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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, the <b>means of production</b> refers to the generally necessary <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a> that enable a society to engage in <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the exact resources encompassed in the term may vary, it is widely agreed to include the classical <a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">factors of production</a> (<a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">labour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>) as well as the general <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_economics" title="Infrastructure and economics">infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital goods">capital goods</a> necessary to reproduce stable levels of <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used as an abbreviation of the "means of production and distribution" which additionally includes the <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical</a> distribution and delivery of products, generally through <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)"> distributors</a>; or as an abbreviation of the "means of production, distribution, and exchange" which further includes the exchange of distributed products, generally to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of "Means of Production" is used by researchers in various fields of study — including <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> — to discuss, broadly, the relationship between anything that can have productive use, its <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a>, and the constituent social parts needed to produce it. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Industrial_production"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Industrial production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Knowledge_production"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Knowledge production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Depreciation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Depreciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Marxism_and_Marxist_theory_of_class"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Marxism and Marxist theory of class</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Determinant_of_class"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Determinant of class</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Related_terms"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Related terms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Industrial_production">Industrial production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Industrial production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>From the perspective of a firm, a <a href="/wiki/Firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Firm">firm</a> uses its capital goods,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also known as tangible assets as they are physical in nature. Unfinished goods are transformed into products and services in the production process. Even if capital goods are not traded on the market as consumer goods, they can be valued as long as capital goods are produced commodities, which are required for production. The total values of capital goods constitute the capital value.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social means of production are capital goods and assets that require organized collective labor effort, as opposed to individual effort, to operate on.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ownership and organization of the social means of production is a key factor in categorizing and defining different types of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a>. </p><p>The means of production includes two broad categories of objects: <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of labor">instruments of labor</a> (tools, <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Subjects_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjects of labor">subjects of labor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>). People operate on the subjects of labor using the instruments of labor to create a product; or stated another way, labor acting on the means of production creates a good.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a> the principal means of production is the soil and the shovel. In an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a> the means of production become social means of production and include factories and mines. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Knowledge_production">Knowledge production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Knowledge production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>, learning, research, development, innovation, ideas and creativity are the means of [knowledge] production; communication such as books, articles, videos disseminated both physically and digitally over the Internet are a means of [knowledge] distribution. In a broad sense, the "means of production" also includes the "means of <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">distribution</a>" such as stores, the internet and railroads (<a href="/wiki/Infrastructural_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructural capital">Infrastructural capital</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Depreciation">Depreciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Depreciation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The means of production of the firm may depreciate, which means there is a loss in the economic value of capital goods or tangible assets (e.g. machinery, factory equipment) due to wear and tear, and aging. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">depreciation</a> of capital goods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Marxism_and_Marxist_theory_of_class">Marxism and Marxist theory of class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marxism and Marxist theory of class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p>The analysis of the technological sophistication of the means of production and how they are owned is a central component in the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> theoretical framework of historical materialism and in <a href="/wiki/Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy">Marx's critique of political economy</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>. </p><p>In Marx's work and subsequent developments in Marxist theory, the process of <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> evolution is based on the premise of <a href="/wiki/Technological_improvements" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological improvements">technological improvements</a> in the means of production. As the level of technology improves with respect to productive capabilities, existing forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_relations_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations of production">social relations</a> become superfluous and unnecessary as the advancement of technology integrated within the means of production contradicts the established <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of society">organization of society</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>. </p><p>The increasing efficiency of the means of production via the creation and adaptation of new technologies over time has a tendency to rearrange local and global market structures, leading to the disruption of existing profit pools, creating the possibility of massive economic impact. <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive technologies">Disruptive technologies</a> can lead to the devaluation of various forms of labor power, up to the point of making human labor power economically noncompetitive in certain applications, potentially widening income inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marx, escalating tension between the upper and lower class is a major consequence of technology decreasing the value of labor force and the contradictory effect an evolving means of production has on established social and economic systems. Marx believed increasing inequality between the upper and lower classes acts as a major catalyst of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflicts">class conflicts</a>, which develop to a point where the existing mode of production inevitably becomes unsustainable, either collapsing or being overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, at which point the contradictory relationship between technological advancement and the value of labor force is resolved by the emergence of a new mode of production based on a different set of <a href="/wiki/Social_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relations">social relations</a> including, most notably, different patterns of ownership for the means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ownership of the means of production and control over the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">surplus product</a> generated by their operation is the fundamental factor in delineating different <a href="/wiki/Modes_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Modes of production">modes of production</a>. Capitalism is defined as private ownership and control over the means of production, where the surplus product becomes a source of <a href="/wiki/Unearned_income" title="Unearned income">unearned income</a> for its owners. Under this system, profit-seeking individuals or organizations undertake a majority of economic activities. However, capitalism does not indicate all material means of production are privately owned as partial economies are publicly owned.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> is defined as <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the means of production so that the surplus product accrues to <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> at large.<sup id="cite_ref-:212_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determinant_of_class">Determinant of class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Determinant of class" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Marx's theory of class defines classes in their relation to their ownership and control of the means of production. In a capitalist society, the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, or the capitalist class, is the class that owns the means of production and derives a <a href="/wiki/Passive_income" title="Passive income">passive income</a> from their operation. Examples of the capitalist class include business owners, shareholders and the minority of people who own factories, machinery and lands. Countries considered as the capitalist countries include Australia, Canada, the U.S., and other nations which hold a free market economy. In modern society, small business owners, minority shareholders and other smaller capitalists are considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite bourgeoisie</a></i> according to Marx's theory, which is distinct from bourgeoisie and proletariat as they can buy the labour of others but also work along with employees. </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, comprises the majority of the population that lacks access to the means of production and are therefore induced to sell their <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a> for a wage or salary to gain access to necessities, goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marx, wages and salaries are considered as the price of <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a>, related to working hours or outputs produced by the labour force. At the company level, an employee does not control and own the means of production in a capitalist mode of production. Instead, an employee is performing specific duties under a contract of employment, working for wages or salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for firms and profit-seeking organizations, from a personnel economics perspective, to maximize efficiency and productivity there must be an equilibrium between labour markets and product markets. In human resource practices, compensation structure tends to shift towards pay-for-performance bonus or incentive pay rather than base salary to attract the right workers, even if conflicts of interest exist in an employer-worker relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the question of why classes exist in <a href="/wiki/Human_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human societies">human societies</a> in the first place, Karl Marx offered a <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx's theory of history">historical</a> and scientific explanation that it was the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">cultural practice</a> of ownership of the means of production that gives rise to them. This explanation differs dramatically from other explanations based on "differences in ability" between individuals or on religious or political affiliations giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Castes">castes</a>. This explanation is consistent with the bulk of Marxist theory in which Politics and <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Religion</a> are seen as mere outgrowths (<a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">superstructures</a>) of the basic underlying economic reality of a people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Related terms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a> are defined by German <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i> as labor, <a href="/wiki/Subjects_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjects of labor">subjects of labor</a>, and instruments of labor: the term is equivalent to means of production plus labor. The factors of production are often listed in economic writings derived from the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical school</a> as "land, labour and capital". Marx sometimes used the term "<a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>" equivalently with "<a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">factors of production</a>"; in <i>Kapital</i>, he uses "factors of production", in his famous Preface to his <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of Political Economy">Critique of Political Economy</a>: <a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></i>, he uses "productive forces" (that may depend on the translation). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Production relations</a> (German: <i>Produktionsverhältnis</i>) are the relations humans enter into with each other in using the means of production to produce. Examples of such relations are <a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">employer</a>/employee, buyer/seller, the technical division of labour in a factory, and property relations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> (German: <i>Produktionsweise</i>) means the dominant way in which production is organised in society. For instance, "<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>" is the name for the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist <i>mode of production</i></a> in which the means of production are <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">owned privately</a> by a small <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>) who profits off the labor of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>). <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> is a mode of production in which the means of production are not owned by anyone, but <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">shared in common</a>, without class-based <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>. Besides capitalism and communism, there is another mode of production which is called a Mixed Economic System. In a mixed economy, private ownership of capital goods are protected and a certain level of the market economy is allowed. However, the government has the right to intervene in the market and economic activities for social objectives. Different from the pure capitalism, the government regulation exists to control particular means of production over the private business sector. Different from communism, the majority of means of production are privately owned rather than shared in common.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Means_of_production" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Means of production">Means of production</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_fixed_capital_formation" title="Gross fixed capital formation">Gross fixed capital formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization (economics)</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGouldOlsson1977" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Peter; Olsson, Gunnar, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jvd-AAAAMAAJ"><i>A Search for Common Ground</i></a>. London: Pion. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850860931" title="Special:BookSources/9780850860931"><bdi>9780850860931</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] Hindess and Hirst (1977, page 65) [...] define means of production as 'all the conditions necessary to the operation of a particular labour process which are combined in the <a href="/wiki/Units_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of production">units of production</a> in which that process takes place' [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Search+for+Common+Ground&rft.place=London&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Pion&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780850860931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djvd-AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Edmundson, William A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jopp.12211">"What Are "The Means of Production"?*"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Philosophy</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 422–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjopp.12211">10.1111/jopp.12211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9760">1467-9760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212948343">212948343</a>. <q>It takes the means of production to comprise anything that is or can be put to productive use... the means of production consist of anything that enables or could enable the extraction of surplus value (exploitation). Similarly, for Proudhon, goods not meant for immediate consumption, whose accumulation might introduce social inequality</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=What+Are+%22The+Means+of+Production%22%3F%2A&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=422-423&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212948343%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-9760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjopp.12211&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fjopp.12211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl; Dobb, Maurice (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/4632079.html">A contribution to the critique of political economy</a>. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/appx1.htm">marxists.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellMilgateNewman1990" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter (April 19, 1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxianeconomics00john"><i>Marxian Economics: The New Palgrave</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxianeconomics00john/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393958607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393958607"><bdi>978-0393958607</bdi></a>. <q>The conception of capital within orthodox economics. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Capital+Goods+Definition&rft.aulast=Tuovila&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fc%2Fcapitalgoods.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennings1987" class="citation cs2">Hennings, K. H. (1987), Palgrave Macmillan (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_20-1">"Capital as a Factor of Production"</a>, <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 1–11, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_20-1">10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_20-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95121-5"><bdi>978-1-349-95121-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Capital+as+a+Factor+of+Production&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_20-1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95121-5&rft.aulast=Hennings&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95121-5_20-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Kautsky1983" class="citation book cs1">Karl Kautsky (1983). <i>Selected Political Writings</i>. 978-0333283844. p. 9. <q>Here we encounter a further characteristic of the modern wage proletarian. 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[Oxford]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0"><bdi>978-0-19-181994-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970401192">970401192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+economics&rft.place=%5BOxford%5D&rft.edition=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970401192&rft.isbn=978-0-19-181994-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F970401192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2013" class="citation web cs1">James, Manyika (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Disruptive%20technologies/MGI_Disruptive_technologies_Executive_summary_May2013.pdf">"Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.mckinsey.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722183150/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Disruptive%20technologies/MGI_Disruptive_technologies_Executive_summary_May2013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Marxism.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2017" class="citation book cs1">Black, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/970401192"><i>Capitalism--A dictionary of economics</i></a>. Nigar Hashimzade, Gareth D. Myles (5 ed.). [Oxford]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0"><bdi>978-0-19-181994-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970401192">970401192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism--A+dictionary+of+economics&rft.place=%5BOxford%5D&rft.edition=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970401192&rft.isbn=978-0-19-181994-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F970401192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:212-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:212_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBrewerShawChandler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003). <i>World History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>: Parragon Books. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5"><bdi>0-75258-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.place=Bath%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Parragon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-75258-227-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Cranfield%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Ralph+Lewis%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Joe&rft.au=Vint%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshiyama,_Breuning2010" class="citation book cs1">Ishiyama, Breuning, John, Marijke (October 22, 2010). <i>21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook</i>. SAGE Publications, Inc. <q>For Marx, class was defined by an individual's relationship to the means of production...Class is determined by the extent to which people own most, some, or little of the means of production, or by their relationship to the means of production. It generally conflicts over control or access to the means of production that drives history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Political+Science%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft.aulast=Ishiyama%2C+Breuning&rft.aufirst=John%2C+Marijke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2017" class="citation book cs1">Black, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/970401192"><i>Employee--A dictionary of economics</i></a>. Nigar Hashimzade, Gareth D. Myles (5 ed.). [Oxford]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-181994-0"><bdi>978-0-19-181994-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/970401192">970401192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Employee--A+dictionary+of+economics&rft.place=%5BOxford%5D&rft.edition=5&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970401192&rft.isbn=978-0-19-181994-0&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F970401192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazearShaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lazear, Edward P.; Shaw, Kathryn L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30033753">"Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources"</a>. <i>The Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 91–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.21.4.91">10.1257/jep.21.4.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30033753">30033753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Personnel+Economics%3A+The+Economist%27s+View+of+Human+Resources&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=91-114&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30033753%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.21.4.91&rft.aulast=Lazear&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Kathryn+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30033753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/M&E/SUS80.html">Frederick Engels: Socialism: Utopian and Scientific Chapter III Historical Materialism</a> Marx2mao.com. p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Investopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mixed-economic-system.asp">"Mixed Economic System Definition"</a>. <i>Investopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Mixed+Economic+System+Definition&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Investopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fm%2Fmixed-economic-system.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeans+of+production" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>Nolan P. K Lenski 2009 </p></section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (1957). <i>Political Economy: A Textbook</i>. London: Lawrence and Wishart.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="وسائل الإنتاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسائل الإنتاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medios_de_producci%C3%B3n" title="Medios de producción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medios de producción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27e_mba%27apor%C3%A3" title="Mba'e mba'aporã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'e mba'aporã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stehsal_vasit%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="İstehsal vasitələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstehsal vasitələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Сродкі вытворчасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сродкі вытворчасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Средства за производство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средства за производство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitjans_de_producci%C3%B3" title="Mitjans de producció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitjans de producció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Тăвăмлăх хатĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăвăмлăх хатĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDrobn%C3%AD_prost%C5%99edek" title="Výrobní prostředek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výrobní prostředek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktionsmidler" title="Produktionsmidler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Produktionsmidler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktionsmittel" title="Produktionsmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Produktionsmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μέσα παραγωγής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέσα παραγωγής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medios_de_producci%C3%B3n" title="Medios de producción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medios de producción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktadrimedoj" title="Produktadrimedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Produktadrimedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoizpen-bide" title="Ekoizpen-bide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekoizpen-bide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ابزار تولید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابزار تولید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyens_de_production" title="Moyens de production – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyens de production" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie%C3%A7_di_produzion" title="Mieç di produzion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mieç di produzion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%82%B0%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8" title="생산수단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생산수단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արտադրության միջոցներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտադրության միջոցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्पादन के साधन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्पादन के साधन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodna_sredstva" title="Proizvodna sredstva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proizvodna sredstva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktadomoyeni" title="Produktadomoyeni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Produktadomoyeni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_produksi" title="Alat produksi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alat produksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzi_di_produzione" title="Mezzi di produzione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mezzi di produzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אמצעי ייצור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמצעי ייצור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Өндіріс құралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өндіріс құралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navg%C3%AEn%C3%AAn_hilber%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Navgînên hilberînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navgînên hilberînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentum_productionis" title="Instrumentum productionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Instrumentum productionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%BEo%C5%A1anas_l%C4%ABdzek%C4%BCi" title="Ražošanas līdzekļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ražošanas līdzekļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termel%C3%A9si_eszk%C3%B6z%C3%B6k" title="Termelési eszközök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termelési eszközök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productiemiddel" title="Productiemiddel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Productiemiddel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5" title="生産手段 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生産手段" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produksjonsmiddel" title="Produksjonsmiddel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Produksjonsmiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishlab_chiqarish_vositalari" title="Ishlab chiqarish vositalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ishlab chiqarish vositalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="د توليد وسايل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د توليد وسايل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arodki_produkcji" title="Środki produkcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Środki produkcji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meios_de_produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Meios de produção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meios de produção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijloace_de_produc%C8%9Bie" title="Mijloace de producție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mijloace de producție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Средства производства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средства производства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjetet_e_prodhimit" title="Mjetet e prodhimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjetet e prodhimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Means of production" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDrobn%C3%BD_prostriedok_(re%C3%A1lny_kapit%C3%A1l)" title="Výrobný prostriedok (reálny kapitál) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výrobný prostriedok (reálny kapitál)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktionsmedel" title="Produktionsmedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Produktionsmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="உற்பத்திச் சாதனங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உற்பத்திச் சாதனங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ปัจจัยการผลิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัจจัยการผลิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B7%D0%BC%D3%AF%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Маҷмӯи мол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҷмӯи мол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cretim_ara%C3%A7lar%C4%B1" title="Üretim araçları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üretim araçları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Засоби виробництва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Засоби виробництва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0_li%E1%BB%87u_s%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t" title="Tư liệu sản xuất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tư liệu sản xuất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99" title="生产资料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生产资料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 06:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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