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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record_of_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record_of_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Record of time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record_of_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Way_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Way_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Way of life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Way_of_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Way of life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Way_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Subsistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Shelter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Agumba people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>Agumba</b> (also <b>Gumba</b>) people were an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> who inhabited the forests of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, but are now either <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> or assimilated.<sup id="cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distefano_1990_47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agumba people are known of only through the oral tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distefano_1990_47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby_Routledge" title="William Scoresby Routledge">Routledge</a> notes that the traditions collected among the Kikuyu were "definitely to the...effect that the A'si preceded the Agum'ba and that the latter two people lived side by side in villages".<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Meru traditions, the Agumba predated the <a href="/wiki/Athi_people" title="Athi people">Athi people</a> in their areas of occupation. A specific instance of tradition relating to rituals also seems to affirm this fact, "A-Athi traditions suggest (that rituals) were adopted ('bought') from earlier hunting peoples whom they encountered as they entered the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman_1994_75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither instance seem to provide a point of origin beyond their presence on Mount Kenya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agumba of Meru tradition spoke a Kalenjin dialect that bears similarity to present-day Okiek languages. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doko people (page does not exist)">'Doko'</a> with whom they bear close resemblance spoke Maasai but were thought to have been Cushitic speaking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Record_of_time">Record of time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Record of time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agumba appear to have made use of an 'age' system to define time. The first recalled of these ages is the Manjiri and is in Kikuyu tradition associated with a narrative; "When God had finished the world He spoke to the first man, Mam'-ba. Mam'-ba told his son N'ji-ri to separate the dry land from the waters. N'jiri dug channels, and when he came to the sea built up a bank of sand.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second age, Mandoti, is remembered in Kikuyu tradition as the age of evil doers.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kikuyu tradition, the people increased greatly during the third age - Chiera.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate instance of Kikuyu tradition states that the Athi lived with the Agumba. They lived together, though separately, but it would appear that some families at least were assimilated into Agumba society... </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...The two tribes, it was stated, even went as far as to intermarry. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Routledge, 1910<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Smearing with red-earth became fashionable during the age known as Masai while the Kikuyu are said to have come during the age known as Mathathi. Traditions indicate that they had splintered off from the Kamba.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Way_of_life">Way of life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Way of life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bantu migrants found a unique way of life being practiced by the Gumba when they first arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agumba are remembered as being short hunters who used bows and arrows. They are also remembered as beekeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distefano_1990_47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agumba of Kikuyu tradition may have been pastoralists, or perhaps adopted pastoralism, when they met the 'Asi' for it is noted that they "took charge of the herds" as the Athi wandered off, far and wide.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelter">Shelter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shelter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to certain Kikuyu traditions, the Gumba dwelt in caves, or pits dug in the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routledge captured traditions that describe a distinctive housing system. The Agumba are said to have, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...lived in the forests and dug pits in which their huts were built. These houses were large and communal, and were roofed with poles, banana leaves and earth. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Routledge, 1910<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron">Iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routledge states that their informants advised them that Agumba "used bows and arrows, and also had other weapons". They note that in their estimation "they must therefore have possessed iron". However, when they excavated a few of the saucer shaped depression's said to have been former Agumba residences, they only came across fragments of obsidian. They note that the British Museum confirmed that this had been worked by hand. They also found, at the same depth of three feet, fragments of pottery, the charcoal remains of fire and banana seeds. They make note that after the excavation and as they were setting up tent, pieces of obsidian kept coming up in the surface soil.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary understanding of the Agumba is that they were iron and pottery makers.<sup id="cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distefano_1990_47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Kikuyu tradition, they are understood to have taught the iron-making skill to the Kikuyu.<sup id="cite_ref-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The working of iron was still practiced by some families living near the deposits described below. At the time of record, this tradition seemed so natural as to be "obviously the outcome of practice". The iron produced by these families was a "very pure form of steel, that (could) be drawn into wire or fashioned into cutting instruments".<sup id="cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledgetwo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deposits">Deposits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routledge observed and described some deposits which, it was noted, were the only deposits in Kikuyu. It was stated that the only other deposits were located 50 miles away near Kilimanjaro; however, to derive metal from that source required trade with the Akamba or Masai which as of the early 20th century, at least in Routledge's eye's seemed "never to have existed to any appreciable extent". The workings are described as follows;<sup id="cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledgetwo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They form a continuous exposure on one side of the ravine, a cliff some 150 feet in height, creamy pink in color and devoid of any vegetation. The original rock, which is broken down by water to yield the iron bearing sand, is a much decomposed granite, from which can also be extracted a good deal of micaceous clayey matter strongly stained with iron oxide... </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Routledge, 1910<sup id="cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledgetwo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual">Ritual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Agumba of Meru tradition are said to have known and made use of cursing rituals, a practice that they taught to the pre-Meru clans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A-Athi traditions recorded by Fadiman capture the development of these cursing rituals. They suggest that these rituals were developed by the first hunters who ventured into the forest as defensive mechanisms against fear. The montane (remembered as "black") forest harbored large animals such as buffalo which represented a mortal threat to the A-Athi. In response to the problem, these meat and honey hunters developed a number of defensive rituals. A noted, and perhaps first, example is the 'blow' (ua) or 'bite' (uma). The 'blow' ritual for example consisted of blowing a powdered herbal concoction in the directions of the wind while chanting the phrase "only ants on the paths we shall see no bad thing". This had the psychological effect of creating a moving zone of safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman_1994_75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to A-Athi tradition, the defensive rituals such as bite and blow could be prepared only by curse removers known as Aga. The Aga are remembered to have been fellow A-Athi (i.e hunter's). The herbal concoction, would be 'gifted' to an Athi hunter only on request and always in exchange for a specified amount of honey, skins, meat, or horns (used as containers). This arrangement effectively created a marketplace for these rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman_1994_75-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial 'bite' and 'blow' were quickly developed along similar precepts to include the creation of stationary zones of safety around more permanent hunting encampments. This was known as 'Nkima', a word which Fadiman notes carries linguistic connotations of 'stiffness' but which "A-Athi translate as 'skull'". This involved placing an object, such as a horn filled with herbal concoctions or a rounded mass of skins and hide, in the center of the encampment. The supposed effect is that it created a psychological zone of safety for those sleeping therein.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A-Athi traditions state that during the 1700s, conceptual changes begin to appear in the development of these cursing rituals. These appear to have arisen from a fusion of prior practice with the <a href="/wiki/Athi_people" title="Athi people">Athi</a> "ax, red-earth and fire-stick" practice which appears to initially have been a property rights and use demarcation system. This resulted in the creation of a 'Ndindi', essentially a stick which was curved with clan markings and smeared with bright red-ochre to enhance visibility. This stick was 'communally cursed' then used to demarcate the hunting zones of the using community.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These traditions portray the development to have arisen out of 'problems over the use of land'. Fadiman does make note of this stating that meat and honey hunters "from every region of the mountain found themselves forced steadily uphill...into regions that grew progressively colder, steeper and less favorable to both beehives and game". These traditions portray the <a href="/wiki/Land-use_conflict" title="Land-use conflict">land-use conflict</a> as being with a herding-cultivating community. They do note that following the development of the Ndindi ritual, contact with between these communities diminished steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routledge note that the Kikuyu state that the Agumba gradually disappeared from the land following Kikuyu settlement. They note that one tradition states that they went "west to a big forest". Another Kikuyu narrative claims the Agumba were chased away by marabou storks sent by Mwene Nyaga to make way for the Kikuyu.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doko people (page does not exist)">Doko people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Distefano_1990_47-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distefano_1990_47_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDistefano1990" class="citation journal cs1">Distefano, John (1990). "Hunters or Hunted? Towards a History of the Okiek of Kenya". <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>17</b>: 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171805">10.2307/3171805</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171805">3171805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162229708">162229708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Hunters+or+Hunted%3F+Towards+a+History+of+the+Okiek+of+Kenya&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162229708%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171805&rft.aulast=Distefano&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike" class="citation web cs1">John Pike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/kenya/history-early.htm">"Early Kenya"</a>. <i>globalsecurity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Early+Kenya&rft.au=John+Pike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fkenya%2Fhistory-early.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby_Routledge" title="William Scoresby Routledge">Routledge, William Scoresby</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withprehistoricp00rout"><i>With a prehistoric people, the Akikuyu of British East Africa, being some account of the method of life and mode of thought found existent amongst a nation on its first contact with European civilisation</i></a>. London: E. Arnold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withprehistoricp00rout/page/3">3</a>-6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+a+prehistoric+people%2C+the+Akikuyu+of+British+East+Africa%2C+being+some+account+of+the+method+of+life+and+mode+of+thought+found+existent+amongst+a+nation+on+its+first+contact+with+European+civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=William+Scoresby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithprehistoricp00rout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman_1994_75-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman_1994_75_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman, J. (1994). <i>When We Began There Were Witchmen</i>. California: University of California Press. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began+There+Were+Witchmen&rft.place=California&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childress_1989_https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268_268-269_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildress1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hatcher_Childress" title="David Hatcher Childress">Childress, David</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi"><i>Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of Africa & Arabia</i></a></span>. Illinois: Adventures Unlimited Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostcitiesancien00davi/page/268">268-269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932813062" title="Special:BookSources/0932813062"><bdi>0932813062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Cities+%26+Ancient+Mysteries+of+Africa+%26+Arabia&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pages=268-269&rft.pub=Adventures+Unlimited+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0932813062&rft.aulast=Childress&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostcitiesancien00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledgetwo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledgetwo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1910" class="citation book cs1">Routledge, William Scoresby (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withprehistoricp00rout"><i>With a prehistoric people, the Akikuyu of British East Africa, being some account of the method of life and mode of thought found existent amongst a nation on its first contact with European civilisation</i></a>. London: E. Arnold. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withprehistoricp00rout/page/81">81</a>-87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+a+prehistoric+people%2C+the+Akikuyu+of+British+East+Africa%2C+being+some+account+of+the+method+of+life+and+mode+of+thought+found+existent+amongst+a+nation+on+its+first+contact+with+European+civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=81-87&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=William+Scoresby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithprehistoricp00rout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman, J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8199p24c;brand=ucpress"><i>When We Began There Were Witchmen</i></a>. California: University of California Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520086159" title="Special:BookSources/9780520086159"><bdi>9780520086159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began+There+Were+Witchmen&rft.place=California&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780520086159&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft8199p24c%3Bbrand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman, J. (1994). <i>When We Began There Were Witchmen</i>. California: University of California Press. pp. 75–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began+There+Were+Witchmen&rft.place=California&rft.pages=75-76&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman, J. (1994). <i>When We Began There Were Witchmen</i>. California: University of California Press. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began+There+Were+Witchmen&rft.place=California&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman1994" class="citation book cs1">Fadiman, J. (1994). <i>When We Began There Were Witchmen</i>. California: University of California Press. pp. 76–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Began+There+Were+Witchmen&rft.place=California&rft.pages=76-78&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgumba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya_(by_linguistic_origin)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Kenya">Ethnic groups in Kenya</a> <small>(by linguistic origin)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_people" title="Bajuni people">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonyi_people" title="Chonyi people">Chonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_people" title="Digo people">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_people" title="Embu people">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibana_people" title="Jibana people">Jibana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbeere_people" title="Mbeere people">Mbeere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_peoples" title="Mijikenda peoples">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_people" title="Pokomo people">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_people_(Kenya)" title="Suba people (Kenya)">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_people" title="Taita people">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taveta_people" title="Taveta people">Taveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariaal_people" title="Ariaal people">Ariaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateker_peoples" title="Ateker peoples">Ateker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camus_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Camus people">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_people" title="Samburu people">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_people" title="Kore people">Kore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiek_people" title="Okiek people">Okiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_people" title="Teso people">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_people" title="Aweer people">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_Oromo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Borana Oromo people">Borana Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_people" title="El Molo people">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabra_people" title="Gabra people">Gabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Orma people">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_people" title="Rendille people">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_people" title="Yaaku people">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&oldid=1170853934">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agumba_people&oldid=1170853934</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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