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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stone Age in archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stone_Age_in_archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stone Age in archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age_in_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beginning of the Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>End of the Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_of_the_Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_of_the_Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Concept of the Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_of_the_Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-stage_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-stage_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Three-stage system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-stage_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problem_of_the_transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problem_of_the_transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Problem of the transitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problem_of_the_transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three-age_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-age_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Three-age chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-age_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lower Paleolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oldowan_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldowan_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Oldowan in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldowan_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oldowan_out_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldowan_out_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.2</span> <span>Oldowan out of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldowan_out_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acheulean_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acheulean_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.3</span> <span>Acheulean in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acheulean_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acheulean_out_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acheulean_out_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.4</span> <span>Acheulean out of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acheulean_out_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Middle Paleolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Upper Paleolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>African chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Early Stone Age (ESA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Middle Stone Age (MSA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Later Stone Age (LSA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelter_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelter_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Shelter and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelter_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Rock paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Stone Age rituals and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stone Age</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 159 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-159" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">159 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentydperk" title="Steentydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Steentydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinzeit" title="Steinzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Steinzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ድንጋይ ዘመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድንጋይ ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%91gi%C3%A4igi" title="Keđgiäigi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Keđgiäigi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण युग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पाषाण युग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="العصر الحجري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_Piedra" title="Edat de Piedra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat de Piedra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰস্তৰ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_de_piedra" title="Edá de piedra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá de piedra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9F_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Daş dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daş dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="داش دؤورانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داش دؤورانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="প্রস্তর যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রস্তর যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chio%CC%8Dh-kh%C3%AC_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Chio̍h-khì sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chio̍h-khì sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Таш быуат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Таш быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Каменны век – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каменны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Каменны век – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каменны век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_kan_Gapo" title="Panahon kan Gapo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panahon kan Gapo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Каменна епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каменна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoazeid" title="Stoazeid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stoazeid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རྡོ་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྡོ་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kameno doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_ar_maen" title="Oadvezh ar maen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oadvezh ar maen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_pedra" title="Edat de pedra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat de pedra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Чуллă ĕмĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чуллă ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kamenn%C3%A1" title="Doba kamenná – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doba kamenná" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_y_Cerrig" title="Oes y Cerrig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes y Cerrig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenalder" title="Stenalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stenalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gea%C4%91ge%C3%A1igi" title="Geađgeáigi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Geađgeáigi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinzeit" title="Steinzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steinzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviaeg" title="Kiviaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiviaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εποχή του Λίθου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή του Λίθου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_de_Piedra" title="Edad de Piedra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad de Piedra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctonepoko" title="Ŝtonepoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtonepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Aroa" title="Harri Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harri Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="عصر سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patthar_Yug" title="Patthar Yug – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Patthar Yug" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_de_la_pierre" title="Âge de la pierre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge de la pierre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stientiid" title="Stientiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stientiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clochaois" title="Clochaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clochaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eash_Chloaie" title="Yn Eash Chloaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eash Chloaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_de_Pedra" title="Idade de Pedra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade de Pedra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кхерий зама – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кхерий зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="石器時代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%9A_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سنگ ٚ زمات – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سنگ ٚ زمات" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अश्मयुग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अश्मयुग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="석기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Stone Age" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Քարի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाषाण युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamjentna_doba" title="Kamjentna doba – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kamjentna doba" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kameno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroepoko" title="Petroepoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Petroepoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panawen_ti_Bato" title="Panawen ti Bato – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panawen ti Bato" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngexesha_lamatye" title="Ngexesha lamatye – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ngexesha lamatye" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein%C3%B6ld" title="Steinöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steinöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_della_pietra" title="Età della pietra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età della pietra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F" title="תקופת האבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת האבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B_p%C9%A9nz%C9%A9_(Age_de_la_Pi%C3%A8rre)" title="Pɩyɛ pɩnzɩ (Age de la Pièrre) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛ pɩnzɩ (Age de la Pièrre)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქვის ხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვის ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%81%D9%90_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کنہِ کال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنہِ کال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тас дәуірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тас дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_Men" title="Oos Men – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos Men" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_za_Mawe" title="Zama za Mawe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zama za Mawe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laj_di_py%C3%A8r" title="Laj di pyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laj di pyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_kevir%C3%AE" title="Serdema kevirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema kevirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Таш доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таш доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dla_Pera" title="Eté dla Pera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dla Pera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຍຸກຫີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຍຸກຫີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_lapidea" title="Aetas lapidea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas lapidea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_laikmets" title="Akmens laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akmens laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenz%C3%A4it" title="Steenzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Steenzäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_am%C5%BEius" title="Akmens amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akmens amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steintied" title="Steintied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Steintied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_de_Petra" title="Eda de Petra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda de Petra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rokci_cedra" title="rokci cedra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rokci cedra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_de_la_Preda" title="Etaa de la Preda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etaa de la Preda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91korszak" title="Kőkorszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőkorszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Камено време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камено време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ശിലായുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശിലായുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="पाषाण युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाषाण युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქუაშ ხანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქუაშ ხანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%89" title="عصر حجرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر حجرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Batu" title="Zaman Batu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_de_la_Piedra" title="Eidade de la Piedra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade de la Piedra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Чулуун зэвсгийн үе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чулуун зэвсгийн үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်ခေတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentijd" title="Steentijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steentijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyntyd" title="Steyntyd – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steyntyd" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ढुङ्गे युग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुङ्गे युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ल्वहं युग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्वहं युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2I%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ТIулган оьмар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТIулган оьмар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiantidj" title="Stiantidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stiantidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinalderen" title="Steinalderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steinalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinalderen" title="Steinalderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steinalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_la_P%C3%A8ira" title="Edat de la Pèira – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat de la Pèira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B1_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Кӱ курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кӱ курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosh_davri" title="Tosh davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tosh davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਪੱਥਰ ਯੁੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਥਰ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="پتھر ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتھر ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လုံးခေတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လုံးခေတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د ډبرې دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډبرې دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuon_Iej" title="Tuon Iej – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tuon Iej" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80" title="យុគថ្មបំបែក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យុគថ្មបំបែក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_dla_pera" title="Età dla pera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età dla pera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentiet" title="Steentiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steentiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_kamienia" title="Epoka kamienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka kamienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_da_Pedra" title="Idade da Pedra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade da Pedra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F_devri" title="Taş devri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Taş devri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenzitt" title="Steenzitt – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Steenzitt" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_de_piatr%C4%83" title="Epoca de piatră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca de piatră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_da_crap" title="Temp da crap – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp da crap" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Камяна доба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Камяна доба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Каменный век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каменный век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Таас үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таас үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पाषाणयुगम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पाषाणयुगम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱷᱤᱨᱤ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stane_Age" title="Stane Age – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Stane Age" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentied" title="Steentied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Steentied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha_e_Gurit" title="Koha e Gurit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koha e Gurit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etati_d%C3%A2_Petra" title="Etati dâ Petra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etati dâ Petra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="ශිලා යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශිලා යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stone Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پٿر جو دور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پٿر جو دور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenn%C3%A1_doba" title="Kamenná doba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kamenná doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamena_doba" title="Kamena doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamena doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_kamjy%C5%84a" title="Epoka kamjyńa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Epoka kamjyńa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سەردەمی بەردین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی بەردین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Камено доба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камено доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameno_doba" title="Kameno doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kameno doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivikausi" title="Kivikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten%C3%A5ldern" title="Stenåldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stenåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Bato" title="Panahong Bato – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Bato" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கற்காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கற்காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Таш дәвере – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Таш дәвере" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రాతి యుగము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాతి యుగము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Асри санг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асри санг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9F_Devri" title="Taş Devri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taş Devri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9F_asyry" title="Daş asyry – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Daş asyry" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D2%AF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Баштайгы амыдыралдың даш чепсектиг үези – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Баштайгы амыдыралдың даш чепсектиг үези" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80" title="Из даур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Из даур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кам'яна доба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кам'яна доба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سنگی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciuhrin" title="Ciuhrin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ciuhrin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_de_%C5%82a_piera" title="Età de ła piera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Età de ła piera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviaig" title="Kiviaig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kiviaig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Thời đại đồ đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiviaig" title="Kiviaig – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiviaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E4%B8%96" title="石世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="石世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steentyd" title="Steentyd – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Steentyd" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_han_Bato" title="Panahon han Bato – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon han Bato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="石器时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石器时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="שטיין עפאכע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטיין עפאכע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石器時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewr%C3%AA_Kemere" title="Dewrê Kemere – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dewrê Kemere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABl%C4%97_gad%C4%ABn%C4%97" title="Kūlė gadīnė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kūlė gadīnė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石器時代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> temples in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, Malta, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3600</span>–2500 BC, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br />Early Stone Age <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Atlatl</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and Arrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoes</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Periods_by_pottery_phase" title="Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Stone_Age" title="Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stone_Age" title="Template talk:Stone Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stone_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By technological eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Premodern / <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">Digital transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagination age">Imagination Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Ancient Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Hellenistic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type of technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">History of computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufacturing">History of manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">History of maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">History of simple machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technology timelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines" title="Category:Technology timelines">Complete list by category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Article indices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stone Age</b> was a broad <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> period during which <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> was widely used to make <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended between 4000 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a> and 2000 BC, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It therefore represents nearly 99.3% of human history. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">copper</a> for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, this occurred by about 3000 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> became widespread. The term <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses. </p><p>Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tools</a> have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> in use. </p><p>The Stone Age is the first period in the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, respectively. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: the earliest and most primitive being the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era; a transitional period with finer tools known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> era; and the final stage known as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting <a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_settlements" title="List of Neolithic settlements">towns and villages</a> as <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">agriculture became widespread</a>. In the chronology of prehistory, the Neolithic era usually overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> ("Copper") era preceding the Bronze Age. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Awashrivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/220px-Awashrivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/330px-Awashrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Awashrivermap.png/440px-Awashrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found</figcaption></figure> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div 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style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:8.8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to <i>Homo</i> may have manufactured tools.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> System, especially toward the north in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, where it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>. The closest relative among the other living <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">Pan</a></i>, represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> and also north down the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> to the vast grasslands of Asia. </p><p>Starting from about 4 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) a single <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China. This has been called "transcontinental 'savannahstan<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" recently.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the grasslands of the rift, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, the predecessor of modern humans, found an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a "tool-equipped <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> dweller".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_Age_in_archaeology">Stone Age in archaeology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age">Beginning of the Stone Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrowhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Arrowhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile point</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying what may be the oldest evidence of hominin use of tools known to date, have indicated that <i><a href="/wiki/Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a> platyops</i> (a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1999) may have been the earliest tool-users known.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of <a href="/wiki/Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> 3 in West <a href="/wiki/Turkana_County" title="Turkana County">Turkana</a>, northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmand_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmand_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the discovery of these "Lomekwian" tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona, Ethiopia</a>, on sediments of the paleo-<a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a <a href="/wiki/Disconformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Disconformity">disconformity</a>, or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>. The oldest sites discovered to contain tools are dated to 2.6–2.55 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, where prior to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. Excavators at the locality point out that:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... the earliest stone tool makers were skilled <a href="/wiki/Flintknappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknappers">flintknappers</a> ... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include ... gaps in the geological record.</p></blockquote> <p>The species that made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Australopithecus garhi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_aethiopicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Australopithecus aethiopicus">Australopithecus aethiopicus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Homo</i>, possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> of the known oldest stone tools outside Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180711cz_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180711cz-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Stone_Age">End of the Stone Age</h3></div> <p>Innovation in the technique of <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> is regarded as the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The first highly significant metal manufactured was <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, an alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> (or more technically the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> or Eneolithic, both meaning 'copper–stone'). The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. </p><p>The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 and 2500 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BC</a> for much of humanity living in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first evidence of human <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> dates to between the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennia</a> BC in the archaeological sites of the <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Majdanpek" title="Majdanpek">Majdanpek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarmovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarmovac">Jarmovac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudna_Glava" title="Rudna Glava">Rudna Glava</a> in modern-day Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a> from about 3300 BC, carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife. </p><p>In some regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle East and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Europe, and the rest of Asia became post-Stone Age societies by about 4000 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">proto-Inca</a> cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BC, when gold, copper, and silver made their entrance. The peoples of the Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting bronze or iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America, <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstones</a> were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_of_the_Stone_Age">Concept of the Stone Age</h3></div> <p>The terms "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", and "Iron Age" are not intended to suggest that advancements and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example, <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Food sources">food sources</a> exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking, <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a>, and religion. Like <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a> is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> to determine their typology, function and technologies involved. It includes the scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">lithic reduction</a> of the raw materials and methods used to make the prehistoric artifacts that are discovered. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In <a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">experimental archaeology</a>, researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. <a href="/wiki/Flintknapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Flintknapper">Flintknappers</a> are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flintstone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Flint_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint (tool)">flint tool</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_park_stone_tools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg/220px-National_park_stone_tools.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg/330px-National_park_stone_tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/National_park_stone_tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to lithic analysis, field prehistorians use a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of archaeologists in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of geologic specialists in identifying layers of rock developed or deposited over geologic time; of paleontological specialists in identifying bones and animals; of palynologists in discovering and identifying pollen, spores and plant species; of physicists and chemists in laboratories determining ages of materials by <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">potassium-argon</a> and other methods. The study of the Stone Age has never been limited to stone tools and archaeology, even though they are important forms of evidence. The chief focus of study has always been on the society and the living people who belonged to it. </p><p>Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable, depending upon the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'Stone Age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed metal-<a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> technology, and so remained in the so-called 'Stone Age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological cultures</a> of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> and Oceania, where <a href="/wiki/Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers">farmers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> used stone for tools until European <a href="/wiki/Colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation">colonisation</a> began. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg/150px-Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg/225px-Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg/300px-Kiuruveden_reik%C3%A4kirves_-_Stone_axe_of_Kiuruvesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="3828" /></a><figcaption>Stone Age <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axe</a> engraved with human face found from <a href="/wiki/Kiuruvesi" title="Kiuruvesi">Kiuruvesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe could be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term <i>Stone Age</i> is controversial. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Social_Anthropologists" title="Association of Social Anthropologists">Association of Social Anthropologists</a> discourages this use, asserting:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-stage_system">Three-stage system</h3></div> <p>In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of <a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">J. Desmond Clark</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.</p></blockquote> <p>Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time. </p><p>The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_van_Riet_Lowe" title="Clarence van Riet Lowe">Clarence van Riet Lowe</a>, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal <i>Annals of the South African Museum</i>. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, and Late Stone Age, or <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (<i>neo</i> = new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see <i><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">iron metallurgy in Africa</a></i>). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was <a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">copper metallurgy in Africa</a> as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies. </p><p>By voluntary agreement,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="what does this even mean? Which archeologists? What did they agree to? Why? This is very dubious sounding without a good source (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> archaeologists respect the decisions of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-African_Congress_on_Prehistory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-African Congress on Prehistory (page does not exist)">Pan-African Congress on Prehistory</a>, which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a> hosted the first one in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problem_of_the_transitions">Problem of the transitions</h3></div> <p>The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contiguity" class="extiw" title="wikt:contiguity">contiguous</a> in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B. </p><p>The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> recognized the problem of the initial transition, the "gap" between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Leakey" title="Louis Leakey">Louis Leakey</a> provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing. </p><p>After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Fauresmith_(industry)" title="Fauresmith (industry)">Fauresmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> technology and others. The chronologic basis for the definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Will-of-the-wisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Will-of-the-wisp">will-of-the-wisps</a>. They were in fact <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>. Fauresmith is now considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, while Sangoan is a facies of <a href="/wiki/Lupemban" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupemban">Lupemban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magosian is "an artificial mix of two different periods".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29, <i>Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Leakey" title="Mary Leakey">Mary Leakey</a>, who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to <i>Olduvai Gorge</i>, "Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/310px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/465px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg/620px-Five_Myr_Climate_Change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1859 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Jacob_Worsaae" class="mw-redirect" title="Jens Jacob Worsaae">Jens Jacob Worsaae</a> first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_midden" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen midden">kitchen middens</a> that began in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> boundaries on the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>: </p> <ul><li>The geologic <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> boundary (highly glaciated climate) <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period of archaeology</li></ul></li> <li>The geologic <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> boundary (modern climate) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> period of archaeology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period of archaeology</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a>) to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-age_chronology">Three-age chronology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div> <p>The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, <i>palaios</i>, "old"; and λίθος, <i><a href="/wiki/Lithos" title="Lithos">lithos</a></i>, "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a> and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history",<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> around 10,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paleolithic era ended with the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, or in areas with an early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">neolithisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower_Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></div> <p>At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">Chopper chopping tool</a> industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus"><i>Homo erectus</i></a>. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that <i>H. erectus</i> probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone. About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand axe, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Abbevillian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbevillian Industry">Abbevillian industry</a>, which developed in northern France in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Somme_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme River">Somme River</a>; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheulean industry">Acheulian industry</a>, evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> (Tanzania) in association with remains of <i>H. erectus</i>. Alongside the hand-axe tradition, there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Clactonian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Clactonian Industry">Clactonian industry</a> is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> flake tools of the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousterian Industry">Mousterian industry</a>, which is associated with the remains of <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthal Man">Neanderthal man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oldowan_in_Africa">Oldowan in Africa</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/220px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/330px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg/440px-Canto_tallado_2-Guelmim-Es_Semara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>A Mode 1, or Oldowan, <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tool</a> from the western Sahara</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest documented <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million-year-old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmand_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmand_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Better known are the later tools belonging to an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological industry">industry</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>, after the type site of <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> in Tanzania. </p><p>The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. The original stone is called a core; the resultant pieces, flakes. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">core</a> and the smaller pieces the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking. </p><p>Consequently, the method is often called "core-and-flake". More recently, the tradition has been called "small flake" since the flakes were small compared to subsequent <a href="/wiki/Acheulean#Acheulean_stone_tools" title="Acheulean">Acheulean tools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (October 2024)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another naming scheme is "Pebble Core Technology (PBC)":<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (October 2024)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (October 2024)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (October 2024)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>The whole point of their utility is that each is a "sharp-edged rock" in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were used in "percussion technology"; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge, from which use they were given the name of <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">choppers</a>. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> of some tools confirm the use to chop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barham_2008_132-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Original Research? (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa the new species <i>Homo erectus</i> appeared over the range of <i>Homo habilis</i>. The earliest "unambiguous" evidence is a whole <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>, KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from <a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora</a> in Kenya, dated to 1.78 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M126-127_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M126-127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9 mya, is considered a good candidate also.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the "long-legged" <a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">limb morphology</a> shared by <i>H. habilis</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/H._rudolfensis" class="mw-redirect" title="H. rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from around 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which <i>H. erectus</i> obviously had.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate proof is the "dispersal" of <i>H. erectus</i> "across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire".<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. erectus</i> carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia. </p><p>According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to 0.5 mya outside of it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus Homo is known from <i>H. habilis</i> and <i>H. rudolfensis</i> from 2.3 to 2.0 mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4 mya. <i>H. erectus</i> is dated 1.8–0.6 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by <i>Homo</i> from unknown <a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominans</a>, probably <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>, who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions <i>H. habilis</i> inherited the tools around 2.3 mya. At about 1.9 mya <i>H. erectus</i> came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Oldowan_out_of_Africa">Oldowan out of Africa</h5></div> <p>Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century, the term "Pre-Acheulean" came into use in <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>. C. E. P. Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a "chalky boulder clay" underlying a layer of gravel at <a href="/wiki/Hoxne" title="Hoxne">Hoxne</a>, central England, where Acheulean tools had been found.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Obermaier" title="Hugo Obermaier">Hugo Obermaier</a>, a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean.</p></blockquote> <p>This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are ample associations of Mode 2 with <i>H. erectus</i> in Eurasia. <i>H. erectus</i> – Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only <i>H. erectus</i> reached Eurasia: at <a href="/wiki/Yiron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiron">Yiron</a>, Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 0.5 my earlier than the known <i>H. erectus</i> finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded <i>H. erectus</i> out of Africa or the earliest <i>H. erectus</i> has yet to be found. </p><p>After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at <a href="/wiki/Yiron" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiron">Yiron</a>, Israel, at 2.4 mya, <a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a>, Pakistan, at 2.0 mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, dated to 1.8 mya, as <i>H. erectus</i>, suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M145_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a>, Georgia, from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools. </p><p>Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern Europe. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6 mya they were lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to <i>H. erectus</i> or earlier hominins. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts. </p><p>In northern Europe, pebble tools are found earliest at <a href="/wiki/Happisburgh" title="Happisburgh">Happisburgh</a>, United Kingdom, from 0.8 mya. The last traces are from <a href="/wiki/Kent%27s_Cavern" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent's Cavern">Kent's Cavern</a>, dated 0.5 mya. By that time <i>H. erectus</i> is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, who must have inherited the tools.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya. </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, archaeologists worked on the assumption that a succession of hominins and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominins living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proven true; moreover, by the time the previously assumed "earliest" culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Acheulean_in_Africa">Acheulean in Africa</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raedera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raedera.png/170px-Raedera.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Raedera.png/255px-Raedera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Raedera.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tool, not worked over the entire surface</figcaption></figure> <p>The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, or Mode 2, <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokiselei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokiselei (page does not exist)">Kokiselei</a>, West Turkana, Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-B&M128_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&M128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Sterkfontein" title="Sterkfontein">Sterkfontein</a>, South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Barham_2008_132_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barham_2008_132-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with <i>H. erectus</i>. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced hominin; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation. </p><p>A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone. </p><p>Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast to the Oldowan "small flake" tradition, Acheulean is "large flake": "The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (>10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Large Cutting Tool" (LCT) has become part of the standard terminology as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea50_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> at 0.9 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo-<a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of <i>H. erectus</i> there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at <a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie</a>, Kenya, dated to about 0.9 mya. Its owner was still <i>H. erectus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shea55-57_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shea55-57-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in South Africa, Acheulean at <a href="/wiki/Hopefield,_South_Africa" title="Hopefield, South Africa">Elandsfontein</a>, 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with <a href="/wiki/Saldanha_man" title="Saldanha man">Saldanha man</a>, classified as <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>, a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of <i>H. erectus</i>. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> similarly are most likely <a href="/wiki/Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">Homo rhodesiensis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the same evolutionary status as <i>H. heidelbergensis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Acheulean_out_of_Africa">Acheulean out of Africa</h5></div> <p>Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at '<a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a>, Israel, a site now on the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a> on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive "transgression and regression" of the lake<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi. The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed "scavenging".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of <a href="/wiki/Cervid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervid">Cervids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill. </p><p>The majority of the animals at the site were of "Palaearctic biogeographic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of "African biogeographic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans, <i>H. erectus</i> left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been <i>H. ergaster</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tools are classified as "Lower Acheulean" and "Developed Oldowan". The latter is a disputed classification created by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Leakey" title="Mary Leakey">Mary Leakey</a> to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai</a>. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the "out of Africa" hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biface_(trihedral)_Amar_Merdeg,_Mehran,_Ilam,_Lower_Paleolithic,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/180px-Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/270px-Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Biface_%28trihedral%29_Amar_Merdeg%2C_Mehran%2C_Ilam%2C_Lower_Paleolithic%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Biface (trihedral) from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amar_Merdeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amar Merdeg (page does not exist)">Amar Merdeg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> foothill, <a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Iran" title="Ilam, Iran">Ilam</a>, National Museum of Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isampur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isampur (page does not exist)">Isampur</a>, India, about 1.2 mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya, called the <a href="/wiki/Movius_Line" title="Movius Line">Movius Line</a>, after its proposer, <a href="/wiki/Hallam_L._Movius" title="Hallam L. Movius">Hallam L. Movius</a>. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in. </p><p>There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9 mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a> in Italy dated to 0.45 mya, which is generally linked to <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_cepranensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo cepranensis">Homo cepranensis</a></i>, a "late variant of <i>H. erectus</i>", a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></div> <p>This period is best known as the era during which the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a>, but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the <a href="/wiki/Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas. </p><p>Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence (<a href="/wiki/Mungo_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungo Man">Mungo Man</a>) of settlement in Australia dates to around <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">40,000 years ago</a> when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/220px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/330px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/440px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> found in the north-west <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region of Western Australia">Kimberley region of Western Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic. </p><p>The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a>, 40–28 <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a>, 28–22 <a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a>, 22–17 <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a>, and 18–10 <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate. </p><p>Most scholars date the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">humans in Australia</a> at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">anatomically modern human</a> remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungo Man">Mungo Man</a>; they have been dated at 42,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1259451_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1259451-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americas were colonised via the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, and the earliest accepted dates are those of the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic"><span id="Epipaleolithic.2FMesolithic"></span>Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></div> <p>The period starting from the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 (<a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microlith</a>) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> (Middle Stone Age), used for parts of Eurasia, but not outside it. The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a>. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period. </p><p>The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_117" class="mw-redirect" title="Cemetery 117">Cemetery 117</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/330px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg/440px-Skara_Brae_house_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, Scotland: Europe's most complete <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> village</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg/220px-Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg/330px-Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg/440px-Fleche_Cartailhac_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.9232.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8320" data-file-height="8500" /></a><figcaption>Different views of one arrowhead from <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, 3300 to 2400 BC, <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%A9ons" title="Saint-Léons">Saint-Léons</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>: the development of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile crescent">fertile crescent</a> and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">rice</a> in the Far East being others. </p><p>Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping. <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., Jericho (<a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a>) and ceremonial sites, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world, erected <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3600</span>–2500 BC. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles. </p><p>These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaiians</a>, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cultures that preceded them.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_chronology">African chronology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African archaeology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Stone_Age_(ESA)"><span id="Early_Stone_Age_.28ESA.29"></span>Early Stone Age (ESA)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg/150px-Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg/225px-Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg/300px-Obsidienne_biface_ethiopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Africa#Early_Stone_Age_Africa" title="Africa">Early Stone Age in Africa</a> is not to be identified with "Old Stone Age", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the "Earlier Stone Age" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in Africa to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>. However, since then <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> and happens to include the same main technologies, <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>, which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Stone_Age_(MSA)"><span id="Middle_Stone_Age_.28MSA.29"></span>Middle Stone Age (MSA)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></div> <p>The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered as an equivalent of European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>. Early physical evidence comes from Omo<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Herto,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Stone_Age_(LSA)"><span id="Later_Stone_Age_.28LSA.29"></span>Later Stone Age (LSA)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></div> <p>The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the <b>Late Stone Age</b>) refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a> were made from a variety of stones. For example, <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> were shaped (or <i><a href="/wiki/Chipped_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chipped stone">chipped</a></i>) for use as cutting tools and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> were used for <a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">ground stone</a> tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">quern-stones</a>. Wood, bone, <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a> (deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>) were used to make <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> as well. </p><p>Some species of non-<a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> are able to use stone tools, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a>, which breaks <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> shells with them. <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> and humans, but only humans, or more generally <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a>, depend on tool use for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by hominins, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">Paleolithic diet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic#Diet_and_nutrition" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic diet and nutrition</a></div> <p>Food sources of the Palaeolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> were wild plants and animals harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. They liked animal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> meats, including the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">livers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>. Large seeded <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> were part of the human diet long before the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">agricultural revolution</a>, as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> layers of <a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a>, in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15295598_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15295598-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">Megafauna</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene extinction event">Holocene extinction event</a>. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural practices">agricultural practices</a>, plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelter_and_habitat">Shelter and habitat</h3></div> <p>Around 2 million years ago, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised: see <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a>.) Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including: </p> <ul><li>A tent-like structure inside a cave near the <a href="/wiki/Grotte_du_Lazaret" title="Grotte du Lazaret">Grotte du Lazaret</a>, Nice, France.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)">structure</a> with a roof supported with timber, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Dolní Věstonice">Dolní Věstonice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones.</li> <li>Many huts made of <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> bones have been found in East-Central Europe and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a> river valley of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, including near <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, Czech Republic and in southern Poland.</li> <li>An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to <a href="/wiki/10000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10000 BCE">10000 BC</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>, was discovered at Plateau Parain, France.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a> is visible in the artifacts. <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> is inferred from found instruments, while <a href="/wiki/Parietal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal art">parietal art</a> can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranger1976_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranger1976-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_rock_carvings,_Terrey_Hills,_New_South_Wales,_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg/220px-Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg/330px-Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg/440px-Aboriginal_rock_carvings%2C_Terrey_Hills%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_Sydney_-_Wiki0157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyph in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. A Petroglyph is an <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (sculpture)">intaglio</a> abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Australia (<a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_engravings" title="Sydney rock engravings">Sydney rock engravings</a>), Asia (<a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka, India</a>), North America (<a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley National Park</a>), South America (<a href="/wiki/Cumbe_Mayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbe Mayo">Cumbe Mayo</a>, Peru), and Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings_at_Alta" title="Rock carvings at Alta">Finnmark, Norway</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_paintings">Rock paintings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave painting</a></div> <p>In paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> or large <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cats</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a>). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a> department, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating from about 36,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Netburn_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netburn-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Altamira_(cave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira (cave)">Altamira</a> cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bisons</a>. The hall of bulls in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/220px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/330px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/440px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Rock painting at <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimbetka">Bhimbetka</a>, India, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> use, but the evidence remains interpretative.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, "the marching warriors", a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola, <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana" title="Castellón de la Plana">Castellón</a> in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BC, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a "high crowned hat". </p><p>In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One is reminded of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (October 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age_rituals_and_beliefs">Stone Age rituals and beliefs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulnabrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/220px-Paulnabrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/330px-Paulnabrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/440px-Paulnabrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rites</a> relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tombs</a>, multichambered, and <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, single-chambered, were <a href="/wiki/Grave_(burial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave (burial)">graves</a> with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_popular_culture">Modern popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The image of the <a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">caveman</a> is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_with_Cavemen" title="Walking with Cavemen">Walking with Cavemen</a></i>, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flintstones" title="The Flintstones">The Flintstones</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Years_B.C." title="One Million Years B.C.">One Million Years B.C.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Rock" title="Chuck Rock">Chuck Rock</a></i>, the notion of hominids and non-<a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence. </p><p>Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling <i><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Children" title="Earth's Children">Earth's Children</a></i> series of books by <a href="/wiki/Jean_M._Auel" title="Jean M. Auel">Jean M. Auel</a>, which are set in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and are loosely based on archaeological and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> findings. </p><p>The 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_Fire_(film)" title="Quest for Fire (film)">Quest for Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a> tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Ancient_Darkness" title="Chronicles of Ancient Darkness">Chronicles of Ancient Darkness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Paver" title="Michelle Paver">Michelle Paver</a> tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline of prehistory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nhm.ac.uk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Paleoanthropology Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Structure+through+Time%3A+%27Ubeidiya%2C+a+Lower+Pleistocene+Site+as+a+Case+Study+%28Thesis%29&rft.pub=Paleoanthropology+Society&rft.date=2006-03&rft.aulast=Belmaker&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paleoanthro.org%2Fdissertations%2FMiriam%2520Belmaker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1970" class="citation book cs1">Clark, J. Desmond (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofafri00clar"><i>The Prehistory of Africa</i></a></span>. Ancient People and Places, Volume 72. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York%3B+Washington&rft.series=Ancient+People+and+Places%2C+Volume+72&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=J.+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprehistoryofafri00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeaconDeacon1999" class="citation book cs1">Deacon, Hilary John; Deacon, Janette (1999). <i>Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age</i>. Walnut Creek, California [u.a.]: Altamira Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+beginnings+in+South+Africa%3A+uncovering+the+secrets+of+the+Stone+Age&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Altamira+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Deacon&rft.aufirst=Hilary+John&rft.au=Deacon%2C+Janette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogersSemaw2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2009). "From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record". In Camps i Calbet, Marta; Chauhan, Parth R. (eds.). <i>Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations</i>. New York: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Nothing+to+Something%3A+The+Appearance+and+Context+of+the+Earliest+Archaeological+Record&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+paleolithic+transitions%3A+methods%2C+theories%2C+and+interpretations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Semaw%2C+Sileshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2010" class="citation book cs1">Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Boden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E (eds.). <i>Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia</i>. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. pp. 47–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+Visiting+Cards+Revisited%3A+a+Strategic+Perspective+on+the+Lithic+Technology+of+Early+Hominin+Dispersal&rft.btitle=Out+of+Africa+I%3A+the+First+Hominin+Colonization+of+Eurasia&rft.place=Dordrecht%3B+Heidelberg%3B+London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=47-64&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo2013" class="citation book cs1">Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). <i>Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i>. Thornham/Norfolk (UK): Brazen Head Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stones%3A+The+Prehistoric+Dolmens+of+Sicily&rft.place=Thornham%2FNorfolk+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Brazen+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre1988" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Christopher, ed. (1988). <i>Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology</i>. London: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7230-0306-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7230-0306-9"><bdi>978-0-7230-0306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Past+Worlds%3A+The+Times+Atlas+of+Archaeology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7230-0306-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchickToth1993" class="citation book cs1">Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas (1993). <i>Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-69371-8"><bdi>978-0-671-69371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Silent+Stones+Speak%3A+Human+Evolution+and+the+Dawn+of+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-69371-8&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Kathy+D.&rft.au=Toth%2C+Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_Age" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone Age">Stone Age</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Stone_Age" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Stone Age">Stone Age</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Stone Age</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Stone+Age&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Stone+Age">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Stone+Age&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74170">The stone age in North America</a></i> Vol. 1 of 2, <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Moorehead" title="Warren K. Moorehead">Warren K. Moorehead</a> 1910, Boston: Houghton Mifflin company</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626045040/http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm"><i>The Stone Age</i></a> Robert A. Giusepi, 2000. History World International</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski" class="citation web cs1">Kowalski, D.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317061830/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/">"Stone Age Hand-axes"</a>. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/">the original</a> on 17 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Hand-axes&rft.pub=AerobiologicalEngineering.com&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerobiologicalengineering.com%2Fwxk116%2FStoneAge%2FHandaxes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski" class="citation web cs1">Kowalski, D.R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081415/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/">"Stone Age Habitats"</a>. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/">the original</a> on 17 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stone+Age+Habitats&rft.pub=AerobiologicalEngineering.com&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerobiologicalengineering.com%2Fwxk116%2FStoneAge%2FHabitats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/">"PanAfrican Archaeological Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PanAfrican+Archaeological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panafprehistory.org%2Findex.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417165203/http://safa.rice.edu/">"Society of Africanist Archaeologists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safa.rice.edu/">the original</a> on 17 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+of+Africanist+Archaeologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safa.rice.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStone+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasa.org/">"The ASA"</a>. 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system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Three-age_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Flint tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div 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