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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Marxism">reviewed</a> on 3 January 2025.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the political ideology commonly associated with states governed by communist parties, see <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.</div> Marxism is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and method of <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> analysis. It uses a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> interpretation of historical development,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupavi%C4%8Dius2011314%E2%80%93315-1">[1]</a> better known as <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, to analyse <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> relations, <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a>. Marxism originates with the works of 19th-century German philosophers <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>. Marxism has developed over time into various branches and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">schools of thought</a>, and as a result, there is no single, definitive "<a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist theory</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-2">[2]</a> Marxism has had a profound effect in shaping the modern world, with various <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx_1871_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg/330px-Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg/440px-Karl_Marx_1871_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1959"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, after whom Marxism is named</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> In addition to the various schools of thought, which emphasise or modify elements of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxism</a>, several Marxian concepts have been incorporated into an array of <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theories</a>. This has led to widely varying conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Alongside Marx's <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a>, the defining characteristics of Marxism have often been described using the terms "<a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>" and "historical materialism", though these terms were coined after Marx's death and their tenets have been challenged by some self-described Marxists.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As a school of thought, Marxism has had a profound effect on society and global academia. To date, it has influenced many fields, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">archaeology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_art_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist art theory">art theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">criminology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">economics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">film theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">geography</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">literary criticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">psychoanalysis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pav%C3%B3n-Cu%C3%A9llar_2017-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">sociology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2000-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview">1 Overview</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historical_materialism">1.2 Historical materialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Criticism_of_capitalism">1.3 Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Social_classes">1.4 Social classes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Communism,_revolution_and_socialism">1.5 Communism, revolution and socialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Democracy">1.6 Democracy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Schools_of_thought">2 Schools of thought</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Classical">2.1 Classical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Libertarian">2.2 Libertarian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Humanist">2.3 Humanist</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Academic">2.4 Academic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Archaeology">2.5 Archaeology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sociology">2.6 Sociology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economics">2.7 Economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Education">2.8 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Historiography">2.9 Historiography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Literary_criticism">2.10 Literary criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Aesthetics">2.11 Aesthetics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Karl_Marx_and_Friedrich_Engels">3.1 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Russian_Revolution_and_the_Soviet_Union">3.2 Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Onset">3.3 Onset</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Chinese_Revolution">3.4 Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Late_20th_century">3.5 Late 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#21st_century">3.6 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Criticism">4 Criticism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#General">4.1 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Epistemological_and_empirical">4.2 Epistemological and empirical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Anarchist_and_libertarian">4.3 Anarchist and libertarian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Economic">4.4 Economic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Citations">6.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Bibliography">6.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Marxism seeks to explain <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Social phenomena">social phenomena</a> within any given society by analysing the material conditions and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic activities</a> required to fulfill human material needs. It assumes that the form of economic organisation, or <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, influences all other social phenomena, including broader social relations, political institutions, legal systems, cultural systems, aesthetics and ideologies. These social relations and the economic system form a <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">base and superstructure</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Forces of production">forces of production</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>) improve, existing forms of organising production become obsolete and hinder further progress. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> wrote: "At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production or—this merely expresses the same thing in legal terms—with the property relations within the framework of which they have operated hitherto. From forms of development of the productive forces these relations turn into their fetters. Then begins an era of <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Critique_of_Political_Economy-24">[24]</a> These inefficiencies manifest themselves as social contradictions in society which are, in turn, fought out at the level of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ComparingEconomic-25">[25]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>, this struggle materialises between the minority who own the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>) and the vast majority of the population who produce goods and services (the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Starting with the conjectural premise that <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a> occurs due to the struggle between different <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a> within society who contradict one another,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> a Marxist would conclude that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> exploits and oppresses the proletariat; therefore, capitalism will inevitably lead to a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> society, <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>—as the means of production—would be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">cooperative</a> ownership.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> would not base production on the creation of private profits but on the criteria of satisfying human needs—that is, <a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">production for use</a>. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> explained that "the capitalist mode of appropriation, in which the product enslaves first the producer, and then the appropriator, is replaced by the mode of appropriation of the products that is based upon the nature of the modern means of production; upon the one hand, direct social appropriation, as means to the maintenance and extension of production—on the other, direct individual appropriation, as means of subsistence and of enjoyment."<a href="#cite_note-Engels-3-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a> and its proponents view capitalism as <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economically unsustainable</a> and incapable of improving the population's <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">living standards</a> due to its need to compensate for the <a href="/wiki/Falling_rate_of_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Falling rate of profit">falling rate of profit</a> by cutting employees' wages and <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-disambig" title="Welfare">social benefits</a> while pursuing military aggression. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> would succeed <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a> as humanity's <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> through <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> by workers. According to Marxian <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crisis theory</a>, socialism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The term Marxism was popularised by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, who considered himself an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxist">orthodox Marxist</a> during the dispute between Marx's orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a> followers.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Kautsky's revisionist rival <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> also later adopted the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt201018%E2%80%9319-34">[34]</a> Engels did not support using Marxism to describe either Marx's or his views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt201012-35">[35]</a> He claimed that the term was being abusively used as a rhetorical <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">qualifier</a> by those attempting to cast themselves as genuine followers of Marx while casting others in different terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Lassallians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassallians">Lassallians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt201012-35">[35]</a> In 1882, Engels claimed that Marx had criticised self-proclaimed Marxist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a> by saying that if Lafargue's views were considered Marxist, then "one thing is certain and that is that I am not a Marxist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaupt201012-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_materialism">Historical materialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical materialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx's theory of history">Marx's theory of history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The discovery of the materialist conception of history, or rather, the consistent continuation and extension of materialism into the domain of social phenomenon, removed two chief defects of earlier historical theories. In the first place, they at best examined only the ideological motives of the historical activity of human beings, without grasping the objective laws governing the development of the system of social relations. ... in the second place, the earlier theories did not cover the activities of the masses of the population, whereas historical materialism made it possible for the first time to study with scientific accuracy the social conditions of the life of the masses and the changes in these conditions. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Russian Marxist theoretician and revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, 1913<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenin196715-36">[36]</a></cite></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Society does not consist of individuals, but expresses the sum of interrelations, the relations within which these individuals stand.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a>, 1858<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Marxism uses a <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> methodology, referred to by Marx and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> as the materialist conception of history and later better known as historical materialism, to analyse the underlying causes of societal development and change from the perspective of the collective ways in which humans make their living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans197553-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston20154-39">[39]</a> Marx's account of the theory is in <a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a> (1845)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and the preface <a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a> (1859).<a href="#cite_note-Critique_of_Political_Economy-24">[24]</a> All constituent features of a society (<a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>, political pyramid and <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>) are assumed to stem from economic activity, forming what is considered the <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">base and superstructure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston20154-39">[39]</a> The base and superstructure metaphor describes the totality of social relations by which humans produce and re-produce their social existence. According to Marx, the "sum total of the forces of production accessible to men determines the condition of society" and forms a society's economic base.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The base includes the material <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Forces of production">forces of production</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_labor" title="Means of labor">labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a>, i.e. the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution. From this base rises a superstructure of legal and political "forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_consciousness" title="Social consciousness">social consciousness</a>" that derive from the economic base that conditions both the superstructure and the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> of a society. Conflicts between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production provoke <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolutions</a>, whereby changes to the economic base lead to the superstructure's <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Critique_of_Political_Economy-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This relationship is <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_relation" title="Reflexive relation">reflexive</a> in that the base initially gives rise to the superstructure and remains the foundation of a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Social organisation">social organisation</a>. Those newly formed social organisations can then act again upon both parts of the base and superstructure so that rather than being static, the relationship is <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>, expressed and driven by conflicts and contradictions. Engels clarified: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freeman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal lord">lord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a>-master and <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyman</a>, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Marx considered recurring class conflicts as the driving force of human history as such conflicts have manifested as distinct <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transitional</a> stages of development in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Accordingly, Marx designated human history as encompassing four stages of development in relations of production: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a>: cooperative <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a> societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave society</a>: development of tribal to <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> is born.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a>: aristocrats are the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a> evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a>: capitalists are the ruling class who create and employ the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.</li></ol> While historical materialism has been referred to as a materialist theory of history, Marx did not claim to have produced a master key to history and that the materialist conception of history is not "an historico-philosophic theory of the marche générale, imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In a letter to the editor of the Russian newspaper paper Otechestvennyje Zapiski (1877),<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> he explained that his ideas were based upon a concrete study of the actual conditions in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/220px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/220px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/330px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg/440px-Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System" title="Pyramid of Capitalist System">Pyramid of Capitalist System</a>" cartoon made by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in 1911 <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">criticising capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the Marxist theoretician and revolutionary socialist Vladimir Lenin, "the principal content of Marxism" was "Marx's economic doctrine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenin19677-48">[48]</a> Marx demonstrated how the capitalist <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and their economists were promoting what he saw as the lie that "the interests of the capitalist and of the worker are ... one and the same." He believed that they did this by purporting the concept that "the fastest possible growth of productive <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>" was best for wealthy capitalists and workers because it provided them with employment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1849-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a> is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_labour" title="Surplus labour">surplus labour</a>—the amount of labour performed beyond what is received in goods.<a href="#cite_note-Holmstrom_1977-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Exploitation has been a <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> feature of every <a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">class society</a> and is one of the principal features distinguishing the social classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos201098%E2%80%9399-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston20155-53">[53]</a> The power of one social class to control the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> enables its exploitation of other classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos2010100%E2%80%93103-54">[54]</a> Under capitalism, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a> is the operative concern, whereby the <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">commodity</a> equals the socially necessary labour time required to produce it. Under such conditions, <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>—the difference between the value produced and the value received by a labourer—is synonymous with surplus labour, and capitalist exploitation is thus realised as deriving surplus value from the worker.<a href="#cite_note-Holmstrom_1977-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos201097%E2%80%93100-55">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-capitalist economies</a>, exploitation of the worker was achieved via physical <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>. Under the capitalist mode of production, workers do not own the means of production and must "voluntarily" enter into an exploitative work relationship with a capitalist to earn the necessities of life. The worker's entry into such employment is voluntary because they choose which capitalist to work for. However, the worker must work or starve. Thus, exploitation is inevitable, and the voluntary nature of a worker participating in a capitalist society is illusory; it is production, not circulation, that causes exploitation. Marx emphasised that capitalism per se does not cheat the worker.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Entfremdung) is the estrangement of people from their humanity and a systematic result of capitalism. Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and generate alienated labourers. In Marx's view, alienation is an objective characterisation of the worker's situation in capitalism—his or her self-awareness of this condition is not prerequisite.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In addition to criticism, Marx has also praised some of the results of capitalism stating that it "has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together"<a href="#cite_note-The_Communist_Manifesto-58">[58]</a> and that it "has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal arrangements."<a href="#cite_note-The_Communist_Manifesto-58">[58]</a> Marx posited that the remaining feudalist societies in the world and forms of socialism that did not conform with his writings would be replaced by communism in the future in a similar manner as with capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-World_History-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_classes">Social classes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social classes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></div> Marx distinguishes social classes based on two criteria, i.e. ownership of means of production and control over the <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a> of others. Following this criterion of class based on property relations, Marx identified the <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> with the following social groups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a>: "[T]he class of modern <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labourers</a> who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to live."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The capitalist mode of production establishes the conditions that enable the bourgeoisie to <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation (Marxism)">exploit</a> the proletariat as the worker's labour generates a <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> greater than the worker's <a href="/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">wage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>⁠ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a>: the outcasts of society, such as the criminals, <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy" title="Vagrancy">vagabonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">beggars</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitutes</a>, without any <a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">political</a> or <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Having no interest in national, let alone <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">international</a>, economic affairs, Marx claimed that this specific sub-division of the proletariat would play no part in the eventual social revolution.</li></ul></li> <li>Bourgeoisie: those who "own the means of production" and buy labour power from the proletariat, thus exploiting the proletariat. They subdivide as bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-Siegrist-64">[64]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite bourgeoisie</a>: those who work and can afford to buy little labour power (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small business owners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a> and trade workers). Marxism predicts that the continual reinvention of the means of production eventually would destroy the petite bourgeoisie, degrading them from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> to the proletariat.<a href="#cite_note-Siegrist-64">[64]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlords" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlords">Landlords</a>: a historically significant social class that retains some wealth and power.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">Peasantry</a> and farmers: a scattered class incapable of organising and effecting <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> change, most of whom would enter the proletariat while some would become landlords.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> Class consciousness denotes the awareness—of itself and the social world—that a social class possesses and its capacity to act rationally in its best interests.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Class consciousness is required before a social class can effect a successful revolution and, thus, the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Without defining <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Ideology_as_an_instrument_of_social_reproduction" title="Ideology">ideology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Marx used the term to describe the production of images of social reality. According to Engels, "ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society (i.e. the ruling social ideas) is determined by the best interests of the ruling class. In <a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>, Marx says that "[t]he ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is, at the same time, its ruling intellectual force."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> initially referred to the study of the material conditions of economic production in the capitalist system. In Marxism, political economy is the study of the means of production, specifically of capital and how that manifests as economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Marxism taught me what society was. I was like a blindfolded man in a forest, who doesn't even know where north or south is. If you don't eventually come to truly understand the history of the class struggle, or at least have a clear idea that society is divided between the rich and the poor, and that some people subjugate and exploit other people, you're lost in a forest, not knowing anything. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Cuban revolutionary and Marxist–Leninist politician <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> on discovering Marxism, 2009<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastro2009100-73">[73]</a></cite></div> </div> This new way of thinking was invented because <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the means of production (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a>, land, wealth of nature, trade apparatus and wealth of the society) would abolish the exploitative working conditions experienced under capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-3-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Through working class revolution, the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> (which Marxists saw as a weapon for the subjugation of one class by another)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> is seized and used to suppress the hitherto ruling class of capitalists and (by implementing a commonly owned, democratically controlled workplace) create the society of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> which Marxists see as true democracy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> An economy based on cooperation on human need and social betterment, rather than competition for profit of many independently acting profit seekers, would also be the end of class society, which Marx saw as the fundamental division of all hitherto existing history.<a href="#cite_note-The_Communist_Manifesto-58">[58]</a> Marx saw the fundamental nature of capitalist society as little different from that of a slave society in that one small group of society exploits the larger group.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Through <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the means of production, the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a> is eliminated, and the motive of furthering human flourishing is introduced. Because the surplus produced by the workers is the property of the society as a whole, there are no classes of producers and appropriators. Additionally, as the state originates in the bands of retainers hired by the first ruling classes to protect their economic privilege, it will <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">wither away</a> as its conditions of existence have disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-Origins_of_the_Family-_Chapter_IX-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZhaoDickson2001-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism,_revolution_and_socialism">Communism, revolution and socialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communism, revolution and socialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_may_day375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Madrid_may_day375.jpg/220px-Madrid_may_day375.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="751"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Madrid_may_day375.jpg/220px-Madrid_may_day375.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Madrid_may_day375.jpg/330px-Madrid_may_day375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Madrid_may_day375.jpg/440px-Madrid_may_day375.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> protester in Spain, 2006, waving a <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">raised fist</a>, both symbols of socialism</figcaption></figure> According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society—positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxist">orthodox Marxist</a> theory, overthrowing capitalism by a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a> in contemporary society is inevitable. While the inevitability of an eventual socialist revolution is a controversial debate among many different <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a>, all Marxists believe socialism is a necessity. Marxists argue that a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> society is far better for most of the populace than its capitalist counterpart. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> wrote: "The <a href="/wiki/Socialization_as_a_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization as a process">socialisation of production</a> is bound to lead to the conversion of the means of production into the property of society. ... This conversion will directly result in an immense increase in productivity of labour, a reduction of working hours, and the replacement of the remnants, the ruins of small-scale, primitive, disunited production by collective and improved labour."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenin196735%E2%80%9336-83">[83]</a> The failure of the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, along with the failure of socialist movements to resist the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, led to renewed theoretical effort and valuable contributions from Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> towards an appreciation of Marx's <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crisis theory</a> and efforts to formulate a <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">theory of imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Democracy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/250px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/375px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg/500px-Lev_Trotsky_1906-3.3_V1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg in 1905: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in the centre. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a> were an early example of a <a href="/wiki/Workers_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers council">workers council</a>.</figcaption></figure> Karl Marx criticised <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> as not democratic enough due to the unequal socio-economic situation of the workers during the Industrial Revolution which undermines the democratic agency of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Marxists differ in their positions towards democracy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Types of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">democracy in Marxism</a> include <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a> and can include voting on how surplus labour is to be organised.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> political decisions reached by voting in the party are binding for all members of the party.<a href="#cite_note-freedomunity-89">[89]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Schools of thought" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">List of communist ideologies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical Marxism</a></div> Classical Marxism denotes the collection of socio-eco-political theories expounded by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a> remarked, "Marxism is always open, always critical, always self-critical."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Classical Marxism distinguishes Marxism as broadly perceived from "what Marx believed." In 1883, Marx wrote to his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a> and French labour leader <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guesde" title="Jules Guesde">Jules Guesde</a>—both of whom claimed to represent Marxist principles—accusing them of "revolutionary phrase-mongering" and denying the value of reformist struggle.<a href="#cite_note-PPO-92">[92]</a> From Marx's letter derives Marx's famous remark that, if their politics represented Marxism, 'ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste' ('what is certain is that I myself am not a Marxist')."<a href="#cite_note-PPO-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian">Libertarian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Libertarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies#Libertarian_Marxism" title="List of communist ideologies">List of communist ideologies § Libertarian Marxism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism#Marxist" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism § Marxist</a></div> Libertarian Marxism emphasises the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, such as <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>, emerged in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Non-Leninist_Marxism-95">[95]</a> Libertarian Marxism is often critical of <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> positions such as those held by <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' later works, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>;<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> emphasising the Marxist belief in the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> to forge its destiny without the need for a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a> to mediate or aid its liberation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Libertarian Marxism includes currents such as <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Lettrism</a>, parts of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Situationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationism">Situationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">workerism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-map-102">[102]</a> Libertarian Marxism has often strongly influenced both <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">post-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchists</a>. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Maurice Brinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> the latter claiming that Marx himself was a libertarian Marxist.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanist">Humanist</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Humanist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></div> Marxist humanism was born in 1932 with the publication of Marx's <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a> and reached a degree of prominence in the 1950s and 1960s. Marxist humanists contend that there is continuity between the early philosophical writings of Marx, in which he develops his <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">theory of alienation</a>, and the structural description of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> society found in his later works, such as <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromm196669%E2%80%9379Petrovi%C4%87196735%E2%80%9351-105">[105]</a> They hold that grasping Marx's philosophical foundations is necessary to understand his later works properly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse19721%E2%80%9348-106">[106]</a> Contrary to the official <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and interpretations of Marx rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">structural Marxism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, Marxist humanists argue that Marx's work was an extension or transcendence of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Whereas other Marxist philosophies see Marxism as <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, Marxist humanism reaffirms the doctrine that "man is the measure of all things"—that humans are essentially different to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">natural order</a> and should be treated so by Marxist theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgley1991420-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Academic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Marxist film theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordon_Childe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gordon_Childe.jpg/220px-Gordon_Childe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="4027"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gordon_Childe.jpg/220px-Gordon_Childe.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gordon_Childe.jpg/330px-Gordon_Childe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gordon_Childe.jpg/440px-Gordon_Childe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a>, an Australian archaeologist and one of the 20th century's most prominent Marxist academics</figcaption></figure> According to a 2007 survey of American professors by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gross" title="Neil Gross">Neil Gross</a> and Solon Simmons, 17.6% of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> professors and 5.0% of <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> professors identify as Marxists, while between 0 and 2% of professors in all other disciplines identify as Marxists.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Archaeology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Marxist archaeology</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">theoretical development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Marxist archaeology</a> was first developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1929, when a young archaeologist named <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ravdonikas" title="Vladislav Ravdonikas">Vladislav I. Ravdonikas</a> published a report entitled "For a Soviet history of material culture"; within this work, the very discipline of archaeology as it then stood was criticised as being inherently bourgeois, therefore anti-socialist and so, as a part of the academic reforms instituted in the Soviet Union under the administration of General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, a great emphasis was placed on the adoption of Marxist archaeology throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrigger2007326%E2%80%93340-110">[110]</a> These theoretical developments were subsequently adopted by archaeologists working in capitalist states outside of the Leninist bloc, most notably by the Australian academic <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a>, who used Marxist theory in his understandings of the development of human society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198179-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sociology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Marxist criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a></div> Marxist sociology, as the study of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> from a Marxist perspective,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2000-23">[23]</a> is "a form of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">conflict theory</a> associated with ... Marxism's objective of developing a <a href="/wiki/Positivism_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism (sociology)">positive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a>) science of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> as part of the mobilisation of a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>."<a href="#cite_note-encofsoc-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> has a section dedicated to the issues of Marxist sociology that is "interested in examining how insights from Marxist <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> and Marxist analysis can help explain the complex dynamics of modern society."<a href="#cite_note-section-113">[113]</a> Influenced by the thought of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, Marxist sociology emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. With Marx, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> are considered seminal influences in <a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">early sociology</a>. The first Marxist school of sociology was known as <a href="/wiki/Austro-Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Marxism">Austro-Marxism</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Carl Grünberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Labriola" title="Antonio Labriola">Antonio Labriola</a> were among its most notable members. During the 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Marxist">Western Marxist</a> school became accepted within Western academia, subsequently fracturing into several different perspectives, such as the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> or <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. The legacy of Critical Theory as a major offshoot of Marxism is controversial. The common thread linking Marxism and Critical theory is an interest in struggles to dismantle structures of oppression, exclusion, and domination.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Due to its former state-supported position, there has been a backlash against Marxist thought in <a href="/wiki/Post-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-communist">post-communist</a> states, such as <a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Poland" title="Sociology in Poland">Poland</a>. However, it remains prominent in the sociological research sanctioned and supported by communist states, such as <a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_China" title="Sociology in China">in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a></div> Marxian economics is a school of economic thought tracing its foundations to the critique of classical <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> first expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-2">[2]</a> Marxian economics concerns itself with the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crisis</a> in capitalism, the role and distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">surplus product</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> in various types of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a>, the nature and origin of <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">economic value</a>, the impact of class and class struggle on economic and political processes, and the process of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">economic evolution</a>. Although the Marxian school is considered <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox</a>, ideas that have come out of Marxian economics have contributed to mainstream understanding of the global economy. Certain concepts of Marxian economics, especially those related to <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">creative destruction</a>, have been fitted for use in capitalist systems.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Marxist education develops Marx's works and those of the movements he influenced in various ways. In addition to the educational psychology of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and the pedagogy of <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a>, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis' <a href="/wiki/Schooling_in_Capitalist_America" title="Schooling in Capitalist America">Schooling in Capitalist America</a> is a study of educational reform in the U.S. and its relationship to the reproduction of capitalism and the possibilities of utilising its contradictions in the revolutionary movement. The work of <a href="/wiki/Peter_McLaren" title="Peter McLaren">Peter McLaren</a>, especially since the turn of the 21st century, has further developed Marxist educational theory by developing revolutionary critical pedagogy,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> as has the work of Glenn Rikowski,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Dave Hill,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> and Paula Allman.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Other Marxists have analysed the forms and pedagogical processes of capitalist and communist education, such as Tyson E. Lewis,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Noah De Lissovoy,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Gregory Bourassa,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and Derek R. Ford.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Curry Malott has developed a Marxist history of education in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gettleman" title="Marvin Gettleman">Marvin Gettleman</a> examined the history of communist education.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Sandy Grande has synthesised Marxist educational theory with Indigenous pedagogy,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> while others like John Holt analyse adult education from a Marxist perspective.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Other developments include: <ul><li>the educational aesthetics of Marxist education<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Marxist analyses of the role of fixed capital in capitalist education<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li>the educational psychology of capital<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>the educational theory of Lenin<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>the pedagogical function of the Communist Party<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ul> The latest field of research examines and develops Marxist pedagogy in the postdigital era.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historiography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Marxist historiography</a></div> Marxist historiography is a school of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> influenced by Marxism, the chief tenets of which are the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> constraints in determining historical outcomes. Marxist historiography has contributed to the history of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, oppressed nationalities, and the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">history from below</a>. Friedrich Engels' most important historical contribution was Der deutsche Bauernkrieg about the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> which analysed social warfare in early Protestant Germany regarding emerging capitalist classes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The German Peasants' War indicates the Marxist interest in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">history from below</a> with class analysis and attempts a dialectical analysis.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Engels' short treatise <a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a> was salient in creating the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> impetus in British politics. Marx's most important works on social and political history include <a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>, and those chapters of Capital dealing with the historical emergence of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial</a> English society.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Marxist historiography suffered in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as the government requested overdetermined historical writing. Notable histories include the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a>, published in the 1930s to justify the nature of Bolshevik party life under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Historians_Group" title="Communist Party Historians Group">circle of historians</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB) formed in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> While some members of the group, most notably <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Christopher Hill</a> and E. P. Thompson, left the CPGB after the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. Thompson's <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a> is one of the works commonly associated with this group.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>'s Bandits is another example of this group's work. <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a> was also a great pioneer of the 'history from below' approach. Living in Britain when he wrote his most notable work, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a> (1938), he was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Stalinist</a> Marxist and so outside of the CPGB. In India, B. N. Datta and <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">D. D. Kosambi</a> are the founding fathers of Marxist historiography. Today, the senior-most scholars of Marxist historiography are <a href="/wiki/Ram_Sharan_Sharma" title="Ram Sharan Sharma">R. S. Sharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._N._Jha" title="D. N. Jha">D. N. Jha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K._N._Panikkar" title="K. N. Panikkar">K. N. Panikkar</a>, most of whom are now over 75 years old.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_criticism">Literary criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literary criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist literary criticism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marxism" title="Special:EditPage/Marxism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marxism%22">"Marxism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marxism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marxism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marxism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marxism%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marxism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marxist literary criticism is a loose term describing <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> theories.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Marxist criticism views <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary works</a> as reflections of the <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">social institutions</a> from which they originate. According to Marxists, even literature is a social institution with a specific ideological function based on the background and ideology of the author. Marxist literary critics include <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aesthetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxist aesthetics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marxism" title="Special:EditPage/Marxism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marxist aesthetics is a theory of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> based on or derived from the theories of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. It involves a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical materialist">dialectical materialist</a>, approach to the application of Marxism to the cultural sphere, specifically areas related to taste, such as art and beauty, among others. Marxists believe that economic and social conditions, and especially the class relations that derive from them affect every aspect of an individual's life, from religious beliefs to legal systems to cultural frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Some notable Marxist aestheticians include <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lifshitz" title="Mikhail Lifshitz">Mikhail Lifshitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukács">Georg Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fischer_(writer)" title="Ernst Fischer (writer)">Ernst Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karl_Marx_and_Friedrich_Engels">Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_and_Engels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marx_and_Engels.jpg/220px-Marx_and_Engels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="438"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marx_and_Engels.jpg/220px-Marx_and_Engels.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marx_and_Engels.jpg/330px-Marx_and_Engels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marx_and_Engels.jpg/440px-Marx_and_Engels.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Marx and Engels</figcaption></figure> Marx addressed the <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of the working class, the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> and historical materialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuo20111495-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupavi%C4%8Dius2011314-157">[157]</a> He is famous for analysing history in terms of class struggle, summarised in the initial line introducing <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848): "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."<a href="#cite_note-The_Communist_Manifesto-58">[58]</a> Together with Marx, Engels co-developed communist theory. Marx and Engels first met in September 1844. Discovering that they had similar views of philosophy and socialism, they collaborated and wrote works such as Die heilige Familie (<a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(book)" title="The Holy Family (book)">The Holy Family</a>). After Marx was deported from France in January 1845, they moved to Belgium, which permitted greater <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> than other European countries. In January 1846, they returned to Brussels to establish the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Correspondence_Committee" title="Communist Correspondence Committee">Communist Correspondence Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1847, they began writing The Communist Manifesto (1848), based on Engels' The Principles of Communism. Six weeks later, they published the 12,000-word pamphlet in February 1848. In March, Belgium expelled them, and they moved to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, where they published the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a>, a politically <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> newspaper. By 1849, they had to leave Cologne for London. The Prussian authorities pressured the British government to expel Marx and Engels, but Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord John Russell">Lord John Russell</a> refused.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After Marx died in 1883, Engels became the editor and translator of Marx's writings. With his <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State">Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State</a> (1884)—analysing <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> as guaranteeing male social domination of women, a concept analogous, in communist theory, to the capitalist class's economic domination of the working class—Engels made <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectually</a> significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Revolution_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onset">Onset</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Onset" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="2447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="134" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> With the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> took power from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The Bolsheviks established the first <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> based on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">soviet democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Their newly formed federal state promised to end Russian involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and establish a revolutionary worker's state. Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> 50,000 workers had passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">soviets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Following the October Revolution, the Soviet government struggled with the <a href="/wiki/White_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White Movement">White Movement</a> and several independence movements in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. This period is marked by the establishment of many socialist policies and the development of new socialist ideas, with <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> becoming the dominant ideological strain.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In 1919, the nascent Soviet Government established the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marx%E2%80%93Engels%E2%80%93Lenin_Institute" title="Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute">Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute</a> for doctrinal Marxist study and to publish official ideological and research documents for the Russian Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> With Lenin's death in 1924, there was an internal struggle in the Soviet Communist movement, mainly between <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, respectively. These struggles were based on both sides' different interpretations of Marxist and Leninist theory based on the situation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Revolution">Chinese Revolution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chinese Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism with Chinese Characteristics">Socialism with Chinese Characteristics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin is universally applicable. We should regard it not as a dogma, but as a guide to action. Studying it is not merely a matter of learning terms and phrases but of learning Marxism-Leninism as the science of revolution. It is not just a matter of understanding the general laws derived by Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin from their extensive study of real life and revolutionary experience, but of studying their standpoint and method in examining and solving problems. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Red Book">Little Red Book</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></cite></div> </div> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and, more widely, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Chinese Communist Revolution occurred within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, founded in 1921, conflicted with the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> over the country's future. Throughout the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> developed a theory of Marxism for the Chinese historical context. Mao found a large base of support in the peasantry as opposed to the Russian Revolution, which found its primary support in the urban centres of the Russian Empire. Some significant ideas contributed by Mao were the ideas of <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">mass line</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) was declared in 1949. The new socialist state was to be founded on the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> From Stalin's death until the late 1960s, there was increased conflict between China and the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Stalinisation">De-Stalinisation</a>, which first began under <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, and the policy of <a href="/wiki/Detente" class="mw-redirect" title="Detente">detente</a>, were seen as <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a> and insufficiently Marxist. This ideological confrontation spilt into a broader global crisis centred around which nation was to lead the international socialist movement.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Following Mao's death and the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, Maoism and official Marxism in China were reworked. Commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>, this new path was initially centred around <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>, which claims to uphold Marxism–Leninism and Maoism, while adapting them to Chinese conditions.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Deng Xiaoping Theory was based on <a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a>, which sought to uphold the central role of the Chinese Communist Party and uphold the principle that China was in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">primary stage of socialism</a> and that it was still working to build a communist society based on Marxist principles.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Late 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg/180px-Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 269px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg/180px-Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg/270px-Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg/360px-Fidel_Castro_-_UN_General_Assembly_1960.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1960</figcaption></figure> In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> led to the victory of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and his <a href="/wiki/July_26_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="July 26 Movement">July 26 Movement</a>. Although the revolution was not explicitly socialist, upon victory, Castro ascended to the position of prime minister and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> model of socialist development, allying with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1986-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColtman2003-182">[182]</a> One of the leaders of the revolution, the Argentine Marxist revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, subsequently went on to aid revolutionary socialist movements in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> and Bolivia, eventually being killed by the Bolivian government, possibly on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), although the CIA agent sent to search for Guevara, Felix Rodriguez, expressed a desire to keep him alive as a possible bargaining tool with the Cuban government. He posthumously went on to become an internationally recognised icon.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> government undertook the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> from 1966 to 1976 to purge Chinese society of capitalist elements and achieve socialism. Upon <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s death, his rivals seized political power, and under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, many of Mao's Cultural Revolution era policies were revised or abandoned, and a large increase in privatised industry was encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the collapse of most of those socialist states that had professed a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> capitalism as the dominant ideological trends in Western politics championed by United States president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> led the West to take a more aggressive stance towards the Soviet Union and its Leninist allies. Meanwhile, the reformist <a href="/wiki/Mikhael_Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhael Gorbachev">Mikhael Gorbachev</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in March 1985 and sought to abandon Leninist development models toward <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. Ultimately, Gorbachev's reforms, coupled with rising levels of popular <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>, led to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in late 1991 into a series of constituent nations, all of which abandoned Marxist–Leninist models for socialism, with most converting to capitalist economies.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/220px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/220px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/330px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/440px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Chavez">Hugo Chavez</a> casting a vote in 2007</figcaption></figure> At the turn of the 21st century, China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam remained the only officially Marxist–Leninist states remaining, although a Maoist government led by <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a> was elected into power in Nepal in 2008 following a long guerrilla struggle.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The early 21st century also saw the election of socialist governments in several Latin American nations, in what has come to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a>"; dominated by the Venezuelan government of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>; this trend also saw the election of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> in Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> in Ecuador, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> in Nicaragua. Forging political and economic alliances through international organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a>, these socialist governments allied themselves with Marxist–Leninist Cuba. Although none espoused a Stalinist path directly, most admitted to being significantly influenced by Marxist theory. Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> during the swearing-in of his cabinet two days before his inauguration on 10 January 2007.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Venezuelan Trotskyist organisations do not regard Chávez as a Trotskyist, with some describing him as a bourgeois nationalist,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> while others consider him an honest revolutionary leader who made significant mistakes due to him lacking a Marxist analysis.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> For Italian Marxist <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Zabala" title="Santiago Zabala">Santiago Zabala</a> in their 2011 book <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic_Communism" title="Hermeneutic Communism">Hermeneutic Communism</a>, "this new weak communism differs substantially from its previous Soviet (and current Chinese) realisation, because the South American countries follow democratic electoral procedures and also manage to decentralise the state bureaucratic system through the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a>. In sum, if weakened communism is felt as a spectre in the West, it is not only because of media distortions but also for the alternative it represents through the same democratic procedures that the West constantly professes to cherish but is hesitant to apply."<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_(30930224182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg/220px-VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg/220px-VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg/330px-VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg/440px-VISITA_DE_ESTADO_-_XI_JINPING_%2830930224182%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> since 2012</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> has announced a deepening commitment of the Chinese Communist Party to the ideas of Marx. At an event celebrating the 200th anniversary of Marx's birth, Xi said, "We must win the advantages, win the initiative, and win the future. We must continuously improve the ability to use Marxism to analyse and solve practical problems", adding that Marxism is a "powerful ideological weapon for us to understand the world, grasp the law, seek the truth, and change the world." Xi has further stressed the importance of examining and continuing the tradition of the CPC and embracing its revolutionary past.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The fidelity of those varied revolutionaries, leaders and parties to the work of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> is highly contested and has been rejected by many Marxists and other socialists alike.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Socialists in general and socialist writers, including <a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Volkogonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitri Volkogonov">Dimitri Volkogonov</a>, acknowledge that the actions of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian socialist">authoritarian socialist</a> leaders have damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution."<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></div> Criticism of Marxism has come from various political ideologies and academic disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> This includes general criticism about lack of internal consistency, criticisms related to historical materialism, that it is a type of historical determinism, the necessity of suppression of individual rights, issues with the implementation of communism and economic issues such as the distortion or absence of price signals and reduced incentives. In addition, empirical and epistemological problems are frequently identified.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-popper-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Some Marxists have criticised the academic <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutionalisation</a> of Marxism for being too shallow and detached from political action.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Zimbabwean <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Callinicos" title="Alex Callinicos">Alex Callinicos</a>, himself a professional academic, stated: "Its practitioners remind one of <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a>, who in the Greek legend fell in love with his own reflection. ... Sometimes it is necessary to devote time to clarifying and developing the concepts that we use, but indeed for Western Marxists this has become an end in itself. The result is a body of writings incomprehensible to all but a tiny minority of highly qualified scholars."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos201012-206">[206]</a> Additionally, some intellectual critiques of Marxism contest certain assumptions prevalent in Marx's thought and Marxism after him without rejecting Marxist politics.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Other contemporary supporters of Marxism argue that many aspects of Marxist thought are viable but that the corpus is incomplete or outdated regarding certain aspects of economic, political or <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>. They may combine some Marxist concepts with the ideas of other theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> is one example.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Philosopher and historian of ideas <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a> said that "Marx's theory is incomplete or ambiguous in many places, and could be 'applied' in many contradictory ways without manifestly infringing its principles." Specifically, he considers "the laws of dialectics" as fundamentally erroneous, stating that some are "truisms with no specific Marxist content", others "philosophical dogmas that cannot be proved by scientific means", and some just "nonsense"; he believes that some Marxist laws can be interpreted differently, but that these interpretations still in general fall into one of the two categories of error.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKo%C5%82akowski2005662,_909-210">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Okishio%27s_theorem" title="Okishio's theorem">Okishio's theorem</a> shows that if capitalists use cost-cutting techniques and real wages do not increase, the rate of profit must rise, which casts doubt on Marx's view that the rate of profit would tend to fall.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The allegations of inconsistency have been a large part of Marxian economics and the debates around it since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kliman" title="Andrew Kliman">Andrew Kliman</a> argues that this undermines Marx's critiques and the correction of the alleged inconsistencies because internally inconsistent theories cannot be correct by definition.<a href="#cite_note-Kliman-P3-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemological_and_empirical">Epistemological and empirical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Epistemological and empirical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Critics of Marxism claim that Marx's predictions have failed, with some pointing towards the GDP per capita generally increasing in capitalist economies compared to less market-oriented economics, the capitalist economies not suffering worsening economic crises leading to the overthrow of the capitalist system and communist revolutions not occurring in the most advanced capitalist nations, but instead in undeveloped regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliman2007208-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> It has also been criticised for allegedly resulting in lower living standards in relation to capitalist countries, a claim that has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In his books, <a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" title="The Poverty of Historicism">The Poverty of Historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjectures_and_Refutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjectures and Refutations">Conjectures and Refutations</a>, philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> criticised the <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">explanatory power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Validity_(logic)" title="Validity (logic)">validity</a> of historical materialism.<a href="#cite_note-Popper-1963-217">[217]</a> Popper believed that Marxism had been initially scientific in that Marx had postulated a genuinely predictive theory. When these predictions were not borne out, Popper argues that the theory avoided <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsification</a> by adding ad hoc hypotheses that made it compatible with the facts. Because of this, Popper asserted, a theory that was initially genuinely scientific degenerated into <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> dogma.<a href="#cite_note-Popper-2002-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchist_and_libertarian">Anarchist and libertarian</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Anarchist and libertarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Marxism">Anarchism and Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism#Marxist" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism § Marxist</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> has had a strained relationship with Marxism. Anarchists and many non-Marxist libertarian socialists reject the need for a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">transitory state phase</a>, claiming that socialism can only be established through decentralised, non-coercive organisation.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Anarchist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> criticised Marx for his authoritarian bent.<a href="#cite_note-Bakunin1872-220">[220]</a> The phrases "barracks socialism" or "<a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">barracks communism</a>" became shorthand for this critique, evoking the image of citizens' lives being as regimented as the lives of <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sperber_2013-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Other critiques come from an economic standpoint. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karpovich_Dmitriev" title="Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev">Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev</a> writing in 1898,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_Bortkiewicz" title="Ladislaus Bortkiewicz">Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz</a> writing in 1906–1907,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and subsequent critics have alleged that Marx's <a href="/wiki/Value_theory" title="Value theory">value theory</a> and the law of the <a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">tendency of the rate of profit to fall</a> are internally inconsistent. In other words, the critics allege that Marx drew conclusions that do not follow his theoretical premises. Once these alleged errors are corrected, his conclusion that aggregate price and profit are determined by and equal to the aggregate value and surplus value no longer holds. This result calls into question his theory that exploiting workers is the sole source of profit.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Marxism and socialism have received considerable critical analysis from multiple generations of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian economists</a> regarding scientific methodology, economic theory and political implications.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility#Marginal_Revolution" title="Marginal utility">marginal revolution</a>, a theory of subjective value was developed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> with scholars viewing the development of marginalism more broadly as a response to Marxist economics.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Second-generation Austrian economist <a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk">Eugen Böhm von Bawerk</a> used praxeological and subjectivist methodology to fundamentally attack the law of value. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a> has regarded his criticism as "definitive", arguing that Böhm-Bawerk's critique of Marx's economics was so "thorough and devastating" that he believes that as of the 1960s, no Marxian scholar had conclusively refuted it.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Third-generation Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> rekindled the debate about the <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation problem</a> by arguing that without price signals in capital goods, in his opinion, all other aspects of the market economy are irrational. This led him to declare that "rational economic activity is impossible in a socialist <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">commonwealth</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Mises-230">[230]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Robinson (economist)">James A. Robinson</a> argue that Marx's economic theory was fundamentally flawed because it attempted to simplify the economy into a few general laws that ignored the impact of institutions on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> These charges have been disputed by other influential economists, like <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a><a href="#cite_note-Roemer1982-232">[232]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Vrousalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Vrousalis (page does not exist)">Nicholas Vrousalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vrousalis2020-233">[233]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Karl_Marx" title="Influences on Karl Marx">Influences on Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Marx's theory of human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Marxist film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupavičius2011314–315-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupavi%C4%8Dius2011314%E2%80%93315_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupavi%C4%8Dius2011">Krupavičius 2011</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolffResnick1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Resnick" title="Stephen Resnick">Resnick, Stephen</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsmarxian00wolf_0">Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsmarxian00wolf_0/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801834806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801834806"><bdi>978-0801834806</bdi></a>. <q>The German Marxists extended the theory to groups and issues Marx had barely touched. Marxian analyses of the legal system, of the social role of women, of foreign trade, of international rivalries among capitalist nations, and the role of parliamentary democracy in the transition to socialism drew animated debates ... Marxian theory (singular) gave way to Marxian theories (plural).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Marxian+versus+Neoclassical&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0801834806&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsmarxian00wolf_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716014016/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/e.htm">"Left-wing / Right-wing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/l/e.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Left-wing+%2F+Right-wing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fterms%2Fl%2Fe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/radical-left">"Radical left"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Retrieved 16 July 2022. <q>Radical left is a term that refers collectively to people who hold left-wing political views that are considered extreme, such as supporting or working to establish communism, Marxism, Maoism, socialism, anarchism, or other forms of anticapitalism. The radical left is sometimes called the far left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Radical+left&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fradical-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2009" class="citation journal cs1">March, Luke (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/ipg-2009-1/10_a_march_us.pdf">"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?"</a> (PDF). IPG (Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft). 1: 126–143 – via <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation" title="Friedrich Ebert Foundation">Friedrich Ebert Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPG+%28Internationale+Politik+und+Gesellschaft%29&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Far+Left+Parties+in+Europe%3A+From+Marxism+to+the+Mainstream%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fipg%2Fipg-2009-1%2F10_a_march_us.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415241878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415241878"><bdi>978-0415241878</bdi></a>. <q>Marxist political economists differ over their definitions of capitalism, socialism and communism. These differences are so fundamental, the arguments among differently persuaded Marxist political economists have sometimes been as intense as their oppositions to political economies that celebrate capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415241878&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradella2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Pradella" title="Lucia Pradella">Pradella, Lucia</a> (2021). "Foundation: Karl Marx (1818–83)". 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"Marxist Approaches in Anthropology". <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Anthropology" title="Annual Review of Anthropology">Annual Review of Anthropology</a>. 4 (1): 341–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.04.100175.002013">10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2730688">2730688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Marxist+Approaches+in+Anthropology&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2730688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0084-6570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.04.100175.002013&rft.aulast=O%27Laughlin&rft.aufirst=Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseberry1997" class="citation journal cs1">Roseberry, William (21 October 1997). 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Cultural Marxism in Post-War Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Marxism+in+Post-War+Britain%3A+History%2C+the+New+Left%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley2003" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, John (2003). "Culture from Arnold to Schwarzenegger: Imperial Literacy to Pop Culture (destination democracy?)". A Short History of Cultural Studies. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 31–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+from+Arnold+to+Schwarzenegger%3A+Imperial+Literacy+to+Pop+Culture+%28destination+democracy%3F%29&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sperber" title="Jonathan Sperber">Sperber, Jonathan</a> (16 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211516/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/16/karl-marx-ideas-resonate-today">"Is Marx still relevant?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/16/karl-marx-ideas-resonate-today">the original</a> on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+Marx+still+relevant%3F&rft.date=2013-05-16&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fmay%2F16%2Fkarl-marx-ideas-resonate-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalottFord2015" class="citation book cs1">Malott, Curry; Ford, Derek (2015). Marx, capital, and education: towards a critical pedagogy of becoming. 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(2005). Understanding Film: Marxist Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Film%3A+Marxist+Perspectives&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2020" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Don (2020). Mean streets: homelessness, public space, and the limits of capital. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5691-4"><bdi>978-0-8203-5691-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1151767935">1151767935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mean+streets%3A+homelessness%2C+public+space%2C+and+the+limits+of+capital&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1151767935&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5691-4&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagleton1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton, Terry</a> (1976). 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The Marxist. 3 (3–4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210184046/https://www.cpim.org/marxist/198504_marxist_marxism&indv_simirnov.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Marxist&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx+on+the+Individual+and+the+Conditions+for+His+Freedom+and+Development&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1985-07%2F1985-12&rft.aulast=Simirnov&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpim.org%2Fmarxist%2F198504_marxist_marxism%26indv_simirnov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2012" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Paul (2012). 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Retrieved 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+materialism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMarxism%23ref35144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1947) [1877]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/introduction.htm">"Introduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-D%C3%BChring" title="Anti-Dühring">Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Anti-D%C3%BChring%3A+Herr+Eugen+D%C3%BChring%27s+Revolution+in+Science&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1877%2Fanti-duhring%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1888) [1847]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/61/pg61-images.html">"Bourgeoisie and Proletariat"</a>. 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Wood">Wood, Allen W.</a> (2004). Karl Marx. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415316989" title="Special:BookSources/9780415316989"><bdi>9780415316989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415316989&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Allen+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> "Alienation". 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Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Classical+Marxism+and+the+question+of+reformism&rft.issue=143&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Gluckstein&rft.aufirst=Donny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2Fclassical-marxism-and-the-question-of-reformism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel, Ernest</a> (1994). 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Retrieved 11 July 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Programme+of+the+Parti+Ouvrier&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Guesde%2C+Jules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1880%2F05%2Fparti-ouvrier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallMorelyChen1996" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Stuart; Morely, Dave; Chen, Kuan-Hsing (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPENAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA418">Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies</a>. London: Routledge. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415088039" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415088039"><bdi>978-0415088039</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081927/https://books.google.com/books?id=EPENAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA418">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2013 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>I have no hesitation in saying that this represents a gigantic crudification and simplification of Marx's work—the kind of simplification and reductionism which once led him, in despair, to say "if that is marxism, then I am not a marxist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stuart+Hall%3A+Critical+Dialogues+in+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0415088039&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Morely%2C+Dave&rft.au=Chen%2C+Kuan-Hsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPENAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Memos, Christos (2012). "Anarchism and Council Communism on the Russian Revolution". <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Studies" title="Anarchist Studies">Anarchist Studies</a>. 20 (2): 22–47 [30]. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3393">0967-3393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anarchist+Studies&rft.atitle=Anarchism+and+Council+Communism+on+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-47+30&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0967-3393&rft.aulast=Memos&rft.aufirst=Christos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Non-Leninist_Marxism-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Non-Leninist_Marxism_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Gorter, Hermann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek, Antonie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle, Otto</a> (2007). Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils. St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0979181368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0979181368"><bdi>978-0979181368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Leninist+Marxism%3A+Writings+on+the+Workers+Councils&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Red+and+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0979181368&rft.aulast=Gorter&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Pannekoek%2C+Antonie&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=R%C3%BChle%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/social-democracy-1-aufheben-8">"The Retreat of Social Democracy ... Re-imposition of Work in Britain and the 'Social Europe'"</a>. Aufheben. No. 8. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405120630/https://libcom.org/library/social-democracy-1-aufheben-8">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aufheben&rft.atitle=The+Retreat+of+Social+Democracy+...+Re-imposition+of+Work+in+Britain+and+the+%27Social+Europe%27&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fsocial-democracy-1-aufheben-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrepanti2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti, Ernesto</a> (2007). Libertarian communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230018969" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230018969"><bdi>978-0230018969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libertarian+communism%3A+Marx+Engels+and+the+Political+Economy+of+Freedom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0230018969&rft.aulast=Screpanti&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5333">"The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">The Socialist Register</a>. 8 (8): 81–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121403/http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5333">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Socialist+Register&rft.atitle=The+Principle+of+Self-Emancipation+in+Marx+and+Engels&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialistregister.com%2Findex.php%2Fsrv%2Farticle%2Fview%2F5333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194522/http://www.chomsky.info/audionvideo/19700216.mp3">Government In The Future</a> (Lecture), Poetry Center of the New York YM-YWHA, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/audionvideo/19700216.mp3">the original</a> on 16 January 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+In+The+Future&rft.pub=Poetry+Center+of+the+New+York+YM-YWHA&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Faudionvideo%2F19700216.mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/ReichVersusTheSituationists/ReichVersusTheSituationists.htm">Orgone Addicts: Wilhelm Reich Versus The Situationists</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308103733/http://www.lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/ReichVersusTheSituationists/ReichVersusTheSituationists.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2022. <q>I will also discuss other left-libertarians who wrote about Reich, as they bear on the general discussion of Reich's ideas...In 1944, Paul Goodman, author of <a href="/wiki/Growing_Up_Absurd" title="Growing Up Absurd">Growing Up Absurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_City" title="The Empire City">The Empire City</a>, and co-author of Gestalt Therapy, began to discover the work of Wilhelm Reich for his American audience in the tiny libertarian socialist and anarchist milieu.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orgone+Addicts%3A+Wilhelm+Reich+Versus+The+Situationists.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lust-for-life.org%2FLust-For-Life%2FReichVersusTheSituationists%2FReichVersusTheSituationists.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1975" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Dick (1975). "Introduction to Castoriadis". Telos (23): 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Castoriadis&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-map-102"><a href="#cite_ref-map_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/libertarian-marxist-tendency-map">"A libertarian Marxist tendency map"</a>. Libcom.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110232041/http://libcom.org/library/libertarian-marxist-tendency-map">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+libertarian+Marxist+tendency+map&rft.pub=Libcom.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Flibertarian-marxist-tendency-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaroufakis" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis, Yanis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/yanis_varoufakis">"Yanis Varoufakis thinks we need a radically new way of thinking about the economy, finance and capitalism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234100/https://www.ted.com/speakers/yanis_varoufakis">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019. <q>Yanis Varoufakis describes himself as a "libertarian Marxist</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yanis+Varoufakis+thinks+we+need+a+radically+new+way+of+thinking+about+the+economy%2C+finance+and+capitalism&rft.aulast=Varoufakis&rft.aufirst=Yanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Fspeakers%2Fyanis_varoufakis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2017" class="citation web cs1">Lowry, Ben (11 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/yanis-varoufakis-we-leftists-are-not-necessarily-pro-public-sector-marx-was-anti-state-1-7861928">"Yanis Varoufakis: We leftists are not necessarily pro public sector – Marx was anti state"</a>. The NewsLetter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234059/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/yanis-varoufakis-we-leftists-are-not-necessarily-pro-public-sector-marx-was-anti-state-1-7861928">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NewsLetter&rft.atitle=Yanis+Varoufakis%3A+We+leftists+are+not+necessarily+pro+public+sector+%E2%80%93+Marx+was+anti+state&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fyanis-varoufakis-we-leftists-are-not-necessarily-pro-public-sector-marx-was-anti-state-1-7861928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromm196669–79Petrović196735–51-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromm196669%E2%80%9379Petrovi%C4%87196735%E2%80%9351_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFromm1966">Fromm 1966</a>, pp. 69–79; <a href="#CITEREFPetrovi%C4%871967">Petrović 1967</a>, pp. 35–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcuse19721–48-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcuse19721%E2%80%9348_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarcuse1972">Marcuse 1972</a>, pp. 1–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2017" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Robert (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/marxist-humanism-now/">"Why We Need Marxist-Humanism Now"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428104950/https://www.plutobooks.com/blog/marxist-humanism-now/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+We+Need+Marxist-Humanism+Now&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plutobooks.com%2Fblog%2Fmarxist-humanism-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgley1991420-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdgley1991420_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdgley1991">Edgley 1991</a>, p. 420. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossSimmons2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gross" title="Neil Gross">Gross, Neil</a>; Simmons, Solon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1vCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">"The Social and Political Views of American College and University Professors"</a>. In Gross, Neil; Simmons, Solon (eds.). Professors and Their Politics. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 19–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.31449">10.1353/book.31449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421413358" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421413358"><bdi>978-1421413358</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407113153/https://books.google.com/books?id=D1vCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.asanet.org/sectionmarxist/about.html">the original</a> on 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Section+on+Marxist+Sociology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.asanet.org%2Fsectionmarxist%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Fuchs" title="Christian Fuchs">Fuchs, Christian</a> (2021). "What is Critical Theory?". 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ASA Footnotes. 37 (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asanet.org/footnotes/intl_0509.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASA+Footnotes&rft.atitle=Between+Public+and+Professional%3A+Chinese+Sociology+and+the+Construction+of+a+Harmonious+Society&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2009-05%2F2009-06&rft.aulast=Xiaogang&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asanet.org%2Ffootnotes%2Fintl_0509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoescheTorre2020" class="citation journal cs1">Loesche, Frank; Torre, Ilaria (2020). "Creative Destruction". 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Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_%26_Wishart" title="Lawrence & Wishart">Lawrence & Wishart</a>. pp. 495–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853151944" title="Special:BookSources/9780853151944"><bdi>9780853151944</bdi></a>. 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Monthly Review Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729130303/https://mronline.org/2021/07/16/vygotskys-revolutionary-educational-psychology/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021. 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This fist called my heart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68123-454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68123-454-0"><bdi>978-1-68123-454-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945552771">945552771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+fist+called+my+heart&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945552771&rft.isbn=978-1-68123-454-0&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Pruyn%2C+Marc&rft.au=Huerta-Charles%2C+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRikowski1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rikowski, Glenn (December 1997). "Scorched Earth: prelude to rebuilding Marxist educational theory". <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Sociology_of_Education" title="British Journal of Sociology of Education">British Journal of Sociology of Education</a>. 18 (4): 551–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0142569970180405">10.1080/0142569970180405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sociology+of+Education&rft.atitle=Scorched+Earth%3A+prelude+to+rebuilding+Marxist+educational+theory&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0142569970180405&rft.aulast=Rikowski&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasinskiHillSkordoulis2019" class="citation book cs1">Rasinski, Lotar; <a href="/wiki/Dave_Hill_(politician)" title="Dave Hill (politician)">Hill, Dave</a>; Skordoulis, Kostas (2019). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-89169-5"><bdi>978-0-367-89169-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1129932782">1129932782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+education%3A+international+perspectives+on+theory+and+action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1129932782&rft.isbn=978-0-367-89169-5&rft.aulast=Rasinski&rft.aufirst=Lotar&rft.au=Hill%2C+Dave&rft.au=Skordoulis%2C+Kostas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllman2007" class="citation book cs1">Allman, Paula (2007). 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Sense. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8790-192-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8790-192-9"><bdi>978-90-8790-192-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191900765">191900765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Marx%3A+an+introduction+to+the+revolutionary+intellect+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Sense&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191900765&rft.isbn=978-90-8790-192-9&rft.aulast=Allman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Tyson E. 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"Pedagogy in Common: Democratic education in the global era". <a href="/wiki/Educational_Philosophy_and_Theory" title="Educational Philosophy and Theory">Educational Philosophy and Theory</a>. 43 (10): 1119–1134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-5812.2009.00630.x">10.1111/j.1469-5812.2009.00630.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219539909">219539909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Philosophy+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Pedagogy+in+Common%3A+Democratic+education+in+the+global+era&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1119-%3C%2Fspan%3E1134&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-5812.2009.00630.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219539909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=De+Lissovoy&rft.aufirst=Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourassa2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bourassa, Gregory N. (June 2019). "An Autonomist Biopolitics of Education: Reproduction, Resistance, and the Specter of Constituent Bíos". Educational Theory. 69 (3): 305–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fedth.12370">10.1111/edth.12370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212828309">212828309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theory&rft.atitle=An+Autonomist+Biopolitics+of+Education%3A+Reproduction%2C+Resistance%2C+and+the+Specter+of+Constituent+B%C3%ADos&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fedth.12370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212828309%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bourassa&rft.aufirst=Gregory+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2016" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Derek (2016). 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"Explorations in the History of Left Education in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paedagogica_Historica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paedagogica Historica (page does not exist)">Paedagogica Historica</a>. 35 (1): 11–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0030923990350101">10.1080/0030923990350101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=Explorations+in+the+History+of+Left+Education+in+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Century+Europe&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0030923990350101&rft.aulast=Gettleman&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrande2004" class="citation book cs1">Grande, Sandy (2004). Red pedagogy: Native American social and political thought. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1828-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1828-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-1828-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54424848">54424848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+pedagogy%3A+Native+American+social+and+political+thought&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54424848&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1828-5&rft.aulast=Grande&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolst2002" class="citation book cs1">Holst, John D (2002). 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Archives.yale.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410194038/https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/5037?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ms.0650&query=&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes&hlon=yes&big=&adv=&filter=&hitPageStart=&sortFields=&view=all">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">The New Republic</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465098125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465098125"><bdi>978-0465098125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Soviet+Empire%3A+The+Triumph+of+the+Nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+New+Republic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0465098125&rft.aulast=D%27Encausse&rft.aufirst=Helene+Carrere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/list-of-communist-countries-today.html">"List Of Communist Countries Today"</a>. WorldAtlas. 30 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502194059/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/list-of-communist-countries-today.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=List+Of+Communist+Countries+Today&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Flist-of-communist-countries-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/09/nepa-s02.html">"New Maoist-led government installed in Nepal"</a>. World Socialist Web Site. 2 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502194101/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/09/nepa-s02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=New+Maoist-led+government+installed+in+Nepal&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2008%2F09%2Fnepa-s02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinarich" class="citation news cs1">Malinarich, Nathalie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912102355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6246219.stm">"Chavez accelerates on path to socialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6246219.stm">the original</a> on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chavez+accelerates+on+path+to+socialism&rft.aulast=Malinarich&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F6246219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010152457/http://www.jir.org.ve/article.php3?id_article=211">"Declaración Polãtica de la JIR, como Fracción Pública del PRS, por una real independencia de clase (Extractos) – Juventud de Izquierda Revolucionaria"</a> [Political Declaration of the JIR, as a Public Fraction of the PRS, for a real class independence (Excerpts) – Revolutionary Left Youth] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jir.org.ve/article.php3?id_article=211">the original</a> on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaraci%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%A3tica+de+la+JIR%2C+como+Fracci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica+del+PRS%2C+por+una+real+independencia+de+clase+%28Extractos%29+%E2%80%93+Juventud+de+Izquierda+Revolucionaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jir.org.ve%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanabria" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanabria, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091218105614/http://venezuela.elmilitante.org/content/view/6417/182/">"La Enmienda Constitucional, Orlando Chirino y la C-CURA"</a> [The Constitutional Amendment, Orlando Chirino and the C-CURA] (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venezuela.elmilitante.org/content/view/6417/182/">the original</a> on 18 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Enmienda+Constitucional%2C+Orlando+Chirino+y+la+C-CURA&rft.aulast=Sanabria&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenezuela.elmilitante.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F6417%2F182%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVattimoZabala2011" class="citation book cs1">Vattimo, Gianni; Zabala, Santiago (2011). Hermeneutic Communism: From Heidegger to Marx. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231528078" title="Special:BookSources/9780231528078"><bdi>9780231528078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermeneutic+Communism%3A+From+Heidegger+to+Marx&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780231528078&rft.aulast=Vattimo&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=Zabala%2C+Santiago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2018" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Christian (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-marx-china/no-regrets-xi-says-marxism-still-totally-correct-for-china-idUSKBN1I50ET">"No regrets: Xi says Marxism still 'totally correct' for China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420043317/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-marx-china/no-regrets-xi-says-marxism-still-totally-correct-for-china-idUSKBN1I50ET">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=No+regrets%3A+Xi+says+Marxism+still+%27totally+correct%27+for+China&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-germany-marx-china%2Fno-regrets-xi-says-marxism-still-totally-correct-for-china-idUSKBN1I50ET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2018" class="citation web cs1">Jiang, Steven (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/17/asia/xi-jinping-marxism-china-intl/index.html">"At the height of his power, China's Xi Jinping moves to embrace Marxism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407074735/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/17/asia/xi-jinping-marxism-china-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=At+the+height+of+his+power%2C+China%27s+Xi+Jinping+moves+to+embrace+Marxism&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fasia%2Fxi-jinping-marxism-china-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1270109/chinas-communist-party-and-xi-jinping-are-celebrating-the-200th-birthday-of-karl-marx-with-a-vengeance/">"China's huge celebrations of Karl Marx are not really about Marxism"</a>. Qz.com. 4 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410194139/https://qz.com/1270109/chinas-communist-party-and-xi-jinping-are-celebrating-the-200th-birthday-of-karl-marx-with-a-vengeance/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qz.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+huge+celebrations+of+Karl+Marx+are+not+really+about+Marxism&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1270109%2Fchinas-communist-party-and-xi-jinping-are-celebrating-the-200th-birthday-of-karl-marx-with-a-vengeance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1981" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Ben (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/cpml-ussr.htm">"USSR: Capitalist or Socialist?"</a>. The Call. 10 (8). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629124947/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/cpml-ussr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Call&rft.atitle=USSR%3A+Capitalist+or+Socialist%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fhistory%2Ferol%2Fncm-7%2Fcpml-ussr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation news cs1">Garner, Dwight (18 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/books/19garner.html">"Fox Hunter, Party Animal, Leftist Warrior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061411/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/books/19garner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fox+Hunter%2C+Party+Animal%2C+Leftist+Warrior&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F19%2Fbooks%2F19garner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1991" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297810803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297810803"><bdi>978-0297810803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0297810803&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Mark (2000). Sociology in Perspective. Heinemann. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0435331603" title="Special:BookSources/978-0435331603"><bdi>978-0435331603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Perspective&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0435331603&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllman1957" class="citation book cs1">Ollman, Bertell (1957). Criticisms of Marxism 1880–1930. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. pp. 1, 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticisms+of+Marxism+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.pages=1%2C+6&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Ollman&rft.aufirst=Bertell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardKing1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (1992). A History of Marxian Economics. Vol. II, 1929–1990. 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Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415285940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415285940"><bdi>978-0415285940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conjectures+and+Refutations%3A+The+Growth+of+Scientific+Knowledge&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415285940&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a> (1991). Essays in Persuasion. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393001907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393001907"><bdi>978-0393001907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Persuasion&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0393001907&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton1977" class="citation journal cs1">Horton, John (1977). "A Contribution to the Critique of Academic Marxism: Or How the Intellectuals Liquidate Class Struggle". Synthesis–Fall 1977. 2 (1/2). Social Justice/Global Options: 78–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43783343">43783343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthesis%E2%80%93Fall+1977&rft.atitle=A+Contribution+to+the+Critique+of+Academic+Marxism%3A+Or+How+the+Intellectuals+Liquidate+Class+Struggle&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43783343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallinicos201012-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallinicos201012_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCallinicos2010">Callinicos 2010</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudrillard1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard, Jean</a> (1975) [1973]. <a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Production" title="The Mirror of Production">The Mirror of Production</a>. Translated by Poster, Mark. New York: <a href="/wiki/Telos_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos Press">Telos Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0914386063" title="Special:BookSources/978-0914386063"><bdi>978-0914386063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Production&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Telos+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0914386063&rft.aulast=Baudrillard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeld1980" class="citation book cs1">Held, David (October 1980). Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520041752" title="Special:BookSources/9780520041752"><bdi>9780520041752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Critical+Theory%3A+Horkheimer+to+Habermas&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980-10&rft.isbn=9780520041752&rft.aulast=Held&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, Fredric (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSL3gr4m_k8C&pg=PA11">"The Theoretical Hesitation: Benjamin's Sociological Predecessor"</a>. In Nealon, Jeffrey T.; Irr, Caren (eds.). Rethinking the Frankfurt School: Alternative Legacies of Cultural Critique. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 11–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791454923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791454923"><bdi>978-0791454923</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083202/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSL3gr4m_k8C&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theoretical+Hesitation%3A+Benjamin%27s+Sociological+Predecessor&rft.btitle=Rethinking+the+Frankfurt+School%3A+Alternative+Legacies+of+Cultural+Critique&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0791454923&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSL3gr4m_k8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKołakowski2005662,_909-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKo%C5%82akowski2005662,_909_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKo%C5%82akowski2005">Kołakowski 2005</a>, pp. 662, 909. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardKing1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (1992). "7". A History of Marxian Economics. Vol. II, 1929–1990. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. §§II–IV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Marxian+Economics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%C2%A7%C2%A7II-IV&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=King%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardKing1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (1992). "7". A History of Marxian Economics. Vol. 1929–1990. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Marxian+Economics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=King%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kliman-P3-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Kliman-P3_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKliman2007">Kliman 2007</a>, p. 3: "Marx's value theory would be necessarily wrong if it were internally inconsistent. Internally inconsistent theories may be appealing, intuitively plausible and even obvious, and consistent with all available empirical evidence—but they cannot be right. It is necessary to reject them or correct them. Thus the alleged proofs of inconsistency trump all other considerations, disqualifying Marx's theory at the starting gate. By doing so, they provide the principal justification for the suppression of this theory as well as the suppression of, and the denial of resources needed to carry out, present-day research based upon it. This greatly inhibits its further development. So does the very charge of inconsistency. What person of intellectual integrity would want to join a research program founded on (what he believes to be) a theory that is internally inconsistent and therefore false?", However, in his book, Kliman presents an interpretation where these inconsistencies can be eliminated. The connection between the inconsistency allegations and the lack of study of Marx's theories was argued further by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassidy1997" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassidy_(journalist)" title="John Cassidy (journalist)">Cassidy, John</a> (20–27 October 1997). "The Return of Karl Marx". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. p. 252. <q>His mathematical model of the economy, which depended on the idea that labor is the source of all value, was riven with internal inconsistencies and is rarely studied these days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1997-10-20%2F1997-10-27&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliman2007208-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKliman2007208_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKliman2007">Kliman 2007</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG">"GDP per capita growth (annual %)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515232458/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita+growth+%28annual+%25%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeresetoWaitzkin1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cereseto, S; Waitzkin, H (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646771">"Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a>. 76 (6): 661–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.76.6.661">10.2105/ajph.76.6.661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1646771">1646771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3706593">3706593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Economic+development%2C+political-economic+system%2C+and+the+physical+quality+of+life.&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E661-%3C%2Fspan%3E666&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646771%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3706593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.76.6.661&rft.aulast=Cereseto&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Waitzkin%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1646771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popper-1963-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Popper-1963_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper1963" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org">"Science as Falsification"</a>. Stephenjaygould.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041113084448/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2004. Retrieved 22 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stephenjaygould.org&rft.atitle=Science+as+Falsification&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenjaygould.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Popper-2002-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Popper-2002_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl Raimund</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IENmxiVBaSoC&pg=PA449">Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415285940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415285940"><bdi>978-0415285940</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407083053/https://books.google.com/books?id=IENmxiVBaSoC&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conjectures+and+Refutations%3A+The+Growth+of+Scientific+Knowledge&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415285940&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl+Raimund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIENmxiVBaSoC%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2012" class="citation journal cs1">Franks, Benjamin (2012). "Between Anarchism and Marxism: the beginnings and ends of the schism…". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Ideologies" title="Journal of Political Ideologies">Journal of Political Ideologies</a>. 17 (2): 207–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2012.676867">10.1080/13569317.2012.676867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Between+Anarchism+and+Marxism%3A+the+beginnings+and+ends+of+the+schism%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2012.676867&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakunin1872-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Bakunin1872_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakunin1872" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin, Mikhail</a> (5 October 1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/la-liberte.htm">Letter to La Liberté, quoted in Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081314/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1872/la-liberte.htm">archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022, retrieved 24 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+La+Libert%C3%A9%2C+quoted+in+Bakunin+on+Anarchy%2C+translated+and+edited+by+Sam+Dolgoff%2C+1971&rft.date=1872-10-05&rft.aulast=Bakunin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fbakunin%2Fworks%2F1872%2Fla-liberte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sperber_2013-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Sperber_2013_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperber2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sperber" title="Jonathan Sperber">Sperber, Jonathan</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBpSh9JYAKcC">Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871403544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871403544"><bdi>978-0871403544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026144010/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBpSh9JYAKcC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3A+A+Nineteenth-Century+Life&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0871403544&rft.aulast=Sperber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBpSh9JYAKcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitriev1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Karpovich_Dmitriev" title="Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev">Dmitriev, V. K.</a> (1974) [1898]. Economic Essays on Value, Competition and Utility. 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Philadelphia: Orion Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Correction+of+Marx%27s+Fundamental+Theoretical+Construction+in+the+Third+Volume+of+Capital&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Close+of+his+System&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Orion+Editions&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=von+Bortkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Ladislaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardKing1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (1992). "12". A History of Marxian Economics. Vol. II, 1929–1990. 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Retrieved 4 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises.org&rft.atitle=What+We+Can+Know+About+the+World&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fwhat-we-can-know-about-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Mises2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises, Ludwig</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/omnipotent-government-rise-total-state-and-total-war">Omnipotent Government</a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443726467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443726467"><bdi>978-1443726467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412085854/https://mises.org/library/omnipotent-government-rise-total-state-and-total-war">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Omnipotent+Government&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1443726467&rft.aulast=von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fomnipotent-government-rise-total-state-and-total-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenovskyKarpouzanov2010" class="citation cs2">Nenovsky, Nikolay; Karpouzanov, Momtchil (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62040/2/MPRA_paper_62040.pdf">Value, Prices and Money. 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Books for Libraries Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0836981544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0836981544"><bdi>978-0836981544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxist+Ideology+in+the+Contemporary+World%3A+Its+Appeals+and+Paradoxes&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0836981544&rft.aulast=Haberler&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarxistideologyi00drac%2Fpage%2F124%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mises-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Mises_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/pdf/econcalc.pdf">Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610164542" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610164542"><bdi>978-1610164542</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923191714/https://mises.org/pdf/econcalc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Calculation+in+the+Socialist+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1610164542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fpdf%2Feconcalc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcemogluRobinson2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Acemoglu, Daron</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. 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Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+General+Laws+of+Capitalism&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F113636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14001669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.29.1.3&rft.aulast=Acemoglu&rft.aufirst=Daron&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw20766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roemer1982-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Roemer1982_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">Roemer, John</a> (1982). 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Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2019, 131 pp"</a>. Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics. 13 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23941%2Fejpe.v13i1.472">10.23941/ejpe.v13i1.472</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501164010/https://www.ejpe.org/journal/article/view/472">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Journal+for+Philosophy+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Review+of+Ernesto+Screpanti%27s+Labour+and+Value%3A+Rethinking+Marx%27s+Theory+of+Exploitation.+Cambridge%3A+Open+Book+Publishers%2C+2019%2C+131+pp.&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23941%2Fejpe.v13i1.472&rft.aulast=Vrousalis&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejpe.org%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderson2017" class="citation book cs1">Alderson, David (2017). 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Retrieved 21 September 2020 – via Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+of+Historical+Materialism&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Critical+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=Beacon+Press+Boston&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0807015288&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmarcuse%2Fworks%2Fhistorical-materialism%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1849" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm">Wage Labour and Capital</a>. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rheinische_Zeitung" title="Neue Rheinische Zeitung">Neue Rheinische Zeitung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608082512/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2014 – via Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wage+Labour+and+Capital&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Neue+Rheinische+Zeitung&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1847%2Fwage-labour%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrović1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gajo_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Gajo Petrović">Petrović, Gajo</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marxinmidtwentie00petr">Marx in the Mid-twentieth Century: A Yugoslav Philosopher Considers Karl Marx's Writings</a>. Garden City, New York: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1036708143">1036708143</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+in+the+Mid-twentieth+Century%3A+A+Yugoslav+Philosopher+Considers+Karl+Marx%27s+Writings&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1036708143&rft.aulast=Petrovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Gajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarxinmidtwentie00petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Smith_(Marxist)" title="Cyril Smith (Marxist)">Smith, Cyril</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-cyril/works/millenni/smith3.htm">"The Standpoint of Socialised Humanity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-cyril/works/millenni/index.htm">Marx at the Millennium</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105507/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/smith-cyril/works/millenni/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020 – via Marxists Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Standpoint+of+Socialised+Humanity&rft.btitle=Marx+at+the+Millennium&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fsmith-cyril%2Fworks%2Fmillenni%2Fsmith3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tri07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Trigger" title="Bruce Trigger">Trigger, Bruce G.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig">A History of Archaeological Thought</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521600491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521600491"><bdi>978-0521600491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Archaeological+Thought&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0521600491&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarchaeo0000trig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgar2006" class="citation book cs1">Agar, Jolyon (2006). Rethinking Marxism: From Kant and Hegel to Marx and Engels. London / New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041541119X" title="Special:BookSources/041541119X"><bdi>041541119X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Marxism%3A+From+Kant+and+Hegel+to+Marx+and+Engels&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=041541119X&rft.aulast=Agar&rft.aufirst=Jolyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvineri1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri" title="Shlomo Avineri">Avineri, Shlomo</a> (1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521096195" title="Special:BookSources/9780521096195"><bdi>9780521096195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Political+Thought+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521096195&rft.aulast=Avineri&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahrendorf1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Dahrendorf, Ralf</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli0000dahr">Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society</a>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804705608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804705608"><bdi>978-0804705608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+and+Class+Conflict+in+Industrial+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0804705608&rft.aulast=Dahrendorf&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassclassconfli0000dahr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElster1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Elster" title="Jon Elster">Elster, Jon</a> (1986). An Introduction to Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521329221" title="Special:BookSources/0521329221"><bdi>0521329221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0521329221&rft.aulast=Elster&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznicki2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kuznicki, Jason T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n193.xml">"Marxism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 318–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n193">10.4135/9781412965811.n193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n193&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Kuznicki&rft.aufirst=Jason+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn193.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McLellan_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McLellan (academic)">McLellan, David</a> (2007). Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403997289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403997289"><bdi>978-1403997289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+After+Marx&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1403997289&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bamford_Parkes" title="Henry Bamford Parkes">Parkes, Henry Bamford</a> (1964) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/265852">Marxism: An Autopsy</a>. Phoenix Books (1st Phoenix ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/265852">265852</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28368284M">28368284M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%3A+An+Autopsy&rft.series=Phoenix+Books&rft.edition=1st+Phoenix&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F265852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28368284M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Henry+Bamford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F265852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrychitko2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Prychitko" class="mw-redirect" title="David L. Prychitko">Prychitko, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html">"Marxism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>. pp. 337–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865976658"><bdi>978-0865976658</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267">237794267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794267&rft.isbn=978-0865976658&rft.aulast=Prychitko&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2FMarxism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Robinson" title="Cedric Robinson">Robinson, Cedric J.</a> (2000) [1983]. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241514177" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241514177"><bdi>978-0241514177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Marxism%3A+The+Making+of+the+Black+Radical+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0241514177&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Cedric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">Rummel, R.J.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM">"Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM">Conflict In Perspective</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism%2C+Class+Conflict%2C+and+the+Conflict+Helix&rft.btitle=Conflict+In+Perspective&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FCIP.CHAP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScrepantiZamagni1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti, Ernesto</a>; Zamagni, Stefano (1993). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199279142" title="Special:BookSources/9780199279142"><bdi>9780199279142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780199279142&rft.aulast=Screpanti&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Zamagni%2C+Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Sheehan" title="Helena Sheehan">Sheehan, Helena</a> (2017) [1985]. Marxism and the Philosophy of Science: A Critical History. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786634269" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786634269"><bdi>978-1786634269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+the+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786634269&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarxism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Marxism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Marxism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Marxism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marxism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Marxism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marxism" class="extiw" title="q:Marxism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Marxism" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Marxism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Marxism,_Communism,_and_Socialism" class="extiw" title="b:Marxism, Communism, and Socialism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7264" class="extiw" title="d:Q7264">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Marxism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=marxism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=marxism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/367344">Marxism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtjwQ74cM2RxKnMbrJCktvTq-YCEjamoV">Marxism lecture by Prof. Raymond Geuss</a> playlist on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_playlist_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube playlist (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marxism&oldid=1267108208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marxism&oldid=1267108208</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 3 January 2025, at 17:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ماركسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماركسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মাৰ্ক্সবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাৰ্ক্সবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismu" title="Marxismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marxismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_%C3%B1eimo%27%C3%A3" title="Marx ñeimo'ã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marx ñeimo'ã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizm" title="Marksizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مارکسیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارکسیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="মার্কসবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কসবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Marx-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marx-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марксізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марксізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मार्क्सवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मार्क्सवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Марксизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марксизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མར་ཁེ་སེ་རིང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མར་ཁེ་སེ་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizam" title="Marksizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marksizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksouriezh" title="Marksouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marksouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcsiaeth" title="Marcsiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marcsiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksism" title="Marksism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marksism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μαρξισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρξισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksismo" title="Marksismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marksismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="مارکسیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارکسیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markswaad" title="Markswaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Markswaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisma" title="Marxisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marxisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksisme" title="Marksisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marksisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisim" title="Marxisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Marxisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxachas" title="Marxachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marxachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxachas" title="Marxachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Marxachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="馬克思主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="馬克思主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="마르크스주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르크스주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Մարքսիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարքսիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मार्क्सवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्क्सवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizam" title="Marksizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marksizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismi" title="Marxismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marxismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מרקסיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקסיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್‌ವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಕ್ಸ್‌ವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მარქსიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარქსიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksydhieth" title="Marksydhieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Marksydhieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaksi" title="Umaksi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks%C3%AEzm" title="Marksîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marksîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ລັດທິມາກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດທິມາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placita_Marxiana" title="Placita Marxiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Placita Marxiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksisms" title="Marksisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marksisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizmas" title="Marksizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marksizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxizmus" title="Marxizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marxizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Марксизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марксизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksisma" title="Marksisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marksisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="മാർക്സിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർക്സിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मार्क्सवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्क्सवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მარქსიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარქსიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ماركسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماركسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मार्क्सवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्क्सवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="मार्क्सवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मार्क्सवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="マルクス主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizm" title="Marksizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਮਾਰਕਸਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਕਸਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مارکسزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارکسزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مارکسيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارکسيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaxizim" title="Maaxizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Maaxizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%98" title="ម៉ាក្សនិយម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ាក្សនិយម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismus" title="Marxismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marxismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizm" title="Marksizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksismo" title="Marksismo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Marksismo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxissem" title="Marxissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Marxissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsyuyay" title="Marsyuyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marsyuyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Марксізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱥᱵᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizmi" title="Marksizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marksizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismu" title="Marxismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marxismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මාක්ස්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාක්ස්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88" title="مارڪسي فلسفو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مارڪسي فلسفو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxizmus" title="Marxizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marxizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizem" title="Marksizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marksizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مارکسیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارکسیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Марксизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марксизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizam" title="Marksizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marksizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxilaisuus" title="Marxilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marxilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marxism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்க்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="మార్క్సిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్క్సిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ลัทธิมากซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิมากซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizm" title="Marksizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Марксизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марксизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مارکسیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارکسیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizm" title="Marksizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marksizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Marx" title="Chủ nghĩa Marx – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Marx" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="馬克思主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬克思主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismo" title="Marxismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marxismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马克思主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מארקסיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מארקסיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="馬克思主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬克思主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks%C4%97zmos" title="Marksėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Marksėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马克思主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Marxisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 January 2025, at 17:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59ccf9db48-ld4vl","wgBackendResponseTime":286,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.477","walltime":"3.994","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21061,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":922608,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":129712,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":928887,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3304.940 1 -total"," 46.54% 1537.982 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.60% 845.940 142 Template:Cite_book"," 8.18% 270.389 48 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.10% 234.527 18 Template:Fix"," 6.79% 224.378 28 Template:Sfn"," 5.50% 181.834 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.35% 176.867 13 Template:Page_needed"," 5.07% 167.415 33 Template:Delink"," 4.57% 151.089 10 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.210","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23672077,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcemogluRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFActon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsKeene2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAghionHowitt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvaradoGutchWollen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvineri1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakunin1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudrillard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeamish1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackBrewerShawChandler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBottomore1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoughton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourassa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourne1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullockTrombley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallinicos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmichael2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarver1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeresetoWaitzkin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambreMcLellan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenVeryardMellorLast1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColtman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Amato2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Encausse1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahrendorf1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid-Fox2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Lissovoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDmitriev1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDworkin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagleton1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdgley1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdlesAppelrouth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllison1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElster1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineSaad-FilhoBoffo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzSimmonsSuoranta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordJandrić2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordLewis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterHollemanClark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranke1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromm1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettleman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluckstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrande2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossSimmons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberler1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallMorelyChen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaupt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeld1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobsbawm2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmstrom1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolst2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardKing1992\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudisVidalSmithRotta2018–2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJameson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKliman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKołakowski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieger1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrupavičius2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuruma1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuznicki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtheim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisichkin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoescheTorre2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukács1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinarich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalott2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalott2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalottFord2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMao\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMao1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcuse1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcuse1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxEngels1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxEngels1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxEngels1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxGuesde1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMau2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarney2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLarenPruynHuerta-Charles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiliband2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNenovskyKarpouzanov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Laughlin1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Rourke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOllman1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParenti1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkes1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavón-Cuéllar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrović1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopper1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopper2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPradella2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrychitko2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasinskiHillSkordoulis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRikowski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRikowski2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoemer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoseberry1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanabria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayersEvansRedclift1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepanti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepanti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepantiZamagni1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepantiZamagni2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShambaugh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegrist2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimirnov1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperber2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpringborg1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStunkel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibbetts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrigger2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUgri͡umov1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaroufakis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVattimoZabala2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrousalis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWade2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittfogel1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffResnick1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaogang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaleski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhaoDickson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bortkiewicz1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Bortkiewicz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Mises2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Tri07\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\u0026\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 142,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 17,\n [\"Marx/Engels\"] = 1,\n [\"Marxism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Marxist \u0026 Communist phraseology\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 13,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 28,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","18.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","11.0"],["dataWrapper 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