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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology and epithets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival's_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival's_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Festival's time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival's_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Roman_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Roman_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Roman religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Roman_religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Roman religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Roman_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theology and worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Briquel's_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Briquel's_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Briquel's analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Briquel's_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_cult_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_cult_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Roman cult practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_cult_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_outside_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_outside_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Cult outside Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult_outside_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturnalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturnalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Saturnalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturnalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Roman legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gladiatorial_munera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gladiatorial_munera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gladiatorial <i>munera</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gladiatorial_munera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>On coins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturn (mythology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(mitologie)" title="Saturnus (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saturnus (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="ساتورن (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساتورن (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(mitoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Saturno (mitolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saturno (mitolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7)" title="ساتورن (تانریچا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساتورن (تانریچا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (мифология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сатурн (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Сатурн (бог) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сатурн (бог)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (міталёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сатурн (міталёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (митология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатурн (митология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologija)" title="Saturn (mitologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saturn (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadorn_(doue)" title="Sadorn (doue) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sadorn (doue)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologia)" title="Saturn (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saturn (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(b%C5%AFh)" title="Saturn (bůh) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saturn (bůh)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadwrn_(duw)" title="Sadwrn (duw) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sadwrn (duw)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(Mythologie)" title="Saturn (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saturn (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Σατούρνους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σατούρνους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Saturno (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saturno (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(dio)" title="Saturno (dio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saturno (dio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(mitologia)" title="Saturno (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saturno (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ساترن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساترن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturne_(mythologie)" title="Saturne (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saturne (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(god)" title="Saturnus (god) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saturnus (god)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(deus)" title="Saturno (deus) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saturno (deus)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%88%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="사투르누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사투르누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Սատուռնոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սատուռնոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologija)" title="Saturn (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saturn (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(mitologi)" title="Saturnus (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saturnus (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(deo)" title="Saturno (deo) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saturno (deo)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BArnus_(gu%C3%B0)" title="Satúrnus (guð) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Satúrnus (guð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Saturno (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saturno (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="סטורן (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטורן (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(mitologi)" title="Saturnus (mitologi) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Saturnus (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="სატურნი (მითოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატურნი (მითოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(deus)" title="Saturnus (deus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saturnus (deus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturns_(mitolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Saturns (mitoloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saturns (mitoloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnas_(mitologija)" title="Saturnas (mitologija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saturnas (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturen_(dia)" title="Saturen (dia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saturen (dia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaturnusz_(mitol%C3%B3gia)" title="Szaturnusz (mitológia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaturnusz (mitológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Сатурн (митологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сатурн (митологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satiorna_(andriamanitra)" title="Satiorna (andriamanitra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Satiorna (andriamanitra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5)" title="सॅटर्न (रोमन देव) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सॅटर्न (रोमन देव)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ساتورن (ميثولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساتورن (ميثولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saturnus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%9F_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2)" title="ꯁꯥꯇꯨꯔ꯭ꯟ (ꯂꯥꯢ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯇꯨꯔ꯭ꯟ (ꯂꯥꯢ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(god)" title="Saturnus (god) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saturnus (god)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="サートゥルヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サートゥルヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(dio)" title="Saturno (dio) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Saturno (dio)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(gud)" title="Saturn (gud) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saturn (gud)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guden_Saturn" title="Guden Saturn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Guden Saturn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologia)" title="Saturn (mitologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saturn (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(xudo)" title="Saturn (xudo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saturn (xudo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologia)" title="Saturn (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saturn (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(mitologia)" title="Saturno (mitologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saturno (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(zeu)" title="Saturn (zeu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saturn (zeu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатурн (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroni" title="Kroni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnu_(divinitati)" title="Saturnu (divinitati) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saturnu (divinitati)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saturn (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(boh)" title="Saturn (boh) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saturn (boh)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologija)" title="Saturn (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saturn (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Сатурн (бог) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатурн (бог)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mitologija)" title="Saturn (mitologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saturn (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(jumala)" title="Saturnus (jumala) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saturnus (jumala)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(mytologi)" title="Saturnus (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saturnus (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சற்றேன் (தொன்மவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சற்றேன் (தொன்மவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (мифология) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сатурн (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="แซตเทิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซตเทิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat%C3%BCrn_(mitoloji)" title="Satürn (mitoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satürn (mitoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Сатурн (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатурн (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saturn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_(mythologie)" title="Saturnus (mythologie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Saturnus (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_(mitolohiya)" title="Saturno (mitolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saturno (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="萨图尔努斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨图尔努斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A0%93" title="撒頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="撒頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="萨图尔努斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨图尔努斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Saturn</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of the Capitol, time, wealth, agriculture, and liberation</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_with_head_protected_by_winter_cloak,_holding_a_scythe_in_his_right_hand,_fresco_from_the_House_of_the_Dioscuri_at_Pompeii,_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_(23497733210).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saturn_with_head_protected_by_winter_cloak%2C_holding_a_scythe_in_his_right_hand%2C_fresco_from_the_House_of_the_Dioscuri_at_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%2823497733210%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saturn_with_head_protected_by_winter_cloak%2C_holding_a_scythe_in_his_right_hand%2C_fresco_from_the_House_of_the_Dioscuri_at_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%2823497733210%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saturn_with_head_protected_by_winter_cloak%2C_holding_a_scythe_in_his_right_hand%2C_fresco_from_the_House_of_the_Dioscuri_at_Pompeii%2C_Naples_Archaeological_Museum_%2823497733210%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="4269" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saturn wearing his toga “<i><a href="/wiki/Capite_velato" class="mw-redirect" title="Capite velato">capite velato</a></i>” and holding a <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a> (fresco from the House of the Dioscuri at Pompeii, Naples Archaeological Museum)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">Sickle, scythe, veil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etruscan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satre_(Etruscan_god)" title="Satre (Etruscan god)">Satre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saturn</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Sāturnus</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[saːˈtʊrnʊs]</a></span>) was a god in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman religion</a>, and a character in <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>. He was described as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of abundance and peace. After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Greece">Roman conquest of Greece</a>, he was conflated with the Greek Titan <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>. Saturn's consort was his sister <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a>, with whom he fathered <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>. </p><p>Saturn was especially celebrated during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> each December, perhaps the most famous of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a>, a time of feasting, role reversals, free speech, gift-giving and revelry. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Romanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Romanum">Roman Forum</a> housed the state treasury and archives (<i><a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The planet <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and the day of the week <a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a> are both named after and were associated with him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman land preserved the remembrance of a very remote time during which Saturn and <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> reigned on the site of the city before its foundation: the Capitol was called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mons Saturnius</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans identified Saturn with the Greek <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, whose myths were adapted for <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a>. In particular, Cronus's role in the genealogy of the Greek gods was transferred to Saturn. As early as <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Livius_Andronicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Livius Andronicus">Andronicus</a> <span class="nowrap">(3rd century BC),</span> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> was called the son of Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saturn had two mistresses who represented different aspects of the god. The name of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a>, the Roman equivalent of Greek <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)"><i>Rhea</i></a>, means "wealth, abundance, resources."<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association with Ops is considered a later development, however, as this goddess was originally paired with <a href="/wiki/Consus" title="Consus">Consus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumézil-1974-1977_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumézil-1974-1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  244">(p 244)</span></sup> Earlier was Saturn's association with <a href="/wiki/Lua_(goddess)" title="Lua (goddess)">Lua</a> ("destruction, dissolution, loosening"), a goddess who received the bloodied weapons of enemies destroyed in war.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Saturn's rule, humans enjoyed the spontaneous bounty of the earth without labour in the "Golden Age" described by <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. He became known as the god of time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_epithets">Etymology and epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>By Saturn they seek to represent that power which maintains the cyclic course of times and seasons. This is the sense that the Greek name of that god bears, for he is called <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, which is the same as <a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a>. Saturn for his part got his name because he was "sated" with years; the story that he regularly devoured his own children is explained by the fact that time devours the courses of the seasons, and gorges itself "insatiably" on the years that are past. Saturn was enchained by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> to ensure that his circuits did not get out of control, and to constrain him with the bonds of the stars. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lucilius_Balbus" title="Quintus Lucilius Balbus">Quintus Lucilius Balbus</a>,<br />as quoted by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cicero-Walsh-2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero-Walsh-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saturn's name was derived from <i>satus</i>, meaning "sowing". Even though this etymology is problematic from the viewpoint of modern linguistics (for, while historically-motivated vowel length alternations do occur in Latin roots, the long <i>ā</i> in <i>Sāturnus</i> in particular remains unexplained with this etymology, and also because of the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphically</a> attested form <i>Saeturnus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless it does reflect an original feature of the god.<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  144">(p 144)</span></sup> Perhaps a more probable etymology connects the name with the Etruscan god <i><a href="/wiki/Satre_(Etruscan_god)" title="Satre (Etruscan god)">Satre</a></i> and placenames such as <i>Satria</i>, an ancient town of Latium, and <i>Saturae palus</i>, a marsh also in Latium. This root may be related to Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phytonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:phytonym">phytonym</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">satureia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Like <i>satus</i>, however, <i>satureia</i>, <i>Saturae palus</i>, and probably also <i>Satria</i>, as indeed the apparently closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Satricum" title="Satricum">Satricum</a></i>, all also have a short <i>a</i> in the first syllable vs. the long <i>ā</i> of <i>Sāturnus</i>.) </p><p>Another epithet, variably <i><a href="/wiki/Sterculius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterculius">Sterculius</a></i>, <i>Stercutus</i>, and <i>Sterces</i>, referred to his agricultural functions;<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.7.25">(1.7.25)</span></sup> this derives from <i>stercus</i>, "dung" or "manure", referring to re‑emergence from death to life.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman farming">Farming</a> was important to Roman identity, and Saturn was a part of archaic Roman religion and ethnic identity. His name appears in the ancient hymn of the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salian priests</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his temple was the oldest known in the records of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">pontiffs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lucilius_Balbus" title="Quintus Lucilius Balbus">Quintus Lucilius Balbus</a> gives a separate etymology in <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cicero-Walsh-2008_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cicero-Walsh-2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this interpretation, the agricultural aspect of Saturn would be secondary to his primary relation with time and seasons. Since 'Time consumes all things', <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lucilius_Balbus" title="Quintus Lucilius Balbus">Balbus</a> asserts that the name <i>Saturn</i> comes from the Latin word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/satis#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:satis"><i>satis</i></a>; Saturn being an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> representation of <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a>, which is filled, or satiated, by all things or all generations. Since farming is so closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</a> and therefore an understanding of the cyclical passage of time, it follows that agriculture would then be associated with the deity Saturn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple">Temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple of Saturn was located at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, according to a tradition recorded by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly known as <i>Saturnius Mons</i>, and a row of columns from the last rebuilding of the temple still stands.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was consecrated in 497 BC but the <i>area Saturni</i> was built by king <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> as confirmed by archaeological studies conducted by E. Gjerstad.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It housed the state treasury (<a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">aerarium</a>) throughout Roman history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festival's_time"><span id="Festival.27s_time"></span>Festival's time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Festival's time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of Saturn's festival in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> led to his association with concepts of time, especially the temporal transition of the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>. In the Greek tradition, Kronos was sometimes conflated with <a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a>, "Time," and his devouring of his children taken as an allegory for the passing of generations. As such, the Roman Saturn had similar associations. The sickle or scythe of <a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a> is a remnant of the agricultural implement of Cronus-Saturn, and his aged appearance represents the waning of the old year with the birth of the new, in antiquity sometimes embodied by <a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, Saturn is <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with a number of deities, and begins to be depicted as winged, as is <a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">Kairos</a>, "Timing, Right Time".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Roman_religion">In Roman religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Roman religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_and_worship">Theology and worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg/280px-Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg/420px-Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg/560px-Arch_of_SeptimiusSeverus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Temple of Saturn (eight columns to the far right) in February 2010, with three columns from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a> (center)</figcaption></figure> <p>The figure of Saturn is one of the most complex in Roman religion. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a> refrained from discussing Saturn in his work on Roman religion on the grounds of insufficient knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Dumézil-1974-1977_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumézil-1974-1977-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, however, his follower <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Briquel" title="Dominique Briquel">Dominique Briquel</a> has attempted a thorough interpretation of Saturn utilising <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">Dumézil's three-functional theory</a> of Indo-European religion, taking the ancient testimonies and the works of A. Brelich and G. Piccaluga as his basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main difficulty scholars encounter in studying Saturn lies in determining how much is original to his (Roman) character and how much the product of later hellenising influences. Moreover, some features of the god may be common to Cronus but are nonetheless very ancient and can be considered proper to the Roman god, whereas others are certainly later and arrived after 217 BCE, the year in which the Greek customs of the <a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a> were introduced into the Saturnalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  142 ff">(p 142 ff)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Briquel's_analysis"><span id="Briquel.27s_analysis"></span>Briquel's analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Briquel's analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the features which are definitely authentic of the Roman god, Briquel identifies: </p> <ol><li>the time of his festival in the calendar, which corresponds to the date of the consecration of his temple (the Greek Cronia on the other hand took place in June–July);</li> <li>his association with <i><a href="/wiki/Lua_(goddess)" title="Lua (goddess)">Lua Mater</a></i>, and</li> <li>the location of his cult on the Capitol, which goes back to remote times.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>These three elements in Briquel's view indicate that Saturn is a sovereign god. The god's strict relationship with the cults of the Capitoline Hill and in particular with Jupiter are highlighted by the legends concerning the refusal of gods <a href="/wiki/Iuventas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuventas">Iuventas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terminus_(god)" title="Terminus (god)">Terminus</a> to leave their abode in the shrines on the Capitol when the temple of Jupiter was to be built. These two deities correspond to the helper gods of the sovereign in Vedic religion (Briquel<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to <a href="/wiki/Dhritarashtra" title="Dhritarashtra">Dhritarashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a>, the figures of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>) and to the <a href="/wiki/Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclops">Cyclopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecatoncheires" title="Hecatoncheires">Hecatoncheires</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>. Whereas the helper gods belong to the second divine generation they become active only at the level of the third in each of the three instances of India, Greece and Rome, where they become a sort of continuation of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil</a> postulated a split of the figure of the sovereign god in Indoeuropean religion, which is embodied by Vedic gods <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the two, the first one shows the aspect of the magic, uncanny, awe inspiring power of creation and destruction, while the second shows the reassuring aspect of guarantor of the legal order in organised social life. Whereas in Jupiter these double features have coalesced, Briquel<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sees Saturn as showing the characters of a sovereign god of the <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">Varunian type</a>. His nature becomes evident in his mastership over the annual time of crisis around the winter solstice, epitomised in the power of subverting normal codified social order and its rules, which is apparent in the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>, in the mastership of annual fertility and renewal, in the power of annihilation present in his paredra (= divine associate/companion deity) Lua, in the fact that he is the god of a timeless era of abundance and bounty before time, which he reinstates at the time of the yearly crisis of the winter solstice. </p><p>In Roman and Etruscan reckoning Saturn is a wielder of lightning; no other agricultural god (in the sense of specialized human activity) is one.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the mastership he has on agriculture and wealth cannot be that of a god of the third function, i.e. of production, wealth, and pleasure, but it stems from his magical lordship over creation and destruction. Although these features are to be found in Greek god Cronus as well, it appears that those features were proper to Roman Saturn's most ancient aspects, such as his presence on the Capitol and his association with Jupiter, who in the stories of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a> in the land of the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.7.27–31">(1.7.27–31)</span></sup> and that of the <a href="/wiki/Argei" title="Argei">Argei</a> orders human sacrifices to him.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Briquel concludes that Saturn was a sovereign god of a time that the Romans perceived as no longer actual, that of the legendary origins of the world, before civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  155">(p 155)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_cult_practices">Roman cult practices</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roman cult practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sacrifices to Saturn were performed according to "Greek rite" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ritus_graecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritus graecus">ritus graecus</a></i>), with the head uncovered, in contrast to those of other major Roman deities, which were performed <i><a href="/wiki/Capite_velato" class="mw-redirect" title="Capite velato">capite velato</a></i>, "with the head covered." Saturn himself, however, was represented as veiled (<i>involutus</i>), as for example in a wall painting from <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> that shows him holding a sickle and covered with a white veil. This feature is in complete accord with the character of a sovereign god of the Varunian type and is common with German god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Briquel remarks <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> had already seen that the choice of the Greek rite was due to the fact that the god himself is imagined and represented as veiled, thence his sacrifice cannot be carried out by a veiled man: This is an instance of the reversal of the current order of things typical of the nature of the deity as appears in its festival.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch writes his figure is veiled because he is the father of truth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> notes that the cult statue of Saturn was filled with oil; the exact meaning of this is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its feet were bound with wool, which was removed only during the Saturnalia.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.8.5">(1.8.5)</span></sup> The fact that the statue was filled with oil and the feet were bound with wool may relate back to the myth of "The Castration of Uranus". In this myth Rhea gives Cronus a rock to eat in Zeus's stead, thus tricking Cronus. Although mastership of knots is a feature of Greek origin <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it is also typical of the Varunian sovereign figure, as apparent e.g. in Odin. Once Zeus was victorious over Cronus, he sets this stone up at Delphi and constantly it is anointed with oil and strands of unwoven wool are placed on it.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone wore a red cloak,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was brought out of the temple to take part in <a href="/wiki/Pompa_circensis" title="Pompa circensis">ritual processions</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lectisternium" title="Lectisternium">lectisternia</a></i>, banquets at which images of the gods were arranged as guests on couches.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these ceremonial details identify a sovereign figure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cult_outside_Rome">Cult outside Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cult outside Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little evidence exists in Italy for the cult of Saturn outside Rome, but his name resembles that of the Etruscan god <a href="/wiki/Satre_(Etruscan_god)" title="Satre (Etruscan god)">Satres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential cruelty of Saturn was enhanced by his identification with <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>, known for devouring his own children. He was thus used in translation when referring to gods from other cultures the Romans perceived as severe; he was equated with the Carthaginian god <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>, to whom children were sacrificed, and to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> was referred to as <i>Saturni dies</i>, "Saturn's day," in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>, who wrote during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>; eventually this gave rise to the word "Saturday" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification with Ba'al Hammon later gave rise to the African Saturn, a cult that enjoyed great popularity until the 4th century. Besides being a popular cult it also had the character of a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religion</a> and required child sacrifices. It is also considered as inclining to monotheism.<sup id="cite_ref-Leglay-1966_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leglay-1966-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ceremony of initiation the <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">myste</i></span></i> (initiate) "<i>intrat sub iugum</i>" ("enters beneath the yoke"), a ritual that Leglay compares to the Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Tigillum_sororium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigillum sororium">tigillum sororium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leglay-1966_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leglay-1966-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  385–386">(pp 385–386)</span></sup> Even though their origin and theology are completely different the Italic and the African god are both sovereign and master over time and death, a fact that has permitted their association. However, the African Saturn is not directly derived from the Italic god, but rather from his Greek counterpart, Cronus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saturnalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></div> <p>Saturn is associated with a major religious festival in the Roman calendar, <i>Saturnalia</i>. Saturnalia celebrated the harvest and sowing, and ran from December 17–23. During Saturnalia, the social restrictions of Rome were relaxed. The figure of Saturn, kept during the year with its legs bound in wool, was released from its bindings for the period of the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.8.5">(1.8.5)</span></sup> The revelries of Saturnalia were supposed to reflect the conditions of the lost "Golden Age" before the rule of Saturn was overthrown, not all of them desirable, except as a temporary relief from civilized constraint. The Greek equivalent was the <a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Macrobius_Ambrosius_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius">Macrobius</a> <span class="nowrap">(5th century CE)</span> presents an interpretation of the Saturnalia as a festival of light leading to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.1.8–9">(1.1.8–9)</span></sup> The renewal of light and the coming of the new year was celebrated in the later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> at the <i>Dies Natalis</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, the "Birthday of the Unconquerable Sun," on December 25.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_legend">Roman legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg/280px-Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg/420px-Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg/560px-Throne_of_Saturn_Louvre_Ma1662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Relief held by the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> thought to depict the veiled throne of Saturn, either a Roman work of the <span class="nowrap"> 1st century CE </span> or a Renaissance copy</figcaption></figure> <p>It was customary for the Romans to represent divine figures as kings of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> at the time of their legendary origins. Macrobius states explicitly that the Roman legend of Janus and Saturn is an affabulation, as the true meaning of religious beliefs cannot be openly expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.7.18">(1.7.18)</span></sup> In the myth<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.9.-">(1.9.-)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saturn was the original and <a href="/wiki/Autochthon_(ancient_Greece)" title="Autochthon (ancient Greece)">autochthonous</a> ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a>, which had thus been called the <i>Mons Saturnius</i> in older times and on which once stood the town of <i>Saturnia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.7.27, 1.10.4">(1.7.27, 1.10.4)</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sometimes regarded as the first king of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> or even the whole of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  138–139">(p 138–139)</span></sup> At the same time, there was a tradition that Saturn had been an immigrant god, received by <a href="/wiki/Janus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janus (mythology)">Janus</a> after he was usurped by his son Jupiter and expelled from Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Versnel's view his contradictions – a foreigner with one of Rome's oldest sanctuaries, and a god of liberation who is kept in fetters most of the year – indicate Saturn's capacity for confounding social distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  139, 142–143">(pp 139, 142–143)</span></sup> </p><p>The Golden Age of Saturn's reign in Roman mythology differed from the Greek tradition. He arrived in Italy "dethroned and fugitive,"<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  143">(p 143)</span></sup> but brought agriculture and civilization for which he was rewarded by Janus with a share of the kingdom, becoming himself king. As the Augustan poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> described it, "He gathered together the unruly race" of <a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">fauns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a> "scattered over mountain heights, and gave them laws ... . Under his reign were the golden ages men tell of: in such perfect peace he ruled the nations."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was considered the ancestor of the Latin nation as he fathered <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a>, the first king of Latium, who married Janus's daughter <a href="/wiki/Canens_(mythology)" title="Canens (mythology)">Canens</a> and in his turn fathered <a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg/280px-Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg/420px-Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Porta_Maggiore_Alatri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Alatri's main gate of the cyclopean walls</figcaption></figure> <p>Saturn was also said to have founded the five <i>Saturnian</i> towns of Latium: Aletrium (today <a href="/wiki/Alatri" title="Alatri">Alatri</a>), Anagnia (<a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>), Arpinum (<a href="/wiki/Arpino" title="Arpino">Arpino</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atina,_Lazio" title="Atina, Lazio">Atina</a> and Ferentinum (<a href="/wiki/Ferentino" title="Ferentino">Ferentino</a>, also known as Antinum) all located in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Valley">Latin Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Frosinone" title="Province of Frosinone">province of Frosinone</a>. All these towns are surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopean walls">cyclopean walls</a>; their foundation is traditionally ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Pelasgians" title="Pelasgians">Pelasgians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Saturn also had a less benevolent aspect, as indicated by the blood shed in his honor during gladiatorial <i>munera</i>. His consort in archaic Roman tradition was <a href="/wiki/Lua_(goddess)" title="Lua (goddess)">Lua</a>, sometimes called <i>Lua Saturni</i> ("Saturn's Lua") and identified with Lua Mater, "Mother Destruction," a goddess in whose honor the weapons of enemies killed in war were burned, perhaps as expiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versnel, however, proposed that <i>Lua Saturni</i> should not be identified with <i>Lua Mater</i>, but rather refers to "loosening"; she thus represents the liberating function of Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  144">(p 144)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gladiatorial_munera">Gladiatorial <i>munera</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gladiatorial munera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saturn's <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> nature connected him to the underworld and its ruler <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis Pater</a>, the Roman equivalent of Greek <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Plouton</a> (Pluto in Latin) who was also a god of hidden wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 3rd-century AD sources and later, Saturn is recorded as receiving <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiatorial</a> offerings <i>(munera)</i> during or near the Saturnalia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  144–145">(p 144–145)</span></sup> These gladiator combats, ten days in all throughout December, were presented by the <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestors</a> and sponsored with funds from the treasury of Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of gladiatorial <i>munera</i> was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologists">Christian apologists</a> as a form of human sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  146">(p 146)</span></sup> Although there is no evidence of this practice during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican era</a>, the offering of gladiators led to later theorizing that the primeval Saturn had demanded human victims. <a href="/wiki/Macrobius_Ambrosius_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius">Macrobius</a> says that Dis Pater was placated with human heads and Saturn with sacrificial victims consisting of men (<i>virorum <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#victima" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">victimis</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.7.31">(1.7.31)</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  146">(p 146)</span></sup> The figurines that were exchanged as gifts <i>(<a href="/wiki/Sigillaria_(ancient_Rome)" title="Sigillaria (ancient Rome)">sigillaria</a>)</i> during the Saturnalia may have represented token substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macrobius-Satrnla_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrobius-Satrnla-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 1.10.24">(1.10.24)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_coins">On coins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: On coins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg/220px-Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg/330px-Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg/440px-Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Saturn driving a <i><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a></i> on the reverse of a <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Saturninus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 104 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeian</a> tribune <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Lucius Appuleius Saturninus</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> depicting Saturn driving a four-horse chariot <i>(<a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>)</i>, a vehicle associated with rulers, <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphing generals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun god">sun gods</a>. Saturninus was a <a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">popularist</a> politician who had proposed reduced-price grain distribution to the poor of Rome. The head of the <a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">goddess Roma</a> appears on the obverse. The Saturnian imagery played on the tribune's name and his intent to alter the <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">social hierarchy</a> to his advantage, by basing his political support on the common people (<i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i>) rather than the senatorial elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  162">(p 162)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Saturn" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology § Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satre_(Etruscan_god)" title="Satre (Etruscan god)">Satre (Etruscan god)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saturnia Italia, et mons, qui nunc est Capitolinus, Saturnius appellabatur, quod in tutela Saturni esse existimantur. Saturnii quoque dicebantur, qui castrum in imo clivo Capitolino incolebant, ubi ara diacata ei deo ante bellum troianum videtur.</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A patre dicta meo quondam Saturnia Roma est.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Iuventas shows a clear Varunian character in the liaison of Romulus with the <i>iuvenes</i> the young soldiers; Terminus has a Mitran character even though he shows Varunian traits in allowing the enlargement of the borders (<i>propagatio finium</i>): Briquel<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  134 n. 8.">(p 134 n. 8.)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturn's lightning bolts are those of wintertime.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Found on the <a href="/wiki/Piacenza_Liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Piacenza Liver">Piacenza Liver</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> 1.58; Mueller (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Roman theologian <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> listed Saturn among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities#Sabine_gods" title="List of Roman deities">Sabine gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  139">(p 139)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See also the <a href="/wiki/Satre_(Etruscan_god)" title="Satre (Etruscan god)">Etruscan god Satre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Eight days were subsidized from the Imperial treasury ( <i>arca fisci</i> ) and two mostly by the sponsoring <a href="/wiki/Roman_Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Magistrates">magistrate</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For other Roman practices that may represent substitutes for human sacrifice, see <a href="/wiki/Argei" title="Argei">Argei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscilla" title="Oscilla">oscilla</a>, the latter of which were used also at the <a href="/wiki/Feriae_Latinae" title="Feriae Latinae">Latin Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17"><i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 296–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509539-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509539-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.pages=296-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509539-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnS51_7qbEWsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFestus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Festus</a>. <i>Saturnia</i>. 430 L.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturnia&rft.pages=430+L&rft.au=Festus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Fasti</a></i>. 6, 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasti&rft.pages=6%2C+31&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Liou Gilles "Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et cult de fondation" in <i>Revue belge de philologie et d' histoire</i> <b>74</b> 1. pp. 73–97: 75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.1996.4096">10.3406/rbph.1996.4096</a>. citing Festus<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ovid.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saturni filius</i>, frg. 2 in the edition of Baehrens.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller-2010-OxEnc-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller-2010-OxEnc_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mueller, Hans Friedrich (2010). "Saturn". <i>Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saturn&rft.btitle=Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Hans+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumézil-1974-1977-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumézil-1974-1977_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumézil-1974-1977_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil, G.</a> (1977) [1974]. <i>La religion romain archaïque</i> (Italian translation ed.). Paris, FR / Milan, IT. part I, chap. 5, page 244–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+religion+romain+archa%C3%AFque&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR+%2F+Milan%2C+IT&rft.pages=part-I%2C+chap.-5%2C+page+244-245&rft.edition=Italian+translation&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">G. Dumézil</a> (1968, 1959) "Lua Mater" in <i>Déesses latines et mythes védiques</i> Bruxelles pp. 98–115. Dumézil compared this Roman figure with Indian deity <a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nirṛti">Nírŗti</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cicero-Walsh-2008-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero-Walsh-2008_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cicero-Walsh-2008_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Cicero, Marcus Tullius</a> (2008) [45 BCE]. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i> [<i>On the Nature of the Gods</i>]. Translated by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_G._Walsh" class="extiw" title="de:Patrick G. Walsh">Walsh, P.G.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (re‑issue ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 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III 407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ad+Aenaeidem&rft.pages=III+407&rft.au=Maurus+Servius+Honoratus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> cited by Briquel<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  148">(p 148)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <i>Quaestiones Romanae</i>. 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Histoire BEFAR. Paris, FR: de Boccard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturn+africain&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR&rft.series=Histoire+BEFAR&rft.pub=de+Boccard&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Leglay&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2002" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2002). <i>Ariadne's Thread: A guide to international tales found in classical literature</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ariadne%27s+Thread%3A+A+guide+to+international+tales+found+in+classical+literature&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance1994" class="citation book cs1">Chance, Jane (1994). <i>Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the Cchool of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a>. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Mythography%3A+From+Roman+North+Africa+to+the+Cchool+of+Chartres%2C+A.D.+433%E2%80%931177&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaster2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaster, Robert A., ed. (2011). <i>Macrobius: Saturnalia, Books 1–2</i>. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. note on p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macrobius%3A+Saturnalia%2C+Books+1%E2%80%932&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pages=note+on+p.-16&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergil" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>. <i>Aeneis</i>. VII, 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeneis&rft.pages=VII%2C+49&rft.au=Vergil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Terentius_Varro" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a>. <i>Lingua Latina</i>. V 42 and 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lingua+Latina&rft.pages=V-42+and+45&rft.au=Marcus+Terentius+Varro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergil" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>. <i>Aeneis</i>. VIII 357-358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeneis&rft.pages=VIII+357-358&rft.au=Vergil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. I 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.pages=I+34&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFestus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Festus</a>. <i>Saturnia</i>. 322 L.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturnia&rft.pages=322+L&rft.au=Festus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>Natural History</i>. III 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=III+68&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinucius_Felix" class="citation book cs1">Minucius Felix. <i>Octavius</i>. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Octavius&rft.pages=22&rft.au=Minucius+Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>. <i>Apologeticum</i>. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apologeticum&rft.pages=10&rft.au=Tertullian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> cited by Briquel<sup id="cite_ref-Briquel-1981_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briquel-1981-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  154">(p 154)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersnel1994" class="citation book cs1">Versnel, H.S. (1994) [1993]. "Saturnus and the Saturnalia". <i>Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saturnus+and+the+Saturnalia&rft.btitle=Inconsistencies+in+Greek+and+Roman+Religion%3A+Transition+and+Reversal+in+Myth+and+Ritual&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Versnel&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirgil" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>. 8.320–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeneid&rft.pages=8.320-325&rft.au=Virgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> cited by Versnel<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page:  143">(p 143)</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincherleVolpi1990" class="citation book cs1">Pincherle, Mario; Volpi, Giuliana C. (1990). <i>La civiltà minoica in Italia: Le città saturnie</i>. Pisa, IT: Pacini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+civilt%C3%A0+minoica+in+Italia%3A+Le+citt%C3%A0+saturnie&rft.place=Pisa%2C+IT&rft.pub=Pacini&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Pincherle&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Volpi%2C+Giuliana+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusonius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a>. <i>Eclogue</i>. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eclogue&rft.pages=23&rft.au=Ausonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>De feriis Romanis</i>. 33–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+feriis+Romanis&rft.pages=33-37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> See Versnel<sup id="cite_ref-Versnel-1993-1994_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versnel-1993-1994-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  146 and 211–212">(pp 146 and 211–212)</span></sup> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedemann1995" class="citation book cs1">Wiedemann, Thomas E.J. (1995) [1992]. <i>Emperors and Gladiators</i>. Routledge. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+and+Gladiators&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wiedemann&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzman1990" class="citation book cs1">Salzman, Michele Renee (1990). <i>On Roman Time: The codex-calendar of 354 and the rhythms of urban life in late antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Roman+Time%3A+The+codex-calendar+of+354+and+the+rhythms+of+urban+life+in+late+antiquity&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Salzman&rft.aufirst=Michele+Renee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton1993" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Carlin A. (1993). <i>The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The gladiator and the monster</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sorrows+of+the+Ancient+Romans%3A+The+gladiator+and+the+monster&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Carlin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Warde_Fowler" title="William Warde Fowler">Fowler, W.W.</a> (1908). <i>The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic</i>. London, UK. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Festivals+of+the+Period+of+the+Republic&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=272&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=W.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> (1974) <i>La religion romaine archaïque</i> Paris Payot 2nd; Italian translation (expanded version) <i>La religione romana arcaica</i> Milano Rizzoli 1977. Edizione e traduzione a cura di Furio Jesi.</li> <li>Dominique Briquel (1981) "Jupiter, Saturn et le Capitol. Essai de comparaison indoeuropéenne" in <i>Revue de l' histoire des religions</i> <b>198</b> 2. pp. 131–162.</li> <li>Marcel Leglay (1966) <i>Saturn africain. Histoire</i> <b>BEFAR</b> Paris de Boccard.</li> <li>H.S. Versnel (1993, 1994) "Saturnus and the Saturnalia", in <i>Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual</i>, Brill, pp. 144–145.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Saturn_(mythology)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Guirand, Felix (Editor); Aldington, Richard (Translator); Ames, Delano (Translator); & Graves, Robert (Introduction). <i>New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-00404-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-00404-6">0-517-00404-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Saturn_(god)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saturn (god)">Saturn (god)</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saturnus_(deus)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saturnus (deus)">Saturnus (deus)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000192">The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Saturn)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Balkhī1488" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ja%E2%80%98far_ibn_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_al-Balkh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja‘far ibn Muḥammad al-Balkhī">al-Balkhī, Ja‘far ibn Muḥammad</a> (1488) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 835</span> CE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2997/"><i>Flowers of Abu Ma'shar</i></a> (in English and Latin). Translated by Hispalensis, Joannes. Augsburg, DE: Erhard Ratdolt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span> – via World Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+of+Abu+Ma%27shar&rft.place=Augsburg%2C+DE&rft.pub=Erhard+Ratdolt&rft.date=1488&rft.aulast=al-Balkh%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Ja%E2%80%98far+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F2997%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span> — <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9th century</span>; depicts and discusses Saturn and his role within astrology.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134388#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118804758">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016121508">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007416115105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118804758">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027411206">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&oldid=1256045499">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_(mythology)&oldid=1256045499</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saturn_(mythology)" title="Category:Saturn 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