling to take action on civil service reform, Hayes issued an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, the advocacy of civil service reform was recognized by blacks as an effort that would stifle their economic mobility and prevent "the whole colored population" from holding public office.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chester_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Arthur">Chester Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>, and his partisan subordinates <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, all Conkling supporters, obstinately refused to obey the president's order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1877, Hayes demanded the three men's resignations, which they refused to give.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom353–355Trefousse100–101_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom353–355Trefousse100–101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hayes was obliged to wait until July 1878 when, during a Congressional recess, he sacked Arthur and Cornell and replaced them with <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370–371_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370–371-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite opposition from Conkling, both of Hayes's nominees were confirmed by the Senate, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom382–384Barnard456_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom382–384Barnard456-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and restore the dormant <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>, even using his last <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">annual message</a> to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul73–74_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul73–74-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act provided for selection of some government employees by competitive exams rather than ties to politicians, and made it illegal to fire or demote some government officials for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-penl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act initially applied only to ten percent of federal jobs, but it allowed the president to expand the number of federal employees covered by the act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within five years of the passage of the law, half of federal appointments outside of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> were covered by the act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law also created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> to oversee civil service examinations and outlawed the use of "assessments," fees that political appointees were expected to pay to their respective political parties as the price for their appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell104–107_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell104–107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These assessments had made up a majority of political contributions in the era following Reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a man with a tremendous mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/220px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/330px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG/440px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>Chester A. Arthur in 1881, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Ole_Peter_Hansen_Balling" title="Ole Peter Hansen Balling">Ole Peter Hansen Balling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1880, Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> of Ohio introduced legislation to require the selection of civil servants based on merit as determined by an <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examination</a>, but the measure failed to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pendleton's bill was largely based on reforms proposed by the <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">Jay</a> Commission, which Hayes had assigned to investigate the Port of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also expanded similar civil service reforms attempted by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> 30 years earlier. </p><p>Hayes did not seek a second term as president, and was succeeded by fellow Republican <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 presidential election</a> on a ticket with former Port Collector <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>. In 1881, President Garfield was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guiteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Guiteau">Charles Guiteau</a>, who believed that he had not received an appointment by Garfield because of his own affiliation with the Stalwarts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garfield died on September 19, 1881, and was succeeded by Vice President Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many worried about how Arthur would act as president; the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, which had supported Arthur earlier in his career, wrote "Arthur is about the last man who would be considered eligible for the position."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell62–63_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell62–63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garfield's assassination by a deranged office seeker amplified the public demand for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil service reformers established the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Service_Reform_League" title="National Civil Service Reform League">National Civil Service Reform League</a> and undertook a major public campaign for reform, arguing that the spoils system had played a major role in the assassination of Garfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault56_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault56-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In President Arthur's first <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual address to Congress</a>, Arthur requested civil service reform legislation, and Pendleton again introduced his bill, which again did not pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats, campaigning on the reform issue, won control of the House of Representatives in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1882" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1882">1882 congressional elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100Karabell_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100Karabell-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party's disastrous performance in the 1882 elections helped convince many Republicans to support the civil service reform during the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">lame-duck session</a> of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election results were seen as a public mandate for civil service reform, but many Republicans also wanted to pass a bill so that they could craft the legislation before losing control of Congress, allowing the party to take credit for the bill and to protect Republican officeholders from dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault57–59_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault57–59-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate approved Pendleton's bill, 38–5, and the House soon concurred by a vote of 155–47.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all congressional opposition to the Pendleton bill came from Democrats, though a majority of Democrats in each chamber of Congress voted for the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault59–60_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault59–60-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mere seven U.S. representatives constituted the Republican opposition towards the Pendleton Act: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Marsh" title="Benjamin F. Marsh">Benjamin F. Marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_S._Robinson" title="James S. Robinson">James S. Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smalls" title="Robert Smalls">Robert Smalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Moore" title="William Robert Moore">William Robert Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Thomas" title="John R. Thomas">John R. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Steele" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Steele">George W. Steele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Hubbs" title="Orlando Hubbs">Orlando Hubbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-housevote_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housevote-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the surprise of his critics, Arthur acted quickly to appoint the members of the newly created Civil Service Commission, naming reformers <a href="/wiki/Dorman_Bridgman_Eaton" title="Dorman Bridgman Eaton">Dorman Bridgman Eaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Gregory" title="John Milton Gregory">John Milton Gregory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leroy_D._Thoman" title="Leroy D. Thoman">Leroy D. Thoman</a> as commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission issued its first rules in May 1883; by 1884, half of all postal officials and three-quarters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a> jobs were to be awarded by merit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his first term, President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> expanded the number of federal positions subject to the merit system from 16,000 to 27,000. Partly due to Cleveland's efforts, between 1885 and 1897, the percentage of federal employees protected by the Pendleton Act would rise from twelve percent to approximately forty percent.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under subsequent legislation, about 90% of federal employees are covered by the merit system.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kettl_2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettl_2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the short term, however, the act largely failed to achieve the stated objectives of its supporters. As long as candidates passed the newly created exams, the bureau and division chiefs were left with free reign to appoint whomever they wished to the positions. The patronage system had not been eliminated, it had simply moved the power created by this system to these chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act also largely failed to accomplish the goal of stopping the practice of bureaucratic officials being dismissed and replaced after each election along partisan lines. Though the act prevented new presidents from directly dismissing officials whenever they wished, the new system only protected officials for a given "term", which most often ran for four years (the same length as a single presidential term). Presidents would simply wait for these terms to expire and then appoint new officials along partisan lines, with a net result of officials only holding their positions a few months longer than they previously would under the system of arbitrary dismissals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017466_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017466-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law also caused major changes in campaign finance. Prior to the act, political parties often acquired much of their funds through taking a percentage of the fees earned by officials they appointed to federal offices. With such officials being prohibited by the act from contributing to political campaigns, parties were forced to look for new sources of campaign funds, such as wealthy donors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017467–468_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017467–468-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> as a major update to the Pendleton Act. The Civil Service Commission was abolished and its functions were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Personnel_Management" title="United States Office of Personnel Management">Office of Personnel Management</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merit_Systems_Protection_Board" title="United States Merit Systems Protection Board">Merit Systems Protection Board</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Labor_Relations_Authority" title="Federal Labor Relations Authority">Federal Labor Relations Authority</a>. The 1978 law created the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Executive Service">Senior Executive Service</a> for top managers within the civil service system, and established the right of civil servants to unionize and arbitrate.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter administration</a> settled the court case <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A9vano_v._Campbell" title="Luévano v. Campbell">Luévano v. Campbell</a>, which alleged the Professional and Administrative Careers Examination (PACE) was racially discriminatory as a result of the lower average scores and pass rates achieved by Black and Hispanic test takers. As a result of this settlement agreement, PACE, the main entry-level test for candidates seeking positions in the federal government’s executive branch, was scrapped.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has not been replaced by a similar general exam, although attempts at replacement exams have been made. The system which replaced the general PACE exam has been criticized as instituting a system of racial quotas, although changes to the settlement agreement under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan administration</a> removed explicit quotas, and these changes "raised serious questions about the ability of the government to recruit a quality workforce while reducing adverse impact", according to Professor Carolyn Ban.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020 President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> by <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order">Executive Order</a> 13957 created a <a href="/wiki/Schedule_F_appointment" title="Schedule F appointment">Schedule F classification</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Excepted_service" title="Excepted service">excepted service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">United States federal civil service</a> for policy-making positions, which was criticized by Professor Donald Kettl as violating the spirit of the Pendleton Act.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after taking office in January 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> rescinded Executive Order 13957.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kettl_2021_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettl_2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A9vano_v._Campbell" title="Luévano v. Campbell">Luévano v. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedule_F_appointment" title="Schedule F appointment">Schedule F appointment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55,_60-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault54–55,_60_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, pp. 54–55, 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul71-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul71_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul">Paul</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison164–165_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, p. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom322–325Davison164–165Trefousse95–96_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 322–325; <a href="#CITEREFDavison">Davison</a>, pp. 164–165; <a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, Eric (1988). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877, p. 507. New York: Harper & Row.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom353–355Trefousse100–101-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom353–355Trefousse100–101_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 353–355; <a href="#CITEREFTrefousse">Trefousse</a>, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370–371-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom370–371_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 370–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom382–384Barnard456-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom382–384Barnard456_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoogenboom">Hoogenboom</a>, pp. 382–384; <a href="#CITEREFBarnard">Barnard</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul73–74-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul73–74_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul">Paul</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penl-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-penl_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1098">"Digital History"</a>. <i>www.digitalhistory.uh.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu&rft.atitle=Digital+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdisp_textbook.cfm%3FsmtID%3D3%26psid%3D1098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975325–327Doenecke102–104_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 325–327; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 102–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017465_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2017">White 2017</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell104–107-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell104–107_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, pp. 104–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault52_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97Theriault52–53,_56_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 320–324; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 96–97; <a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, pp. 52–53, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell106–107_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 305–308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975244–248Karabell61–63_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 244–248; <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, pp. 61–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarabell62–63-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarabell62–63_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975320–324Doenecke96–97_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, pp. 320–324; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault56-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault56_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100Karabell-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke99–100Karabell_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 99–100; <a href="#CITEREFKarabell">Karabell</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault57–59-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault57–59_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, pp. 57–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves1975324Doenecke101–102_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves1975">Reeves 1975</a>, p. 324; <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke">Doenecke</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETheriault59–60-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETheriault59–60_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTheriault">Theriault</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-housevote-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-housevote_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/47-2/h272">TO PASS S. 133, A BILL REGULATING AND IMPROVING THE U. S. CIVIL SERVICE. (J.P. 163).</a> <i>GovTrack.us</i>. Retrieved February 11, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe209–210_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe">Howe</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch, 59–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2018" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (January 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/16/pendleton-act-inaugurates-us-civil-service-system-jan-16-1883-340488">"Pendleton Act inaugurates U.S. civil service system, Jan. 16, 1883"</a>. Politico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pendleton+Act+inaugurates+U.S.+civil+service+system%2C+Jan.+16%2C+1883&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F01%2F16%2Fpendleton-act-inaugurates-us-civil-service-system-jan-16-1883-340488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettl_2021-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettl_2021_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettl_2021_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettl2021" class="citation web cs1">Kettl, Donald F. (June 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govexec.com/management/2021/06/battle-public-service-just-beginning/174839/">"The Battle for the Public Service Is Just Beginning"</a>. <i>Government Executive</i>. Washington, DC: Government Executive Media Group LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Executive&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+the+Public+Service+Is+Just+Beginning&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Kettl&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govexec.com%2Fmanagement%2F2021%2F06%2Fbattle-public-service-just-beginning%2F174839%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017466-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017466_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2017">White 2017</a>, p. 466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2017467–468-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2017467–468_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2017">White 2017</a>, pp. 467–468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/95/454">95–454</a> Approved October 13, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsenJakusMetz1979" class="citation journal cs1">Knudsen, Steven; Jakus, Larry; Metz, Maida (1979). "The civil service reform act of 1978". <i>Public Personnel Management</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 170–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009102607900800306">10.1177/009102607900800306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168751164">168751164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Personnel+Management&rft.atitle=The+civil+service+reform+act+of+1978&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=170-181&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009102607900800306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A168751164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Jakus%2C+Larry&rft.au=Metz%2C+Maida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1981" class="citation news cs1">Rosenbaum, David E. (January 10, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/10/us/us-set-to-replace-a-civil-service-test.html">"U.S. Set to Replace a Civil Service Test"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Set+to+Replace+a+Civil+Service+Test&rft.date=1981-01-10&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F10%2Fus%2Fus-set-to-replace-a-civil-service-test.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerns1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Berns, Walter (May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/walter-berns/let-me-call-you-quota-sweetheart/">"Let Me Call You Quota, Sweetheart"</a>. <i>Commentary</i>. New York: Commentary Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Let+Me+Call+You+Quota%2C+Sweetheart&rft.date=1981-05&rft.aulast=Berns&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fwalter-berns%2Flet-me-call-you-quota-sweetheart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanIngraham1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ban, Carolyn; Ingraham, Patricia W. (1988). "Retaining Quality Federal Employees: Life after PACE". <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 708–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F976250">10.2307/976250</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/976250">976250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Retaining+Quality+Federal+Employees%3A+Life+after+PACE&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=708-718&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F976250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F976250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ban&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Ingraham%2C+Patricia+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2020" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Erich (October 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govexec.com/management/2020/10/stunning-executive-order-would-politicize-civil-service/169479/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Stunning' Executive Order Would Politicize Civil Service"</a>. <i>Government Executive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Executive&rft.atitle=%27Stunning%27+Executive+Order+Would+Politicize+Civil+Service&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govexec.com%2Fmanagement%2F2020%2F10%2Fstunning-executive-order-would-politicize-civil-service%2F169479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/22/executive-order-protecting-the-federal-workforce/">"Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce"</a>. January 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+on+Protecting+the+Federal+Workforce&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fpresidential-actions%2F2021%2F01%2F22%2Fexecutive-order-protecting-the-federal-workforce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2003). <i>Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of James A. Garfield</i>. New York, New York: Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1396-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-1396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse%3A+The+Surprise+Election+and+Political+Murder+of+James+A.+Garfield&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1396-7&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Harry (2005) [1954]. <i>Rutherford Hayes and his America</i>. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9"><bdi>978-0-945707-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes+and+his+America&rft.place=Newtown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-945707-05-9&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofruth00davi"><i>The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</i></a></span>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-6275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6275-1&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofruth00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen"><i>The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+James+A.+Garfield+and+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0208-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofja00doen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harrison, Brigid C., et al. <i>American Democracy Now</i>. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). <i>Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe" class="citation book cs1">Howe, George F. (1966) [1935]. <i>Chester A. Arthur, A Quarter-Century of Machine Politics</i>. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00089DVIG">B00089DVIG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+A.+Arthur%2C+A+Quarter-Century+of+Machine+Politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=F.+Ungar+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00089DVIG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Karabell, Zachary</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chesteralanarthu00kara"><i>Chester Alan Arthur</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6951-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6951-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-6951-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chester+Alan+Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6951-8&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchesteralanarthu00kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ezra (Winter 1998). "Congressional Relations and Public Relations in the Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–81)". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 68–87. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551831">27551831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Congressional+Relations+and+Public+Relations+in+the+Administration+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%281877%E2%80%9381%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-87&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Reeves" title="Thomas C. Reeves">Reeves, Thomas C.</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev"><i>Gentleman Boss: The Life of Chester A. Arthur</i></a></span>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-46095-6"><bdi>978-0-394-46095-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentleman+Boss%3A+The+Life+of+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-394-46095-6&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgentlemanbosslif00reev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Trefousse, Hans L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbhayes00tref"><i>Rutherford B. Hayes</i></a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6907-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6907-5&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbhayes00tref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheriault" class="citation journal cs1">Theriault, Sean M. (February 2003). "Patronage, the Pendleton Act, and the Power of the People". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 50–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2508.t01-1-00003">10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3449855">3449855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153890814">153890814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Patronage%2C+the+Pendleton+Act%2C+and+the+Power+of+the+People&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-68&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153890814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3449855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2508.t01-1-00003&rft.aulast=Theriault&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Welch, Richard E. Jr. <i>The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland</i> (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0355-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0355-7">0-7006-0355-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White, Richard</a> (2017). <i>The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: 1865–1896</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190619060" title="Special:BookSources/9780190619060"><bdi>9780190619060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+for+Which+It+Stands%3A+The+United+States+During+Reconstruction+and+the+Gilded+Age%3A+1865%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190619060&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulke1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Foulke" title="William Dudley Foulke">Foulke, William Dudley</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingspoilsm00foulgoog"><i>Fighting the Spoilsmen: Reminiscences of The Civil Service Reform Movement</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Spoilsmen%3A+Reminiscences+of+The+Civil+Service+Reform+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Foulke&rft.aufirst=William+Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingspoilsm00foulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1961). <i>Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883</i>. University of Illinois. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-22821-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-22821-3"><bdi>0-313-22821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlawing+the+Spoils%3A+A+History+of+the+Civil+Service+Reform+Movement%2C+1865-1883&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-313-22821-3&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shipley, Max L. “The Background and Legal Aspects of the Pendleton Plan.” <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 24#3 1937, pp. 329–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1891818">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Riper1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_P._Van_Riper" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul P. Van Riper">Van Riper, Paul P.</a> (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds0003vanr"><i>History of the United States Civil Service</i></a></span>. Row, Peterson and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-8755-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-8755-9"><bdi>0-8371-8755-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+Civil+Service&rft.pub=Row%2C+Peterson+and+Co&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-8371-8755-9&rft.aulast=Van+Riper&rft.aufirst=Paul+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofuniteds0003vanr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomen's_Auxiliary_to_the_Civil_Service_Reform_Association1907" class="citation book cs1">Women's Auxiliary to the Civil Service Reform Association (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Y_AAAAIAAJ"><i>Bibliography of Civil Service Reform and Related Subjects (2nd ed.)</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+Civil+Service+Reform+and+Related+Subjects+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Women%27s+Auxiliary+to+the+Civil+Service+Reform+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3Y_AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APendleton+Civil+Service+Reform+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chester_A._Arthur" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Template:Chester A. Arthur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Template talk:Chester A. Arthur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chester A. Arthur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chester_A._Arthur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">21st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1881–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">20th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1881)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemmon_v._New_York" title="Lemmon v. New York">Lemmon v. New York</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Central_America" title="SS Central America">SS <i>Central America</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_State_Historic_Site" title="Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site">Chester Alan Arthur State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur_Home" title="Chester A. Arthur Home">Chester A. Arthur Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur">Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">Tariff of 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Appropriations_Act" title="Indian Appropriations Act">Indian Appropriations Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Animal_Industry" title="Bureau of Animal Industry">Bureau of Animal Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Statue of Chester A. Arthur">Statue of Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Arthur" title="Nell Arthur">Nell Arthur</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Alan_Arthur_II" title="Chester Alan Arthur II">Chester Alan Arthur II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Arthur" title="Gavin Arthur">Gavin Arthur</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_(clergyman)" title="William Arthur (clergyman)">William Arthur</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary Arthur McElroy</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">← James A. Garfield</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">← William A. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chester_A._Arthur" title="Category:Chester A. Arthur">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162467#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014114378">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007366923405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&oldid=1258471050">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&oldid=1258471050</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1883_in_American_law" title="Category:1883 in American law">1883 in American law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_service_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Civil service in the United States">Civil service in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_service_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Civil service reform in the United States">Civil service reform in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_administration" title="Category:Public administration">Public administration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_government_administration_legislation" title="Category:United States federal government administration legislation">United States federal government administration legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Category:Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Presidency of Chester A. Arthur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Category:Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_racism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of racism in the United States">History of racism in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use American English from January 2023">Use American English from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2023">Use mdy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-strzt","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.715","walltime":"0.887","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4053,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":75695,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4123,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":102417,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 799.088 1 -total"," 25.38% 202.809 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.45% 115.457 4 Template:Cite_web"," 12.68% 101.326 20 Template:Sfn"," 12.48% 99.755 1 Template:Chester_A._Arthur"," 12.00% 95.930 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.27% 90.039 1 Template:Infobox_U.S._legislation"," 10.61% 84.754 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.27% 82.072 14 Template:Cite_book"," 8.34% 66.662 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.457","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7230612,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanIngraham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerns1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoenecke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulke1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoogenboom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoogenboom1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarabell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKettl2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnudsenJakusMetz1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenbaum1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheriault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrefousse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Riper1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWomen\u0026#039;s_Auxiliary_to_the_Civil_Service_Reform_Association1907\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chester A. Arthur\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox U.S. legislation\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 20,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USBill\"] = 1,\n [\"USPL\"] = 1,\n [\"USStat\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qjjsx","timestamp":"20241122141048","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7162467","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7162467","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-09T10:05:00Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:44:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg","headline":"1883 law of the US Congress establishing the United States Civil Service Commission"}</script> </body> </html>