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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Cuisine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cuisine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oromo_dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oromo_dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Oromo dishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oromo_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gadaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gadaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gadaa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gadaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oromumma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oromumma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Oromumma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oromumma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Social stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livelihood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livelihood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Livelihood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livelihood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Contemporary era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Contemporary era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Human rights issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Political organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oromo people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_(volk)" title="Oromo (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oromo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9E" title="ኦሮሞ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሮሞ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="شعب أورومو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب أورومو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromolar" title="Oromolar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oromolar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Арома – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арома" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Оромо (народ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оромо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromos" title="Oromos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oromos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromov%C3%A9" title="Oromové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oromové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromofolket" title="Oromofolket – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oromofolket" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_(Ethnie)" title="Oromo (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oromo (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromod" title="Oromod – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oromod" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_oromo" title="Pueblo oromo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo oromo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromoj" title="Oromoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oromoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_(herria)" title="Oromo (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oromo (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="مردم اورومو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم اورومو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromos" title="Oromos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oromos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_oromo" title="Pobo oromo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo oromo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A1%9C%EB%AA%A8%EC%9D%B8" title="오로모인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오로모인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օրոմոներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրոմոներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromci" title="Oromci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oromci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Oromo" title="Suku Oromo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Oromo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B3m%C3%B3ar" title="Orómóar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orómóar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95_(%D7%A2%D7%9D)" title="אורומו (עם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורומו (עם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Оромо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оромо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromai" title="Oromai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oromai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orom%C3%B3k" title="Oromók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oromók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94r%C3%B4m%C3%B4_(vahoaka)" title="Ôrômô (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôrômô (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88" title="شعب اورومو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب اورومو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="オロモ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オロモ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromoer" title="Oromoer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oromoer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromoo" title="Oromoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Oromoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromowie" title="Oromowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oromowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromas" title="Oromas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oromas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_(popor)" title="Oromo (popor) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oromo (popor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Оромо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оромо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orom%C3%ABt" title="Oromët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oromët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oromo people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromot" title="Oromot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oromot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo" title="Oromo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oromo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Оромо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оромо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Oromos</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="Afaan Oromo">Oromoo (<a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg/250px-Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg/375px-Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg/500px-Oromo_Cultural_dressing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Oromo people in folk costume at <a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irreechaa</a> festival, 2015</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,489,000 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></th><td class="infobox-data">739,839 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-Census2019a-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">105,000 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Gaz-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">41,600 (2000)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,519 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,890 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,310 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (55–60%), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (40–45%), <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Traditional religion (Waaqeffanna)</a> (up to 3%)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somalis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iraqw_people" title="Iraqw people">Iraqw</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> • other <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic</a> peoples<a href="#cite_note-Joireman-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff2009-10">[10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Oromo people (pron. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɒrəmoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ORR-əm-oh</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: Oromoo) are a <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and parts of Northern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-12">[12]</a> They speak the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a> (also called Afaan Oromoo), which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic language family">Afroasiatic language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-12">[12]</a> They are one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciaoromo-13">[13]</a> According to the last Ethiopian census of 2007, the Oromo numbered 25,488,344 people or 34.5% of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian">Ethiopian</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Recent estimates have the Oromo comprising 45,000,000 people, or 35.8% of the total Ethiopian population estimated at 116,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Oromo were originally <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic, semi-pastoralist</a> people who later would <a href="/wiki/Oromo_expansion" title="Oromo expansion">conquer large swaths of land during their expansions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> After the settlement, they would establish kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Gibe_region" title="Gibe region">Gibe regions</a><a href="#cite_note-Oromo11-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yejju_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yejju people">dynasties in Abyssinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bekele_25-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Oromo people traditionally used the <a href="/wiki/Gadaa" title="Gadaa">gadaa</a> system as the primary form of governance.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-A2-1-23">[23]</a> A leader is elected by the gadaa system and their term lasts eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years.<a href="#cite_note-John_Ralph_Willis_2005_122–127,_129–134,_137-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis2005p128-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2014p483-26">[26]</a> Although most modern Oromos are Muslims or Christians, about 3% practice <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a>, the native ancient <a href="/wiki/Cushitic-speaking_peoples" title="Cushitic-speaking peoples">Cushitic</a> monotheistic religion of Oromos.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_N._Levine_2014_35–41-27">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_nomenclature">Origins and nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a> and comparative ethnology studies suggest that the Oromo people probably originated around the lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chew_Bahir" title="Lake Chew Bahir">Lake Chew Bahir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chamo" title="Lake Chamo">Lake Chamo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taa2006p18-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1966-29">[29]</a> They are a <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic people">Cushitic</a> people and prior to their expansions, they inhabited only the region of what is now modern-day north <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and southern Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The aftermath of the sixteenth century <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a> led Oromos to move to the north.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> While Oromo people have lived in the region for a long time, the ethnic mixture of peoples who have lived here is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo1-33">[33]</a> The Oromos increased their numbers through assimilation (Meedhicca, Mogasa and Gudifacha), as well as the inclusion of mixed peoples (Gabbaro).<a href="#cite_note-Oromo1-33">[33]</a> The native names of the territories were replaced by the name of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oromo_subgroups_and_clans" title="List of Oromo subgroups and clans">Oromo clans</a> who settled on it while the indigenous people were assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo1-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-fahlbuschoromo-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-tesema23-36">[36]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Lewis" title="Herbert S. Lewis">Herbert S. Lewis</a>, both the Oromo and the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> people originated in southern Ethiopia but the Somali expanded to the east and north much earlier than the Oromo, and the Oromo lived only in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya until the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_expansion" title="Oromo expansion">Oromo expansion</a> began about 1530.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis1966-29">[29]</a> Historical evidence suggests that the Oromo people were already established in the southern highlands in or before the 15th century and that at least some Oromo people were interacting with other Ethiopian ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-hassen662-37">[37]</a> According to Alessandro Triulzi, the interactions and encounters between Oromos and Nilo-Saharan groups likely began very early.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo1-33">[33]</a> Subsequent colonial era documents mention and refer to the Oromo people as Galla,<a href="#cite_note-auto-38">[38]</a> which has now developed derogatory connotations, but these documents were generally written by members of other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-Teseme17-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-cerulli56-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1966-29">[29]</a> The term Galla was in use for Oromo people by the <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Abyssinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barton7-41">[41]</a> The original meaning of the term is heavily disputed. An outdated but popular theory among European historians during the 19th century regarding the origin of the term was the belief that it derives from the Hebrew (חלב) and Greek (Gála), milk, due to the outdated belief that the Oromos were lost white men.<a href="#cite_note-Tilstone_Beke_1848_3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This name theory was especially popular among German historians who once believed that the Oromo were related to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic tribe</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Another outdated theory of its origin comes from the belief that the Oromos rejected the offer to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Muhammad</a> as their official religion, thus the prophet giving them the name Qal la or هو قال لا meaning "he said no".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tilstone_Beke_1848_3-42">[42]</a> Some sources claim it was a term for a river and a forest, as well as for the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_society" title="Pastoral society">pastoral people</a> established in the highlands of southern Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-hassen662-37">[37]</a> This historical information, according to <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hassen" title="Mohammed Hassen">Mohammed Hassen</a>, is consistent with the written and oral traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barton7-41">[41]</a> Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_African_Institute" title="International African Institute">International African Institute</a>, suggests that it is an Oromo word (adopted by neighbors), for there is a word, gala, meaning 'wandering' or 'to go home' in their language.<a href="#cite_note-AA1-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-AA2-47">[47]</a> Canadian philosophical professor, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sumner" title="Claude Sumner">Claude Sumner</a>, stated that the French explorer and Ethiopian traveler, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Thomson_d%27Abbadie" title="Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie">Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie</a>, claimed that the term had derived from an Oromo <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">war cry</a> whilst the Oromos were fighting on battlefields.<a href="#cite_note-AA2-47">[47]</a> The word Oromo is derived from Ilm Orma meaning '[The] Children of Orma',<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> or 'Sons of Men',.<a href="#cite_note-Tilstone_Beke_1848_3-42">[42]</a> According to an alternative interpretation provided by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a>, 'Ilm Orma' translates to "son of a stranger." Both interpretations are noted in the Encyclopaedia Britannica Company.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Alaqa_Taye_Gabra_Mariam" title="Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam">Alaqa Tayya</a>, the true timing of the Oromo’s arrival in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> was during the tenth year of the reign of a <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a> ruler, specifically during the time of Merra Tekle Haymanot, whose regal name was <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a>, in the year 930 of Mercy. This suggests that some Oromo groups were already present in the region by the tenth century, indicating that they may have been living within the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> kingdom itself at that time<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> "Galla" has been used in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> literature since at least the thirteenth century, if not earlier. One <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez</a> hagiography, believed to have been written in the thirteenth century, mentions a group called "Galle."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The Chronicle of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda-Siyon</a> (1313–1344) provides a clear and explicit reference to a group of people identified as the "Galla." Furthermore, it describes their territory using the term "Hagara Galla," which translates to "the country of the Galla." This reference suggests that by the early 14th century, the term was already in use to denote both the people and the region they inhabited, indicating a recognized presence and possibly a distinct socio-political or geographical identity within the historical records of the time.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Saint <a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a> (1215–1313) is said to have undertaken extensive missionary work, and the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> and Proselytization of the Galaan<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of Sheikh Ishaq Ahmed of Alawi, who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeyla</a> in 1153. He later traveled to <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and then journeyed among the <a href="/wiki/Arsi_people" title="Arsi people">Arussi</a>, a subgroup of the Oromo people, before eventually settling in Meit, a city small coastal town on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. Sheikh Ishaq played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arsi_people" title="Arsi people">Arsi Oromos</a>, where it has said that 80 clans have converted and adopted Arabic appeals in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The earliest European recorded mention of the Oromos comes from the Italian (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a>) cartographer <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro" title="Fra Mauro">Fra Mauro</a>, who notes a Galla River south of the <a href="/wiki/Awash_River" title="Awash River">Awash River</a>, in his famous <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" title="Fra Mauro map">Mappomondo</a>, or map of the world, completed in 1460. This reference indicates that the Oromos inhabited this area of southern Ethiopia for at least a century and a half before their expansion north. As early as the 12th century, all aspects of Oromo life was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Gadaa" title="Gadaa">Gadaa</a> system, a political and ritual system based on an egalitarian ethos, age grade social organization and highly structured institutions. Under Gadaa, every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders known as Salgan ya'ii Borana (the nine Borana assemblies).<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tesema_Ta'a_2006_26–27-61">[61]</a> A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years.<a href="#cite_note-John_Ralph_Willis_2005_122–127,_129–134,_137-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis2005p128-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2014p483-26">[26]</a> Whenever an Abbaa Gadaa dies while exercising his functions, the bokkuu (the symbol of power) passes to his wife and she keeps the bokkuu and proclaims the laws.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The first detailed history of the Oromo people comes from the Ethiopian monk <a href="/wiki/Bahrey" title="Bahrey">Bahrey</a> who wrote Zenahu la Galla, or "History of the Galla" in 1593.<a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst1997p279-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> They are also mentioned in the records left by Abba Paulos, Joao Bermudes, <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Galawdewos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarsa_Dengel" title="Sarsa Dengel">Sarsa Dengel</a> and others. These records suggest that the Oromo were a pastoralist people who began to move in large numbers into the central highlands of Ethiopia from their cradleland in the plains of southern Ethiopia during the 16th century. This large scale expansion is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">"Great Oromo Migrations"</a>. Prior to this movement, the Oromos were divided into two major confederations, the <a href="/wiki/Boorana" title="Boorana">Boorana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barento" title="Barento">Barento</a>, who lived in the west and east of the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift Valley">Rift Valley</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst1997p279-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barento" title="Barento">Barento</a> moved in an eastern direction, eventually settling in today's <a href="/wiki/Arsi_Province" title="Arsi Province">Arsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hararghe" title="Hararghe">Hararghe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wollo_Province" title="Wollo Province">Wollo</a> regions. Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Boorana" title="Boorana">Boorana</a> trekked northwest, settling in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illubabor_Province" title="Illubabor Province">Illubabor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welega_Province" title="Welega Province">Welega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst1997p279-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levine2000p78-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Degu2002-67">[67]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a>, a British-born Ethiopian historian, this expansion is linked to the attempted conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim</a>, which created a political and military vacuum that allowed the Oromo to move relatively unhindered into both the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst1997p281-68">[68]</a> Further, they acquired horses and their gada system helped coordinate Oromo cavalry warriors which enabled them to fight very effectively. <a href="/wiki/Bahrey" title="Bahrey">Bahrey</a> argues the success of the Oromos in battle was because all Oromo men were trained as warriors, while in Ethiopia only a small section of the population were warriors, the rest uninvolved in the defense of their country. The military discipline of the Oromos was noted by the Portuguese chronicler Joao Bermudes, who observed that during the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Dawaro" title="Dawaro">Dawaro</a>, the Oromos "did not come on without order like barbarians, but advanced collected in bodies, like squadrons."<a href="#cite_note-Oromo_2011_p._303-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The early 16th and 17th century witnessed the gradual integration of the Oromo into the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Susenyos_I" title="Susenyos I">Susenyos I</a>, who came to power with Oromo support, did much to integrate them into the political establishment of the Christian state. Having grown up among the Oromo, he was fluent in their language and admired their way of life. He employed Oromo warriors, military tactics and combat formations against his rivals for the throne. Once in power, he filled high level offices with his Oromo supporters and settled various Oromo groups throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a>. Under Susenyos's successors, many Oromos would continue to rise to positions of prominence in imperial service, and for a period even change the official language of the empire from <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oromiffa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromiffa">Oromiffa</a> during the rule of the half-Oromo emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyoas_I" title="Iyoas I">Iyoas I</a>. They would establish dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Yejju_Oromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yejju Oromo">Yejju dynasty</a> that would be <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> from 1784 to 1853 during the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a>, they would particularly have control over the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a>. Another Oromo dynasty that would rise in the northern Ethiopian highlands was the Islamic <a href="/wiki/South_Wollo_Zone" title="South Wollo Zone">Warra Himano</a> (1580–1916), which transformed Wollo into a veritable Islamic state in the heartland of Christian Ethiopia. The Warra Himano would convert many <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> Christians to Islam during its rule, and at the zenith of its power, the Warra Himano had their hegemony accepted in the various parts of Wollo: Ambasel, Qallu, Borena, Wore-Illu and Amhara Sayint. Notable rulers such as Ras <a href="/wiki/Mikael_of_Wollo" title="Mikael of Wollo">Mikael of Wollo</a> and the uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia, <a href="/wiki/Lij_Iyasu" title="Lij Iyasu">Lij Iyasu</a> (1913–1916), descend from this ruling family.<a href="#cite_note-etd.uwc.ac.za-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oromo_2011_p._303-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibe_kingdoms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gibe_kingdoms.png/220px-Gibe_kingdoms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gibe_kingdoms.png/330px-Gibe_kingdoms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gibe_kingdoms.png/440px-Gibe_kingdoms.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the location of the five Oromo kingdoms in the Gibe region.</figcaption></figure>In the late 16th century the Oromos had settled in the territories south of the <a href="/wiki/Abay_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Abay river">Abay river</a> in western Ethiopia. Within 60 years of their arrival, five Oromo states would emerge in the <a href="/wiki/Gibe_region" title="Gibe region">Gibe region</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gera" title="Kingdom of Gera">Gera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Jimma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limmu-Ennarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Limmu-Ennarea">Limmu-Ennarea</a>. These states arose through the transformation of pastoralism to agriculture due to the fertile and adequately watered land of the region. This increased the importance of agriculture and led to the subsequent rise of a land owning class. The rich natural environment produced commodities that were in high demand and lead to the rise of a strong merchant class. These changes allowed the gadaa officials to acquire more authority and convert their elective offices into permeant monarchical institutions. In the eastern part of the country, especially in <a href="/wiki/Arsi_Province" title="Arsi Province">Arsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hararghe" title="Hararghe">Hararghe</a>, the Oromo had remained predominantly pastoralists until the late 19th century. Only the Oromo who lived within the immediate periphery of the city of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> adopted agriculture as their primary occupation, mostly to engage in trade with the inhabitants of the walled city. According to oral and literary evidence, certain Somali and Oromo clans fought each other throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, particularly near their eastern borders.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo11-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-A1-2-1-12-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-A1-2-1-13-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oromo_2011_p._304-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> traveler, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Xavier_Rochet_d%27H%C3%A9ricourt" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt">Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt</a>, visited Ethiopia in 1863,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and was greeted by <a href="/wiki/Sahle_Selassie" title="Sahle Selassie">Sahle Selassie</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. During his time there, he observed the different ethnicities within Ethiopia, one of which were the Oromo people.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> He described them as such: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"[The] Galla breed is the most beautiful in Africa; it is not originally from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>; she came there by <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo Invasions">invasion</a>, as we will see below in the history that I will give of the Kingdom of Choa (<a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>). The Gallas are, in general, well built, they have a tall figure, a broad and raised forehead, an <a href="/wiki/Aquiline_nose" title="Aquiline nose">aquiline nose</a>, a well-cut mouth, a copper complexion rather than black; their hair is braided into small braids which float around their heads, and mix something graceful with the expressive and noble character of their <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>: accustomed, from their most tender youth, to ride horses, to carry the butcher and the spear, they are excellent horsemen and insensitive to the harshest fatigue; full of courage and valor in combat, they showed themselves, in their fields, skillful and laborious farmers: this great nation, because we can call it that could led by an enterprising leader, make itself master of the whole of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></blockquote> In the last quarter of the 19th century, the Oromo tribes and kingdoms fell under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. Beginning in the 1870s, the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> annexed one Oromo territory after the other with unpreceded speed owing to the modern weapons acquired from the international arms trade and the disunity among various Oromo groups. The manner this conquest was carried out determined the form of administrations that was subsequently set up in the newly conquered areas. In areas where the Shewans encountered resistance, such as Arsi, the conquering generals were installed as governors and the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> soldiers or <a href="/wiki/Neftenya" title="Neftenya">neftenya</a> settled the region in military garrisons known as <a href="/wiki/Katama" title="Katama">katamas</a> which later become the administrative centers for Shewan rule. These officials and soldier-settlers lived off the land of the locals, who soon became serfs to the Shewan aristocrats. In the areas were the Oromos submitted peacefully, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Kingdom of Jimma</a>, the indigenous rulers were made tributaries to the crown but were allowed to self-govern themselves with minimal interference from the central government. During <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>'s rule, many Oromos lost their autonomous status granted to them by Menelik, Haile Selassie abolished the semi-independent status of many Oromo states and began to undergo a period of centralization. Pastoralists were evicted to make way for mechanized farming and the few members of the educated Oromo class were prevented from holding powerful positions, instead being held by assimilated or Amharized Oromo notables. Despite the great contribution of the Oromo regions to the Ethiopian economy, Oromos areas were left out of the modernization projects during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo_2011_p._304-74">[74]</a> This discontent emanating from the political marginalization, economic exploitation and the cultural domination of the Oromo led to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mecha_and_Tulama_Self-Help_Association" title="Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association">Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association</a> in 1963, ostensibly for organizing Oromo self-help, but in fact to promote Oromo identity and fight the marginalization of the Oromo. The Mecha and Tulama Association was soon disbanded by the government, but its impact was significant. The movement raised the consciousness of the Oromo regarding the significance of their own cultural and historical contributions and their status as a people within the Ethiopian state.<a href="#cite_note-Oromo_2011_p._304-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> The Oromos are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia (35.8% of the population),<a href="#cite_note-ciaoromo-13">[13]</a> numbering about 40 million.<a href="#cite_note-ciaoromo-13">[13]</a> They are predominantly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia Region</a> in central Ethiopia, the largest region in the country by both population and area. They speak Afaan Oromoo, the official language of Oromia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Oromos constitute the third most populous ethnic group among Africans as a whole and the most populous among <a href="/wiki/Horner_(demography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horner (demography)">Horners</a> specifically.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Oromo also have a notable presence in northern Kenya in the <a href="/wiki/Marsabit_County" title="Marsabit County">Marsabit County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isiolo_County" title="Isiolo County">Isiolo County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_County" title="Tana River County">Tana River County</a> totaling to about 656,636: 276,236 <a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana</a>, 141,200 <a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a>, 158,000 <a href="/wiki/Orma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orma people">Orma</a>, 45,200 <a href="/wiki/Sakuye" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakuye">Sakuye</a>, 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a>, and 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Munyo_language" title="Munyo language">Munyo Yaya</a>. There are also Oromo in the former <a href="/wiki/Wollo_Province" title="Wollo Province">Wollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a> provinces of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-britoromo1-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oromo_subgroups_and_clans" title="List of Oromo subgroups and clans">List of Oromo subgroups and clans</a></div> The Oromo consist of two major branches that break down into an assortment of clan families. From west to east: the <a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a>, also called the Booranaa, are a semi-<a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> group living in southern <a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Borana inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Borena_Zone" title="Borena Zone">Borena Zone</a> of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia and the former Northern Frontier District (now northern Kenya) of Northern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Danver2015p24-83">[83]</a> They speak a dialect of Afaan Oromo, the Oromo language.<a href="#cite_note-Danver2015p24-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barentu_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Barentu Oromo people">Barentu/Barentoo</a> or (older) Baraytuma is the other <a href="/wiki/Kinship_and_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship and descent">moiety</a> of the Oromo people. The Barentu Oromo inhabit the eastern parts of the Oromia Region in the Zones of <a href="/wiki/Mirab_Hararghe_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirab Hararghe Zone">West Hararghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsi_Zone" title="Arsi Zone">Arsi Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bale_Zone" title="Bale Zone">Bale Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> city, the <a href="/wiki/Jijiga_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Jijiga Zone">Jijiga Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Zone_3_(Afar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Zone 3 (Afar)">Administrative Zone 3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Zone" title="Oromia Zone">Oromia Zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a>, and are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Raya_Azebo" title="Raya Azebo">Raya Azebo</a> Aanaas in the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a></div> Oromo is written with Latin characters known as Qubee. The Sapalo script was invented by the Oromo scholar Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Bakri_Sapalo" title="Bakri Sapalo">Bakri Sapalo</a> (also known by his birth name, Abubaker Usman Odaa) during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Oromo serves as one of the official languages of Ethiopia<a href="#cite_note-africanews.com-85">[85]</a> and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system including Oromia,<a href="#cite_note-The_world_factbook-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a> and Dire Dawa regional states and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is a language of primary education in Oromia, Harari, Dire Dawa, <a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Benishangul-Gumuz">Benishangul-Gumuz</a> and of the Oromia Zone in the Amhara Region. It is used as an internet language for federal websites along with <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> More than 35% of Ethiopia's population are Oromo mother-tongue speakers, which makes it the most widely spoken primary language in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-The_world_factbook-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> It is also the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic language">Cushitic language</a> and the fourth-most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Language_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Language of Africa">language of Africa</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Oromo is spoken as a first language by more than 40 million Oromo people in Ethiopia and by an additional half-million in parts of northern and eastern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It is also spoken by smaller numbers of emigrants in other African countries, such as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Besides first language speakers, a number of members of other ethnicities who are in contact with the Oromo speak it as a second language, such as the <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bambassi_language" title="Bambassi language">Bambassi</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kwama_language" title="Kwama language">Kwama</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> in western Ethiopia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></div> The Oromo followed their traditional religion, <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a>, and were resistant to religious conversion before assimilation in sultanates and Christian kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Taa2006p18-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald_N._Levine_2014_35–41-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-fahlbuschoromo-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-tesema23-36">[36]</a> The influential 30-year war from 1529 to 1559 between the three parties – the Oromo who followed <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a>, the Christians and the Muslims – dissipated the political strengths of all three. The religious beliefs of the Oromo people evolved in this socio-political environment.<a href="#cite_note-fahlbuschoromo-35">[35]</a> In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Protestant or Catholic missionaries' efforts spread Christianity among the Oromo. Organizations included the <a href="/wiki/SIM_(Christian_organization)" title="SIM (Christian organization)">Sudan Interior Mission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Churchmen%27s_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society">Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-Day Adventists</a>, the United Presbyterian Mission of the US, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_to_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Mission to the Jews">Church Mission to the Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangeliska_Fosterlands-Stiftelsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen">Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelisk_Luthersk_Mission_%E2%80%93_Bibeltrogna_V%C3%A4nner" title="Evangelisk Luthersk Mission – Bibeltrogna Vänner">Bibeltrogna Vänner</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hermannsburg_Mission" title="Hermannsburg Mission">Hermannsburg Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArsiOromo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ArsiOromo.png/170px-ArsiOromo.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ArsiOromo.png/255px-ArsiOromo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ArsiOromo.png/340px-ArsiOromo.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Arsi_Oromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsi Oromo">Arsi Oromo</a> attending an <a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irreechaa</a> celebration</figcaption></figure> In the mid and late 19th century, the Ethiopian emperors were faced with widespread rifts and disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> and crippling ethnic and religious divisions that plagued the empire and exposed it to the intervention and meddling of neighboring Muslims (especially Egypt and the Ottoman Empire) and European powers. The emperors that ruled in that period, <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, thus strove to suppress disunion and schism both within and without the Ethiopian Church and were often intolerant towards other religions. The <a href="/wiki/Wollo_Oromo_people" title="Wollo Oromo people">Wollo Oromo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arsi_Oromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsi Oromo">Arsi Oromo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tulama_Oromo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulama Oromo">Tulama Oromo</a> were among those who violently clashed with the Ethiopian expansion in the region in the 19th century and the empire's attempts at enforcing unity through the propagation of Orthodox Christianity, as the majority of these groups were not Christian but Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In the 2007 Ethiopian census for Oromia region, which included Oromo and some non-Oromo residents, there was a total of 13,107,963 followers of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (8,204,908 Orthodox, 4,780,917 Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 12,835,410 followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, 887,773 followers of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional religion">traditional religions</a>, and 162,787 followers of other religions. Accordingly, the Oromia region is approximately 40% to 45% Christian (8,204,908 or 30.4% Orthodox, 4,780,917 or 17.7% Protestant, 122,138 Catholic), 55% to 60% Muslim and 3.3% followers of traditional religions.<a href="#cite_note-censusrelioro-97">[97]</a> According to a 2016 estimate by James Minahan, about half of the Oromo people are Sunni Muslim, a third are Ethiopian Orthodox, and the rest are mostly Protestants or follow their traditional religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan2016p319-98">[98]</a> The traditional religion is more common in southern Oromo populations and Christianity more common in and near the urban centers, while Islam is more common near the Somali border and in the north.<a href="#cite_note-britoromo1-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oromo_dishes">Oromo dishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oromo dishes">edit</a>]</div> The Oromo cuisine consists of various vegetable and meat side dishes and entrées. Pork is typically not in Oromo cuisine, as it is considered taboo for Orthodox Oromos and Muslim Oromos who make up over 90% of the population combined, unlike with Catholics among others. Oromo people are believed to be one of the first to have cultivated <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> in Ethiopia and recognise its energizing effect.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicha_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/220px-Alicha_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/330px-Alicha_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/440px-Alicha_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Typical Oromo cuisine: Biddena (pancake-like bread) and several kinds of sauce, stew (slow cooked beef, lamb, goat, chicken) and on top of entrees.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg/220px-Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg/330px-Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg/440px-Tibs_in_Yod_Abyssinia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="2155" /></a><figcaption>A Foon Akaawwii: Foon Akaawwii looks like this at a restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Foon Akaawwii – Minced roasted meat; specially seasoned.</li> <li>Waaddii – Outdoor grilled meat on heat bead or wood fire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccinia_abyssinica" title="Coccinia abyssinica">Anchotte</a> – A common dish in the western part of Oromia (Wallaga), made from a tuber crop rich in starch.</li> <li>Baduu – Liquid remaining after milk has been curdled and strained (cheese)</li> <li>Maarqaa – <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">Porridge</a> made from wheat, honey, milk, chili and spices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita_fit_fit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kita fit fit">Chechebsaa</a> – Shredded <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">Injera</a> stir-fried with chili powder and cheese.</li> <li>Qoocco – Also known as kocho, it is not the Gurage type of kocho but a different kind; a common dish in the western part of Oromia.</li> <li>Itto – Comprises all sorts of vegetables (tomato, potato, ginger, garlic), meat (lamb)</li> <li>Chukkoo – Also known as Micira; a sweet flavor of whole grain, seasoned with butter and spices.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li> <li>Chororsaa – A spiced mixture of cheeses, butter, and yogurt, topped on a bread made from black teff known as 'Chumboo'. A common dish in western parts of Oromia such as <a href="/wiki/Welega_Province" title="Welega Province">Welega Province</a>, typically used in weddings or other celebrations.</li> <li>Ukkaamssa (Affaanyii) – Stewed ground beef with spices, minced onion, garlic, green chili pepper, and clarified butter.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li>Dokkee – A common dish throughout <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia state</a></li> <li>Laaffisoo – type of food, i.e. 'buddeenaa' soaked in stew.</li> <li>Hojjaa – A tea-like drink made from coffee husks and milk.</li> <li>Quxxii – A tea-like drink made from coffee leaves.</li> <li>Affeellama – Porridge made from wheat, honey, milk, corn, coarsely ground grain barley</li> <li>Qince – Similar to Maarqaa but made from shredded grains as opposed to flour.</li> <li>Qorso (Akaayii) – A snack made by roasting barley seeds<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li>Dadhii – A drink made from honey.</li> <li>Farsho – Beer-like Beverage, made from barley.</li> <li>Buna – <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Coffee">Ethiopian Coffee</a><a href="#cite_note-opride.com-103">[103]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian culture">Ethiopian culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gadaa">Gadaa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gadaa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gadaa" title="Gadaa">Gadaa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadaa_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gadaa_flag.svg/220px-Gadaa_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gadaa_flag.svg/330px-Gadaa_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gadaa_flag.svg/440px-Gadaa_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gadaa flag</figcaption></figure> Oromo people have governed themselves in accordance with the Gadaa system long before the 16th century. The system regulates the political, economic, social and religious activities of the community.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Oromo were traditionally a culturally homogeneous society with genealogical ties.<a href="#cite_note-tesema24-105">[105]</a> A male born in the Oromo clan went through five stages of eight years, where his life established his role and status for consideration to a Gadaa office.<a href="#cite_note-tesema24-105">[105]</a> Every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders for the office.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tesema_Ta'a_2006_26–27-61">[61]</a> A leader elected by the Gadaa system remains in power only for eight years, with an election taking place at the end of those eight years.<a href="#cite_note-John_Ralph_Willis_2005_122–127,_129–134,_137-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Willis2005p128-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2014p483-26">[26]</a> There are three Gadaa organs of governance: Gadaa Council, Gadaa General Assembly (gumi gayo), and the Qallu Assembly. The Gadaa Council is considered the collective achievement of the members of the Gadaa class. It is responsible for coordinating <a href="/wiki/Irreecha" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreecha">irreecha</a>. The Gadaa General Assembly is the legislative body of the Gadaa government, while the Qallu Assembly is the religious institution.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana calendar</a></div> The Oromo people developed a <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a>; different geographically and religiously distinct Oromo communities use the same calendar. This calendar is sophisticated and similar to ones found among the Chinese, the Hindus and the Mayans. It was tied to the traditional religion of the Oromos, and used to schedule the Gadaa system of elections and power transfer.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg/220px-2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg/330px-2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg/440px-2017_London_Marathon_-_Tirunesh_Dibaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4689" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Previous 5000 m world record holder <a href="/wiki/Tirunesh_Dibaba" title="Tirunesh Dibaba">Tirunesh Dibaba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> running the London marathon</figcaption></figure> The Borana Oromo <a href="/wiki/Calendar_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar system">calendar system</a> was once thought to be based upon an earlier Cushitic calendar developed around 300 BC found at <a href="/wiki/Namoratunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namoratunga">Namoratunga</a>. Reconsideration of the Namoratunga site led astronomer and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Clive_Ruggles" title="Clive Ruggles">Clive Ruggles</a> to conclude that there is no relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Ruggles_Ancient-108">[108]</a> The new year of the Oromo people, according to this calendar, falls in the month of October.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The calendar has no weeks but a name for each day of the month. It is a lunar-stellar calendar system.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doyle-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oromumma">Oromumma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oromumma">edit</a>]</div> Some modern authors such as Gemetchu Megerssa have proposed the concept of Oromumma, or 'Oromoness' as a cultural common between Oromo people.<a href="#cite_note-Hultin1996p92-112">[112]</a> The word is derived by combining Oromo with the Arabic term <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> (community). However, according to Terje Østebø and other scholars, this term is a neologism from the late 1990s and its link Oromo ethno-nationalism and Salafi Islamic discourse has been questioned, in their disagreement with Christian Amhara and other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The Oromo people, depending on their geographical location and historical events, have variously converted to Islam, to Christianity, or remained with their <a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">traditional religion (Waaqeffanna)</a>. According to Gemetchu Megerssa, the subjective reality is that "neither traditional Oromo rituals nor traditional Oromo beliefs function any longer as a cohesive and integral symbol system" for the Oromo people, not just regionally but even locally.<a href="#cite_note-Hultin1996p92-112">[112]</a> The cultural and ideological divergence within the Oromo people, in part from their religious differences, is apparent from the constant impetus for negotiations between broader Oromo spokespersons and those Oromo who are Ahl al-Sunna followers, states Terje Østebø.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The internally evolving cultural differences within the Oromos have led some scholars such as Mario Aguilar and Abdullahi Shongolo to conclude that "a common identity acknowledged by all Oromo in general does not exist".<a href="#cite_note-Schlee2002p142-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social stratification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg/220px-Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg/330px-Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg/440px-Beauty_of_Oromia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>This photo represents the varieties of dress and hairstyle of the Oromo culture.The child sitting in front of the group is dressed in Guji Oromo clothing. The four girls at the back, from left to right, are dressed in Harar, Kamise, Borena and Shewa styles and all are Oromo style</figcaption></figure> Like other ethnic groups in the Horn of Africa and East Africa, Oromo people regionally developed social stratification consisting of four hierarchical strata. The highest strata were the nobles called the Borana; below them were the Gabbaro (some 17th- to 19th-century Ethiopian texts refer them as the dhalatta). Below these two upper castes were the despised castes of artisans, and at the lowest level were the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Kingdom of Jimma</a>, the Oromo society's caste strata predominantly consisted of endogamous, inherited artisanal occupations.<a href="#cite_note-lewis53-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-haberland105-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Each caste group has specialized in a particular occupation such as iron working, carpentry, weapon making, pottery, weaving, leather-working and hunting.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-haberland105-118">[118]</a> Each caste in the Oromo society had a designated name. For example, Tumtu were smiths, Fuga were potters, Faqi were tanners and leatherworkers, Semmano were weavers, Gagurtu were beekeepers and honey-makers, and Watta were hunters and foragers.<a href="#cite_note-lewis53-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> While slaves were a stratum within the society, many Oromos, regardless of caste, were sold into slavery elsewhere. By the 19th century, Oromo slaves were sought after and a major part of slaves sold in Gondar and Gallabat slave markets at Ethiopia-Sudan border, as well as the Massawa and Tajura markets on <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">the Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> There was also <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">a large slave market</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">al Hudaydah</a> on the coast of Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livelihood">Livelihood</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Livelihood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daily_Water,_Sof_Omer,_Ethiopia_(13144231495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg/220px-Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg/330px-Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg/440px-Daily_Water%2C_Sof_Omer%2C_Ethiopia_%2813144231495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Oromo villagers in the <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia Region">Oromia Region</a></figcaption></figure> The Oromo people are engaged in many occupations. The southern Oromo (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a>) are largely pastoralists who raise goats and cattle. Other Oromo groups have a more diverse economy which includes agriculture and work in urban centers. Some Oromo also sell many products and food items like coffee beans (coffee being a favorite beverage among the Oromo) at local markets.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_issues">Human rights issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Human rights issues">edit</a>]</div> In December 2009, a 96-page report titled "Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora", compiled by the Advocates for Human Rights, documented <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations">human rights violations</a> against the Oromo in Ethiopia under three successive regimes: the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, Marxist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF), dominated by members of the <a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_People%27s_Liberation_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrayan People's Liberation Front">Tigrayan People's Liberation Front</a> (TPLF) and which was accused to have arrested approximately 20,000 suspected OLF members, to have driven most OLF leadership into exile, and to have effectively neutralized the OLF as a political force in Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>, the Oromia Support Group (OSG) recorded 594 <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> of Oromos by Ethiopian government security forces and 43 disappearances in custody between 2005 and August 2008.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Starting in November 2015, during a wave of mass protests, mainly by Oromos, over the expansion of the municipal boundary of the city of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> into Oromia, over 500 people have been killed and many more have been injured, according to human-rights advocates and independent monitors.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Eco-131">[131]</a> The protests have since spread to other ethnic groups and encompass wider social grievances.<a href="#cite_note-The_Eco-131">[131]</a> Ethiopia declared a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_State_of_Emergency_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia State of Emergency 2016">state of emergency</a> in response to Oromo and Amhara protests in October 2016. With the rising political unrest, there was <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_Ethiopia#Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in Ethiopia">ethnic violence</a> involving the Oromo such as the <a href="/wiki/Oromo%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Oromo–Somali clashes">Oromo–Somali clashes</a> between the Oromo and the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, leading to up to 400,000 displaced in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-irinnews-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gedeo%E2%80%93Oromo_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedeo–Oromo clashes">Gedeo–Oromo clashes</a> between the Oromo and the <a href="/wiki/Gedeo_people" title="Gedeo people">Gedeo people</a> in the south of the country and continued violence in the Oromia-Somali border region led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people in the world fleeing their homes in 2018, with 1.4 million newly <a href="/wiki/Displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced people">displaced people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In September 2018, in the minority protest that took place in Oromia near Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed following the deaths of 43 Oromos in the Addis Ababa neighborhood of Saris Abo.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Some have blamed the rise in ethnic violence in the <a href="/wiki/Oromia_Special_Zone_Surrounding_Finfinne" title="Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne">Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne</a> on the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a> for giving space to groups formerly banned by previous <a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a>-led governments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginbot_7" title="Ginbot 7">Ginbot 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa_riots" title="Hachalu Hundessa riots">Protests broke out</a> across Ethiopia, chiefly in the Oromia region, following the assassination of musician <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa" title="Hachalu Hundessa">Hachalu Hundessa</a> on 29 June 2020, leading to the deaths of at least 200 people.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On 30 June 2020, a statue of former Ethiopian emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> was destroyed by Oromo protestors<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> in response to the killing of popular singer <a href="/wiki/Hachalu_Hundessa" title="Hachalu Hundessa">Hachalu Hundessa</a> and grievances of the Oromo language being banned from education, and the use in administration under the Haile Selassie regime.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_organizations">Political organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political organizations">edit</a>]</div> The Oromo have played a major role in the internal dynamics of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Accordingly, Oromos played major roles in all three main political movements in Ethiopia (centralist, federalist and secessionist) during the 19th and 20th century. In addition to holding high powers during the centralist government and the monarchy, the Raya Oromos in the Tigray regional state played a major role in the Weyane revolt, challenging Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie I</a> 's rule in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Simultaneously, both federalist and secessionist political forces developed inside the Oromo community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At present a number of ethnic-based political organizations have been formed to promote the interests of the Oromo. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Mecha_and_Tulama_Self-Help_Association" title="Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association">Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association</a> was founded in January 1963, but was disbanded by the government after several increasingly tense confrontations in November 1966.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Later groups include the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a> (OLF), Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement (OFDM), the United Liberation Forces of Oromia (ULFO), the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oromia" title="Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia">Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia</a> (IFLO), the Oromia Liberation Council (OLC), the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo National Congress">Oromo National Congress</a> (ONC, recently changed to <a href="/wiki/Oromo_People%27s_Congress" title="Oromo People's Congress">OPC</a>) and others. Another group, the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_People%27s_Democratic_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo People's Democratic Organization">Oromo People's Democratic Organization</a> (OPDO), is one of the four parties that form the ruling <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF) coalition. The ONC, for example, was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Ethiopian_Democratic_Forces" title="United Ethiopian Democratic Forces">United Ethiopian Democratic Forces</a> coalition that challenged the EPRDF in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_general_elections,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian general elections, 2005">Ethiopian general elections of 2005</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several of these groups seek to create an independent Oromo nation, some using armed force.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2023_e260-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP_News_2023_w210-145">[145]</a> Meanwhile, the ruling OPDO and several opposition political parties in the Ethiopian parliament believe in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">ethnic federalism</a>. However, most Oromo opposition parties in Ethiopia condemn the economic and political inequalities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Mamdani_2019_j821-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gebeye_2023-147">[147]</a> Progress toward independence started in the 1960s<a href="#cite_note-Moges_2022_f941-148">[148]</a> and 70s,<a href="#cite_note-AP_News_2023_w210-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harter_2023_a499-149">[149]</a> but progress has been slow aside from the creation of Oromo-focused banks, notably the Oromo-owned <a href="/wiki/Awash_International_Bank" title="Awash International Bank">Awash International Bank</a> in 1994<a href="#cite_note-Observer_2018_c222-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Africa_Report_Sisay_2013_b040-151">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oromia_International_Bank" title="Oromia International Bank">Oromia Bank</a> (formerly Oromia National Bank) established in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Teshome_2021_g681-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Oromo_Liberation_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">Oromo Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Army" title="Oromo Liberation Army">Oromo Liberation Army</a>, respectively the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Front" title="Oromo Liberation Front">OLF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oromo_Liberation_Army" title="Oromo Liberation Army">OLA</a>.</figcaption></figure> Radio broadcasts began in the Oromo language in Somalia in 1960 on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mogadishu" title="Radio Mogadishu">Radio Mogadishu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tlvb-153">[153]</a> Within Kenya there has been radio broadcasting in Oromo (in the Borana dialect) on the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice of Kenya">Voice of Kenya</a> since at least the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Broadcasting in Oromo began in Ethiopia during the 1974 revolution, in which Radio Harar began broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-:0-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The first private Afaan Oromoo newspaper in Ethiopia, Jimma Times, also known as <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: Yeroo, was recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] established, but it has faced a lot of harassment and persecution from the Ethiopian government since its beginning.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Abuse of Oromo media is widespread in Ethiopia and reflective of the general oppression Oromos face in the country.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Various human rights organizations have publicized the government persecution of Oromos in Ethiopia for decades. In 2008, the OFDM opposition party condemned the government's indirect role in the death of hundreds of Oromos in western Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, "between 2011 and 2014, at least 5000 Oromos have been arrested based on their actual or suspected peaceful opposition to the government. These include thousands of peaceful protestors and hundreds of opposition political party members. The government anticipates a high level of opposition in Oromia, and signs of dissent are sought out and regularly, sometimes pre-emptively, suppressed. In numerous cases, actual or suspected dissenters have been detained without charge or trial, killed by security services during protests, arrests and in detention."<a href="#cite_note-Amn-162">[162]</a> According to Amnesty International, there is a sweeping repression in the Oromo region of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Amn-162">[162]</a> On 12 December 2015, the German broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> reported violent protests in the Oromo region of Ethiopia in which more than 20 students were killed. According to the report, the students were protesting against the government's re-zoning plan named 'Addis Ababa Master Plan'. On 2 October 2016, between 55 and 300 festival-goers were massacred at the most sacred and largest event among the Oromo, the <a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irreechaa</a> cultural thanksgiving festival.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In one day, dozens were killed and many injured. Every year, millions of Oromos gather in Bishoftu for this annual celebration. That year Ethiopian security forces responded to peaceful protests by firing tear gas and live bullets at over two million people surrounded by a lake and cliffs. In the week that followed, angry youth attacked government buildings and private businesses. On 8 October, the government responded with an abusive and far-reaching state of emergency, which was lifted in August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> During the state of emergency, security forces arbitrarily detained over 21,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oromo_people" title="List of Oromo people">List of Oromo people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barentu_(Oromo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barentu (Oromo)">Barentu (Oromo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana people">Borana people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadaa" title="Gadaa">Gadaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holawaka" title="Holawaka">Holawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreechaa" title="Irreechaa">Irreechaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oromo_subgroups_and_clans" title="List of Oromo subgroups and clans">List of Oromo subgroups and clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia" title="Oromia">Oromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia_Zone" title="Oromia Zone">Oromia Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">"Census 2007"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214221803/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">Archived</a> February 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2019a-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Census2019a_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR">"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"</a>. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605222711/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2024. <q>276,236 Borana, 141,200 Gabra, 92,086 Orma, 27,006 Sakuyye and 20,103 Waata</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenya+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=2019+Kenya+Population+and+Housing+Census+Volume+IV%3A+Distribution+of+Population+by+Socio-Economic+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knbs.or.ke%2F%3Fwpdmpro%3D2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics%26wpdmdl%3D5730%26ind%3D7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaz-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaz_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gaz/">"Oromo, West Central"</a>. 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University of Lisbon: 89–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20161107034322/https://cea.revues.org/1280">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2016. 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(ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-596">Being and Becoming Oromo: Historical and Anthropological Enquiries</a>. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 251–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-379-3"><bdi>978-91-7106-379-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+Becoming+Oromo%3A+Historical+and+Anthropological+Enquiries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-379-3&rft.au=Alessandro+Triulzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%253Anbn%253Ase%253Anai%253Adiva-596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekuria_Bulcha,_Jan_Hultin1996" class="citation book cs1">Mekuria Bulcha, Jan Hultin (1996). 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Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11695-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11695-5&rft.au=Erwin+Fahlbusch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tesema23-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tesema23_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tesema23_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesema_Ta'a2006" class="citation book cs1">Tesema Ta'a (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C">The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05419-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05419-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+an+African+Society+in+Transformation%3A+the+Case+of+Macca+Oromo+%28Ethiopia%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05419-5&rft.au=Tesema+Ta%27a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XwN2JdMYM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hassen662-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassen662_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassen662_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Hassen2015" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed Hassen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fg1zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300–1700</a>. Boydell & Brewer (Originally: Cambridge University Press). pp. 66–68, 85, 104–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-117-6"><bdi>978-1-84701-117-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oromo+and+the+Christian+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%3A+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E68%2C+85%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+%28Originally%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-117-6&rft.au=Mohammed+Hassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfg1zCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-38"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ethiopia0103.pdf">"ETHIOPIA LESSONS IN REPRESSION: VIOLATIONS OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN ETHIOPIA"</a> (PDF). p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ETHIOPIA+LESSONS+IN+REPRESSION%3A+VIOLATIONS+OF+ACADEMIC+FREEDOM+IN+ETHIOPIA&rft.pages=26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Fethiopia0103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teseme17-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Teseme17_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTa'a2006" class="citation book cs1">Ta'a, Tesema (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C">The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05419-5"><bdi>978-3-447-05419-5</bdi></a>. 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Michigan, United States: Ayalew Kanno. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59975-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59975-189-4"><bdi>978-1-59975-189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ancient+People+in+the+State+of+Menelik+The+Oromo+%28said+to+be+of+Gallic+Origin%29+Great+African+Nation&rft.place=Michigan%2C+United+States&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Ayalew+Kanno&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59975-189-4&rft.aulast=Kanno&rft.aufirst=Ayalew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZpyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mekonnen, Y. K. (2013a). Ethiopia: The land, its people, history and culture. 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Boydell & Brewer. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84701-117-6"><bdi>978-1-84701-117-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oromo+and+the+Christian+Kingdom+of+Ethiopia%3A+1300-1700&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84701-117-6&rft.au=Mohammed+Hassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfg1zCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gallas">"Gallas" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gallas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=413&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oromo">Oromo</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235243/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oromo">Archived</a> 30 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Mohammed. 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Ruggles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YYqiXm-lkC">Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth</a>. 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Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 92–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7106-379-3"><bdi>978-91-7106-379-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+Becoming+Oromo%3A+Historical+and+Anthropological+Enquiries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Nordic+Africa+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-91-7106-379-3&rft.au=Gemetchu+Megerssa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%253Anbn%253Ase%253Anai%253Adiva-596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerje_Østebø2011" class="citation book cs1">Terje Østebø (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&pg=PA292">Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 292–293 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18478-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18478-7</bdi></a>. <q>Orumumma can best be translated as Oromoness, signifying belonging to the Oromo people. (...) neologism introduced by Mekuria Bulcha (1996) and Gemetchu Megersa (1996). (...) Whether this was a result of the larger ethno-nationalist discourse is yet another question.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Localising+Salafism%3A+Religious+Change+Among+Oromo+Muslims+in+Bale%2C+Ethiopia&rft.pages=292-293+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18478-7&rft.au=Terje+%C3%98steb%C3%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOn3ykfBN-0C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerje_Østebø2011" class="citation book cs1">Terje Østebø (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BOn3ykfBN-0C&pg=PA292">Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia</a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 301–302 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18478-7"><bdi>978-90-04-18478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Localising+Salafism%3A+Religious+Change+Among+Oromo+Muslims+in+Bale%2C+Ethiopia&rft.pages=301-302+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18478-7&rft.au=Terje+%C3%98steb%C3%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBOn3ykfBN-0C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlee2002p142-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Schlee2002p142_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGünther_Schlee2002" class="citation book cs1">Günther Schlee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qB5XPm5R12EC&pg=PA142">Imagined Differences: Hatred and the Construction of Identity</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 142–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-3956-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-3956-7"><bdi>978-3-8258-3956-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+Differences%3A+Hatred+and+the+Construction+of+Identity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-3956-7&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther+Schlee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqB5XPm5R12EC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1985" class="citation journal cs1">Abbink, J. (1985). "Review: Oromo Religion. Myths and Rites of the Western Oromo of Ethiopia by Lambert Bartels". <a href="/wiki/Anthropos_(journal)" title="Anthropos (journal)">Anthropos</a>. 80 (1–3): 285–287. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40460901">40460901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Oromo+Religion.+Myths+and+Rites+of+the+Western+Oromo+of+Ethiopia+by+Lambert+Bartels&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E287&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40460901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis53-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis53_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis53_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_S._Lewis1965" class="citation book cs1">Herbert S. Lewis (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SE65P2Aj_wC">Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830–1932</a>. The Red Sea Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-089-0"><bdi>978-1-56902-089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimma+Abba+Jifar%2C+an+Oromo+Monarchy%3A+Ethiopia%2C+1830%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-56902-089-0&rft.au=Herbert+S.+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SE65P2Aj_wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haberland105-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haberland105_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haberland105_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberland1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haberland, Eike (1993). Hierarchie und Kaste: zur Geschichte und politischen Struktur der Dizi in Südwest-Äthiopien (in German). Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 105–106, 117–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-05592-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-05592-4"><bdi>3-515-05592-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hierarchie+und+Kaste%3A+zur+Geschichte+und+politischen+Struktur+der+Dizi+in+S%C3%BCdwest-%C3%84thiopien&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-515-05592-4&rft.aulast=Haberland&rft.aufirst=Eike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Quirin, James (1979). "The Process of Caste Formation in Ethiopia: A Study of the Beta Israel (Felasha), 1270–1868". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 12 (2). Boston University African Studies Center: 235–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F218834">10.2307/218834</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/218834">218834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Caste+Formation+in+Ethiopia%3A+A+Study+of+the+Beta+Israel+%28Felasha%29%2C+1270%E2%80%931868&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F218834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F218834%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quirin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaji1997" class="citation journal cs1">Haji, Abbas (10 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1997_num_37_146_3515">"Pouvoir de bénir et de maudire: cosmologie et organisation sociale des Oromo-Arsi"</a>. Cahiers d'Études africaines. 37 (146): 289–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1997.3515">10.3406/cea.1997.3515</a> – via www.persee.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=Pouvoir+de+b%C3%A9nir+et+de+maudire%3A+cosmologie+et+organisation+sociale+des+Oromo-Arsi&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=146&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=1997-04-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1997.3515&rft.aulast=Haji&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcea_0008-0055_1997_num_37_146_3515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Asafa Jalata (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_socopubs/6">Oromo Peoplehood: Historical and Cultural Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119060407/http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_socopubs/6/">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sociology Publications and Other Works, University of Tennessee Press, page 12, see "Modes of Livelihood" section </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_N._Levine2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Levine" title="Donald N. Levine">Donald N. Levine</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZHeBQAAQBAJ">Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6"><bdi>978-0-226-22967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Ethiopia%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Multiethnic+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22967-6&rft.au=Donald+N.+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZHeBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerulli1922" class="citation book cs1">Cerulli, Ernesta (1922). The Folk-Literature of the Oromo of Southern Abyssinia. Harvard African studies. Vol. 3. Istituto Orientale di Napoli, Harvard University Press. pp. 341–355. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42447447">42447447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Folk-Literature+of+the+Oromo+of+Southern+Abyssinia&rft.series=Harvard+African+studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=Istituto+Orientale+di+Napoli%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42447447&rft.aulast=Cerulli&rft.aufirst=Ernesta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Gervase_Clarence-Smith2013" class="citation book cs1">William Gervase Clarence-Smith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsNcAgAAQBAJ">The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century</a>. Routledge. pp. 93–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18214-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18214-4"><bdi>978-1-135-18214-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Indian+Ocean+Slave+Trade+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18214-4&rft.au=William+Gervase+Clarence-Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIsNcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Segal2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Segal" title="Ronald Segal">Ronald Segal</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC&pg=PA154">Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora</a>. MacMillan. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6"><bdi>978-0-374-52797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Black+Slaves%3A+The+Other+Black+Diaspora&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52797-6&rft.au=Ronald+Segal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfdh3GYnXvrAC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theophiluswaldme00walduoft/page/2/mode/2up">Ten Years in Abyssinia and Sixteen Years in Syria being the Autobiography of Theophilus Waldmeier</a> p.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2004" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2"><bdi>0-7566-0520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human%3A+The+Definitive+Visual+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7566-0520-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/oromo_report_2009_color.pdf">"Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora"</a> (PDF). Theadvocatesforhumanrights.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013330/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/oromo_report_2009_color.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2017. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22967-6"><bdi>978-0-226-22967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Ethiopia%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Multiethnic+Society&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22967-6&rft.au=Donald+N.+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZHeBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tsega Etefa, "Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11774-7">978-0-230-11774-7</a></li> <li>Mohammed Hassan, "The Oromo of Ethiopia, A History 1570–1860". Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-94-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-94-6">0-932415-94-6</a></li> <li>Herbert S. Lewis. "A Galla Monarchy: Jimma Abba Jifar, Ethiopia 1830–1932". Madison: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 1965.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051101203015/http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/ETH01004.htm">"RIC Query – Ethiopia"</a>. INS Resource Information Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscis.gov/graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/ETH01004.htm">the original</a> on 1 November 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INS+Resource+Information+Center&rft.atitle=RIC+Query+%E2%80%93+Ethiopia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscis.gov%2Fgraphics%2Fservices%2Fasylum%2Fric%2Fdocumentation%2FETH01004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOromo+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Temesgen M. Erena, Oromia: 'Civilisation, Colonisation And Underdevelopment, Oromia Quarterly, No.1, July 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1460-1346">1460-1346</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oromo_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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title="commons:Category:Oromo people">Oromo people</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ethiopia">Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_people" title="Arbore people">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awi_people" title="Awi people">Awi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danta_people" title="Danta people">Danta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_people" title="Gedeo people">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irob_people" title="Irob people">Irob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konso_people" title="Konso people">Konso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_people" title="Tsamai people">Tsamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyto_(African_caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyto (African caste)">Weyto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argobba_people" title="Argobba people">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soddo_Gurage_people" title="Soddo Gurage people">Soddo Gurage people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebo_people" title="Chebo people">Chebo people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_people" title="Harari people">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt%27e_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt'e people">Silt'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolane_people" title="Wolane people">Wolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aari_people" title="Aari people">Aari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_people" title="Banna people">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketo_people" title="Basketo people">Basketo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_people" title="Bench people">Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_people" title="Chara people">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizi_people" title="Dizi people">Dizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorze_people" title="Dorze people">Dorze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamo_people" title="Gamo people">Gamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofa_people" title="Gofa people">Gofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamar_people" title="Hamar people">Hamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konta_people" title="Konta people">Konta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koore_people" title="Koore people">Koore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maale_people" title="Maale people">Maale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinasha_people" title="Shinasha people">Shinasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Wolaitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yem_people" title="Yem people">Yemsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayse_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayse people (page does not exist)">Zayse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_people" title="Berta people">Berta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuz_people" title="Gumuz people">Gumuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kichepo_people" title="Kichepo people">Kichepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwama_people" title="Kwama people">Kwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_people" title="Kwegu people">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majang_people" title="Majang people">Majang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekan_people" title="Mekan people">Mekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_people" title="Murle people">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_people" title="Nyangatom people">Nyangatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_people" title="Shabo people">Shabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanqella" title="Shanqella">Shanqella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shita people">Shita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_people" title="Surma people">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirma_people" title="Tirma people">Tirma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Ethiopia23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Ethiopia23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Immigration to Ethiopia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_settlement_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American settlement in Africa">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_in_Ethiopia" title="Jamaicans in Ethiopia">Jamaicans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_and_national_groups_in_Somalia99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Somalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_national_groups_in_Somalia99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Somalia">Ethnic and national groups in Somalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(clan)" title="Dir (clan)">Dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravanese_people" title="Bravanese people">Bravanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri_people" title="Benadiri people">Benadiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhdam">Al-Akhdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantus" title="Somali Bantus">Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a> (various)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehri_people" title="Mehri people">Mehris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandans">Ugandans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)381" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)381" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Kenya">Ethnic groups in Kenya</a> (by linguistic origin)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agumba_people" title="Agumba people">Agumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonyi_people" title="Chonyi people">Chonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibana_people" title="Jibana people">Jibana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbeere_people" title="Mbeere people">Mbeere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_people" title="Pokomo people">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_people_(Kenya)" title="Suba people (Kenya)">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_people" title="Taita people">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taveta_people" title="Taveta people">Taveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariaal_people" title="Ariaal people">Ariaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateker_peoples" title="Ateker peoples">Ateker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Camus people">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_people" title="Kore people">Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_people" title="Teso people">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_people" title="Aweer people">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_people" title="El Molo people">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orma people">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_people" title="Yaaku people">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1050" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318674#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318674#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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