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<li id="toc-Formation_of_the_ASI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_ASI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation of the ASI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_ASI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1885–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1885–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1885–1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1885–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Buck_crisis"_(1888–1898)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Buck_crisis"_(1888–1898)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>"Buck crisis" (1888–1898)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Buck_crisis"_(1888–1898)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1901–1947</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_under_Lord_Curzon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_under_Lord_Curzon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Revival under Lord Curzon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_under_Lord_Curzon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Discovery of Indus Valley Civilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1947–2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Circles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Directors-General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_government_archaeological_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government_archaeological_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>State government archaeological departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government_archaeological_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeological Survey of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="ভারতীয় পুরাতত্ত্ব সর্বেক্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় পুরাতত্ত্ব সর্বেক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93" title="བོད་ཡིག་གི་ཆ་འཕྲིན – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཡིག་གི་ཆ་འཕྲིན" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_Arqueol%C3%B2gic_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Servei Arqueològic de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei Arqueològic de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archaeological Survey of India" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arolwg_Archaeolegol_India" title="Arolwg Archaeolegol India – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arolwg Archaeolegol India" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Archaeological Survey of India" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_la_India" title="Servicio Arqueológico de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio Arqueológico de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%A5eologia_Servo_de_Barato" title="Arĥeologia Servo de Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĥeologia Servo de Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archaeological Survey of India" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A3" title="ભારતીય પુરાતત્ત્વ સર્વેક્ષણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતીય પુરાતત્ત્વ સર્વેક્ષણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Survei_Arkeologi_India" title="Badan Survei Arkeologi India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Survei Arkeologi India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="הסקר הארכאולוגי של הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסקר הארכאולוגי של הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ആർക്കിയോളജിക്കൽ സർവേ ഓഫ് ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർക്കിയോളജിക്കൽ സർവേ ഓഫ് ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="भारतीय पुरातत्त्व सर्वेक्षण विभाग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय पुरातत्त्व सर्वेक्षण विभाग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ ရှေးဟောင်းသုတေသနလေ့လာမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၏ ရှေးဟောင်းသုတေသနလေ့လာမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E5%B1%80" title="インド考古調査局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド考古調査局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Archaeological Survey of India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ରତ୍ନତତ୍ତ୍ବ ସର୍ବେକ୍ଷଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ରତ୍ନତତ୍ତ୍ବ ସର୍ବେକ୍ଷଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਪੁਰਾਤਤਵ ਸਰਵੇਖਣ ਵਿਭਾਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦਾ ਪੁਰਾਤਤਵ ਸਰਵੇਖਣ ਵਿਭਾਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرکیالوجیکل سروے آف انڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرکیالوجیکل سروے آف انڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Serviço Arqueológico da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviço Arqueológico da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Археологическое управление Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Археологическое управление Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="භාරතීය පුරාතත්ත්ව සර්වේක්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භාරතීය පුරාතත්ත්ව සර්වේක්ෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archaeological Survey of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="భారత పురాతత్వ సర్వేక్షణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత పురాతత్వ సర్వేక్షణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="กรมสำรวจโบราณคดีอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรมสำรวจโบราณคดีอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Археологічне управління Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Археологічне управління Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرکیالوجیکل سروے آف انڈیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرکیالوجیکل سروے آف انڈیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="印度考古研究所 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度考古研究所" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q632235#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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163 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1861</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental organisation">Governmental organisation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">New Delhi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English<br /><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director General</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Yadubir Singh Rawat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organisation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Budget </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,102.83 crore</span> (US$130 million) (2023–24)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asi.nic.in/">asi<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632235#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Archaeological Survey of India</b> (<b>ASI</b>) is an Indian government agency that is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> research and the conservation and preservation of cultural historical monuments in the country. It was founded in 1861 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> who also became its first Director-General. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASI was founded in 1861 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a> who also became its first Director-General. The first systematic research into <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">the subcontinent's history</a> was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a>, which was founded by the British Indologist <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a> on 15 January 1784. Based in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, the society promoted the study of ancient <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> texts and published an annual journal titled <i>Asiatic Researches</i>. Notable among its early members was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a> who published the first English translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> in 1785 with the patronage of the then <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Bengal">Governor-General of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a>. </p><p>Jones initiative resulted in the publication of <i>Asiatick Researches</i>, a monthly that was launched in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marquis of Wellesley's 1800 nomination of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan</a> to survey Mysore was a wise move on the part of the administration at the time. He was hired in 1807 to investigate historical sites and monuments in what is now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The first attempt at using the legal system to force the government to become involved when there was a risk to a monument was the Bengal Regulation XIX of 1810. The publication revealed the studies and polls that the society conducted to educate the public about India's ancient treasures. Many antiques and other relics were quickly discovered during the ongoing fieldwork, and in 1814 they were placed in a museum. Subsequently, comparable organisations were founded in Madras, Chennai, in 1818, and Bombay, Mumbai, in 1804. However, the most important of the society's achievements was the decipherment of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a> in 1837. This successful decipherment inaugurated the asset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_ASI">Formation of the ASI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of the ASI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg/220px-Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg/330px-Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg/440px-Alexander_Cunningham_of_the_ASI_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption>Sir Alexander Cunningham</figcaption></figure> <p>Armed with the knowledge of Brahmi, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a>, a protégé of <a href="/wiki/James_Prinsep" title="James Prinsep">James Prinsep</a>, carried out a detailed survey of the Buddhist monuments of his own type to be constructed in the Nepalese tarai which lasted for over half a century. Inspired by early amateur archaeologists like the Italian military officer, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a>, Cunningham excavated <i><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a></i> along the width, the length and breadth of India. While Cunningham funded many of his early excavations himself, in the long run, he realised the need for a permanent body to oversee archaeological excavations and the conservation of Indian monuments and used his stature and influence in India to lobby for an archaeological survey. While his attempt in 1848 did not meet with success, the Archaeological Survey of India was eventually formed in 1861 by a statute passed into law by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Lord Canning</a> with Cunningham as the first Archaeological Surveyor. The survey was suspended briefly between 1865 and 1871 due to lack of funds but restored by <a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Lawrence" title="John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence">Lord Lawrence</a> the then <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>. In 1871, the Survey was revived as a separate department and Cunningham was appointed as its first Director-General.<sup id="cite_ref-asihistory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asihistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1885–1901"><span id="1885.E2.80.931901"></span>1885–1901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1885–1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cunningham retired in 1885 and was succeeded as Director General by <a href="/wiki/James_Burgess_(archaeologist)" title="James Burgess (archaeologist)">James Burgess</a>. Burgess launched a yearly journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary" title="The Indian Antiquary">The Indian Antiquary</a></i> (1872) and an annual epigraphical publication <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica" title="Epigraphia Indica">Epigraphia Indica</a></i> (1882) as a supplement to the <i>Indian Antiquary</i>. The post of Director General was permanently suspended in 1889 due to a funds crunch and was not restored until 1902. In the interim period, conservation work in the different areas was carried out by the superintendents of the individual areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Buck_crisis"_(1888–1898)"><span id=".22Buck_crisis.22_.281888.E2.80.931898.29"></span>"Buck crisis" (1888–1898)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Buck crisis" (1888–1898)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_(1838-1916),_Civil_servant_in_Bengal,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/170px-Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/255px-Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/340px-Sir_Edward_Charles_Buck_%281838-1916%29%2C_Civil_servant_in_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Buck" title="Edward Charles Buck">Edward Charles Buck</a> (1838–1916), Civil servant in Bengal, India</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1888 started severe lobbying aimed at reducing Government expenses, and at curtailing the budget of the Archaeological Survey of India, a period of about ten years known as the "Buck crisis", after the Liberal Edward Buck.<sup id="cite_ref-DFH496_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFH496-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, this severely threatened the employment of the employees of the ASI, such as <a href="/wiki/Alois_Anton_F%C3%BChrer" title="Alois Anton Führer">Alois Anton Führer</a>, who had just started a family and become a father.<sup id="cite_ref-DFH496_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFH496-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, Edward Buck announced that the Archaeological Survey of India would be shut down and all ASI staff would be dismissed by 1895, in order to generate savings for the Government's budget.<sup id="cite_ref-DFH496_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFH496-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was understood that only a fantastic archaeological discovery within the next three years for example might be able to turn public opinion and save the funding of the ASI.<sup id="cite_ref-DFH496_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFH496-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg/220px-Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg/330px-Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg/440px-Monograph_on_Buddha_Sakyamuni%27s_birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alois_Anton_F%C3%BChrer" title="Alois Anton Führer">Alois Anton Führer</a> own report on his discoveries, entitled <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monographonbuddh00fuhr/page/n7">Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birthplace</a></i>, 1897, was withdrawn from circulation by the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Courier_Corporation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Corporation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Great "discoveries" were indeed made with the March 1895 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali Sagar</a> inscription, which succeeded in bringing the "Buck Crisis" to an end, and the ASI was finally allowed in June 1895 to continue operations, subject to yearly approval based on successful digs every year.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BChler" title="Georg Bühler">Georg Bühler</a>, writing in July 1895 in the <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, continued to advocate for the preservation of the Archaeological Survey of India, and expressed that what was needed were "new authentic documents" from the pre-Ashokan period, and they would "only be found underground".<sup id="cite_ref-AH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another momentous discovery would be made in 1896, with the <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a>, a major inscription on a <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">pillar of Ashoka</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Alois_Anton_F%C3%BChrer" title="Alois Anton Führer">Alois Anton Führer</a>. The inscription, together with other evidence, confirmed <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a> as the birthplace of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-KW63_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KW63-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization was rocked when Führer was unmasked in 1898, and was found to file fraudulent reports about his investigations. Confronted by Smith about his archaeological publications and his report to the Government, Führer was obliged to admit "that every statement in it [the report] was absolutely false."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under official instructions from the Government of India, Führer was relieved of his positions, his papers seized and his offices inspected by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Arthur Smith</a> on 22 September 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Führer had written in 1897 a monograph on his discoveries in Nigali Sagar and Lumbini, <i>Monograph on Buddha Sakyamuni's birth-place in the Nepalese tarai</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was withdrawn from circulation by the Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Courier_Corporation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Corporation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Führer was dismissed and returned to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–1947"><span id="1901.E2.80.931947"></span>1901–1947</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1901–1947"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revival_under_Lord_Curzon">Revival under Lord Curzon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revival under Lord Curzon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post of Director General was restored by Viceroy and Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a> in 1902. In a speech given to the Asiatic Society on 26 February 1901, he stated that he 'regarded the conservation of ancient monuments as one of the primary obligations of Government’.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoOL-7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoOL-7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_Preservation_Act_1904" title="Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904">Ancient Monuments Preservation Act</a> was passed in 1904 during his tenure as viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoOL-7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoOL-7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discovery_of_Indus_Valley_Civilisation">Discovery of Indus Valley Civilisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discovery of Indus Valley Civilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breaking with tradition, Curzon appointed 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">Cambridge</a>-trained archeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a> as the director-general of the ASI. Marshall had experience with archeological excavations in Greece and oversaw reforms within the organization that consolidated funding and oversight over the local branches of the ASI. He served as the director-general for a quarter of a century and during his long tenure, he replenished and invigorated the survey whose activities were fast dwindling into insignificance. Marshall established the post of Government epigraphist and encouraged epigraphical studies. In 1913, he began the <a href="/wiki/Taxila_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxila (ancient)">excavations at Taxila</a>, which lasted for 21 years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant event of his tenure was, however, the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjodaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjodaro">Mohenjodaro</a> in 1921. The success and scale of the discoveries made ensured that the progress made in Marshall's tenure would remain unmatched. Marshall was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hargreaves" title="Harold Hargreaves">Harold Hargreaves</a> in 1928. Hargreaves was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Daya_Ram_Sahni" title="Daya Ram Sahni">Daya Ram Sahni</a>. </p><p>Sahni was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Blakiston" title="J. F. Blakiston">J. F. Blakiston</a> and <a href="/wiki/K._N._Dikshit" class="mw-redirect" title="K. N. Dikshit">K. N. Dikshit</a> both of whom had participated in the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. In 1944, a British archaeologist and army officer, <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a> took over as Director General. Wheeler served as Director General till 1948 and during this period he excavated the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone age</a> sites of <a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeological site">Brahmagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandravalli" title="Chandravalli">Chandravalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maski" title="Maski">Maski</a> in South India. Wheeler founded the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India_(journal)" title="Ancient India (journal)">Ancient India</a></i> in 1946 and presided over the partitioning of ASI's assets during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> and helped establish an archaeological body for the newly formed Pakistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–2019"><span id="1947.E2.80.932019"></span>1947–2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1947–2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wheeler was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/N._P._Chakravarti" title="N. P. Chakravarti">N. P. Chakravarti</a> in 1948. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum</a> was inaugurated in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> on 15 August 1949 to house the artifacts displayed at the Indian Exhibition in the United Kingdom. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Madho_Sarup_Vats" title="Madho Sarup Vats">Madho Sarup Vats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Amalananda Ghosh</a> succeeded Chakravarti. Ghosh's tenure which lasted until 1968 is noted for the excavations of Indus Valley sites at <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>. The <i>Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act</i> was passed in 1958 bringing the archaeological survey under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture. Ghosh was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Lal (archaeologist)">B. B. Lal</a> who conducted archaeological excavations at <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> to investigate whether a Ram Temple preceded the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a>. During Lal's tenure, the <i>Antiquities and Art Treasures Act</i> (1972) was passed recommending central protection for monuments considered to be "of national importance". Lal was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/M._N._Deshpande" title="M. N. Deshpande">M. N. Deshpande</a> who served from 1972 to 1978 and <a href="/wiki/B._K._Thapar" title="B. K. Thapar">B. K. Thapar</a> who served from 1978 to 1981. On Thapar's retirement in 1981, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Debala_Mitra" title="Debala Mitra">Debala Mitra</a> was appointed to succeed him - she was the first woman Director General of the ASI. Mitra was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/M._S._Nagaraja_Rao" title="M. S. Nagaraja Rao">M. S. Nagaraja Rao</a>, who had been transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Department_of_Archaeology" title="Karnataka State Department of Archaeology">Karnataka State Department of Archaeology</a>. Archaeologists J. P. Joshi and M. C. Joshi succeeded Rao. M. C. Joshi was the director general when the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> was demolished in 1992 triggering Hindu-Muslim violence all over India. As a fallout of the demolition, Joshi was dismissed in 1993 and controversially replaced as director general by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS) officer Achala Moulik, a move which inaugurated a tradition of appointing bureaucrats of the IAS instead of archaeologists to head the survey. The tradition was finally brought to an end in 2010 when Gautam Sengupta an archaeologist, replaced K.M Srivastava an IAS officer as director general. He was again succeeded by Pravin Srivastava, another IAS officer. Srivastava's successor incumbent, Rakesh Tiwari was also a professional archaeologist. His successor Usha Sharma was also an IAS officer and her successor V Vidyavathi who is the present DG of ASI is also an IAS officer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg/170px-An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg/255px-An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg/340px-An_old_ticket_of_the_Heritage_Monuments_of_India_by_ASI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>An old ticket for the heritage monuments of India, issued by the Archaeological Survey of India</figcaption></figure> <p>The Archaeological Survey of India is an attached office of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">Ministry of Culture</a>. Under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/AMASR_Act" title="AMASR Act">AMASR Act</a> of 1958, the ASI administers more than 3650 ancient monuments, archaeological sites and remains of national importance. These can include everything from temples, mosques, churches, tombs, and cemeteries to palaces, forts, step-wells, and rock-cut caves. The Survey also maintains ancient mounds and other similar sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation.<sup id="cite_ref-amasr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amasr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ASI is headed by a director general who is assisted by an additional director general, two joint directors general, and 17 directors.<sup id="cite_ref-asiorg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiorg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circles">Circles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Circles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASI is divided into a total of 34 circles<sup id="cite_ref-asicircles_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asicircles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each headed by a Superintending Archaeologist.<sup id="cite_ref-asiorg_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiorg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the circles are further divided into sub-circles. The circles of the ASI are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangabad, Maharashtra">Aurangabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad" title="Dharwad">Dharwad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li></ol></div> <p>The ASI also administers three "mini-circles" at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asicircles_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asicircles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors-General">Directors-General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Directors-General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Survey has had 32 Directors-General thus far. Its founder, Alexander Cunningham served as Archaeological Surveyor between 1861 and 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-asihistory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asihistory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>1871−1885: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a></li> <li>1886−1889: <a href="/wiki/James_Burgess_(archaeologist)" title="James Burgess (archaeologist)">James Burgess</a></li> <li>1902−1928: <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a></li> <li>1928−1931: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hargreaves" title="Harold Hargreaves">Harold Hargreaves</a></li> <li>1931−1935: <a href="/wiki/Daya_Ram_Sahni" title="Daya Ram Sahni">Daya Ram Sahni</a></li> <li>1935−1937: <a href="/wiki/J._F._Blakiston" title="J. F. Blakiston">J. F. Blakiston</a></li> <li>1937−1944: <a href="/wiki/K._N._Dikshit" class="mw-redirect" title="K. N. Dikshit">K. N. Dikshit</a></li> <li>1944−1948: <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li>1948−1950: <a href="/wiki/N._P._Chakravarti" title="N. P. Chakravarti">N. P. Chakravarti</a></li> <li>1950−1953: <a href="/wiki/Madho_Sarup_Vats" title="Madho Sarup Vats">Madho Sarup Vats</a></li> <li>1953−1968: <a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Amalananda Ghosh</a></li> <li>1968−1972: <a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Lal (archaeologist)">B. B. Lal</a></li> <li>1972−1978: <a href="/wiki/M._N._Deshpande" title="M. N. Deshpande">M. N. Deshpande</a></li> <li>1978−1981: <a href="/wiki/B._K._Thapar" title="B. K. Thapar">B. K. Thapar</a></li> <li>1981−1983: <a href="/wiki/Debala_Mitra" title="Debala Mitra">Debala Mitra</a></li> <li>1984−1987: <a href="/wiki/M._S._Nagaraja_Rao" title="M. S. Nagaraja Rao">M. S. Nagaraja Rao</a></li> <li>1987−1989: <a href="/wiki/J._P._Joshi" title="J. P. Joshi">J. P. Joshi</a></li> <li>1989−1993: <a href="/wiki/M._C._Joshi_(archaeologist)" title="M. C. Joshi (archaeologist)">M. C. Joshi</a></li> <li>1993−1994: <a href="/wiki/Achala_Moulik" title="Achala Moulik">Achala Moulik</a></li> <li>1994−1995: S. K. Mahapatra</li> <li>1995−1997: B. P. Singh</li> <li>1997−1998: Ajai Shankar</li> <li>1998−2001: S. B. Mathur</li> <li>2001−2004: K. G. Menon</li> <li>2004−2007: C. Babu Rajeev</li> <li>2009−2010: <a href="/wiki/K._N._Srivastava" title="K. N. Srivastava">K. N. Srivastava</a></li> <li>2010−2013: Gautam Sengupta</li> <li>2013−2014: Pravin Srivastava</li> <li>2014−2017: <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Tewari" title="Rakesh Tewari">Rakesh Tewari</a></li> <li>2017−2020: <a href="/wiki/Usha_Sharma_(IAS)" title="Usha Sharma (IAS)">Usha Sharma</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020−2023: V.Vidyawati</li> <li>2023−present: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deshgujarat.com/2023/12/08/yadubir-singh-rawat-appointed-as-dg-of-asi-dholavira-vadnagar-among-his-excavations/">Yadubir Singh Rawat</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's first museum was established by the Asiatic Society in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>) in 1814. Much of its collection was passed on to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a>, which was established in the city in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-asb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archaeological Survey did not maintain its own museums until the tenure of its third director-general, John Marshall. He initiated the establishment of various museums at Sarnath (1904), Agra (1906), Ajmer (1908), Delhi Fort (1909), Bijapur (1912), Nalanda (1917) and Sanchi (1919). The ASI's museums are customarily located right next to the sites that their inventories are associated with "so that they may be studied amid their natural surroundings and not lose focus by being transported". </p><p>A dedicated Museums Branch was established in 1946 by Mortimer Wheeler, which now maintains a total of 50 museums spread across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Library">Library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ASI maintains a Central Archaeological Library in the Archaeological Survey of India headquarters building in Tilak Marg, Mandi House, New Delhi. Established in 1902, its collection numbers more than 100,000 books and journals. The library is also a repository of rare books, plates, and original drawings. The Survey additionally maintains a library in each of its circles to cater to local academics and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_Preservation">Scientific Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scientific Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mohammed Sanaullah Khan was appointed to the Archaeological Survey of India on 29 June 1917, marking the establishment of the Science Branch. His main responsibilities included preserving and chemically treating artefacts from museums and other artefacts. An Archaeological Chemist then oversaw the establishment of a laboratory at the Indian Museum in Calcutta, which was later moved to Dehradun in 1921–1922. The scope and activities of the Science Branch greatly expanded along with the survey's expansion and shortly after Independence. These included doing in-depth study, treating monuments, analysing material remnants, determining the reasons behind deterioration, and taking corrective action for chemical conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day-to-day work of the survey was published in a series of periodical bulletins and reports. The periodicals and archaeological series published by the ASI are: </p> <dl><dt>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum</dt> <dd>It consists of a series of seven volumes of inscriptions discovered and deciphered by archaeologists of the survey. Founded in 1877 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a>, a final revised volume was published by <a href="/wiki/E._Hultzsch" title="E. Hultzsch">E. Hultzsch</a> in 1925.</dd> <dt>Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy</dt> <dd>The first volume of the Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy was brought out by the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphist" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigraphist">epigraphist</a> -<a href="/wiki/E._Hultzsch" title="E. Hultzsch">E. Hultzsch</a> in 1887. The bulletin has not been published since 2005.</dd> <dt>Epigraphia Indica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epigraphia_Indica" title="Epigraphia Indica">Epigraphia Indica</a> was first published by the then Director-General, J. Burgess in 1888 as a supplementary to <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary" title="The Indian Antiquary">The Indian Antiquary</a>. Since then, a total of 43 volumes have been published. The last volume was published in 1979. An Arabic and Persian supplement to the Epigraphia Indica was also published from 1907 to 1977.</dd> <dt>South Indian Inscriptions</dt> <dd>The first volume of <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Inscriptions" title="South Indian Inscriptions">South Indian Inscriptions</a> was edited by E. Hultzsch and published in 1890. A total of 27 volumes were published till 1990. The early volumes are the main source of historical information on the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a>.</dd> <dt>Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India</dt> <dd>It was the primary bulletin of the ASI. The first annual report was published by John Marshall in 1902–03. The last volume was published in 1938–39. It was replaced by Indian Archaeology: A Review.</dd> <dt>Ancient India</dt> <dd>The first volume of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India_(journal)" title="Ancient India (journal)">Ancient India</a> was published in 1946 and edited by Sir <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a> as a bi-annual and converted to an annual in 1949. The twenty-second and last volume was published in 1966.</dd> <dt>Indian Archaeology: A Review</dt> <dd>Indian Archaeology: A Review is the primary bulletin of the ASI and has been published since 1953–54. It replaced the Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_government_archaeological_departments">State government archaeological departments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: State government archaeological departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the ASI, archaeological work in India and conservation of monuments is also carried out in some states by state government archaeological departments. Most of these bodies were set up by the various princely states before independence. When these states were annexed to India after independence, the individual archaeological departments of these states were not integrated with the ASI. Instead, they were allowed to function as independent bodies. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Directorate_of_Archaeology_%26_Museums" title="Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums">Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums</a> (formed in 1972 by upgrading the cell that was earlier under the education department)</li> <li>Orissa State Archaeology Department (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Department_of_Archeology_and_Museums" title="Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums">Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_State_Department_of_Archaeology" title="Karnataka State Department of Archaeology">Karnataka State Department of Archaeology</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Archaeology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala State Archaeology Department">Kerala State Archaeology Department</a> (formed in 1962 by merging Travancore State Archaeology Department (est 1910) and Cochin State Archaeology Department (est 1925))<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Archaeology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department">Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department</a> (1961)</li> <li>Department of Archaeology and Museum, Government of West Bengal</li> <li>Department of Archaeology, Govt. of NCT of Delhi.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, a <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India" title="Comptroller and Auditor General of India">Comptroller and Auditor General</a> (CAG) report found that at least 92 centrally protected monuments of historical importance across the country had gone missing without a trace. The CAG could physically verify only 45% of the structures (1,655 out of 3,678). The CAG report said that the ASI did not have reliable information on the exact number of monuments under its protection. The CAG recommended that periodic inspection of each protected monument should be done by a suitably ranked officer. The Culture ministry accepted the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Planning_and_Management" title="Indian Institute of Planning and Management">IIPM</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Arindam_Chaudhuri" title="Arindam Chaudhuri">Arindam Chaudhuri</a> said that since the ASI is unable to protect the country's museums and monuments, they should be professionally maintained by private companies or through the <a href="/wiki/Public-private-partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private-partnership">public-private-partnership</a> (PPP) model.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> said that the ASI was not properly discharging its duty in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> and asked the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to consider whether some other agency be given the responsibility to protect and preserve it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fictional character <a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Gangopadhyay" title="Sunil Gangopadhyay">Sunil Gangopadhyay</a>'s famed Kakababu series, is an ex-Director of the Archaeological Survey of India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Five expert archaeologists who have also been working on Mohenjo Daro for many years—P. Ajit Prasad,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V. N. Prabakhar,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K. Krishnan,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasant Shinde,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R. S. Bisht,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "who are all from the Archaeological Survey of India, <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Sayajirao_University_of_Baroda" title="Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda">Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda</a> and other institutions, all with expertise in different aspects of the same civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-BollywoodHungama.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BollywoodHungama.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Protected_Monuments_of_India" title="State Protected Monuments of India">State Protected Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">List of World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">Monuments of National Importance of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Archaeological_Society" title="Delhi Archaeological Society">Delhi Archaeological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_India" title="Survey of India">Survey of India</a>, India's central agency in charge of <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">mapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Upadhyaya_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Institute of Archaeology">Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Institute of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_epigraphy" title="Sanskrit epigraphy">Sanskrit epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Treasure_Trove_Act,_1878" title="Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878">Indian Treasure Trove Act, 1878</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895562">"The annual outlay for Ministry of Culture in FY 2023-24 increased by 12.97% to Rs. 3,399.65 Crore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+annual+outlay+for+Ministry+of+Culture+in+FY+2023-24+increased+by+12.97%25+to+Rs.+3%2C399.65+Crore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pib.gov.in%2FPressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1895562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asi.nic.in/HQ/history-view">"History of ASI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+ASI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2FHQ%2Fhistory-view&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asihistory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asihistory_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asihistory_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_aboutus_history.asp">"History"</a>. <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421183034/http://asi.nic.in/asi_aboutus_history.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_aboutus_history.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFH496-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DFH496_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFH496_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFH496_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DFH496_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, Andrew (2010). "Dr Führer's Wanderjahre: The Early Career of a Victorian Archaeologist". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 496–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186310000246">10.1017/S1356186310000246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40926240">40926240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162507322">162507322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Dr+F%C3%BChrer%27s+Wanderjahre%3A+The+Early+Career+of+a+Victorian+Archaeologist&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=496-498&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162507322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40926240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186310000246&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, Andrew (2011). "Mr Houghton and Dr Führer: a scholarly vendetta and its consequences". <i>South East Asia Research</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5367%2Fsear.2011.0030">10.5367/sear.2011.0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-828X">0967-828X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23750866">23750866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147046097">147046097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia+Research&rft.atitle=Mr+Houghton+and+Dr+F%C3%BChrer%3A+a+scholarly+vendetta+and+its+consequences&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0967-828X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147046097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23750866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5367%2Fsear.2011.0030&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courier_Corporation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courier_Corporation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courier_Corporation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Edward Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NE-fmHzumWkC&pg=PA18"><i>The Life of Buddha as Legend and History</i></a>. Courier Corporation. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41132-3"><bdi>978-0-486-41132-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515022022/https://books.google.com/books?id=NE-fmHzumWkC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Buddha+as+Legend+and+History&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41132-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNE-fmHzumWkC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Huxley, Andrew (2010). "Dr Führer's Wanderjahre: The Early Career of a Victorian Archaeologist". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 499–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186310000246">10.1017/S1356186310000246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40926240">40926240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162507322">162507322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Dr+F%C3%BChrer%27s+Wanderjahre%3A+The+Early+Career+of+a+Victorian+Archaeologist&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=499-502&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162507322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40926240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186310000246&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1895" class="citation journal cs1">Bühler, G. (1895). "Some Notes on Past and Future Archœological Explorations in India". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>: 649–660. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25197280">25197280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+Past+and+Future+Arch%C5%93ological+Explorations+in+India&rft.pages=649-660&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25197280%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KW63-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KW63_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeise2013" class="citation book cs1">Weise, Kai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63"><i>The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-001208-3"><bdi>978-92-3-001208-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154038/https://books.google.com/books?id=naohAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Garden+of+Lumbini%3A+Perceptions+of+Buddha%27s+birthplace&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-92-3-001208-3&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnaohAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWILLIS2012" class="citation journal cs1">WILLIS, MICHAEL (2012). 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(2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=92+ASI-protected+monuments+missing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2F92-ASI-protected-monuments-missing%2Farticleshow%2F22015751.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPioneer" class="citation news cs1">Pioneer, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/ite/indias-monumental-mess.html">"India's monumental mess"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044242/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/ite/indias-monumental-mess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=India%27s+monumental+mess&rft.aulast=Pioneer&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fcolumnists%2Fite%2Findias-monumental-mess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/archaeological-survey-of-india-failed-explore-tasking-taj-mahal-upkeep-to-another-body-sc/articleshow/64102364.cms">"Archaeological Survey of India failed, explore tasking Taj Mahal upkeep to another body: SC to Centre"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/archaeological-survey-of-india-failed-explore-tasking-taj-mahal-upkeep-to-another-body-sc/articleshow/64102364.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India+failed%2C+explore+tasking+Taj+Mahal+upkeep+to+another+body%3A+SC+to+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Farchaeological-survey-of-india-failed-explore-tasking-taj-mahal-upkeep-to-another-body-sc%2Farticleshow%2F64102364.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">as officially credited in the film</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BollywoodHungama.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BollywoodHungama.com_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8lGyKaLZSU"><i>Ashutosh Gowariker | Mohenjo Daro | Hrithik Roshan | Full Interview | Aamir Khan | Shah Rukh Khan</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama" title="Bollywood Hungama">Bollywood Hungama</a></i>. 4 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718232346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8lGyKaLZSU">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ashutosh+Gowariker+%7C+Mohenjo+Daro+%7C+Hrithik+Roshan+%7C+Full+Interview+%7C+Aamir+Khan+%7C+Shah+Rukh+Khan&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dn8lGyKaLZSU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeological+Survey+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_Survey_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asi.nic.in/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632235#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=in">World Heritage, Tentative Lists, State: India</a> — <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1090/">Dholavira: a Harappan City, Disstt, Kachchh, Gujarat, India, India (Asia and the Pacific), Date of Submission: 03/07/1998, Submission prepared by: Archaeological Survey of India, Coordinates: 23°53'10" N, 70°11'03" E, Ref.: 1090</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Archaeological_Survey_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological Survey of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_Survey_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaeological Survey of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Director-Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Sir Alexander Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burgess_(archaeologist)" title="James Burgess (archaeologist)">James Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">Sir John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hargreaves" title="Harold Hargreaves">Harold Hargreaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Ram_Sahni" title="Daya Ram Sahni">Daya Ram Sahni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._Blakiston" title="J. F. Blakiston">J. F. Blakiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Dikshit" class="mw-redirect" title="K. N. Dikshit">K. N. Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Sir Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._P._Chakravarti" title="N. P. Chakravarti">N. P. Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madho_Sarup_Vats" title="Madho Sarup Vats">Madho Sarup Vats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Amalananda Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Lal (archaeologist)">B. B. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Deshpande" title="M. N. Deshpande">M. N. Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Thapar" title="B. K. Thapar">B. K. Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debala_Mitra" title="Debala Mitra">Debala Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Nagaraja_Rao" title="M. S. Nagaraja Rao">M. S. Nagaraja Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Joshi" title="J. P. Joshi">J. P. Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Joshi_(archaeologist)" title="M. C. Joshi (archaeologist)">M. C. Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achala_Moulik" title="Achala Moulik">Achala Moulik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._K._Mahapatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. K. Mahapatra (page does not exist)">S. K. Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B._P._Singh_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. P. Singh (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">B. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajai_Shankar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajai Shankar (page does not exist)">Ajai Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._B._Mathur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. B. Mathur (page does not exist)">S. B. Mathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._G._Menon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. G. Menon (page does not exist)">K. G. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Babu_Rajeev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Babu Rajeev (page does not exist)">C. Babu Rajeev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Srivastava" title="K. N. Srivastava">K. N. Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gautam_Sengupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gautam Sengupta (page does not exist)">Gautam Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravin_Srivastava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravin Srivastava (page does not exist)">Pravin Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Tewari" title="Rakesh Tewari">Rakesh Tewari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Archaeology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department">Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_India" title="Survey of India">Survey of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632235#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632235#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000041765940X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139591045">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/25827-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80067323">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13196717q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13196717q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257978005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035567562">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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