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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">El Molo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Molo_1979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/El_Molo_1979.jpg/220px-El_Molo_1979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/El_Molo_1979.jpg/330px-El_Molo_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/El_Molo_1979.jpg/440px-El_Molo_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">El Molo woman and baby 1979</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,104<sup id="cite_ref-Census2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Waaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Kenyan Nilotes</a> (<small>in particular the </small><a href="/wiki/Pokot_people" title="Pokot people">Pokot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Kalenjin</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic peoples</a> <small>(primarily of the </small><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Western Omo–Tana</a><small> branch)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Poloni1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poloni1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>El Molo</b>, also known as <b>Elmolo</b>, <b>Dehes</b>, <b>Fura-Pawa</b> and <b>Ldes</b>, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the northern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="Eastern Province (Kenya)">Eastern Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. They historically spoke the <a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo language</a> as a mother tongue, an <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch, and now most El Molo speak <a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The El Molo are believed to have originally migrated down into the <a href="/wiki/Turkana_Basin" title="Turkana Basin">Turkana Basin</a> around 1000 BC from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in the more northerly <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a> region. Owing to the arid environment in which they entered, they are held to have then abandoned agricultural activities in favor of lakeside fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the El Molo erected tomb structures in which they placed their dead. A 1962 archaeological survey in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Frontier_District" title="Northern Frontier District">Northern Frontier District</a> led by Susan Brodribb Pughe<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed hieroglyphics on a number of these constructions. They were mainly found near springs or wells of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Pughe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pughe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The El Molo today primarily inhabit the northern <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="Eastern Province (Kenya)">Eastern Province</a> of Kenya. They are concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Marsabit_District" title="Marsabit District">Marsabit District</a> on the southeast shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a>, between <a href="/wiki/El_Molo" class="mw-redirect" title="El Molo">El Molo</a> bay and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kulal" title="Mount Kulal">Mount Kulal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, they also dwelled in other parts of the Northern Frontier District.<sup id="cite_ref-Pughe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pughe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2019 Kenya census, there were 1,104 El Molo residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historians have noted that there are few "pure" El Molo left. Most group members are today admixed with adjacent <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> populations, primarily <a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a>, with only a handful of unmixed El Molo believed to exist. Many El Molo speakers have also adopted cultural customs from these communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Svf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, only eight people reportedly could still speak El Molo.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The El Molo historically spoke the <a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo language</a> as a native language. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, among other sources, the El Molo language is nearly extinct and there may already be no remaining speakers of the idiom. Most group members have now adopted the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a> of their neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The El Molo language has no known dialects. It is most similar to <a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many El Molo practice a traditional religion centered on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Waaq" title="Waaq">Waaq</a>/Wakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the related <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> culture, <i>Waaq</i> denotes the single God of the early pre-<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> faith believed to have been adhered to by Cushitic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullahi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullahi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some El Molo have also adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the population of the El Molo was recorded as at 300. They are based at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Lake Turkana</a> basin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on the <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the El Molo people. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic genealogy</a>, a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern El Molo. The El Molo group are characterized by a low haplotype diversity (0.88), close to that observed in Khoisan hunter-gatherers, and by the non-significance of neutrality tests and the multimodal mismatch distribution indicating small population size and strong genetic drift.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mtDNA">mtDNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: mtDNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> study by Castri et al. (2008), the maternal ancestry of the contemporary El Molo consists of a mixture of Afro-Asiatic-associated lineages and Sub-Saharan haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighboring Sub-Saharan populations. A little over 30% of the El Molo belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup I (mtDNA)">I</a> (23%) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_HV_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup HV (mtDNA)">HV1</a> (8%). The remaining El Molo samples carried various Sub-Saharan <a href="/wiki/Macro-haplogroup_L_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)">macro-haplogroup L</a> sub-clades, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3*</a> (26%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L0" title="Haplogroup L0">L0a2</a> (17%) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L0" title="Haplogroup L0">L0f</a> (17%).<sup id="cite_ref-Castrí_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castrí-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The El Molo's <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to the researchers, the El Molo showed significant Afro-Asiatic affinities. They also shared some ties with neighboring Nilo-Saharan and Bantu speakers in eastern Africa due to considerable genetic exchanges with these communities over the past 5000 or so years.<sup id="cite_ref-Tishkoff2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Western Omo–Tana languages</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Yale University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300072808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300072808"><bdi>978-0300072808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peopling+of+Africa%3A+A+Geographic+Interpretation&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0300072808&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDjlC1ws158C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gender and Diplomacy, ed. Jennifer A. Cassidy, Routledge, 2017, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pughe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pughe_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pughe_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPughe1962" class="citation book cs1">Pughe, S. Brodribb (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://google.com/books?id=updtAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Preliminary Report Concerning Problems on the Origins and Ages of Certain of the Man-made Structures in the Northern Frontier District of Kenya and Certain Regions of the Eastern Horn of Africa</i></a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+Report+Concerning+Problems+on+the+Origins+and+Ages+of+Certain+of+the+Man-made+Structures+in+the+Northern+Frontier+District+of+Kenya+and+Certain+Regions+of+the+Eastern+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Pughe&rft.aufirst=S.+Brodribb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupdtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnelo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnelo_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/elo">"El Molo"</a>. Ethnologue<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Molo&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Felo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-51037898/kenya-s-el-molo-people-fear-death-of-their-language">"El Molo"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=El+Molo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fav%2Fworld-africa-51037898%2Fkenya-s-el-molo-people-fear-death-of-their-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svf-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svf_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4wAQAAIAAJ"><i>Safari, Volume 4</i></a>. News Publications. 1973. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safari%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=News+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5H4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdullahi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdullahi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, <i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i>, (Greenwood Publishing Group: 2001), p.65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosco" class="citation book cs1">Tosco, Mauro. <i>What Terminal Speakers Can Do to Their Language: the Case of Elmolo</i>. pp. 131–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Terminal+Speakers+Can+Do+to+Their+Language%3A+the+Case+of+Elmolo&rft.pages=131-143&rft.aulast=Tosco&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castrí-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castrí_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastrí2008" class="citation journal cs1">Castrí (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2008%20vol86/12_Castri.pdf">"Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Anthropological Sciences</i>. <b>86</b>: 189–92. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19934476">19934476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Kenyan+crossroads%3A+migration+and+gene+flow+in+six+ethnic+groups+from+Eastern+Africa.&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=189-92&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19934476&rft.au=Castr%C3%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isita-org.com%2Fjass%2FContents%2F2008%2520vol86%2F12_Castri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tishkoff2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tishkoff2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkoff2009" class="citation cs2">Tishkoff; et al. (2009), "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", <i>Science</i>, <b>324</b> (5930): 1035–1044, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T">2009Sci...324.1035T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257">10.1126/science.1172257</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">2947357</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144">19407144</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+and+History+of+Africans+and+African+Americans&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5930&rft.pages=1035-1044&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19407144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324.1035T&rft.au=Tishkoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEl+Molo+people" class="Z3988"></span>; Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1172257/DC1">Supplementary Data</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/elo">Ethnologue - El Molo language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-51037898/kenya-s-el-molo-people-fear-death-of-their-language">BBC - El Molo language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cronk, Lee and Dickson, D. Bruce. 2001. Public and hidden transcripts in the East African Highlands: a comment on Smith (1998). Journal of anthropological archaeology 20. 113-121.</li> <li>Dalton, Merrell. 1951. The El Molo – a dying tribe on the shores of Lake Rudolph. East African Annual 1951-52. 45-47.</li> <li>Dyson, W.S. and Fuchs, V.E. 1937. The Elmolo. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 67. 327-338.</li> <li>Heine, Bernd. 1980. Elmolo. In Heine, Bernd (ed.), The Non-Bantu Languages of Kenya, 173-218. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</li> <li>Heine, Bernd. 1972/73. Vokabulare ostafrikanischer Restsprachen, 1: Elmolo. Afrika und Übersee 56. 276-283.</li> <li>Scherrer, Carol. 1974. Effects of western influence on Elmolo, 1973-74. (Discussion papers from the Inst. of African Studies (IAS), 61.) Nairobi: University of Nairobi.</li> <li>Sommer, Gabriele. 1992. A survey on language death in Africa. In Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.), Language death: factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa, 340-341.</li> <li>Tosco, Mauro. 2012. What Terminal Speakers Can Do to Their Language: the Case of Elmolo. In Corriente, Federico and Gregorio del Olmo Lete and Vicente, Ángeles and Vita, Juan-Pablo (eds.), Dialectology of the Semitic Languages. Proceedings of the IV Meeting on Comparative Semitics, Zaragoza, 131-143. Sabadell (Barcelona): Editorial AUSA.</li> <li>W. S. Dyson and V. E. Fuchs. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 67, (Jul. – Dec. 1937), 327-328.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Molo_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/elmo1238">Glottolog - Language: El Molo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Kenya">Ethnic groups in Kenya</a> <small>(by linguistic origin)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agumba_people" title="Agumba people">Agumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonyi_people" title="Chonyi people">Chonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibana_people" title="Jibana people">Jibana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbeere_people" title="Mbeere people">Mbeere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_people" title="Pokomo people">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_people_(Kenya)" title="Suba people (Kenya)">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_people" title="Taita people">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taveta_people" title="Taveta people">Taveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariaal_people" title="Ariaal people">Ariaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateker_peoples" title="Ateker peoples">Ateker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Camus people">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_people" title="Kore people">Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_people" title="Teso people">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_people" title="Aweer people">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orma people">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_people" title="Yaaku people">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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