CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Planned community - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"816914c5-a0ca-4e20-88b5-70325047b0f2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Planned_community","wgTitle":"Planned community","wgCurRevisionId":1258003386,"wgRevisionId":1258003386,"wgArticleId":194841,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Burmese-language sources (my)","CS1 Chinese (Taiwan)-language sources (zh-tw)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with Serbian-language sources (sr)","CS1 maint: location","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014", "Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012","All articles lacking in-text citations","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2020","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011","Articles needing additional references from October 2012","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Planned communities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage": "en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Planned_community","wgRelevantArticleId":194841,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1074523","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/1200px-Partizanske4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/800px-Partizanske4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/640px-Partizanske4.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Planned community - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_community"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_community"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Planned_community rootpage-Planned_community skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Planned+community" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Planned+community" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Planned+community" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Planned+community" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_capitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_capitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Planned capitals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_capitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NUCs_under_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NUCs_under_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>NUCs under construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NUCs_under_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Pre-modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equatorial_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Equatorial Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senegal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senegal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Senegal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senegal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Palestinian territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.2</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18.3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Czechia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>North Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Nobleman's_Republic_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nobleman's_Republic_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.1</span> <span>The Nobleman's Republic of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nobleman's_Republic_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.3</span> <span>Socialist realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.29</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.30</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.31.4</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>North America and the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America and the Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_and_pre-Industrial_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_pre-Industrial_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Colonial and pre-Industrial periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_pre-Industrial_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Industrial Revolution era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government-led_schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-led_schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Government-led schemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-led_schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Postwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_planned_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_planned_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Modern planned cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_planned_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_and_Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>South and Central America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_and_Central_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South and Central America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_and_Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_cities_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_cities_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Colonial cities in Spanish and Portuguese administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_cities_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brasília" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brasília"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Brasília</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brasília-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belo_Horizonte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belo_Horizonte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Belo Horizonte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belo_Horizonte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goiânia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goiânia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Goiânia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goiânia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adelaide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adelaide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Adelaide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adelaide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melbourne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melbourne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Melbourne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melbourne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canberra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canberra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Canberra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canberra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Planned community</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="مدينة مخططة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة مخططة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="পরিকল্পিত শহর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিকল্পিত শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planadong_komunidad" title="Planadong komunidad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Planadong komunidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_planificada" title="Ciutat planificada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat planificada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planlagt_by" title="Planlagt by – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Planlagt by" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planstadt" title="Planstadt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Planstadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_planificada" title="Ciudad planificada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad planificada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri_berri" title="Hiri berri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri berri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شهر جدید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر جدید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_nouvelle" title="Ville nouvelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville nouvelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_planificada" title="Cidade planificada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade planificada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="신도시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_terencana" title="Kota terencana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota terencana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_fondazione" title="Città di fondazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città di fondazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="עיר מתוכננת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר מתוכננת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ახალი ქალაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი ქალაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivdad_Planifikada" title="Sivdad Planifikada – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sivdad Planifikada" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_baru" title="Bandar baru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geplande_stad" title="Geplande stad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geplande stad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="計画都市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="計画都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planlagt_by" title="Planlagt by – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Planlagt by" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_nov%C3%A8la" title="Vila novèla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vila novèla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_planejada" title="Cidade planejada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade planejada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Плановый город – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плановый город" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_town" title="New town – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New town" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82)" title="Нови град (концепт) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови град (концепт)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planirani_grad" title="Planirani grad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Planirani grad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planerad_stad" title="Planerad stad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Planerad stad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ชุมชนมีผัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมชนมีผัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planl%C4%B1_%C5%9Fehir" title="Planlı şehir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Planlı şehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="新市鎮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新市鎮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE" title="新市鎮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新市鎮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1074523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Planned_community" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Planned_community"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Planned_community"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Planned_community" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Planned_community" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&oldid=1258003386" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Planned_community&id=1258003386&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlanned_community"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlanned_community"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Planned_community&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planned_communities" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1074523" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Settlement built according to a plan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New town" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Town_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="New Town (disambiguation)">New Town (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Model city" redirects here. For the U.S. urban aid program of the 1960s and 1970s, see <a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model Cities Program</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partizanske4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/250px-Partizanske4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/375px-Partizanske4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Partizanske4.jpg/500px-Partizanske4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Partiz%C3%A1nske" title="Partizánske">Partizánske</a>/Baťovany in Slovakia – an example of a typical planned industrial city founded in 1938 together with a shoemaking factory in which practically all adult inhabitants of the city were employed</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abuja,_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg/250px-Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg/375px-Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg/500px-Abuja%2C_Federal_Capital_Territory_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, in Nigeria, which was built mainly in the 1980s, was the fastest growing city in the world between 2000 and 2010, with an increase of 139.7%, and is still expanding rapidly<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg/250px-Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg/375px-Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg/500px-Brasilia_aerea_eixo_monumental.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, the capital of Brazil, was built in less than 1,000 days in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-Fredericia_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/-Fredericia_1900.jpg/250px--Fredericia_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/-Fredericia_1900.jpg/375px--Fredericia_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/-Fredericia_1900.jpg/500px--Fredericia_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Plan of <a href="/wiki/Fredericia" title="Fredericia">Fredericia</a> (Denmark) in 1900 – the city was founded in 1650</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>planned community</b>, <b>planned city</b>, <b>planned town</b>, or <b>planned settlement</b> is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve organically.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>new town</i> refers to planned communities of the <a href="/wiki/New_towns_movement" title="New towns movement">new towns movement</a> in particular, <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">mainly in the United Kingdom</a>. It was also common in the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> villages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>model city</b> is a type of planned city designed to a high standard and intended as a <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a> for others to imitate. The term was first used in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planned_capitals">Planned capitals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Planned capitals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_purpose-built_national_capitals" title="List of purpose-built national capitals">List of purpose-built national capitals</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington,_DC,_Washington,_District_of_Columbia,_DC_HABS_DC,WASH,612-_(sheet_2_of_32).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif/lossy-page1-200px-L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif/lossy-page1-300px-L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif/lossy-page1-400px-L%27Enfant-McMillan_Plan_of_Washington%2C_DC%2C_Washington%2C_District_of_Columbia%2C_DC_HABS_DC%2CWASH%2C612-_%28sheet_2_of_32%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14460" data-file-height="9632" /></a><figcaption>Washington, D.C. was built as a planned city.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_purpose-built_national_capitals" title="List of purpose-built national capitals">planned capital</a> is a city specially planned, designed and built to be a capital. Several of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">national capitals</a> are planned capitals, including <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> in Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Belmopan" title="Belmopan">Belmopan</a> in Belize, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> in Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a> in Myanmar (Burma), <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in the United States, the modern parts of <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> in Kazakhstan, and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> in Turkey. In Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a> is planned to be inaugurated on 17 August 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Egypt <a href="/wiki/Proposed_new_capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed new capital of Egypt">a new capital city</a> (to the east of Cairo) is under construction. <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>, the federal administrative and judicial centre of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, is also a planned city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> (UAE) and some of the recently built cities in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region are also planned cities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a> was constructed to be a planned-administrative capital of South Korea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botswana">Botswana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Botswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The city of <a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a> was planned and constructed in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg/250px-Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg/375px-Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg/500px-Satellite_image_of_Melbourne_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Satellite night imagery of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, showing the grid layout of the city.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Company towns</b> </p><p>During the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in the 1860s, and after, new towns were planned and built to serve the new international shipping canal. Other smaller <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company towns</a> were built during the 20th Century to serve oil exploration sites and factories. The larger towns have since been incorporated into mainstream local government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Fuad" title="Port Fuad">Port Fuad</a> – Port Said Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Tewfik" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Tewfik">Port Tewfik</a> – Suez Governorate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismailia" title="Ismailia">Ismailia</a> – Ismailia Governorate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Ghareb" title="Ras Ghareb">Ras Ghareb</a> – Red Sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mahalla_El_Kubra" title="El Mahalla El Kubra">Mosta'maret al-Mahallah</a> – Gahrbia</li> <li>Kima – Aswan</li> <li>Sahary – Aswan</li> <li>Mosta'maret al-Sad – Aswan</li></ul> <p><b>New urban communities</b> </p><p>In the late 1970s, it became national policy to construct new desert towns in Egypt, managed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Urban_Communities_Authority" title="New Urban Communities Authority">New Urban Communities Authority</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_of_October_(city)" title="6th of October (city)">6th of October (city)</a> – Giza Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_of_Ramadan_(city)" title="10th of Ramadan (city)">10th of Ramadan (city)</a> – Sharqia Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_of_May_(city)" title="15th of May (city)">15th of May</a> (city) – Cairo Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Egypt" title="Badr, Egypt">Badr</a> – Cairo Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Borg_El_Arab" title="New Borg El Arab">New Borg El Arab</a> – Alexandria Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shorouk" title="El Shorouk">El Shorouk</a> – Cairo Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Akhmim" title="New Akhmim">New Akhmim</a> – Sohag Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Aswan" title="New Aswan">New Aswan</a> – Aswan Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Asyut" title="New Asyut">New Asyut</a> – Asyut Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Beni_Suef" title="New Beni Suef">New Beni Suef</a> – Beni Suef Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cairo" title="New Cairo">New Cairo</a> – Cairo Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Damietta" title="New Damietta">New Damietta</a> – Damietta Governorate.</li> <li>New Fayum – Fayum Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nubariya" title="New Nubariya">New Nubariya</a> – Beheira Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Qena" title="New Qena">New Qena</a> – Qena Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Salhia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Salhia">New Salhia</a> – Sharqia Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tiba" class="mw-redirect" title="New Tiba">New Tiba</a> – Luxor Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obour_(city)" title="Obour (city)">Obour (city)</a> – Qalubyia Governorate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Zayed">Sheikh Zayed</a> – Giza Governorate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NUCs_under_construction">NUCs under construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NUCs under construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">New Administrative Capital – Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alamein" title="New Alamein">New Alamein</a> – Matrouh</li> <li>New Ismailia – Ismailia</li> <li>El Galala – Suez (not part of NUCA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-modern">Pre-modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis, Egypt</a> – The first capital of Egypt. It was built by the king <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> around 3150 B.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhetaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhetaten">Akhetaten</a> – A city which was built by the King <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> in the 14th century B.C. It was the capital of Egypt in his reign.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithom" title="Pithom">Pithom</a> – A city was built by the King <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in the 13th century B.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a> – Another city which was built by <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> in the 13th century B.C. It was the capital of Egypt in his reign and it was the first city to exceed 100,000 in history. At its peak, the population of the city was 300,000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleion" title="Heracleion">Heracleion</a> – A city built in the 7th Century B.C. The city had been a major port in Ancient before it sank.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> – A city built by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the 4th century B.C. It was the first city to have a population of half million.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Hermiou" title="Ptolemais Hermiou">Ptolemais Hermiou</a> – A city built by Ptolemy I in the 4th century B.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a> – A city built by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a> in the 3rd century B.C. on the Red Sea Coast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> – A city built by <a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_al-%27As" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn al-'As">'Amr ibn al-'As</a> when he conquered Egypt to be its capital around the 7th century A.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Askar" title="Al-Askar">al-Askar</a> – The capital of Egypt during the Tulunide Dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qata%27i" title="Al-Qata'i">al-Qata'i</a> – Capital of Egypt during the Ikhshid Dynasty.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> – It was built in the 10th century A.D. by the Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al_Muizz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Muizz">Al Muizz</a>.</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equatorial_Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equatorial Guinea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at <a href="/wiki/Oyala" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyala">Oyala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Konza_Technology_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Konza Technology City">Konza Technology City</a> is a planned city that is hoped to become a hub of African science and technology upon its completion in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tatu City is also another planned city located in Kiambu county. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other cities are under development to accommodate the rapidly growing population, some of which include: <a href="/wiki/Eko_Atlantic_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Eko Atlantic City">Eko Atlantic City</a>, a planned city of <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a> being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development, is anticipating 250,000 residents and a daily flow of 150,000 commuters.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Centenary_City" title="Centenary City">Centenary City</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria">Federal Capital Territory</a>, is another planned <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart city</a> under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana Island">Banana Island</a>, an affluent neighbourhood in <a href="/wiki/Ikoyi" title="Ikoyi">Ikoyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Island" title="Bonny Island">Bonny Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_City" title="Centenary City">Centenary City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria">Federal Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eko_Atlantic" title="Eko Atlantic">Eko Atlantic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festac_Town" title="Festac Town">Festac Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a> <ul><li>FESTAC Phase 2, the next phase for Festac has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeja" title="Ikeja">Ikeja</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekki_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekki Peninsula">Lekki</a>, a new city in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lekki_Peninsula#Lekki_Free_Trade_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekki Peninsula">Lekki Free Zone</a>, a free trade zone in the Lekki</li> <li>Orange Island, a planned real estate development in Lekki.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island,_Lagos" title="Victoria Island, Lagos">Victoria Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senegal">Senegal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senegal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akon_City" title="Akon City">Akon City</a>, the nation's first planned city, co-planned by the Senegalese-American singer <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups. Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included <a href="/wiki/Welkom" title="Welkom">Welkom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasolburg" title="Sasolburg">Sasolburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secunda,_Mpumalanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Secunda, Mpumalanga">Secunda</a>. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages and the original town centres still lie in a grid street fashion. Some settlements were also set up for non-whites such as the former homeland capital of <a href="/wiki/Bisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisho">Bisho</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg/220px-Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg/330px-Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg/440px-Butterfly_Estate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption> Southern Castle Peak, Part of Tuen Mun New Town, developed from the 1970s onward</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong" title="New towns of Hong Kong">New towns of Hong Kong</a></div> <p>The terrains of Hong Kong are mostly mountainous and many places in the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> have limited access to roads. Hong Kong started developing new towns in the 1950s, to accommodate rapidly growing populations. In the early days the term "satellite towns" was used. The very first new towns included <a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_New_Town" title="Tsuen Wan New Town">Tsuen Wan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwun_Tong" title="Kwun Tong">Kwun Tong</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wah_Fu_Estate" title="Wah Fu Estate">Wah Fu Estate</a> was built in a remote corner on <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a>, with similar concepts in a smaller scale. </p><p>In the late 1960s and the 1970s, another stage of new town developments was launched. Nine new towns have been developed to date. Land use is carefully planned and development provides plenty of room for public housing projects. Rail transport is usually available at a later stage. The first towns are <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town" title="Sha Tin New Town">Sha Tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_New_Town" title="Tsuen Wan New Town">Tsuen Wan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Town" title="Tuen Mun New Town">Tuen Mun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseung Kwan O New Town">Tseung Kwan O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Town" title="Tuen Mun New Town">Tuen Mun</a> was intended to be self-reliant, but was not successful at the beginning and maintained as a <a href="/wiki/Dormitory_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormitory town">dormitory town</a> up until the recent decades like the other new towns. More recent developments are <a href="/wiki/Tin_Shui_Wai_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin Shui Wai New Town">Tin Shui Wai</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Lantau_New_Town" title="North Lantau New Town">North Lantau</a>. The government also plans to build such towns in <a href="/wiki/Hung_Shui_Kiu" title="Hung Shui Kiu">Hung Shui Kiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ping_Che" title="Ping Che">Ping Che</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ta_Kwu_Ling" title="Ta Kwu Ling">Ta Kwu Ling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanling" title="Fanling">Fanling</a> North and <a href="/wiki/Kwu_Tung" title="Kwu Tung">Kwu Tung</a> North. At present, there are a total of nine new towns: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsuen_Wan_New_Town" title="Tsuen Wan New Town">Tsuen Wan New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_Tin_New_Town" title="Sha Tin New Town">Sha Tin New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun_New_Town" title="Tuen Mun New Town">Tuen Mun New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Po_New_Town" title="Tai Po New Town">Tai Po New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanling-Sheung_Shui_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanling-Sheung Shui New Town">Fanling-Sheung Shui New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Long_New_Town" title="Yuen Long New Town">Yuen Long New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tseung Kwan O New Town">Tseung Kwan O New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Shui_Wai_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin Shui Wai New Town">Tin Shui Wai New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lantau_New_Town" title="North Lantau New Town">North Lantau New Town</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois,_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_(mirror_correction).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg/220px-Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg/330px-Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg/440px-Vue_de_l%27isle_et_de_la_ville_de_Batavia_appartenant_aux_Hollandois%2C_pour_la_Compagnie_des_Indes_%28mirror_correction%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4514" data-file-height="2840" /></a><figcaption>Batavia, circa 1780.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luchtfoto_van_het_Ministerie_van_Openbare_Werken_TMnr_10015224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> laid as a well-planned city, set as the new capital of the Dutch East Indies back in the 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (predecessor of modern <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) was a planned city, modeled after Dutch 17th century coastal city architecture. First, in the 17th century as a planned fortified city, crisscrossed with Dutch-style canals dug in regular grid. The city served as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>.</li> <li>In the early 19th century, the Dutch colonial authority moved their administrative center from the dilapidated and unhealthy port town of Old Batavia (now <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Kota</a> area) several kilometres south to <a href="/wiki/Weltevreden,_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltevreden, Java">Weltevreden</a> area (now <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>). Old Batavia and Weltevreden were connected by the Molenvliet Canal and a road (now Gajah Mada Road) that ran alongside the waterway.<sup id="cite_ref-Heritage6-109_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heritage6-109-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a well-planned community around the <a href="/wiki/Medan_Merdeka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medan Merdeka">Koningsplein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Banteng" title="Lapangan Banteng">Waterlooplein</a> and Rijswijk (Jalan Veteran). The area, then known as Weltevreden, which include the Koningsplein, Rijswijk, Noordwijk, Tanah Abang, Kebon Sirih, and Prapatan became a popular residential, entertainment and commercial district for the European colonial elite.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>, today a sub-district in Central Jakarta, was first built as a well-planned community. An <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a> developed in the 1910s set the area to become a residential area for Dutch people and high officials. At the time of its development, the area was the first planned <a href="/wiki/Garden_suburb" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden suburb">garden suburb</a> in colonial <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(Dutch_East_Indies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavia (Dutch East Indies)">Batavia</a>. Supported by easy access to service centers and nearby to the central business district, this area has become one of the most expensive areas for residential real estate in modern Jakarta.</li></ul></li> <li>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> was planned by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government as a new capital city to replace Batavia. The idea was to separate the busy trading port or the commercial center (Batavia) from the new administrative and political center (Bandung). By the 1920s the plan to transfer the capital to Bandung was underway. As the city began to laid the master plan of a well-planned new city, grid of streets and avenues were laid, and numbers of government buildings were constructed, such as <a href="/wiki/Gedung_Sate" title="Gedung Sate">Gedung Sate</a> that was planned as the colonial administrative center of Dutch East Indies. The plan, however, failed due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanara_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanara-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Since <a href="/wiki/Palangkaraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Palangkaraya">Palangkaraya</a> was established as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a> province in 1957, the first president of Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, outlined a plan to develop Palangkaraya as the future capital of Indonesia. Palangkaraya is far larger in area than <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and safe from the danger of earthquakes and <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, common on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.</li> <li>In the late 1950s to the first half of the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, Indonesia's first president, laid a master plan to build <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> as the planned national capital of the Republic of Indonesia. He filled Jakarta with numbers of monuments and statues. Numbers of monumental projects were conceived, planned and initiated during his administration, including <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">Monumen Nasional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">DPR/MPR Building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno</a> stadium. Sukarno also filled Jakarta with nationalistic monuments and statues, including <a href="/wiki/Selamat_Datang_Monument" title="Selamat Datang Monument">Selamat Datang Monument</a>, Pemuda Monument at Senayan, Dirgantara Monument at Pancoran, and Irian Jaya Liberation Monument at <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Banteng" title="Lapangan Banteng">Lapangan Banteng</a>. Although many of this projects were completed later in his successor era (<a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> administration), Sukarno is credited for shaping Jakarta's monuments and landmarks. He desired Jakarta to be the beacon of a powerful new nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Megacity-Jakarta_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Megacity-Jakarta-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Because of Jakarta's environmental degradation and <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation (biology)">overpopulation</a> problems, there has been an idea to build a new proposed capital city to replace Jakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-Inilah1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inilah1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oke1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oke1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a> announced that Indonesia <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia#Move_to_Nusantara" title="Capital of Indonesia">will move its capital</a> from Jakarta to the new planned city in the <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> province which will be built in between the regencies of <a href="/wiki/Penajam_North_Paser" class="mw-redirect" title="Penajam North Paser">Penajam North Paser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kutai_Kartanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Kartanegara">Kutai Kartanegara</a>. Its construction will commence in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new national capital will be called <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(planned_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (planned city)">Nusantara</a> and it is set to be inaugurated in 2024 with the groundbreaking ceremony in March 2022. The capital is expected to form a new province separated from East Kalimantan, similar to Jakarta.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadraa_CUT_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sadraa_CUT_1.png/220px-Sadraa_CUT_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sadraa_CUT_1.png/330px-Sadraa_CUT_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sadraa_CUT_1.png/440px-Sadraa_CUT_1.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sadra,_Fars" title="Sadra, Fars">Sadra</a>, a planned city near <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the period of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> Empire, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan (city)">Isfahan</a>, the Persian capital, was built according to a planned scheme, consisting of a long boulevard and planned housing and green areas around it. </p><p>In modern-day Iran more than 20 planned cities have been developed or are under construction, mostly around Iran's main metropolitan areas such as <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan (city)">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz, Iran">Shiraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. Some of these new cities are built for special purposes such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardis" title="Pardis">Pardis</a>, which is built as a scientific city.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulad-Shahr" class="mw-redirect" title="Poulad-Shahr">Poulad-Shahr</a>, which is an industrial city built for the housing of Isfahan's steel industry workers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Shahr" title="Shirin Shahr">Shirin Shahr</a> which is to provide housing for the sugar industry personnel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehranpars" title="Tehranpars">Tehranpars</a> which was built to house Tehran's additional population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrak-e_Gharb" title="Shahrak-e Gharb">Shahrak-e Gharb</a>, built as a massive project of modern apartment buildings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parand" title="Parand">Parand</a> which is intended to provide residences for the staff of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" title="Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini International Airport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a> New Town which was built to provide housing for the employees of a sugar cane processing plant.</li></ul> <p>576,000 people were planned to be settled in Iran's new towns by 2005. </p><p>For a list of Iran's modern planned cities see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iran%27s_planned_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iran's planned cities">List of Iran's planned cities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/200px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/300px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg/400px-Blueprint_Negev_planned_community.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>A planned community in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to politics of country settlement a number of planned cities were created in peripheral regions. De facto all the cities which have Jewish population its new Jewish side have been planned like New Acre and Nazareth Illit. Those cities also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Development_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Development Town">Development Towns</a></i>. The most successful is <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> with more than 200,000 inhabitants, a <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashdod Port">port</a> and developed infrastructure. Other cities that were developed following Israel's lineation plan are <a href="/wiki/Shoham" title="Shoham">Shoham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karmiel" title="Karmiel">Karmiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a> has been another of the country's most successful planned cities. Construction began in 1994 and it now has a population of over 80,000. Modi'in also rates higher in terms of average salary and graduation rates than the national average. It was designed and planned by Israeli architect <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> follow this model, including towns like <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betar_Illit" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar Illit">Betar Illit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kubu_Bharu" title="Kuala Kubu Bharu">Kuala Kubu Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Baru_Bangi" title="Bandar Baru Bangi">Bandar Baru Bangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a>, Malaysia's new administrative capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberjaya" title="Cyberjaya">Cyberjaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya"> Petaling Jaya (New Town)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Kulim Hi-Tech Park">Kulim Hi-Tech Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri" title="Iskandar Puteri">Iskandar Puteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Malaysia" title="Iskandar Malaysia">Iskandar Malaysia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg/220px-Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg/330px-Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg/440px-Daidairi_of_Heiankyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> was built on a grid system, starting in 794.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a>), built on a grid layout and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout remains, reflected in major east–west streets being numbered, such as 4th street<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">四条</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shi-jō</i></span>)</span>. In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a> was built from 1868, following an American <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>, and is today the fifth-largest city in Japan. Both these cities have regular addressing systems (following the grid) unlike the usual subdivision-based <a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Japanese addressing system</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Borrowing from the New Town movement in the United Kingdom, some 30 new towns have been built all over Japan. Most of these constructions were initiated during the period of rapid economic growth in the 1960s, but construction continued into the 1980s. Most of them are located near Tokyo and the big cities in <a href="/wiki/Kansai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai">Kansai</a> region. Some towns, (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="jp:千里ニュータウン">Senri New Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tama_New_Town" title="Tama New Town">Tama New Town</a>) do not provide much employment, and many of the residents commute to the nearby cities. These towns fostered the infamous congestion of commuter trains (although as the metropolitan areas have grown, this commute has become relatively short in comparison to commutes from the new urban fringe). </p><p>Other New Towns act as industrial/academic agglomerations (<i>sangyo-shuseki</i>) (<a href="/wiki/Tsukuba,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuba, Ibaraki">Tsukuba Science City</a>, Kashima Port Town). These areas attempt to create an all-inclusive environment for daily living, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Uz%C5%8D_Nishiyama" title="Uzō Nishiyama">Uzō Nishiyama</a>'s "life-spheres" principle. </p><p>Japan has also developed the concept of new towns to what <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Sir Peter Hall</a> call <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">technopolis</a>. The technopolis program of the 1980s has precedents in the New Industrial Cities Act of the 1960s. These cities are largely modeled after Tsukuba Academic New Town (Tsukuba Science City) in that they attempt to agglomerate high-tech resources together in a campus-like environment. </p><p>In the past, the Japanese government had proposed relocating the capital to a planned city, but this plan was cancelled. </p><p>Overall, Japan's New Town program consists of many diverse projects, most of which focus on a primary function, but also aspire to create an all-inclusive urban environment. Japan's New Town program is heavily informed by the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden City</a> tradition, American neighborhood design, as well as Soviet strategies of industrial development. </p><p>In 2002 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a> announced the end of new town construction, although the new towns continue to receive government funding and redevelopment. </p><p>Sources: </p> <ul><li>Ministry of Construction, Japan International Cooperation Agency, City Bureau. 1975? City Planning in Japan.</li> <li>Hein, Carola. 2003. “Visionary Plans and Planners: Japanese Traditions and Western Influences” in Japanese Capitals in Historical</li> <li>Perspective, Nicholas Fiévé and Paul Waley, eds. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 309–43.</li> <li>Scott, W. Stephen. 2006. Just Housing? Evidence of Garden City Principles in a Postwar Japanese New Town. Undergraduate diss. New College of Florida.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a> is the capital of Myanmar. It is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw_Union_Territory" title="Naypyidaw Union Territory">Naypyidaw Union Territory</a>, as per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar#2008_Constitution" title="Constitution of Myanmar">2008 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eleven_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eleven-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> 3.2 km west of <a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a>, and approximately 300 km north of <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, coinciding with Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day" title="Armed Forces Day">Armed Forces Day</a>. Much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-mcc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the population was 925,000,<sup id="cite_ref-pdo_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdo-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes it Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Myanmar">third largest</a> city, after <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seventh_Avenue,_Islamabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg/220px-Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg/330px-Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg/440px-Seventh_Avenue%2C_Islamabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="3945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_capitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned capitals">planned capital city</a> whose foundations were laid during the 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Riverfront_Urban_Development_Project" title="Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project">Ravi City</a>, riverfront and urban development megaproject (expected population 25–35 million, under construction since December 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>, port city established as the southern leg for <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, established by the British and later Ayub Khan as a planned <a href="/wiki/Industrial_city" title="Industrial city">industrial city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauharabad" title="Jauharabad">Jauharabad</a>, a planned town situated in Khushab District, Punjab, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha" title="Sargodha">Sargodha</a>, established by the British for air defence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal" title="Sahiwal">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Town" title="Bahria Town">Bahria Town</a>, privately built towns in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93Rawalpindi_metropolitan_area" title="Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area">Islamabad–Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Islamabad" title="Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad">Defence Housing Authority, Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defence_Housing_Authority,_Lahore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defence Housing Authority, Lahore (page does not exist)">Defence Housing Authority, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority,_Karachi" title="Defence Housing Authority, Karachi">Defence Housing Authority, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Karachi" title="Clifton, Karachi">Clifton, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAPDA_Town" title="WAPDA Town">WAPDA Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA_City" title="DHA City">DHA City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDA_City" title="LDA City">LDA City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Palestinian territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawabi" title="Rawabi">Rawabi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many ancient <a href="/wiki/Cities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities in China">cities in China</a>, especially those on the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>, were carefully designed according to the <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">fengshui</a> theory, featuring square or rectangular city walls, rectilinear road grid, and symmetrical layout. Famous examples are <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and Beijing. </p><p>An exception to that is an ancient town in <a href="/wiki/Tekes_County" title="Tekes County">Tekes County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a>, Xinjiang, with a shape of a <a href="/wiki/Ba_gua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba gua">ba gua</a>. </p><p>In modern China, many <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">special economic zones</a> are developed from the sketch, for example, <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, a new district of Shanghai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> was the planned city of President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, who had earlier proposed a new city to be built on land northeast of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Manila">City of Manila</a>. Carefully planned districts include Santa Mesa Heights (part of the original <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Burnham</a> Plan for Manila), the Diliman Estate (includes the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>), New Manila, the Cubao Commercial District, South Triangle, Housing Projects 1 (Roxas District), 2 and 3 (Quirino District), 4, 5 (Kamias-Kamuning District), 6, 7, and 8. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> proclaimed Quezon City as the national capital on 17 July 1948, with President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> restoring Manila as the capital on 24 June 1976. He then created a metropolitan area called <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, which remains congested today due to failed execution of the Quezon City plan as well as the Burnham Plan. </p><p>Other planned cities (in order of foundation): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trece_Martires" title="Trece Martires">Trece Martires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Garden_City_of_Samal" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Garden City of Samal">Island Garden City of Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palayan" title="Palayan">Palayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Clark_City" title="New Clark City">New Clark City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Economic_City" title="King Abdullah Economic City">King Abdullah Economic City</a>, a future planned city along the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> located in Saudi Arabia. </p><p>In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as <a href="/wiki/Jubail" title="Jubail">Jubail</a>, was designated as a new industrial city by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi government</a>. It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> of the water from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Singapore" title="New towns of Singapore">New towns of Singapore</a></div> <p>The new town planning concept was introduced into Singapore with the building of the first New Town, <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_Singapore" title="Queenstown, Singapore">Queenstown</a>, from July 1952 to 1973 by the country's public housing authority, the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board" title="Housing and Development Board">Housing and Development Board</a>. Today, the vast majority of the approximately 11,000 public housing buildings are organised into 22 new towns across the country. </p><p>Each new town is designed to be completely self-sustainable. Helmed by a hierarchy of commercial developments, ranging from a town centre to precinct-level outlets, there is no need to venture out of town to meet the most common needs of residences. Employment can be found in industrial estates located within several towns. Educational, health care, and recreational needs are also taken care of with the provision of schools, hospitals, parks, sports complexes, and so on. </p><p>Singapore's expertise in successful new town design was internationally recognised when the Building and Social Housing Foundation (BSHF) of the United Nations awarded the <a href="/wiki/World_Habitat_Awards" title="World Habitat Awards">World Habitat Award</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tampines" title="Tampines">Tampines</a> New Town, which was selected as a representative of Singapore's new towns, on 5 October 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2007 <a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a> was planned as the new capital, but it is becoming the de facto administrative capital instead, with many national government agencies and research institutes moving there between 2013 and present. It has a planned population of 0.8 million, which is the largest of all the newtown development plans. The head of the domestic-administration, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a> also resides in Sejong, along with more than 65% of the South Korea's government facilities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg/220px-Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg/330px-Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg/440px-Songdo_IBD_Incheon_2014_HDR_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Songdo_International_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songdo International Business District">Songdo</a> in South Korea</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Songdo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New Songdo City">New Songdo City</a> is a planned international business centre to be developed on 6 square kilometres of reclaimed land along Incheon's waterfront, 65 kilometres west of Seoul and connected to Incheon International Airport by a 10-kilometre highway bridge. This 10-year development project is estimated to cost in excess of $40 billion, making it the largest private development project ever undertaken anywhere in the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gwanggyo" title="Gwanggyo">Gwanggyo</a> newtown is located 25 km south away from Seoul in Suwon city and Youngin city, Gyeonggi province. Gwanggyo newtown area 11 square kilometers was designated in 2004 by Gyeonggi Province, Suwon city, Youngin city, and Gyeonggi Development Corporation (GICO). It will accommodate more than 31,000 households. Gwanggyo newtown was not only for the housing supply but also for several regional goals such as provincial office movement, convention center building, and creating economic growth core in Gyeonggi provincial area. Its infrastructure was scheduled to be constructed by 2012. </p><p>Since the 1990s, several planned communities were built in the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Metropolitan Area">Seoul Metropolitan Area</a> to alleviate housing demands in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. They include: </p> <ul><li>Several ongoing developments in <a href="/wiki/Hwaseong_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaseong City">Hwaseong</a>, including Bongdam, Dongtan1 & 2, and Hyangnam, Suji in Yongin.</li> <li>Gangnam, Seocho & Jamsil, Southern Seoul called Gangnam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundang" title="Bundang">Bundang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seongnam_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Seongnam City">Seongnam City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilsan" title="Ilsan">Ilsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goyang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyang City">Goyang City</a></li> <li>Hwajeong, Goyang City</li> <li>Jungdong, Bucheon</li> <li>Pyeongchon, Anyang</li> <li>Sanbon, Gunpo</li> <li>Dongtan1, Hwaseong</li> <li>Dongtan2, East Hwaseong: The largest in South Korea with more than 100,000 flats and 300,000 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangyo,_Seongnam" title="Pangyo, Seongnam">Pangyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seongnam_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Seongnam City">Seongnam City</a></li> <li>Wirye, SE Seoul</li> <li>Haewun dae in East Busan.</li> <li>Myeongji in West Busan</li> <li>Dunsan in Daejeon after relocating air field site development.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After losing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the central government of China and its government forces retreated to the former Qing province and later <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese colony</a> of the island of Taiwan, which was still a Japanese territory under Allied occupation. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> forces constructed several <a href="/wiki/Military_dependents%27_village" title="Military dependents' village">military dependents' villages</a> that were intended to be temporary housing for party members and their families to regain <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a>. Many of these neighborhoods became permanent and still exist today. </p><p>Beginning in the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Provincial_Government" title="Taiwan Provincial Government">Taiwan Provincial Government</a> was moved out of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> to central Taiwan for security reasons. Several new planned communities were created to house these government employees. The first planned community under the background was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangfu_New_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangfu New Village (page does not exist)">Guangfu New Village</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Wufeng,_Taichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wufeng, Taichung">Wufeng, Taichung</a>. After Guangfu New Village, other communities were created as well:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongxing_New_Village" title="Zhongxing New Village">Zhongxing New Village</a>, the seat of the provincial government, Nantou County</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liming_New_Village" title="Liming New Village">Liming New Village</a>, Taichung City</li></ul> <p>In the 1970s, several new cities were planned to help alleviate the overpopulation in Taiwan's largest cities, including <a href="/wiki/Linkou_District#Linkou_New_Town" title="Linkou District">Linkou new town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danhai_New_Town" title="Danhai New Town">Danhai New Town</a> to alleviate Taipei downtown's overpopulation, Dapingding new town to alleviate Kaohsiung downtown.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the new city plans during the time did not succeed due to strong opposition from locals and negative responses from various government departments.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-udn-2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udn-2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taichung%27s_7th_Redevelopment_Zone" title="Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone">Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone</a>, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, Taiwan, was a major planned community. Before Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone Plan, only a few farmhouses were scattered along a limited number of narrow streets.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this area the new central business district (CBD) of Taichung, away from the city's <a href="/wiki/Central_District,_Taichung" title="Central District, Taichung">Central District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features broad and widely spaced boulevards, large apartments complexes, department stores, and office towers. There are many universities nearby, such as <a href="/wiki/Tunghai_University" title="Tunghai University">Tunghai University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feng_Chia_University" title="Feng Chia University">Feng Chia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some parts of the biggest city, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, are being <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">re-developed and re-planned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capital, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, was built by a plan and is constantly re-planned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/At%C3%A7a" title="Atça">Atça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a> was burned down by Greek forces in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish Independence War</a>. The rebuilding plan was based on Paris' plan.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other cities including <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk" title="Karabük">Karabük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> were also planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/220px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/330px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg/440px-Abu_dhabi_skylines_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5726" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption>Abu Dhabi</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Capital city of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, is a planned city to some extent</li> <li>New Khalifa City The city is part of Abu Dhabi's Vision 2030 new city plan.</li> <li>Certain new parts of Dubai, are planned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masdar_City" title="Masdar City">Masdar City</a>, conceived of as a mixed purpose residential and commercial area</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An urban culture is evident in the mature phase of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> which thrived in present-day Pakistan and north western India from around 3300 BC. The quality of municipal city planning suggests knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>. The streets of major cities in present-day Pakistan such as <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, the world's earliest planned cities, were laid out in a perfect <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid pattern</a> comparable to that of present-day New York City. The houses were protected from noise, odours, and thieves. </p><p>As seen in the ancient sites of <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in Pakistan and western border of India, this urban plan included the world's first urban <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">waste water</a> was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner <a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">courtyards</a> and smaller lanes. </p><p>The ancient Indus systems of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> that were developed and used in cities throughout the Indus Valley were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern South Asia today. The advanced architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Harappans</a> is shown by their <a href="/wiki/Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyard">dockyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a>, brick platforms, and protective walls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of medieval Indian cities were planned including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in Gujarat. Established by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1411.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> in Rajasthan. Established in 1727 by Maharaja Sawai <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II">Jai Singh II</a>.It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> state of India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaipur,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur, Rajasthan">Udaipur</a> in Rajasthan. It was the historic capital of the former kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a> in Tamil Nadu Which was the Capital of <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> During the Rule King <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Raja Raja Cholan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. It was the capital of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a> and is noted for its lotus-like symmetry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>. Its planning was done by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagar</a> in Karnataka, the capital of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> in Karnataka, which was the former capital of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> prior to the city of Vijayanagar.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="India">India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a></div> <p>India has a number of planned cities. Some prominent planned cities are <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholera" title="Dholera">Dholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a>, New Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>. Noida was one of the most successful experiments as a planned city, undertaken by the State Government. It was divided into sectors, with residential and commercial zones, local water tanks and electricity distributors. Each sector is surrounded by roads, which ultimately connect to New Delhi, the capital of India. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg/250px-SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg/375px-SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg/500px-SaltLakeSectorV_KolkataSkyline_Bidhannagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar" title="Bidhannagar">Bidhannagar (Salt Lake City)</a>, Kolkata<sup id="cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euromonitor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg/250px-New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg/375px-New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg/500px-New_town_smart_city-1-kolkata-India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town, Kolkata</a><sup id="cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euromonitor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg/250px-Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg/375px-Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg/500px-Navi_Mumbai_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, Maharashtra<sup id="cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euromonitor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The period following <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence</a> saw India being defined into smaller geographical regions. New states such as <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> were formed with planned capital cities. </p><p>The major planned cities of India include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_(capital_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravati (capital city)">Amaravati</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new city planned to become the capital of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auroville" title="Auroville">Auroville</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a>, planned township in <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhubaneshwar">Bhubaneshwar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the capital of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhannagar,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidhannagar, Kolkata">Bidhannagar, Kolkata</a> (Salt Lake City),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planned township near <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro Steel City</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's first planned city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhule" title="Dhule">Dhule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, a city planned by the renowned architect of India, Sir Vishveshwarayya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first planned city in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapur, West Bengal">Durgapur</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjeev-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's second planned city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Noida" title="Greater Noida">Greater Noida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planned township in <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani,_West_Bengal" title="Kalyani, West Bengal">Kalyani</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavasa" title="Lavasa">Lavasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manesar" title="Manesar">Manesar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurgaon" title="Gurgaon">Gurgaon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Doshi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doshi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned city</a>. Contains a population of 2.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naya_Raipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Raipur">Naya Raipur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the upcoming capital of <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li>New Delhi<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Gurgaon" title="New Gurgaon">New Gurgaon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Doshi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doshi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchkula" title="Panchkula">Panchkula</a>, planned city near <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> & part of Chandigarh Tricity<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palava_City" title="Palava City">Palava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimpri-Chinchwad" title="Pimpri-Chinchwad">Pimpri-Chinchwad</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarhat" title="Rajarhat">Rajarhat</a> (New Town, Kolkata),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a planned township near <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ganganagar" title="Sri Ganganagar">Sri Ganganagar</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishakhapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishakhapatnam">Vishakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibganj" title="Habibganj">Bhopal Habibganj</a> Township.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New settlements were planned in Europe at least since Greek antiquity (see article <a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a>). The Greeks built new colonial cities around the Mediterranean. The ancient Romans also founded many new colonial towns through their empire. There are, however, also traces of planned settlements of non-Roman origin in pre-historic northern Europe. Most planned settlements of medieval Europe were created in the period of about the 12th to 14th centuries. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found new villages and towns on their estates, to gain economic, political or military power. The settlers generally were attracted by fiscal, economic and juridical advantages granted by the founding lord, or were forced to move from elsewhere from his estates. Most of the new towns were to remain rather small (as for instance the <a href="/wiki/Bastide" title="Bastide">bastides</a> of southwestern France), but some of them became important cities, such as Cardiff, Leeds, 's-Hertogenbosch, Montauban, Bilbao, Malmö, Lübeck, Munich, Berlin, Bern, Klagenfurt, Alessandria, Warsaw and Sarajevo.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> built a large number of towns throughout their empire, often as colonies for the settlement of citizens or veterans. These were generally characterised by a grid of streets and a planned water-supply; and many modern European towns of originally Roman foundation still retain part of the original street-grid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belarus has several planned towns, all built during the 1950s – 1970s from <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> rapid construction projects. These planned towns include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salihorsk" title="Salihorsk">Salihorsk</a>, built anew to host the population of <a href="/wiki/Belaruskali" title="Belaruskali">Belaruskali</a> workers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svietlahorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svietlahorsk">Svietlahorsk</a>, built on site of <i>Shatsilki</i> village to host population of Svetlahorsk power plant, Svetlahorsk chemical textile plant and Svietlahorsk cellulose-cardboard combinate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navapolatsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Navapolatsk">Navapolatsk</a>, built to host the population of <a href="/wiki/Naftan_Oil_Refinery" title="Naftan Oil Refinery">Naftan Oil Refinery</a> workers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalukoml" class="mw-redirect" title="Novalukoml">Novalukoml</a>, built to host workers of <a href="/wiki/Lukoml_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukoml power plant">Lukoml power plant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As many Roman army camps, the settlement of <i>Atuatuca Tungrorum</i>, on the site of the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, grew into an important regional centre, laid out along a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> and supplied with water by an <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a>. While Tongeren's administrative and military functions were moved to Maastricht in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Germanic invasions</a> in the 350s, given the latter's better strategic position, remains of the Roman town are visible up to this day. </p><p>Named after king <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (or <i>Caroloregium</i>, in Latin) was founded in 1666 as a stronghold near the French border, to fend off potential invasions. A few years before, in 1659, the border between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> had shifted northward due to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>. This shift, and the consequent loss of fortified border towns such as <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avesnes" title="Avesnes">Avesnes</a> had sparked the need to found new forts to defend the border. The original fortifications were destroyed between 1867 and 1871, making place for a quickly expanding industrial centre. </p><p>In 1923, the city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> annexed the sparsely populated, marshy lands known as Vlaams Hoofd, with the intention of using the area for urban development. Over the following decades, the terrain was elevated and a new urban community, now called <a href="/wiki/Linkeroever" title="Linkeroever">Linkeroever</a> (literally 'Left Bank'), was created. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> submitted a plan along the lines of his <i>Cité radieuse</i><sup id="cite_ref-VRT-Linkeroever_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRT-Linkeroever-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but neither his plan nor those of his colleagues were accepted. Instead, Linkeroever was developed gradually over the 20th and 21st centuries, inspired by a mix of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> and later ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a> was split along linguistic lines in 1968, it was decided to move its French-speaking division, the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a>) to a new location, some 30 kilometers south, in the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a>. Construction on the town of <a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Louvain-la-Neuve">Louvain-la-Neuve</a> (literally 'New Louvain') began in the 1970s, in what had previously been the mostly empty countryside near the village of <a href="/wiki/Ottignies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottignies">Ottignies</a>. Its city centre is supported by a concrete structure, allowing car traffic to pass underneath and making the city centre a pedestrian zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slobomir" title="Slobomir">Slobomir</a> is a new town in Republika Srpska and its name means: "the city of freedom and peace". It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Drina" title="Drina">Drina</a> river near <a href="/wiki/Bijeljina" title="Bijeljina">Bijeljina</a>. It was founded by Slobodan Pavlović, a Bosnian Serb philanthropist. It aims to be one of the major cities of post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. In fact, the city will be located in two countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, although majority of it will be in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is named after its founder, Slobodan Pavlović, and his wife, Mira.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad" title="Andrićgrad">Andrićgrad</a> is a town under construction by the famous Serbian director <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a>, and will be located in <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazanlak" title="Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a>, in central Bulgaria, were rebuilt as planned cities after they were burnt to the ground in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War</a>. Also the city of <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Bulgaria" title="Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria">Dimitrovgrad</a> in south Bulgaria, that was planned as a key industrial and infrastructure center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cervar-Porat" title="Červar-Porat">Červar-Porat</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">resort town</a> in western Croatia, located on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> on the Červar lagoon. It was built as a planned town in the 1970s, although the area was inhabited in Roman times. During the War of Independence it was used as a <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">camp for refugees</a> from Bosnia and Herzegovina and <a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a>. It was planned to house 6500 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1a,_Istria_County" title="Raša, Istria County">Raša</a> in Istria was built as a "new town" during 1936–1937 as part of <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s urban colonization of Istria and other Italian territories. </p><p>The capital of <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> underwent major expansion during the 1960s. By that time, the city's official boundary was the river <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, since nothing was built over it. After a flood in the 1960s, many residents were moved and some other districts were created for the residents, such as <a href="/wiki/Gornja_Dubrava" title="Gornja Dubrava">Dubrava</a>, which was the interconnection between the Zagreb's old part and <a href="/wiki/Sesvete" title="Sesvete">Sesvete</a>. During the 1960s and 1970s, a planned part of Zagreb, <a href="/wiki/Novi_Zagreb" title="Novi Zagreb">Novi Zagreb</a> (<i>New Zagreb</i>), was constructed, which is on the other, previously uninhabited part of the river Sava, and is now one of major districts consisting of purely residential buildings and blocks. It is still under expansion and some new landmarks were built in it, the most famous one being the recent one, <a href="/wiki/Arena_Zagreb" title="Arena Zagreb">Arena Zagreb</a>, built in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechia">Czechia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Czechia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Prague" title="New Town, Prague">New Town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> was founded in 1348 by the King and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>. This expansion made Prague, the new imperial seat, the third largest city in Europe by area at that time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poruba_(Ostrava)" title="Poruba (Ostrava)">Poruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hav%C3%AD%C5%99ov" title="Havířov">Havířov</a> were established in the 1950s as new satellite residential towns for workers of coal-mining, steel-mill and other heavy-industry complex in the Ostrava region. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prague was extended by large <a href="/wiki/Housing_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing estates">housing estates</a> – "new towns" in the 1970s and 1980s: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severn%C3%AD_M%C4%9Bsto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severní Město (page does not exist)">Severní Město</a> (Northern Town), <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_M%C4%9Bsto" title="Jižní Město">Jižní Město</a> (Southern Town), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihoz%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_M%C4%9Bsto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jihozápadní Město (page does not exist)">Jihozápadní Město</a> (South-Western Town) were the largest, with population around 100.000 each. Their remote position to the city centre was compensated for by underground lines constructed usually a decade after the completion of the housing projects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A new housing estate called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_M%C4%9Bsto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Západní Město (page does not exist)">Západní Město</a> (Western Town) is currently (2017) partly under construction (Britská čtvrť) and partly in planning stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fredericia" title="Fredericia">Fredericia</a> was founded in 1650 as a combined <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_town" title="Military town">military town</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> port city of <a href="/wiki/Esbjerg" title="Esbjerg">Esbjerg</a> was constructed in 1868 following the loss of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">part of Hamburg</a>). </p><p>More recent examples are <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6se_Bakkeby" title="Græse Bakkeby">Græse Bakkeby</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Zealand" title="North Zealand">North Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%98restad" title="Ørestad">Ørestad</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Copenhagen" title="Districts of Copenhagen">district of Copenhagen</a>), planned and built to strengthen development in the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> region. The suburb of <a href="/wiki/Albertslund" title="Albertslund">Albertslund</a> was also built from scratch in the 1970s, merging the villages <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vridsl%C3%B8selille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vridsløselille (page does not exist)">Vridsløselille</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herstedvester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herstedvester (page does not exist)">Herstedvester</a>. </p><p>In 2017, plans for a new 20,000-inhabitant town outside <a href="/wiki/Frederikssund" title="Frederikssund">Frederikssund</a> named <a href="/wiki/Vinge" title="Vinge">Vinge</a> were approved by the Danish authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, previously a town of 5,000 inhabitants, was made the capital of the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> in 1812 by decree of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I, Emperor of Russia</a>. The city center was rebuilt with the lead of the German architect <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludvig_Engel" title="Carl Ludvig Engel">Carl Ludvig Engel</a>. </p><p>However, the last town in Finland that was ordered to be built on a previously completely uninhabited land was <a href="/wiki/Raahe" title="Raahe">Raahe</a>, founded by governor general <a href="/wiki/Per_Brahe_the_Younger" title="Per Brahe the Younger">Per Brahe the Younger</a> in 1649. </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a> was rebuilt about seven kilometers northwest of its original location in 1862, after a fire which destroyed the city in 1852. The new town was planned by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Setterberg" title="Carl Axel Setterberg">Carl Axel Setterberg</a>. The disastrous consequences of the fire were considered as the design included five broad avenues which divided the town into sections and each block was divided by alleys. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina</a> is an old Finnish Eastern trade capital, founded during the Swedish reign. The star-shaped fortress and the circular town plan are based on an Italian Renaissance fortress concept from the 16th century. </p><p>Finland also has various "ekokylä" communities or "ecological villages". For example, <a href="/wiki/Tapiola" title="Tapiola">Tapiola</a> is a post-war <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city</a> on the edge of <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hervanta" title="Hervanta">Hervanta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> is a satellite city built starting from 1970s to accommodate a growing number of urban residents. It was built far from the city centre due to lower land prices. The district was intended to be as independent as possible. It includes a large <a href="/wiki/Tampere_University" title="Tampere University">university campus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police_University_College_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Police University College (Finland)">Police University College</a> of Finland and offices of many technology companies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many new cities, called <a href="/wiki/Bastide" title="Bastide">bastides</a>, were founded from the 12th to 14th centuries in southwestern France, where the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> took place, to replace destroyed cities and organize defence and growth. Among those, <a href="/wiki/Monpazier" title="Monpazier">Monpazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont-du-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Beaumont-du-Périgord">Beaumont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viller%C3%A9al" title="Villeréal">Villeréal</a> are good examples. </p><p>In 1517, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> as a new port. It was completely destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and was entirely rebuilt in a <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> style, during the <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>, the thirty-year period from 1945 to 1975. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> founded the small Baroque town of <a href="/wiki/Richelieu,_Indre-et-Loire" title="Richelieu, Indre-et-Loire">Richelieu</a>, which remains largely unchanged. </p><p>A program of new towns (French <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_nouvelle#Les_villes_nouvelles_contemporaines" class="extiw" title="fr:Ville nouvelle">ville nouvelle</a></i>) was developed in the mid-1960s to try to control the expansion of cities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten <i>villes nouvelles</i> were created. </p> <ul><li>Near Paris: <a href="/wiki/Cergy-Pontoise" title="Cergy-Pontoise">Cergy-Pontoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e" title="Marne-la-Vallée">Marne-la-Vallée</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nart" title="Sénart">Sénart</a> (former Melun-Sénart), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne" title="Évry, Essonne">Évry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" title="Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</a></li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>: <a href="/wiki/Villeneuve_d%27Ascq" class="mw-redirect" title="Villeneuve d'Ascq">Villeneuve d'Ascq</a> (Former Lille-Est)</li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-d%27Abeau" title="L'Isle-d'Abeau">L'Isle-d'Abeau</a></li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tang_de_Berre" title="Étang de Berre">Rives de l'Etang de Berre</a></li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Le_Vaudreuil" title="Le Vaudreuil">Le Vaudreuil</a></li> <li>Near <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-d%27Abeau" title="L'Isle-d'Abeau">L'Isle-d'Abeau</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9fense" title="La Défense">La Défense</a>, in the greater Paris area, could also be considered a planned town, though it was not built all at once but in successive stages beginning in the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planned cities in Germany are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>: an example of a medieval new city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>: founded as a seaport in the 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichstadt_(Berlin)" title="Friedrichstadt (Berlin)">Berlin – Friedrichstadt</a>: founded in 1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenh%C3%BCttenstadt" title="Eisenhüttenstadt">Eisenhüttenstadt</a>: the "first socialist town" in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudenstadt" title="Freudenstadt">Freudenstadt</a>: the roads follow the layout of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris" title="Nine men's morris">nine men's morris</a> game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>: founded in 1617 by the Duke of Holstein, King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle-Neustadt" title="Halle-Neustadt">Halle-Neustadt</a>: a "Stadtteil" or borough in <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle, Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellerau" title="Hellerau">Hellerau</a>: first German garden city founded in 1909, today part of <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>: the roads follow the layout of a hand-held fan with the castle being at the juncture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>: planned new capital for the duke of Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratestadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratestadt">Mannheim Quadratestadt</a>: squares named like ranks and files on a chessboard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> Maxvorstadt: the first planned city expansion of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> was realized from 1805 to 1810 according to a raster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu-Isenburg" title="Neu-Isenburg">Neu-Isenburg</a>: founded in 1699 as a town of exiles by French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustrelitz" title="Neustrelitz">Neustrelitz</a>: founded in 1733 with streets spreading from an octagonal market place</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwied" title="Neuwied">Neuwied</a>: founded in 1653</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putbus" title="Putbus">Putbus</a>: built around a circular centre with radially aligned streets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennestadt" title="Sennestadt">Sennestadt</a>: founded in 1956, today part of <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>: founded as a naval base by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>: founded in 1938 to host the factories for the newly built Volkswagen</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Welthauptstadt_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Welthauptstadt Germania">Welthauptstadt Germania</a> was the projected renewal of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> as a planned city, although only a small portion was constructed between 1937 and 1943. </p><p>After World War II, several expellee towns were built like <a href="/wiki/Espelkamp" title="Espelkamp">Espelkamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutraubling" title="Neutraubling">Neutraubling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traunreut" title="Traunreut">Traunreut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Planned cities in Greece are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakki,_Leros" title="Lakki, Leros">Lakki</a>: planned and built in the 1930s by the Italians to house members of its military stationed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>; its initial name was Portolago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nea_Alikarnassos" title="Nea Alikarnassos">Nea Alikarnassos</a>: founded in 1925 to house <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassos" class="mw-redirect" title="Halicarnassos">Halicarnassos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestiada" title="Orestiada">Orestiada</a>: founded in 1922 to house <a href="/wiki/Greek_refugees" title="Greek refugees">Greek refugees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Orestiada" title="Orestiada">Orestiada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralia_Distomou" title="Paralia Distomou">Paralia Distomou</a>: planned and built to house workers of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_of_Greece" title="Aluminium of Greece">Aluminium of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, planned to be the major port of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparta (modern)">Sparta</a>: planned and built next to the ancient city, in 1834 after a decree issued by King <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Greece" title="Otto of Greece">Otto of Greece</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Hungarian planned cities were built in the second half of the 20th century when a program of rapid industrialization was implemented by the communist government. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akad%C3%A9mia%C3%BAjtelep" class="extiw" title="hu:Akadémiaújtelep">Akadémiaújtelep</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> was designed in a unique geometrical fashion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="Dunaújváros">Dunaújváros</a>, built next to the existing village Dunapentele to provide housing for workers of a large steel factory complex. Once named after Stalin, the city maintains its importance in heavy industry even after the recession following the end of Communist era.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="Tiszaújváros">Tiszaújváros</a>, built next to the existing village Tiszaszederkény and was named after Lenin for decades. A significant chemical factory was built simultaneously.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazincbarcika" title="Kazincbarcika">Kazincbarcika</a>, created from the villages Sajókazinc, Barcika and Berente (the latter has become independent since then) in a mining area. The city and its population grew fast after the founding of a factory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nya" title="Tatabánya">Tatabánya</a>, created from four already existing villages was developed into a mining town and industrial centre and shortly after its elevation to town status became the county seat of its county, a status it still maintains despite the presence of historically more significant towns in the area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloiannisz" title="Beloiannisz">Beloiannisz</a> (although not a town, only a village) was planned and built in the 1950s to provide home for Greek refugees of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Civil War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wekerletelep" class="extiw" title="hu:Wekerletelep">Wekerletelep</a> was developed between 1908 and 1925 as a result of planned state construction in the area of <a href="/wiki/Kispest" title="Kispest">Kispest</a> in a unique lacy layout.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Republic of Ireland the term "new town" is often used to refer to planned towns built after World War II which were discussed as early as 1941. The term "new town" in Ireland was also used for some earlier developments, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian era</a>. Part of <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> city was built in a planned fashion as "Newtown Pery". </p><p>In 1961 the first new town of <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Shannon Town">Shannon</a> was commenced and a target of 6,000 inhabitants was set. This has since been exceeded. Shannon is of some regional importance today as an economic centre (with the <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Free_Zone" title="Shannon Free Zone">Shannon Free Zone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a>), but until recently failed to expand in population as anticipated. Since the late 1990s, and particularly in the early 2000s, the population has been expanding at a much faster rate, with town rejuvenation, new retail and entertainment facilities and many new housing developments. </p><p>It was not until 1967 that the Wright Report planned four towns in <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown" title="Blanchardstown">Blanchardstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clondalkin" title="Clondalkin">Clondalkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucan,_County_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucan, County Dublin">Lucan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</a> but they were subsequently reduced to Blanchardstown, Lucan-Clondalkin and Tallaght. These areas had previously contained small semi-rural villages on the edge of the city of Dublin, but were greatly expanded throughout the 1970s. Each of these towns has approximately 50,000 inhabitants today. </p><p>The most recent new town in Ireland is <a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Dublin" title="Adamstown, Dublin">Adamstown</a> in County Dublin. Building commenced in 2005 and it was anticipated that the occupation would commence late in 2006 with the main development of 10,500 units being completed within a ten-year timescale. As of 2017 Adamstown is complete but currently only has 3,500 out of the 25,500 planned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg/220px-Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg/330px-Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg/440px-Cinta_muraria_di_Palmanova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a>, Italy, founded in the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A famous example of renaissance planned city is the walled star city of <a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a>. It is a derivative of ideal circular cities, namely of <a href="/wiki/Filarete" title="Filarete">Filarete</a>'s imaginary Sforzinda. </p><p>In the early 20th century, during the fascist government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, many new cities were founded, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Littoria</a> (renamed Latina after the fall of the Fascism). The city was inaugurated on 18 December 1932. Littoria was populated with immigrants coming from Northern Italy, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>. </p><p>The great <a href="/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake" title="1693 Sicily earthquake">Sicilian earthquake of 1693</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_baroque#New_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian baroque">complete rebuilding on new plans</a> of many towns. </p><p>Other well-known new cities are located close to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in the metropolitan area. <a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a>, a few kilometres east of Milan along the Adda River, was settled by the Crespi family. It was the first Ideal Worker's City in Italy, built close to the cotton factory. Today Crespi d'Adda is part of the <a href="/wiki/Unesco_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesco World Heritage">Unesco World Heritage</a> List. <a href="/wiki/Cusano_Milanino" title="Cusano Milanino">Cusano Milanino</a> was settled in the first years of the 20th century in the formerly small town of Cusano. It was built as a new green city, rich in parks, villas, large boulevards and called Milanino (Little Milan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961 <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C4%97nai" title="Elektrėnai">Elektrėnai</a> was established as planned city for workers in <a href="/wiki/Elektr%C4%97nai_Power_Plant" title="Elektrėnai Power Plant">Elektrėnai Power Plant</a> and in 1975 <a href="/wiki/Visaginas" title="Visaginas">Visaginas</a> was established as planned city for workers in <a href="/wiki/Ignalina_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant">Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The fortified cities of <a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> were both built on a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a> in the 16th century.</li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Paola,_Malta" title="Paola, Malta">Paola</a>, also known as <i>Raħal Ġdid</i> (New Town), is built on a grid plan by the Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Paule" title="Antoine de Paule">Antoine de Paule</a>.</li> <li>The towns of <a href="/wiki/San_%C4%A0wann" title="San Ġwann">San Ġwann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lu%C4%8Bija" title="Santa Luċija">Santa Luċija</a> were built as planned cities in the 1960s and 1970s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the 12 provinces of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a> (pop. 437,000 in 2022), was reclaimed from the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> (Southern Sea). After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be closed and reclaimed. In 1932, a <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a>) was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (IJssel-lake) and its previously salty water became fresh. </p><p>The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included, among others, the former island of Urk and it was included with the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were also reclaimed: the eastern part in 1957 (Oost-Flevoland) and the southern part (Zuid-Flevoland) in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. </p><p>The capital of Flevoland is <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a>, but the biggest city is <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a> (pop. 219,000 in 2022), which was founded in 1975. Apart from these two larger cities, several 'New Villages' were built. In the Noordoostpolder the central town of <a href="/wiki/Emmeloord" title="Emmeloord">Emmeloord</a> is surrounded by ten villages, all on cycling distance from Emmeloord since that was the most popular way of transport in the 1940s (and it's still very popular). Most noteworthy of these villages is <a href="/wiki/Nagele" title="Nagele">Nagele</a> which was designed by famous modern architects of the time, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_van_Eyck" title="Aldo van Eyck">Aldo van Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Wissing" title="Willem Wissing">Willem Wissing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Bakema" title="Jaap Bakema">Jaap Bakema</a> among them. The other villages were built in a more traditional/vernacular style. In the more recent Flevolandpolders four more 'New Villages' were built. Initially more villages were planned, but the introduction of cars made fewer but larger villages possible. </p><p>New towns outside Flevoland are <a href="/wiki/Hoofddorp" title="Hoofddorp">Hoofddorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/IJmuiden" title="IJmuiden">IJmuiden</a> near Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Hellevoetsluis" title="Hellevoetsluis">Hellevoetsluis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spijkenisse" title="Spijkenisse">Spijkenisse</a> near Rotterdam and the navy port <a href="/wiki/Den_Helder" title="Den Helder">Den Helder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elburg" title="Elburg">Elburg</a> is an example of a planned city in the medieval period. </p><p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capelle_aan_den_IJssel" title="Capelle aan den IJssel">Capelle aan den IJssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haarlemmermeer" title="Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a> (also a reclaimed polder, 19th century), <a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purmerend" title="Purmerend">Purmerend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoetermeer" title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a> are members of the European New Town Platform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: North Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NovoLisice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NovoLisice.jpg/220px-NovoLisice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NovoLisice.jpg/330px-NovoLisice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/NovoLisice.jpg/440px-NovoLisice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Municipality of Aerodrom</a> within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Skopje">City of Skopje</a>, Republic of North Macedonia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Municipality of Aerodrom</a> within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Skopje">city of Skopje</a> is a planned community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>: After a great fire in 1624, it was decided by King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV</a> that the city would be moved behind the Akershus fortress. The new town, named Christiania, was laid out in a grid and is now the downtown area known as "Kvadraturen" (<i>the Quadrature</i>). The original town of Oslo was later incorporated into Christiania, and is now a neighborhood in eastern Oslo; <a href="/wiki/Gamlebyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamlebyen">Gamlebyen</a> or "The Old City".</li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a> was formally founded in 1641 by King Christian IV. The city was granted all trade privileges on the southern coast of Norway, denying all other towns to trade with foreign states. As Oslo/Christiania before it, the city was behind a fortress, with a grid system allowing cannons to fire towards the two ports of the city and the river on the eastern end.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four cities stand out as examples of planned communities in Poland: <b><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a></b>. Their very diverse layouts are the result of the different aesthetics that were held as ideal during the development of each of these planned communities. Planned cities in Poland have a long history and fall primarily into three time periods during which planned towns developed in Poland and its neighbors that once comprised the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. These are the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1569–1795)">Nobleman's Republic</a> (16th to 18th centuries), the interwar period (1918–1939) and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a> (1944–1956). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Nobleman's_Republic_of_the_Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="The_Nobleman.27s_Republic_of_the_Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>The Nobleman's Republic of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: The Nobleman's Republic of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg/220px-Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg/330px-Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg/440px-Stare_Miasto_w_Zamo%C5%9Bciu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The extreme opulence that Poland's nobility enjoyed during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> left Poland's elites with not only obscene amounts of money to spend, but also motivated them to find new ways to invest their hefty fortunes out of the grasp of the Royal Treasury. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> to circumvent royal tariffs and duties while also serving as the capital for his mini-state. Zamość was planned by the renowned Paduan architect <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Morando" title="Bernardo Morando">Bernardo Morando</a> and modeled on <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> theories of the 'ideal city'. Realizing the importance of trade, Zamoyski issued special location charters for representatives of peoples traditionally engaged in trade, i.e. to <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> and secured exemptions on taxes, customs duties and tolls, which contributed to its fast development. Zamoyski's success with <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> and many of these towns survive today, while <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UN World Heritage list</a> in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1918-1939)">History of Poland (1918-1939)</a></div> <p>The preeminent example of a planned community in interwar Poland is Gdynia. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when Poland regained its independence it lacked a commercial seaport (<i>De iure</i> <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> could use <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, which was the main port of the country before the War and is again today, but <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">the Germans</a> residing in the city made it almost impossible for them), making it necessary to build one from scratch. The extensive and modern seaport facilities in <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, the most modern and extensive port facilities in Europe at the time, became Poland's central port on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. In the shadow of the port, the city took shape mirroring in its scope the rapid development of 19th-century Chicago, growing from a small fishing village of 1,300 in 1921 into a full blown city with a population over 126,000 less than 20 years later. The <a href="/wiki/Modernist_Center_of_Gdynia" title="Modernist Center of Gdynia">Central Business District</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> is a showcase of <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">Modernist</a> architectural styles and predominate much of the cityscape. There are also villas, particularly in the city's villa districts such as Kamienna Góra where <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Neo-Baroque</a> architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist_realism">Socialist realism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Socialist realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History of Poland (1945–1989)</a></div> <p>After the destruction of most Polish cities in World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> government that took power in Poland sought to bring about architecture that was in line with its vision of society. Thus urban complexes arose that reflected the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>. This can be seen in districts of Polish cities such as <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marsza%C5%82kowska_Dzielnica_Mieszkaniowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa">MDM</a>. The City of <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Huta" title="Nowa Huta">Nowa Huta</a> (now a district of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a> were built as the epitome of the proletarian future of Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vila_Real_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Real de Santo António Municipality">Vila Real de Santo António</a> was built after the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a>, on the same model that was used for rebuilding <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal's capital city (also destroyed in the earthquake), and on a similar orthogonal plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%83ila" title="Brăila">Brăila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnu_Severin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnu Severin">Turnu Severin</a> were rebuilt, according to new plans, in the first part of the 19th century and the cities of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Romania" title="Alexandria, Romania">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83ra%C8%99i" title="Călărași">Călărași</a> were built completely new the same time. The town of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Romania">Victoria</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov County</a>, was built by the communist government starting in the late 1940s. The town of <a href="/wiki/Motru" title="Motru">Motru</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> dates to the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patersen_Strelka_(spit)_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg/220px-Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg/330px-Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg/440px-Patersen_Strelka_%28spit%29_of_Vasilyevsky_Island_as_seen_from_Dvortsovaya_embankment_1807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1807</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> as a planned capital city starting in 1703, particularly due to his interests in seafaring and the pursuit of maritime affairs with Europe, as well as the inconvenient locations of both Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, which were two important trade centers at the time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitogorsk" title="Magnitogorsk">Magnitogorsk</a> is an example of a planned industrial city based on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>'s 1930s five-year plans.</li> <li>The Avtozavodsky district of <a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a> is a planned industrial city of Soviet post-war modernism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostomuksha" title="Kostomuksha">Kostomuksha</a> was built as a mining town in a Finnish-Russian cooperation in the 1970s–1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenograd" title="Zelenograd">Zelenograd</a> was planned as a center for textile industries and was re-oriented as the center for Soviet electronics and microelectronics. Today, it hosts a computer industry known as the "Soviet/Russian Silicon Valley", and remains an important center of electronics in modern Russia.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ansamblu_urban,_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit,_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg/220px-Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg/330px-Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg/440px-Ansamblu_urban%2C_centrul_comercial_al_ora%C8%99ului_%E2%80%93_Blocuri_de_locuit%2C_vedere_de_ansamblu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5383" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/One%C8%99ti" title="Onești">Onești</a>, 1965. Multiple new towns, such as this one, were mainly built near old small villages in Romania.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Novi_Beograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi Beograd">Novi Beograd</a>, meaning <i>New Belgrade</i> in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, is a municipality of the city of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, built on a previously undeveloped area on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> river. The first development began in 1947, the municipality has since expanded significantly and become the fastest developing region in Serbia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drvengrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Drvengrad">Drvengrad</a>, meaning <i>Wooden Town</i> in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, is a traditional village that the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> film director <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a> had built for his film <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_a_Miracle" title="Life Is a Miracle">Life Is a Miracle</a></i>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Zlatibor_District" title="Zlatibor District">Zlatibor District</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEice" title="Užice">Užice</a>, two hundred kilometers southwest of Serbia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. It is located near <a href="/wiki/Mokra_Gora" title="Mokra Gora">Mokra Gora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partiz%C3%A1nske" title="Partizánske">Partizánske</a> was established in 1938–1939, when <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anton%C3%ADn_Ba%C5%A5a" title="Jan Antonín Baťa">Jan Antonín Baťa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (now Czech Republic) and his powerful network of companies built a shoe factory in the cadastral area of Šimonovany municipality. The newly created settlement for workers carried the name of Baťovany and was part of Šimonovany. With the growth of the factory, so grew the settlement. The whole municipality was renamed to Baťovany in 1948 and given town status. As a sign of recognition of local inhabitants fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak National uprising">Slovak National uprising</a>, the town was renamed Partizánske on 9 February 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svit" title="Svit">Svit</a> was established in 1934 by business industrialist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anton%C3%ADn_Ba%C5%A5a" title="Jan Antonín Baťa">Jan Antonín Baťa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn" title="Zlín">Zlín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (now Czech Republic) in accordance with his policy of setting up villages around the country for his workers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Dubnica" title="Nová Dubnica">Nová Dubnica</a> is the town planned by architect <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kroha" title="Jiří Kroha">Jiří Kroha</a>, according to his concept of the ideal town. The construction of the town started in 1951, and while only one third of the original project was finished, the town center still remains one of the prime examples of <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a> in Slovakia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a>, built after 1947 immediately to the east of the new border with Italy, in which the town of <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a> remained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 16th and 17th centuries, the population of Spain declined due to emigration to the Americas and later kings and governments made efforts to repopulate the country. In the second half of the 18th century, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a> implemented the so-called New Settlements (Nuevas Poblaciones) plan which would bring 10,000 immigrants from central Europe to the region of <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Olavide" title="Pablo de Olavide">Pablo de Olavide</a> was appointed superintendent and about forty new settlements were established of which the most notable was <a href="/wiki/La_Carolina" title="La Carolina">La Carolina</a>, which has a perfectly rectangular grid design.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later kings and repopulation efforts led to the creation of more settlements, also with rectangular grid plans. One of them was the town of La Isabela (40.4295 N, 2.6876 W), which disappeared in the 1950s submerged under the waters of the newly created artificial lake of <a href="/wiki/Buend%C3%ADa_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buendía (municipality)">Buendía</a> but is still visible just under the water in satellite imagery. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n" title="Instituto Nacional de Colonización">Instituto Nacional de Colonización</a> (National Institute of Colonization) built a great number of towns and villages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tres_Cantos" title="Tres Cantos">Tres Cantos</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, is a good example of a successful new town design in Spain. It was built in the 1970s. </p><p>Newer additional sections of large cities are often newly planned as is the case of the <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_(Madrid)" title="Salamanca (Madrid)">Salamanca district</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Lineal" title="Ciudad Lineal">Ciudad Lineal</a> in Madrid or the <a href="/wiki/Eixample" title="Eixample">Eixample</a> in Barcelona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> was planned and built as a major fortified city from nothing from 1621. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karlskrona" title="Karlskrona">Karlskrona</a> was also planned and built as a major city and naval base from nothing, beginning 1680. </p><p><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4llingby" title="Vällingby">Vällingby</a>, a suburb, is an example of a new town in Sweden from after 1950. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kiruna" title="Kiruna">Kiruna</a> was built because of the large mine, from 1898. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arvika" title="Arvika">Arvika</a> was also a planned city, in 1811. </p><p>Most old planned cities have grown far outside the original planned areas. The new areas were usually (but not always) also planned, but later and separately. <a href="/wiki/Majorna_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorna (district)">Majorna</a> is a near suburb of Gothenburg that was not planned, but grew more ad-hoc, with irregular curvy streets following the topography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavutych_(02710036).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg/220px-Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg/330px-Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg/440px-Slavutych_%2802710036%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>An areal photo shot of the <a href="/wiki/Slavutych" title="Slavutych">Slavutych</a> city (built after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>) for nuclear scientists</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> was built as a planned city according to 18th-century plans by the Flemish engineer Franz de Wollant (also known as François Sainte de Wollant).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same engineer also planned the following municipalities in Ukraine in the late 18th century: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voznesensk" title="Voznesensk">Voznesensk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Вознесенськ), in <a href="/wiki/Mykolayiv_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykolayiv Oblast">Mykolayiv Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol" title="Ovidiopol">Ovidiopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Овідіополь), in <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a></li></ul> <p>During its Soviet period, there were number of projects carry out in Ukraine as part of the All-Union urban development programs. In 1920s-1930s cities throughout the Soviet Union were "redeveloped" and had new neighborhoods created known as "Sots-gorodok" or "Sots-misto". After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that program was discontinued, but number of cities still have some of their neighborhoods named after that program. Some city neighborhoods were developed as hubs for science development and were named as Akademgorodok which could be traced among many cities of the former Soviet Union. There also were built special cities like "Atomgrad" (cities of nuclear scientists), "Goroda Energetikov" (cities of power installers), city-satellites of hydropower plants, etc (<a href="/wiki/Teplodar" title="Teplodar">Teplodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enerhodar" title="Enerhodar">Enerhodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pivdennoukrainsk" title="Pivdennoukrainsk">Pivdennoukrainsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svitlodarsk" title="Svitlodarsk">Svitlodarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svitlovodsk" title="Svitlovodsk">Svitlovodsk</a> and many others). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horishni_Plavni" title="Horishni Plavni">Horishni Plavni</a>, founded in the 1960 as <i>Komsomolsk</i>, is the most prosperous planned city in Ukraine, depending on the internationally important iron ore mining business. The city was built by method of "community effort" (Soviet Union unpaid labor) and Komsomol activism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pripyat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat (city)">Prypiat</a> is another new city in Ukraine built in 1970. The city was abandoned on 27 April 1986 after the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl nuclear disaster">Chernobyl nuclear disaster</a>. On 26 April the city had 50,000 habitants, the majority working at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl nuclear power plant">Chernobyl nuclear power plant</a>. Now the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">abandoned town</a> is highly contaminated by radiation. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat (city)">Prypiat</a>'s former inhabitants were resettled to <a href="/wiki/Slavutych" title="Slavutych">Slavutych</a> which was planned and built for that purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">New towns in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_towns_movement" title="New towns movement">New towns movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">Town and country planning in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The Romans planned many towns in Britain, but the settlements were changed out of all recognition in subsequent centuries. The town of <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a> is said to be the first post-Roman new town in Britain, constructed to a grid system under the instructions of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> in 1280, and largely completed by 1292. Another claimant to the title is <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>, established in the early 13th century by the then <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury" title="Bishop of Salisbury">Bishop of Sarum</a>. The best known pre-20th-century new town in the UK was undoubtedly the <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh New Town</a>, built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by <a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(architect)" title="James Craig (architect)">James Craig</a>, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian style</a> of British architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Saints_church,_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg/220px-All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg/330px-All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg/440px-All_Saints_church%2C_Milton_Keynes_Village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_728891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Milton_Keynes" title="Middleton, Milton Keynes">The village of Milton Keynes</a>, Buckinghamshire, England gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">new city that incorporates it</a>, which grew rapidly from 1967 onwards</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "new town" often refers in the UK to towns built after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> under the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Acts" title="New Towns Acts">New Towns Acts</a>. These were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a>, launched around 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Patrick_Geddes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Patrick Geddes">Sir Patrick Geddes</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a>, and manifested at <a href="/wiki/Letchworth,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Letchworth, England">Letchworth Garden City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> in Hertfordshire. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, some 17 projected new towns were designated under the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="New Towns Act 1946">New Towns Act 1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/9_%26_10_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="9 & 10 Geo. 6">9 & 10 Geo. 6</a>. c. 68),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people whose homes had been destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WW2</a> and partly to move parts of the population out of (mainly <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a>) urban <a href="/wiki/Slums" class="mw-redirect" title="Slums">slums</a>. New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,</li> <li>the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)</li> <li>the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)</li> <li>(later) the <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">Reith Report</a> into New Towns (1947).</li></ul> <p>Also crucial to thinking was the <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie" title="Patrick Abercrombie">Abercrombie Plan for London</a> (1944), which envisaged moving a million and a half people from London to new and expanded towns. (A similar plan was developed for the <a href="/wiki/River_Clyde" title="River Clyde">Clyde Valley</a> in 1946 to combat similar problems faced in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.) Together these committees reflected a strong consensus to halt the uncontrolled sprawl of London and other large cities. For some, this consensus was tied up with a concern for social welfare reform (typified by the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>), as typified in the motto <i>if we can build better, we can live better</i>; for others, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> it was a more conservative objection to the changing character of existing towns. </p><p>Following the building of <a href="/wiki/Borehamwood" title="Borehamwood">Borehamwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, 12 miles north-west of central London, the first in a ring of major "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) were <a href="/wiki/Stevenage" title="Stevenage">Stevenage</a>, Hertfordshire, 33 miles to the north of London, and <a href="/wiki/Basildon" title="Basildon">Basildon</a>, Essex, 32 miles east of London along the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>. Hertfordshire built four other new towns, two in the vicinity of Stevenage (<a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatfield,_Hertfordshire" title="Hatfield, Hertfordshire">Hatfield</a>), a third to the north called <a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a> to the west. New Towns in the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> were also planned, such as <a href="/wiki/Newton_Aycliffe" title="Newton Aycliffe">Newton Aycliffe</a> (which the social reformer and government adviser <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> wanted to be the "ideal town to live in"), <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billingham,_County_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Billingham, County Durham">Billingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterlee" title="Peterlee">Peterlee</a> which were in both <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> (except Washington and Killingworth which are now in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>). <a href="/wiki/Bracknell" title="Bracknell">Bracknell</a> in Berkshire, to the south-west of London, was designated a New Town in 1949 and is still expanding. Other London new towns from this era include <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a> in Essex and <a href="/wiki/Crawley" title="Crawley">Crawley</a> in West Sussex. </p><p>Later, a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the <a href="/wiki/Corby_Steelworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Corby Steelworks">Corby Steelworks</a>. Finally, following the <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Acts#New_Towns_Act_1965" title="New Towns Acts">New Towns Act 1965</a>, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Peterborough" title="Peterborough">Peterborough</a>. Probably the most well-known was <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a> –  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Milton_Keynes#Designated_area" title="History of Milton Keynes">designed from the outset to be a new city</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  midway between London and Birmingham, known for its <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_grid_road_system" title="Milton Keynes grid road system">grid network</a> of distributor roads between rather than through neighbourhoods, its <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">G2 listed</a> central park and "covered high street" shopping centre. The 1960s saw new towns being designated around England's second-city <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Redditch" title="Redditch">Redditch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telford" title="Telford">Telford</a>. </p><p>Other towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Ashford,_Kent" title="Ashford, Kent">Ashford</a> in Kent, <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a> in Hampshire and <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a> in Wiltshire, were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns: <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a> in 1956, noted for its enclosed <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld_town_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumbernauld town centre">'town centre'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a> (1962) and <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_Ayrshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvine, Ayrshire">Irvine</a> (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of the relative success of new towns in the London Metropolitan green belt, London continued to suffer from a chronic housing shortage, especially in the south-east. Another small New Town, <a href="/wiki/Thamesmead" title="Thamesmead">Thamesmead</a>, was developed adjacent to the Thames in the early 1960s but suffered from poor transport links. Some improvement in infrastructure has been seen subsequently. </p><p>All the new towns featured a car-aware layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. Milton Keynes in particular has a <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_grid_road_system" title="Milton Keynes grid road system">grid-based distributor road system</a>, designed to minimise traffic in residential areas. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "<a href="/wiki/New_town_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="New town blues">new town blues</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All New Towns designated under the New Towns Act of 1946 were serviced by a secretariat, the New Towns Association, a <a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">quango</a> that reported to the New Towns Directorate of the Department of the Environment. It coordinated the work of the General Managers and technical officers, published a monthly information bulletin and provided information for visitors from around the world. As each New Town reached maturity, the town's assets were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_New_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission for New Towns">Commission for New Towns</a>. Set up in 1948, the New Towns Association was dissolved in 1998. All papers held by it and the Commission for New Towns are held in The National archives:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1992 (with the closure of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Development_Corporation" title="Milton Keynes Development Corporation">Milton Keynes Development Corporation</a>), even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for New Towns was also dissolved and its assets – still including a lot of undeveloped land – passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as <a href="/wiki/English_Partnerships" title="English Partnerships">English Partnerships</a>). </p><p>Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. In <a href="/wiki/Harlow" title="Harlow">Harlow</a> the architect in charge of the design of the new town, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gibberd" title="Frederick Gibberd">Frederick Gibberd</a>, founded the Harlow Art Trust<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used it to purchase works by leading sculptors, including <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peterlee" title="Peterlee">Peterlee</a> the abstract artist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Pasmore" title="Victor Pasmore">Victor Pasmore</a> was appointed part of the design team, which led to the building of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Pavilion" title="Apollo Pavilion">Apollo Pavilion</a>. Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The <a href="/wiki/Public_art_in_Milton_Keynes" title="Public art in Milton Keynes">public art in Milton Keynes</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Concrete_Cows" title="Concrete Cows">Concrete Cows</a>, which resulted from the work of an '<a href="/wiki/Artist_in_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist in residence">artist in residence</a>' and have gone on to become a recognised landmark. </p><p>In the 1990s, an experimental "new town", developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">the Prince of Wales</a> to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles, was started at <a href="/wiki/Poundbury" title="Poundbury">Poundbury</a> in Dorset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Northern Ireland, building of <a href="/wiki/Craigavon,_County_Armagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigavon, County Armagh">Craigavon</a> in County Armagh commenced in 1966 between <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, although entire blocks of flats and shops lay empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to be the heart of a new <a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">linear city</a> incorporating <a href="/wiki/Lurgan" title="Lurgan">Lurgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, but this plan was mostly abandoned and later described as having been flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> was the first ever planned city on the island of Ireland. In 1613, Work began on building the new city across the River Foyle from the ancient town of Derry (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Doire Cholm Chille</i></span> or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Doire</i></span>). The walls were actually completed five years later in 1618. The central diamond (plaza) within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defence.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two "post-war new towns" were planned at <a href="/wiki/East_Kilbride" title="East Kilbride">East Kilbride</a> (1947) and <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a> (1948), then the late 1950s and early 1960s saw the creation of <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a>. Each of these towns is in Scotland's list of 20 most populated towns and cities. <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a> was the first new town in the UK to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete <a href="/wiki/Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo">hippos</a> to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include <a href="/wiki/David_Harding_(artist)" title="David Harding (artist)">David Harding</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malcolm Robertson.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only new towns in Wales have been <a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Powys" title="Newtown, Powys">Newtown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cwmbran" title="Cwmbran">Cwmbran</a>. Cwmbran was established to provide new employment in the south eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America_and_the_Caribbean">North America and the Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: North America and the Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> began to settle the West in Canada, he put the project under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR), which exercised complete control over the development of land under its ownership. The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">federal government</a> granted every second square mile section (totalling 101,000 km<sup>2</sup>) along the proposed route to the railway. The railway decided where to place the <a href="/wiki/Railway_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway stations">stations</a>, and thus decided where the dominant town of the area would be. In most instances they built stations on empty sections of land to make the largest profit from land sales – meaning that the CPR founded many towns in western Canada, such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Jaw" title="Moose Jaw">Moose Jaw</a>, from scratch. If an existing town was close to the newly constructed station but on land not owned by the railway, the town was forced to move itself to the new site and reconstruct itself, essentially building a new town. <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta and <a href="/wiki/Yorkton" title="Yorkton">Yorkton</a>, Saskatchewan, were among the towns that had to move themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the CPR established a station at a particular site, it planned how the town would be constructed. The side of the tracks with the station would go to business, while the other side would go to warehouses. Furthermore, the railway controlled where major buildings went (by giving the town free land to build where they wanted things to go), the construction of roads and the placement and organization of class-structured residential areas. </p><p>The CPR's influence over the development of the Canadian west's communities was one of the earliest examples of new town construction in the modern world. Later influences on planned community development in Canada were the exploitation of mineral and forest wealth, usually in remote locations of the vast country. Among numerous <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company towns</a> planned and built for these purposes were <a href="/wiki/Corner_Brook" title="Corner Brook">Corner Brook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls-Windsor" title="Grand Falls-Windsor">Grand Falls</a> in Newfoundland, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9miscaming" title="Témiscaming">Témiscaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermont" title="Fermont">Fermont</a> in Quebec. </p><p>In the modern suburban context, several "New Towns" were established in the suburbs of large cities. Early examples include <a href="/wiki/Leaside" title="Leaside">Leaside</a> in Toronto and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Quebec" title="Mount Royal, Quebec">Mount Royal</a> in Montreal. Both were planned and developed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Railway" title="Canadian Northern Railway">Canadian Northern Railway</a> as middle class suburbs, though both, Leaside in particular, featured large industrial tracts. Leaside had its own municipal government until 1967, while Mount Royal continues to enjoy autonomy from the City of Montreal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the post-war period, new corporate new towns were developed. <a href="/wiki/Bramalea,_Ontario" title="Bramalea, Ontario">Bramalea</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a>, Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Erin_Mills" title="Erin Mills">Erin Mills</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, Ontario, were both developed in phases. Both included residential, commercial and industrial components. Development in Erin Mills continues to this day. </p><p>More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Cornell,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell, Ontario">Cornell</a> development in <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham, Ontario</a>, was built as a new town, using the concepts of <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>. <a href="/wiki/CityPlace,_Toronto" title="CityPlace, Toronto">CityPlace</a> in Toronto is another example of a planned community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> empire, which was built on an island in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a> in what is now the Federal District in central Mexico. The city was largely destroyed in the 1520s by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> was erected on top of the ruins and, over the ensuing centuries, most of Lake Texcoco has gradually been drained. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla</a> was built because of the need of a Spanish settlement in the route between <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and the port of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cancun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancun">Cancun</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> is a planned city, considered a tourism destination of global scale. It was transformed from old-growth forest to a well known Mexican destination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg/220px-Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg/330px-Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg/440px-Memphis_Plan_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="4422" /></a><figcaption>The original plan for <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, as surveyed in 1819</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_and_pre-Industrial_periods">Colonial and pre-Industrial periods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Colonial and pre-Industrial periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the colonial history of the United States, the first planned community was <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, planned in 1565. The earliest towns in English-speaking America such as <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> had only rudimentary elements of planning. The first comprehensively planned town was Charles Town (later <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>), which was founded in 1670, planned in 1672, and relocated in 1680. Later planned cities included <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, 1682; <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, 1695; <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>, 1699; <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a>, 1718; New York City 1731 (redesigned by the British); <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, 1733; <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, 1748 (with an early plan dated 1638); and <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national capital (Washington, D.C.), and several state capitals (<a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, Indiana; <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah; <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>) were essentially carved out of the wilderness to serve as capital cities. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Society" title="Harmony Society">Harmony Society</a> created socialist utopian religious communities in <a href="/wiki/Harmony,_Pennsylvania" title="Harmony, Pennsylvania">Harmony, Pennsylvania</a> (1804), <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a> (1814), and what is now <a href="/wiki/Old_Economy_Village" title="Old Economy Village">Old Economy Village</a> in Pennsylvania (1927). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_Revolution_era">Industrial Revolution era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early- to mid-19th century, after the success of <a href="/wiki/Slater%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Slater's Mill">Slater's Mill</a> and mills at <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a>, wealthy investors such as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Associates">Boston Associates</a> bought land on rivers, built dams and <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mills</a>, and created <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">mill towns</a> including <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>, Massachusetts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pullman,_Chicago" title="Pullman, Chicago">Pullman</a>, now incorporated into Chicago's <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>, was a world-renowned company town founded by the industrialist <a href="/wiki/George_M._Pullman" class="mw-redirect" title="George M. Pullman">George M. Pullman</a> in the 1880s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice of America</a>, a California City opened in 1904, founded by <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Kinney" title="Abbot Kinney">Abbot Kinney</a> who saw a swamp like area wetland of land in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a> as an opportunity to create a visitor destination on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The entire city was laid out to conform to the contours of natural water runoff which allowed him to dredge mud from the low-lying areas thereby forming canals and with the dirt that was removed in the process, along the sides of the canals raise the elevation high enough to create housing pads. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver County, Pennsylvania</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Bridge_Company" title="American Bridge Company">American Bridge Company</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Ambridge,_Pennsylvania" title="Ambridge, Pennsylvania">Ambridge, Pennsylvania</a> in 1905 as a <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a> for American Bridge; American Bridge is still based near Ambridge today in nearby <a href="/wiki/Coraopolis,_Pennsylvania" title="Coraopolis, Pennsylvania">Coraopolis, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p>Another well-known company town is <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>, which was founded in 1906 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel Corporation">United States Steel Corporation</a> as a home for its new steel mill, the <a href="/wiki/Gary_Works" title="Gary Works">Gary Works</a>, and named after <a href="/wiki/Elbert_Henry_Gary" title="Elbert Henry Gary">Elbert Henry Gary</a>, the chairman of the company. For many years the Gary Works was the largest steel mill in the world, and it dominated the town, the main entrance being at the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Gary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway (Gary)">Broadway</a>, the city's main thoroughfare. The fortunes of this planned city have historically risen and fallen with those of the steel mill: prosperous in the 1930s, the city has lost 55 percent of its population since 1960. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_Illinois" title="Riverside, Illinois">Riverside, Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radburn,_New_Jersey" title="Radburn, New Jersey">Radburn, New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Country_Club_District" title="Country Club District">Country Club District</a> are other early examples of planned communities. Riverside is arguably the first planned <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> (as opposed to a stand-alone entity) in the United States, designed in 1869 by <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux" title="Calvert Vaux">Calvert Vaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>. The village was incorporated in 1875. Established in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio" title="Shaker Heights, Ohio">Shaker Heights, Ohio</a>, was planned and developed by the <a href="/wiki/Van_Sweringen_brothers" title="Van Sweringen brothers">Van Sweringen brothers</a>, railroad moguls who envisioned the community as a suburban retreat from the industrial inner-city of Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kohler_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohler Company">Kohler Company</a> created a planned village of <a href="/wiki/Kohler,_Wisconsin" title="Kohler, Wisconsin">the same name</a> west of the company's former headquarters city of <a href="/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin" title="Sheboygan, Wisconsin">Sheboygan, Wisconsin</a>, which incorporated in 1912. In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_Company_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum Company of America">Aluminum Company of America</a> built the town of <a href="/wiki/Alcoa,_Tennessee" title="Alcoa, Tennessee">Alcoa, Tennessee</a> for the employees of the nearby aluminum processing plant. <a href="/wiki/Mariemont,_Ohio" title="Mariemont, Ohio">Mariemont, Ohio</a> is a town financed in the 1920s by philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Emery" title="Mary Emery">Mary Emery</a>, designed as a place for both single-family homes and affordable apartments outside of the inner city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ferrer_Center_and_Colony" title="Ferrer Center and Colony">Stelton Colony</a> in New Jersey was established as an anarchist community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government-led_schemes">Government-led schemes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Government-led schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Florida land boom of the 1920s in South Florida, the communities of <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opa-locka,_Florida" title="Opa-locka, Florida">Opa-locka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Springs,_Florida" title="Miami Springs, Florida">Miami Springs</a>, now suburbs of Miami, were incorporated as fully planned "themed" communities which were to reflect the architecture and look of Spain, Arabia, and Mexico respectively, and are now considered some of the first modern planned communities in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Oldsmar,_Florida" title="Oldsmar, Florida">Oldsmar</a>, located in west central Florida, was developed by automobile pioneer <a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a>. </p><p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a> was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Ole_Hanson" title="Ole Hanson">Ole Hanson</a> who designated that all buildings must be approved by an architectural review board to retain control over development and building style. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, several model towns were planned and built by the Federal government. <a href="/wiki/Arthurdale,_West_Virginia" title="Arthurdale, West Virginia">Arthurdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_West_Virginia" title="Eleanor, West Virginia">Eleanor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tygart_Valley_Homesteads_Historic_District" title="Tygart Valley Homesteads Historic District">Tygart Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, federally funded <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> communities, were <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>'s projects to ease the burden of the depression on coal miners. The Tennessee Valley Authority created several towns of its own to accommodate workers constructing their new dams; the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Norris,_Tennessee" title="Norris, Tennessee">Norris, Tennessee</a>. Three "Greenbelt Communities", <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt,_Maryland" title="Greenbelt, Maryland">Greenbelt, Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhills,_Ohio" title="Greenhills, Ohio">Greenhills, Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greendale,_Wisconsin" title="Greendale, Wisconsin">Greendale, Wisconsin</a>, built by the Federal government during the 1930s were planned with a surrounding "belt" of woodland and natural landscaping. Government policy prevented initial settlement by African-Americans in these communities. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> built several planned communities to provide accommodations for scientists, engineers, industrial workers and their families. These communities, including <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland, Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos,_New_Mexico" title="Los Alamos, New Mexico">Los Alamos, New Mexico</a> were necessary because the laboratories and industrial plants of the Manhattan Project were built in isolated locations to ensure secrecy. Even the existence of these towns was a military secret, and the towns themselves were closed to the public until after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Postwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LevittownPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/220px-LevittownPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/330px-LevittownPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/440px-LevittownPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania" title="Levittown, Pennsylvania">Levittown, Pennsylvania</a> circa 1959</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">Levittowns</a>—in Long Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey (now known as <a href="/wiki/Willingboro,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Willingboro, New Jersey">Willingboro, New Jersey</a>) – typified the planned suburban communities of the 1950s and early 1960s. California's <a href="/wiki/Rohnert_Park,_California" title="Rohnert Park, California">Rohnert Park</a> (north of San Francisco) is another example of a planned city (built at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania" title="Levittown, Pennsylvania">Levittown</a>) that was marketed to attract middle-class people into an area only populated with farmers with the phrase, "A Country Club for the middle class." <a href="/wiki/Concord_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Concord Park, Pennsylvania">Concord Park, Pennsylvania</a>, established in 1954, was intended to be a model racially integrated community, though to accommodate discriminatory attitudes among financiers, the fraction of African-American households was capped at 45%. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Six_Moon_Hill" title="Six Moon Hill">Six Moon Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Five_Fields" title="Five Fields">Five Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Farm" title="Peacock Farm">Peacock Farm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turning_Mill_/_Middle_Ridge" title="Turning Mill / Middle Ridge">Turning Mill / Middle Ridge</a>) were developed along different philosophical linkes, with <a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">mid-century modern</a> architecture and semi-communal property, in stages from 1947 to 1967. </p><p>Many other places, such as <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a>, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_planned_cities">Modern planned cities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Modern planned cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reston_Town_Center_(6781036990).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg/220px-Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg/330px-Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg/440px-Reston_Town_Center_%286781036990%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The era of the modern planned city began in 1962–1964 with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, followed a year later by <a href="/wiki/Coral_Springs,_Florida" title="Coral Springs, Florida">Coral Springs, Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a>. In more recent years, <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> has set the stage for new cities, with places like <a href="/wiki/Seaside,_Florida" title="Seaside, Florida">Seaside</a>, Florida, and <a href="/wiki/Celebration,_Florida" title="Celebration, Florida">Celebration</a>, Florida, developed by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>. </p><p>In the United States, suburban growth in the Sunbelt states has coincided with the popularity of Master Planned Communities within established suburbs. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan,_Minnesota" title="Jonathan, Minnesota">Jonathan, Minnesota</a> became the first new town in the United States to receive a guarantee of financial assistance from federal government as part of Title IV of the Housing and Urban Development act of 1968; this community folded in 1979, though remnants of the planned community are still visible today. <a href="/wiki/Las_Colinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Colinas">Las Colinas</a>, established in 1973, was another early example and is still growing. Las Colinas is a 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) master planned community within the Dallas-area city of <a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving</a>. In 2006, residents approved changes to deed restrictions to allow greater density of urban mixed-use and residential construction. Also in the 1970s, just north of the existing town of <a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring, Texas</a> (north of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>), oil and gas industry executive <a href="/wiki/George_P._Mitchell" title="George P. Mitchell">George P. Mitchell</a> developed <a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas" title="The Woodlands, Texas">The Woodlands</a>, a major residential and commercial master planned community which is now considered one of the premier residential and business destinations in the Houston area. The Woodlands is still experiencing huge growth to this day. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Cinco_Ranch,_Texas" title="Cinco Ranch, Texas">Cinco Ranch</a> was first developed just south of the existing town of <a href="/wiki/Katy,_Texas" title="Katy, Texas">Katy</a>, one of the western suburbs of Houston, and has contributed to the explosive recent growth of Houston's suburban west side. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, master planned commercial developments such as Bishop Ranch in <a href="/wiki/San_Ramon,_California" title="San Ramon, California">San Ramon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hacienda_Business_Park" title="Hacienda Business Park">Hacienda Business Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pleasanton,_California" title="Pleasanton, California">Pleasanton</a> have attracted major corporate tenants to relocate from <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Oakland" title="Downtown Oakland">downtown Oakland</a> and San Francisco; these companies include <a href="/wiki/Safeway_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Safeway Inc.">Safeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a> (as the former <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Bell</a>). </p><p>In recent years, new towns such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_House,_San_Joaquin_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain House, San Joaquin County, California">Mountain House, California</a>, have added a new wrinkle to the movement: to prevent <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> with nearby cities, they have imposed strict growth boundaries, as well as automatic "circuit breakers" that place moratoriums on residential development if the number of jobs per resident in the town falls below a certain value. <a href="/wiki/Centennial,_California" title="Centennial, California">Centennial, California</a>, a planned community on a portion of <a href="/wiki/Tejon_Ranch" title="Tejon Ranch">Tejon Ranch</a> halfway between Los Angeles and <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a>, will incorporate such restrictions to minimize the commuter load on severely congested <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">I-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coyote_Springs,_Nevada" title="Coyote Springs, Nevada">Coyote Springs, Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny,_Florida" title="Destiny, Florida">Destiny, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Ranch,_Buckeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Ranch, Buckeye">Douglas Ranch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye, Arizona</a> are amongst the largest communities being planned for the 21st century. A recent twist is the town of <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria,_Florida" title="Ave Maria, Florida">Ave Maria, Florida</a>, founded in 2007, which is anchored by <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_University" title="Ave Maria University">a Catholic university</a> and has a large <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic</a> church in the center of town surrounded by commercial and residential development. </p><p>Although the Walt Disney Company divested its interest in Celebration, Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in March 2022, the company selected <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a> as the location of its first mixed-use <a href="/wiki/Storyliving_by_Disney" title="Storyliving by Disney">Storyliving by Disney</a> community. Named Cotino, the community is being developed in collaboration with DMB Development of <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSE1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSE1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_and_Central_America">South and Central America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: South and Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_cities_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese_administration">Colonial cities in Spanish and Portuguese administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Colonial cities in Spanish and Portuguese administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonial city was the basic administrative organism of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazil">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalties">viceroyalties</a> in America. </p><p>Cities were built and organized according to the Castilian model. Streets were drawn according to a perpendicular layout and in the center was the "<a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas" title="Plaza de Armas">Plaza de Armas</a>", where the local and religious authorities were. Cities can be divided into several categories: administration centers, international ports, regional ports, mining centers, indigenous centers, agricultural centers, presidios, border military centers or religious centers (missions).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cities, of course, grew and transformed over time. The only example of the original layout of a city from the first decades of the conquest can be seen in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Viejo" title="León Viejo">León Viejo</a>, next to Lake Managua, in Nicaragua. The city was abandoned and moved to its current location before the end of the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/220px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/330px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG/440px-La_Plata_desde_el_aire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>La Plata from the air.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/La_Plata" title="La Plata">La Plata</a> was planned in 1880 to replace <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> city as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province" title="Buenos Aires Province">Buenos Aires Province</a>. </p><p>Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north–south and east–west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively. </p><p>The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an international architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, City Hall by Germans, etc. Electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brasília"><span id="Bras.C3.ADlia"></span>Brasília</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: Brasília"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG/220px-Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG/330px-Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG/440px-Brasilia_-_Plan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Brasília: Pilot Plan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a>, President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasília was part of Juscelino's "fifty years of prosperity in five" plan. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer, a close friend, was the chief architect of most public buildings and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasília was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated. </p><p>The former capital of Brazil was <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and resources tended to be concentrated in the southeast region of Brazil. While the city was built because there was a need for a neutrally located federal capital, the main reason was to promote the development of Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> and better integrate the entire territory of Brazil. Brasília is approximately at the geographical center of Brazilian territory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Costa" title="Lúcio Costa">Lúcio Costa</a>, the city's principal architect, designed the city to be shaped like an airplane. Housing and offices are situated on giant superblocks, everything following the original plan. The plan specifies which zones are residential, which zones are commercial, where industries can settle, where official buildings can be built, the maximum height of buildings, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belo_Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Belo Horizonte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planta_BH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Planta_BH.jpg/220px-Planta_BH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Planta_BH.jpg/330px-Planta_BH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Planta_BH.jpg/440px-Planta_BH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Belo Horizonte in 1895.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1889, Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be set. In 1893, due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economical and cultural center of the state, under the new name of "Cidade de Minas," or City of Minas. Aarão Reis, an urbanist from the State of Pará, was then set to design the second planned city of Brazil (the first one is Teresina), and then Cidade de Minas was inaugurated finally in 1897, with many unfinished constructions as the Brazilian Government set a deadline for its completion. Inhabitation of the city was subsidized by the local government, through the concession of free empty lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan for <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and Brazilian indigenous tribes. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goiânia"><span id="Goi.C3.A2nia"></span>Goiânia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Goiânia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plan was for a city of 50,000 with the shape of a concentric radius – streets in the form of a spoke, with the Praça Cívica as the center, with the seats of the state and municipal government – The Palace of Emeralds and the Palace of Campinas. In 1937, a decree was signed transferring the state capital from the Cidade de Goiás to <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Goiânia">Goiânia</a>. The official inauguration only occurred in 1942 with the presence of the president of the republic, governors, and ministers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fordl%C3%A2ndia" title="Fordlândia">Fordlândia</a> was built to be a part of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>'s motor company. Originally intended to be a rubber plantation, it failed within several years and is now home to squatting farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable planned cities in Brazil include <a href="/wiki/Teresina" title="Teresina">Teresina</a> (The first one, inaugurated in 1842), <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmas,_Tocantins" title="Palmas, Tocantins">Palmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londrina" title="Londrina">Londrina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maring%C3%A1" title="Maringá">Maringá</a> (the latter two in the state of <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While cities such as <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Serena,_Chile" title="La Serena, Chile">La Serena</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> were planned and built in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Conquista</a> period (16th century), it was in the 18th century when authorities promoted the founding of cities through the Population Office (<i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_Poblaciones_del_Reino_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Junta de Poblaciones del Reino de Chile">"Junta de Poblaciones del Reino de Chile"</a></i>), establishing new planned cities such as <a href="/wiki/Rancagua" title="Rancagua">Rancagua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talca" title="Talca">Talca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Chile">Independence</a>, more planned cities were founded to expedite the consolidation of national sovereignty in remote places, such as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punta_Arenas" title="Punta Arenas">Punta Arenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a>. In the 20th century onwards there were a few cases, like <a href="/wiki/Coyhaique" title="Coyhaique">Coyhaique</a>, though until the 1930s there were private planned communities for mining workers called <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_saltpeter_works_in_Tarapac%C3%A1_and_Antofagasta" title="List of saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta">oficinas</a>,</i> such as <a href="/wiki/Sewell,_Chile" title="Sewell, Chile">Sewell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elena,_Chile" title="María Elena, Chile">María Elena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Panama City itself is not planned, certain areas are such as Costa del Este, an exclusive high density residential and business area, very close to downtown Panama City. The project combines many skyscrapers with beautiful green areas, and it is close to a highway that connects it to the city center. Other planned areas, but in a lesser degree, are Punta Pacifica and the former Canal Zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guayana_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayana City">Guayana City</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_State_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar State (Venezuela)">Bolívar State</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Guyana City is a city in <a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_State_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolívar State (Venezuela)">Bolívar State</a>, Venezuela. It lies south of the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a>, where the river is joined by the <a href="/wiki/Caroni_River_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroni River (Venezuela)">Caroní River</a>. The city, officially founded in 1961, is actually composed of the old town of San Félix at the east and the new town of <b>Puerto Ordaz</b> to the west, which lies on the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Caron%C3%AD_River" title="Caroní River">Caroní</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> Rivers and is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Llovizna_Falls" title="Llovizna Falls">Llovizna Falls</a>. There are bridges across the Caroni and a new bridge across the Orinoco (<a href="/wiki/Second_Orinoco_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Orinoco crossing">Second Orinoco crossing</a>). The city stretches 40 kilometers along the south bank of the Orinoco. With approximately one million people, it is Venezuela's fastest-growing city due to its important <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steelworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Steelworks">steelworks</a> and aluminium industries. The city has a large <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power plant">hydroelectric power plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macagua_Dam" title="Macagua Dam">Macagua Dam</a>. Guayana City is one of Venezuela's five most important ports, since most goods produced in Bolívar are shipped through it, onto the Atlantic Ocean via the Orinoco river. Due to its planned nature, the city has a drastically different feel to it than many other South American cities. The towers of the Alta Vista district recall <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, and many of the residential neighborhoods have architecture and landscaping that are similar to suburbs in the United States in the 1950s, including 'cookie cutter' homes, sidewalks, and patterned lawns. This is an artifact due to the presence in the 1960s and early 1970s of US Steel, an American company with iron mining operations in the region. US Steel built housing for hundreds of its American expatriate workers and families, who lived in Puerto Ordaz and other communities until the nationalization of the Venezuelan steel industry forced the company and its workers to leave.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Planned_community" title="Special:EditPage/Planned community">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=96" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia's most prominent fully planned city is <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, its capital, designed by American architect <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a>. The early central areas of two state capital cities – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> – were also planned by surveyors. Walter Burley Griffin was Australia's most notable city planner, having also designed smaller cities and towns, including <a href="/wiki/Leeton,_New_South_Wales" title="Leeton, New South Wales">Leeton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. A controversial Japanese-backed planned city, <a href="/wiki/Multifunction_Polis" title="Multifunction Polis">Multifunction Polis</a>, was proposed in the 1980s, but never implemented. </p><p>Australia is still building planned communities with developers such as <a href="/wiki/Delfin_Lend_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Delfin Lend Lease">Delfin Lend Lease</a>, an <a href="/wiki/S%26P/ASX_50" title="S&P/ASX 50">S&P/ASX 50</a> company, that has been responsible for large master planned communities such as; </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lake,_Queensland" title="Forest Lake, Queensland">Forest Lake, Queensland</a>, Brisbane (completed 2004)</li> <li>The New Rouse Hill, Sydney (current)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Grove,_South_Australia" title="Golden Grove, South Australia">Golden Grove, South Australia</a> (Completed 1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adelaide">Adelaide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=97" title="Edit section: Adelaide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png/220px-Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png/330px-Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png/440px-Streetmap_of_Adelaide_and_North_Adelaide.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Adelaide's planned town grids were surrounded by parkland and intersected by the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test out <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>'s theories of systematic colonisation. Convict labour was not employed and the colony in theory would be financially self-sufficient; in practice, government assistance was used in the early stages. Land had been sold before any European settlers set foot in the largely unexplored territory and the city (the basis for the future central business district) was surveyed and planned in a remarkably short space of time. Adelaide's design has been praised for its four-square layout, its choice of setting and its ample parklands which have had minimal encroachment of developments. The town centre was in sufficient proximity to a water source, the <a href="/wiki/River_Torrens" title="River Torrens">River Torrens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Melbourne">Melbourne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=98" title="Edit section: Melbourne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HOD1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HOD1.png/220px-HOD1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HOD1.png/330px-HOD1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HOD1.png/440px-HOD1.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of Robert Hoddle's original plans for Melbourne's central grid which defined the early township and today's city centre</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> was planned as a free settlement in 1837 through the <a href="/wiki/Hoddle_Grid" title="Hoddle Grid">Hoddle Grid</a>, drawn up by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hoddle" title="Robert Hoddle">Robert Hoddle</a> under instructions from <a href="/wiki/George_Gipps" title="George Gipps">George Gipps</a>, the original plan for Melbourne as part of the first land sales (prior to the planning only a handful of existing settlements were built on the fringe of the grid). The grid featured wide parallel streets, spanning a gently sloping valley between hills (<a href="/wiki/Batman%27s_Hill" title="Batman's Hill">Batman's Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Gardens" title="Flagstaff Gardens">Flagstaff Hill</a> and Eastern Hill) and roughly parallel to the course of the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_River" title="Yarra River">Yarra River</a>. The deliberate exclusion of city squares or open space within the grid was a subject of future frustration for the municipality and residents. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Street,_Melbourne" title="Elizabeth Street, Melbourne">Elizabeth Street, Melbourne</a>, in the centre of the grid, was built over a <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gully</a> and has therefore been prone to flooding. Despite a later extension and later inclusion of planned suburbs, Melbourne's original plans were not as extensive as Adelaide's, and the city rapidly outgrew its original boundaries. As such, it is often not considered to be a planned city, but the grid continues to define much of the character of the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_city_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne city centre">Melbourne city centre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canberra">Canberra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=99" title="Edit section: Canberra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner-canberra_01MJC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/220px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/330px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Inner-canberra_01MJC.png/440px-Inner-canberra_01MJC.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Triangle,_Canberra" title="Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra">Parliamentary Triangle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, established in 1908, was planned as the capital city of Australia and is Australia's most notable and ambitious example of civic planning. The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia. The new nation required a capital that was located away from other major settlements such as Melbourne and Sydney. Canberra is thus located in a Territory – the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> – and not a State. Prior to this time the land that Canberra is found on was farming land, indigenous settlements, and forest. In 1912, after an extensive planning competition was completed, the vision of American <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a> was chosen as the winning design for the city. Extensive construction and public works were required to complete the city, this involved the flooding of a large parcel of land to form the center piece of the city, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin" title="Lake Burley Griffin">Lake Burley Griffin</a>. Unlike some other Australian cities, the road network, suburbs, parks and other elements of the city were designed in context with each other, rather than haphazard planning as witnessed in much of Sydney. Notable buildings include the High Court, Federal Parliament, Government House, War Memorial, Anzac Parade and headquarters of the Department of Defence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=100" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand has several small <i>new towns</i>, built for a specific purpose. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Kawerau" title="Kawerau">Kawerau</a> in the Bay of Plenty (a mill town), <a href="/wiki/Twizel" title="Twizel">Twizel</a> in south Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Mangakino" title="Mangakino">Mangakino</a> in the Waikato (both for hydroelectricity), and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABrangi" title="Tūrangi">Tūrangi</a> in the Waikato (for the <a href="/wiki/Tongariro_Power_Scheme" title="Tongariro Power Scheme">Tongariro Power Scheme</a>). Construction of Kawerau began in 1953. Twizel was built in 1968 to house workers constructing the Upper <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki</a> hydroelectric scheme and was supposed to close on their completion. However, its residents managed to save the town in 1983. Mangakino, constructed from 1946, was also meant to be a temporary construction town, but it too remains today. John Martin, the founder of the Wairarapa town of <a href="/wiki/Martinborough" title="Martinborough">Martinborough</a>, set out the town's first streets in the pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> in the 19th century. </p><p>In 2006, construction began on <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus Town">Pegasus Town</a>, a new planned town adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Woodend,_New_Zealand" title="Woodend, New Zealand">Woodend</a>, approximately 25 km (16 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=101" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_purpose-built_capital_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of purpose-built capital cities">Lists of purpose-built capital cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcosanti" title="Arcosanti">Arcosanti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">Cardus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a></i> in Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifunction_Polis" title="Multifunction Polis">Multifunction Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">Olympic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=102" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are more than 17 New Towns in total, but the remainder were designated under the 1965 and later Acts. See <a href="/wiki/New_Towns_Acts#England" title="New Towns Acts">New Towns Acts#England</a> for the complete list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In law it was a 'New Town', waiting until 2022 to be granted formal <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=103" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022953/http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/03/special-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html">"World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa"</a>. Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/03/special-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Fastest+Growing+Cities+are+in+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pub=Euromonitor&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.euromonitor.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fspecial-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilssonGil2019" class="citation cs2">Nilsson, Leonard; Gil, Jorge (2019), D'Acci, Luca (ed.), "The Signature of Organic Urban Growth: Degree Distribution Patterns of the City's Street Network Structure", <i>The Mathematics of Urban Morphology</i>, Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–121, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-12381-9_5">10.1007/978-3-030-12381-9_5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030123819" title="Special:BookSources/9783030123819"><bdi>9783030123819</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133953300">133953300</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematics+of+Urban+Morphology&rft.atitle=The+Signature+of+Organic+Urban+Growth%3A+Degree+Distribution+Patterns+of+the+City%27s+Street+Network+Structure&rft.pages=93-121&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133953300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-12381-9_5&rft.isbn=9783030123819&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Gil%2C+Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal, Nicolas G. (2 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-22">"Native Americans and Cities"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.22">10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199329175" title="Special:BookSources/9780199329175"><bdi>9780199329175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Native+Americans+and+Cities&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.013.22&rft.isbn=9780199329175&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Famericanhistory%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199329175.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199329175-e-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, October 2024, entry "model town"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaris_MokhtarRieka_Rahadiana2022" class="citation news cs1">Faris Mokhtar; Rieka Rahadiana (2 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-02/indonesia-breaks-ground-on-nusantara-as-jakarta-sinks">"Indonesia Breaks Ground on Nusantara as Jakarta Sinks"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Breaks+Ground+on+Nusantara+as+Jakarta+Sinks&rft.date=2022-08-02&rft.au=Faris+Mokhtar&rft.au=Rieka+Rahadiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-08-02%2Findonesia-breaks-ground-on-nusantara-as-jakarta-sinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNjeru2009" class="citation web cs1">Njeru, Purity (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707100754/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=703">"History of Gaborone"</a>. Nairobi, Kenya: <a href="/wiki/The_African_Executive" title="The African Executive">The African Executive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=703">the original</a> on 7 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Gaborone&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=The+African+Executive&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Njeru&rft.aufirst=Purity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanexecutive.com%2Fmodules%2Fmagazine%2Farticles.php%3Farticle%3D703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoghazy2018" class="citation web cs1">Moghazy, Ali (30 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marsadomran.info/en/2018/01/1388/">"A Tied Life: The Rise and Fall of Company Town Housing in Egypt"</a>. <i>Built Environment Observatory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Built+Environment+Observatory&rft.atitle=A+Tied+Life%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Company+Town+Housing+in+Egypt&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.aulast=Moghazy&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarsadomran.info%2Fen%2F2018%2F01%2F1388%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review" title="Australian Financial Review">Australian Financial Review</a>, 9 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21158928">BBC News – Kenya begins construction of 'silicon' city Konza</a>. Bbc.co.uk (23 January 2013). Retrieved on 21 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Senan (13 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6355269.stm">"Life of poverty in Abuja's wealth"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Life+of+poverty+in+Abuja%27s+wealth&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Senan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6355269.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElumoye2007" class="citation news cs1">Elumoye, Deji (26 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200709260377.html">"Eko Atlantic city Underway"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Thisday" class="mw-redirect" title="Thisday">Thisday</a> (via allAfrica.com)</i>. AllAfrica Global Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thisday+%28via+allAfrica.com%29&rft.atitle=Eko+Atlantic+city+Underway&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.aulast=Elumoye&rft.aufirst=Deji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200709260377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/fg-urges-nigerians-in-diaspora-to-invest-in-centenary-city/">"FG urges Nigerians in Diaspora to invest in Centenary City"</a>. Vanguard Newspapers. 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FG+urges+Nigerians+in+Diaspora+to+invest+in+Centenary+City&rft.pub=Vanguard+Newspapers&rft.date=2013-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2013%2F07%2Ffg-urges-nigerians-in-diaspora-to-invest-in-centenary-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201507060955.html">"Nigeria: Development Plan Dismisses Threats to Lekki/Victoria Island's Real Estate Prospects"</a>. allafrica.com. 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Development+Plan+Dismisses+Threats+to+Lekki%2FVictoria+Island%27s+Real+Estate+Prospects&rft.pub=allafrica.com&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201507060955.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/05/orange-island-n40-billion-project-broaches-new-housing-deal-in-lagos/">"Orange Island N40 billion project broaches new housing deal in Lagos"</a>. <i>The Guardian, Lagos</i>. 4 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian%2C+Lagos&rft.atitle=Orange+Island+N40+billion+project+broaches+new+housing+deal+in+Lagos&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngrguardiannews.com%2F2015%2F05%2Forange-island-n40-billion-project-broaches-new-housing-deal-in-lagos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heritage6-109-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heritage6-109_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunawan_Tjahjono1998" class="citation book cs1">Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/109"><i>Architecture</i></a></span>. Indonesian Heritage. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3018-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-3018-30-5"><bdi>981-3018-30-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture&rft.place=Singapore&rft.series=Indonesian+Heritage&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Archipelago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=981-3018-30-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchitecture00indo%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanara-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fanara_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDino_Fanara2006" class="citation book cs1">Dino Fanara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vh0j32NRF98C&q=Bandung+capital+East+Indies"><i>Angel of the East Indies: Biography of the Van Dooremolen Family</i></a>. iUniverse. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595860449" title="Special:BookSources/9780595860449"><bdi>9780595860449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angel+of+the+East+Indies%3A+Biography+of+the+Van+Dooremolen+Family&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780595860449&rft.au=Dino+Fanara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVh0j32NRF98C%26q%3DBandung%2Bcapital%2BEast%2BIndies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Megacity-Jakarta-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Megacity-Jakarta_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2007" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaUAgAAQBAJ&q=Sukarno+buiild+Jakarta&pg=PA101"><i>Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century – Planning, History and Environment Series</i></a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135991227" title="Special:BookSources/9781135991227"><bdi>9781135991227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+the+Megacity%3A+Jakarta+in+the+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+Planning%2C+History+and+Environment+Series&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781135991227&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEaUAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSukarno%2Bbuiild%2BJakarta%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inilah1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Inilah1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101102254/https://www.inilah.com/read/detail/798451/tiru-malaysia-sby-dukung-pemindahan-ibukota">"Tiru Malaysia, SBY Dukung Pemindahan Ibukota"</a>. <i>www.inilah.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inilah.com/read/detail/798451/tiru-malaysia-sby-dukung-pemindahan-ibukota">the original</a> on 1 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.inilah.com&rft.atitle=Tiru+Malaysia%2C+SBY+Dukung+Pemindahan+Ibukota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inilah.com%2Fread%2Fdetail%2F798451%2Ftiru-malaysia-sby-dukung-pemindahan-ibukota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oke1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oke1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.okezone.com/read/2010/12/14/337/403406/sby-mari-lanjutkan-ide-membangun-ibukota-baru">"SBY: Mari Lanjutkan Ide Membangun Ibukota Baru"</a>. <i>news.okezone.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.okezone.com&rft.atitle=SBY%3A+Mari+Lanjutkan+Ide+Membangun+Ibukota+Baru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.okezone.com%2Fread%2F2010%2F12%2F14%2F337%2F403406%2Fsby-mari-lanjutkan-ide-membangun-ibukota-baru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaulia2019" class="citation news cs1">Maulia, Erwida (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Jokowi-announces-Indonesia-s-new-capital-in-East-Kalimantan">"Jokowi announces Indonesia's new capital in East Kalimantan"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jokowi+announces+Indonesia%27s+new+capital+in+East+Kalimantan&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Maulia&rft.aufirst=Erwida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FJokowi-announces-Indonesia-s-new-capital-in-East-Kalimantan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eleven-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eleven_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&Itemid=112">"တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Eleven" title="Weekly Eleven">Weekly Eleven</a> News</i> (in Burmese). 20 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Eleven+News&rft.atitle=%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF+%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%8A+%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B+%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B+%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC+%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF+%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF+%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-eleven.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D4375%3A2010-08-20-12-39-51%26catid%3D42%3A2009-11-10-07-36-59%26Itemid%3D112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcc-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcc_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). <i>World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia.</i> Marshall Cavendish. p. 650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdo-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pdo_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6851523.html">"Construction of Myanmar new capital continues"</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua News">Xinhua News</a>. 24 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=Construction+of+Myanmar+new+capital+continues&rft.date=2009-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90851%2F6851523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>Cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512180426/http://www.visitislamabad.net/islamabad/files/file-detail.asp?var=history-of-islamabad">"Capital Development Authority"</a>. <i>Visitislamabad.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitislamabad.net/islamabad/files/file-detail.asp?var=history-of-islamabad">the original</a> on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visitislamabad.net&rft.atitle=Capital+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitislamabad.net%2Fislamabad%2Ffiles%2Ffile-detail.asp%3Fvar%3Dhistory-of-islamabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2020" class="citation web cs1">Raza, Syed Irfan (4 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1593902">"Work on Ravi urban project has started, PM told"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Work+on+Ravi+urban+project+has+started%2C+PM+told&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Syed+Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1593902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041228085457/http://www.bshf.org/en/to.php/about/whawards/projects.php?pID=00039">"Building Social Housing Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bshf.org/en/to.php/about/whawards/projects.php?pID%3D00039">the original</a> on 28 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+Social+Housing+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bshf.org%2Fen%2Fto.php%2Fabout%2Fwhawards%2Fprojects.php%3FpID%253D00039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF林燕如顏妏如陳忠峰張元昱2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">林燕如; 顏妏如; 陳忠峰; 張元昱 (29 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourisland.pts.org.tw/content/2145">"你聽過省府宿舍嗎？"</a>. <i>Our Island</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)). <a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Service" title="Public Television Service">Public Television Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Island&rft.atitle=%E4%BD%A0%E8%81%BD%E9%81%8E%E7%9C%81%E5%BA%9C%E5%AE%BF%E8%88%8D%E5%97%8E%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E7%87%95%E5%A6%82&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E5%A6%8F%E5%A6%82&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E5%BF%A0%E5%B3%B0&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E5%85%83%E6%98%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourisland.pts.org.tw%2Fcontent%2F2145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF高雄市政府捷運工程局" class="citation web cs1">高雄市政府捷運工程局. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130231/http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/cht/publish/report/9502/">"高雄捷運雙月刊第二期 2006年5月1日"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtbu.kcg.gov.tw/cht/publish/report/9502">the original</a> on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8B%E9%9B%99%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%9F+2006%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5&rft.au=%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%8D%B7%E9%81%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmtbu.kcg.gov.tw%2Fcht%2Fpublish%2Freport%2F9502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF周志龍2000" class="citation web cs1">周志龍 (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055917/http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~choutl/Referred%20paper-chinese/Referred%20paper-The%20development%20policy.pdf">"台灣新市鎮開發歷程與政策"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>web.ntpu.edu.tw</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~choutl/Referred%20paper-chinese/Referred%20paper-The%20development%20policy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.ntpu.edu.tw&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B%E8%88%87%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%E5%91%A8%E5%BF%97%E9%BE%8D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ntpu.edu.tw%2F~choutl%2FReferred%2520paper-chinese%2FReferred%2520paper-The%2520development%2520policy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udn-2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-udn-2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF社論2010" class="citation news cs1">社論 (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616082711/http://udn.com/NEWS/OPINION/OPI1/5662381.shtml">"為何「新市鎮」無一成功？"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udn.com/NEWS/OPINION/OPI1/5662381.shtml">the original</a> on 16 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E3%80%8C%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%82%E9%8E%AE%E3%80%8D%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%80%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.au=%E7%A4%BE%E8%AB%96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fudn.com%2FNEWS%2FOPINION%2FOPI1%2F5662381.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLand_Administration_Bureau_of_Taichung_City_Government2013" class="citation book cs1">Land Administration Bureau of Taichung City Government (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taichung.gov.tw:8080/FlashEbookReader/hyviewer/online_preview.jsp?bookid=654473"><i>風華再現 : 臺中市市地重劃成果簡介</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(flash)</span>. Taiwan: Land Administration Bureau of Taichung City Government. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860325126" title="Special:BookSources/9789860325126"><bdi>9789860325126</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908975986">908975986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%A2%A8%E8%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE+%3A+%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%83%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B&rft.place=Taiwan&rft.pub=Land+Administration+Bureau+of+Taichung+City+Government&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908975986&rft.isbn=9789860325126&rft.au=Land+Administration+Bureau+of+Taichung+City+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taichung.gov.tw%3A8080%2FFlashEbookReader%2Fhyviewer%2Fonline_preview.jsp%3Fbookid%3D654473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCha-li" class="citation web cs1">Cha-li, Qiao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwanfun.com/central/taichung/estate/0808/0808The7th.htm">"LiHe Group Manager Liu Zheng-san: The 7th Redevelopment Zone and its benefits"</a>. Translated by Lee, Ann. Compass Magazine Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LiHe+Group+Manager+Liu+Zheng-san%3A+The+7th+Redevelopment+Zone+and+its+benefits&rft.pub=Compass+Magazine+Group&rft.aulast=Cha-li&rft.aufirst=Qiao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwanfun.com%2Fcentral%2Ftaichung%2Festate%2F0808%2F0808The7th.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF鄭進興2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">鄭進興 (13 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp?bulletinid=21268">"見證荒蕪變車流臺中市成立重劃展覽館"</a>. <i>New Taiwan Weekly</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)) (460). Taiwan: 本土文化事業有限公司. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1026-0811">1026-0811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Taiwan+Weekly&rft.atitle=%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E8%8D%92%E8%95%AA%E8%AE%8A%E8%BB%8A%E6%B5%81+%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%83%E5%B1%95%E8%A6%BD%E9%A4%A8&rft.issue=460&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft.issn=1026-0811&rft.au=%E9%84%AD%E9%80%B2%E8%88%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtaiwan.com.tw%2Fbulletinview.jsp%3Fbulletinid%3D21268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarschall" class="citation web cs1">Marschall, Melissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mei.edu/content/map/mega-projects-and-limits-urban-planning-megacities-case-istanbul-akp-era">"Mega Projects and the Limits of Urban Planning in Megacities: The Case of Istanbul in the AKP Era | Middle East Institute"</a>. <i>Mei.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mei.edu&rft.atitle=Mega+Projects+and+the+Limits+of+Urban+Planning+in+Megacities%3A+The+Case+of+Istanbul+in+the+AKP+Era+%26%23124%3B+Middle+East+Institute&rft.aulast=Marschall&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fcontent%2Fmap%2Fmega-projects-and-limits-urban-planning-megacities-case-istanbul-akp-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/ins/tr/ank/prj/urs/geb/sta/trindex.htm">"Bir Başkentin Oluşumu: Avusturyalı, Alman ve İsviçreli Mimarların İzleri – Yeni Başkente Doğru – Şehir Planlaması – Goethe-Institut"</a>. <i>Goethe.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goethe.de&rft.atitle=Bir+Ba%C5%9Fkentin+Olu%C5%9Fumu%3A+Avusturyal%C4%B1%2C+Alman+ve+%C4%B0svi%C3%A7reli+Mimarlar%C4%B1n+%C4%B0zleri+%E2%80%93+Yeni+Ba%C5%9Fkente+Do%C4%9Fru+%E2%80%93+%C5%9Eehir+Planlamas%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+Goethe-Institut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fins%2Ftr%2Fank%2Fprj%2Furs%2Fgeb%2Fsta%2Ftrindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aydinatca.com/imar-plni.html">"İmar Plânı"</a>. <i>Aydinatca.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aydinatca.com&rft.atitle=%C4%B0mar+Pl%C3%A2n%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aydinatca.com%2Fimar-plni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euromonitor-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euromonitor_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022953/http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/03/special-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html">"World's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa"</a>. Euromonitor. 2 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.euromonitor.com/2010/03/special-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Fastest+Growing+Cities+are+in+Asia+and+Africa&rft.pub=Euromonitor&rft.date=2010-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.euromonitor.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fspecial-report-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-are-in-asia-and-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Userinterface/admin/asccdp.htm">":: Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development Project"</a>. <i>crda.ap.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crda.ap.gov.in&rft.atitle=%3A%3A+Amaravati+Sustainable+Capital+City+Development+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrda.ap.gov.in%2FAPCRDA%2FUserinterface%2Fadmin%2Fasccdp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auroville.org/">"Welcome to Auroville | Auroville"</a>. <i>www.auroville.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.auroville.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Auroville+%7C+Auroville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auroville.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalingatv.com/state/bhubaneswar-celebrates-its-70th-foundation-day-today/">"Bhubaneswar celebrates its 70th Foundation Day today | KalingaTV"</a>. <i>KalingaTV</i>. 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KalingaTV&rft.atitle=Bhubaneswar+celebrates+its+70th+Foundation+Day+today+%7C+KalingaTV&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkalingatv.com%2Fstate%2Fbhubaneswar-celebrates-its-70th-foundation-day-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2016" class="citation news cs1">Roy, Tasmayee Laha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/bidhannagar-takes-a-leap-to-be-under-centres-smart-city-scheme/articleshow/50493482.cms">"Bidhannagar takes a leap to be under centre's Smart City scheme"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Bidhannagar+takes+a+leap+to+be+under+centre%27s+Smart+City+scheme&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Tasmayee+Laha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Finfrastructure%2Fbidhannagar-takes-a-leap-to-be-under-centres-smart-city-scheme%2Farticleshow%2F50493482.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bokaro.jharkhand.org.in/2009/05/about-bokaro-steel-city.html">"Bokaro | Jharkhand | Bokaro Steel City | Bokaro | Jharkhand"</a>. <i>bokaro.jharkhand.org.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bokaro.jharkhand.org.in&rft.atitle=Bokaro+%7C+Jharkhand+%7C+Bokaro+Steel+City+%7C+Bokaro+%7C+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbokaro.jharkhand.org.in%2F2009%2F05%2Fabout-bokaro-steel-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/chandigarh-goes-cleaner/articleshow/64224962.cms">"Chandigarh goes cleaner! – Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandigarh+goes+cleaner%21+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Flife-style%2Fspotlight%2Fchandigarh-goes-cleaner%2Farticleshow%2F64224962.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjeev-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanjeev_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2017" class="citation news cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (3 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Politics/PPdBqRH7ysBTi07J7Adu1H/Why-Indian-cities-need-flexible-plans.html">"Why Indian cities need flexible plans: Sanjeev Sanyal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Indian+cities+need+flexible+plans%3A+Sanjeev+Sanyal&rft.date=2017-02-03&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2FPPdBqRH7ysBTi07J7Adu1H%2FWhy-Indian-cities-need-flexible-plans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/jamshedpur-the-first-planned-industrial-city-in-india/articleshow/15972045.cms">"Jamshedpur: the first planned industrial city in India"</a>. <i>Mumbai Mirror</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mumbai+Mirror&rft.atitle=Jamshedpur%3A+the+first+planned+industrial+city+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmumbaimirror.indiatimes.com%2Fjamshedpur-the-first-planned-industrial-city-in-india%2Farticleshow%2F15972045.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/application-gis-urban-development-plan-kalyani-urban-centre-west-bengal-report-geospatial">"Application of GIS in urban development plan of Kalyani Urban Centre in West Bengal – A report in Geospatial World"</a>. <i>www.indiawaterportal.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indiawaterportal.org&rft.atitle=Application+of+GIS+in+urban+development+plan+of+Kalyani+Urban+Centre+in+West+Bengal+%E2%80%93+A+report+in+Geospatial+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiawaterportal.org%2Farticles%2Fapplication-gis-urban-development-plan-kalyani-urban-centre-west-bengal-report-geospatial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukibc.com/lavasa-maharashtras-new-planned-city/">"Lavasa: Maharashtra's new planned city"</a>. <i>UK India Business Council</i>. 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UK+India+Business+Council&rft.atitle=Lavasa%3A+Maharashtra%27s+new+planned+city&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukibc.com%2Flavasa-maharashtras-new-planned-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doshi-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doshi_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doshi_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoshi2016" class="citation web cs1">Doshi, Vidhi (4 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/jul/04/gurgaon-life-city-built-private-companies-india-intel-google">"Gurgaon: what life is like in the Indian city built by private companies"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gurgaon%3A+what+life+is+like+in+the+Indian+city+built+by+private+companies&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Doshi&rft.aufirst=Vidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsustainable-business%2F2016%2Fjul%2F04%2Fgurgaon-life-city-built-private-companies-india-intel-google&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/why-chandigarh-india-s-best-planned-city-went-under-after-three-hours-of-rain/story-zjLHrdPbtSVMKNPnJnKHeI.html">"Why Chandigarh, India's best planned city, went under after three hours of rain"</a>. 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Chandigarh%2C+India%27s+best+planned+city%2C+went+under+after+three+hours+of+rain&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-chandigarh-india-s-best-planned-city-went-under-after-three-hours-of-rain%2Fstory-zjLHrdPbtSVMKNPnJnKHeI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niua.org/jnnurm/CDP%20Appraisal_NAVI%20MUMBAI_NIUA.pdf">Appraisal of City Development Plan – Navi Mumbai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915070308/http://www.niua.org/jnnurm/CDP%20Appraisal_NAVI%20MUMBAI_NIUA.pdf">Archived</a> 15 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Institute of Urban Affairs, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327094629/http://www.tiss.edu/news056.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiss.edu/news056.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiss.edu%2Fnews056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPioneer" class="citation news cs1">Pioneer, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/suda-to-develop-slrm-centre-in-naxal-hit-bastar-region.html">"SUDA to develop SlRM Centre in Naxal-hit Bastar region"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=SUDA+to+develop+SlRM+Centre+in+Naxal-hit+Bastar+region&rft.aulast=Pioneer&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2017%2Fstate-editions%2Fsuda-to-develop-slrm-centre-in-naxal-hit-bastar-region.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/imperial-delhi-how-the-british-built-a-new-delhi-at-the-cost-of-the-old/story-0teV8d6fhcAb8IudCZtmMP.html">"Imperial Delhi: How the British built a 'New Delhi' at the cost of the old"</a>. 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Imperial+Delhi%3A+How+the+British+built+a+%27New+Delhi%27+at+the+cost+of+the+old&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi-news%2Fimperial-delhi-how-the-british-built-a-new-delhi-at-the-cost-of-the-old%2Fstory-0teV8d6fhcAb8IudCZtmMP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panchkula.nic.in">"District Administration, Panchkula"</a>. <i>panchkula.nic.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panchkula.nic.in&rft.atitle=District+Administration%2C+Panchkula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpanchkula.nic.in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907045829/http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm#introduction">"History Of Patiala"</a>. 7 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patiala.nic.in/html/history.htm#introduction">the original</a> on 7 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Of+Patiala&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatiala.nic.in%2Fhtml%2Fhistory.htm%23introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/pimpri-chinchwad-municipal-corporation-is-a-well-planned-satellite-town/articleshow/16797042.cms">"Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation is a well-planned satellite town"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 13 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Pimpri-Chinchwad+Municipal+Corporation+is+a+well-planned+satellite+town&rft.date=2012-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fwest%2Fpimpri-chinchwad-municipal-corporation-is-a-well-planned-satellite-town%2Farticleshow%2F16797042.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/a-township-that-barricades-itself/article9462733.ece">"A township that barricades itself"</a>. <i>@businessline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%40businessline&rft.atitle=A+township+that+barricades+itself&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fblink%2Fknow%2Fa-township-that-barricades-itself%2Farticle9462733.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/congress-wont-allow-closure-of-hmt-dr-ashok-tanwar201811141815520003/">"Congress won't allow closure of HMT: Dr Ashok Tanwar"</a>. <i>www.aninews.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aninews.in&rft.atitle=Congress+won%27t+allow+closure+of+HMT%3A+Dr+Ashok+Tanwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fcongress-wont-allow-closure-of-hmt-dr-ashok-tanwar201811141815520003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanganagar-Rajasthan" class="citation web cs1">Ganganagar-Rajasthan, Sri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/sri-ganganagar/en/about-sri-ganganagar/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in&rft.atitle=History&rft.aulast=Ganganagar-Rajasthan&rft.aufirst=Sri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsriganganagar.rajasthan.gov.in%2Fcontent%2Fraj%2Fsri-ganganagar%2Fen%2Fabout-sri-ganganagar%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boerefijn, Wim (2010) <i>The foundation, planning and building of new towns in the 13th and 14th centuries in Europe. An architectural-historical research into urban form and its creation</i>. Phd. thesis Universiteit van Amsterdam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-9025157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-9025157-8">978-90-9025157-8</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dare.uva.nl/en/record/336940">[1]</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRT-Linkeroever-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VRT-Linkeroever_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verstraete, A. (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/04/le-corbusier-linkeroever/">Zo zou Linkeroever in Antwerpen er vandaag uitzien als Le Corbusier in 1933 zijn zin had gekregen</a>. <i>VRT NWS</i>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoofs, D. (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethesis.net/antwerpen_linkeroever/ant_link_inhoud.htm">Licht, Lucht en Ruimte. Van ideaalbeeld tot pragmatisme: een eeuw stedenbouwkundig denken toegepast op de Antwerpse linker Schelde-oever</a></i> [Master's thesis, Catholic University of Leuven]. E-thesis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/8/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0/915744/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0+%22%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%22.html">Почела градња "Андрићграда"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DoT1974" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Edward (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oPKvj9LsFtYC&pg=PA54"><i>Coordination of Urban Development and the Planning and Development of Transportation Facilities</i></a>. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Planning. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coordination+of+Urban+Development+and+the+Planning+and+Development+of+Transportation+Facilities&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Department+of+Transportation%2C+Federal+Highway+Administration%2C+Office+of+Planning&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoPKvj9LsFtYC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213185431/http://www.partizanske.sk/main.php?id_menu=1629&firmy_slovenska_flag=0">"Partizánske"</a>. <i>Partizanske.sk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.partizanske.sk/main.php?id_menu=1629&firmy_slovenska_flag=0">the original</a> on 13 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partizanske.sk&rft.atitle=Partiz%C3%A1nske&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.partizanske.sk%2Fmain.php%3Fid_menu%3D1629%26firmy_slovenska_flag%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProyectos_IP" class="citation web cs1">Proyectos IP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226121553/http://www.pueblos-espana.org/andalucia/jaen/la+carolina/">"La Carolina (Jaén)"</a>. <i>Pueblos-espana.org</i>. 38.274399;-3.614214. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pueblos-espana.org/andalucia/jaen/la+carolina/">the original</a> on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pueblos-espana.org&rft.atitle=La+Carolina+%28Ja%C3%A9n%29&rft.au=Proyectos+IP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pueblos-espana.org%2Fandalucia%2Fjaen%2Fla%2Bcarolina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014103642/http://traveltoukraine.org/odesa.htm">"Odesa | Travel to Ukraine – 10 Must See Places – Odesa"</a>. Travel to Ukraine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traveltoukraine.org/odesa.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odesa+%26%23124%3B+Travel+to+Ukraine+%E2%80%93+10+Must+See+Places+%E2%80%93+Odesa&rft.pub=Travel+to+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traveltoukraine.org%2Fodesa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821024235/http://www.bestlaidschemes.com/moviezone/new-towns/">"New Towns"</a>. Best Laid Schemes. 30 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestlaidschemes.com/moviezone/new-towns">the original</a> on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Towns&rft.pub=Best+Laid+Schemes&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestlaidschemes.com%2Fmoviezone%2Fnew-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyclecraft.co.uk/digest/2decades.html">"Body"</a>. <i>Cyclecraft.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cyclecraft.co.uk&rft.atitle=Body&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclecraft.co.uk%2Fdigest%2F2decades.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223161811/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection/?iAID=7311">"Discover our collections | the National Archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details.mvc/Collection/?iAID=7311">the original</a> on 23 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+our+collections+%26%23124%3B+the+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2FSearchUI%2FDetails.mvc%2FCollection%2F%3FiAID%3D7311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221154/http://www.harlowarttrust.org/">"デパートおせち予約・通販ランキング"</a>. <i>Harlowarttrust.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harlowarttrust.org">the original</a> on 3 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harlowarttrust.org&rft.atitle=%E3%83%87%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A1%E4%BA%88%E7%B4%84%E3%83%BB%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harlowarttrust.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nireland.britishcouncil.org/about/press/craigavon-50-years-modernity">"Craigavon: 50 years of Modernity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Craigavon%3A+50+years+of+Modernity&rft.pub=British+Council&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnireland.britishcouncil.org%2Fabout%2Fpress%2Fcraigavon-50-years-modernity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29728971">"Craigavon town planning: British Modernism 50 years on"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Craigavon+town+planning%3A+British+Modernism+50+years+on&rft.date=2014-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-29728971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071025044545/http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/guides/historic_city.pdf">"Londonderry: Historic city conservation area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planningni.gov.uk/AreaPlans_Policy/Conservation/Londonderry/guides/historic_city.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Londonderry%3A+Historic+city+conservation+area&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningni.gov.uk%2FAreaPlans_Policy%2FConservation%2FLondonderry%2Fguides%2Fhistoric_city.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100503184411/http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/town_artist_an.php">"Town Artist: An Interview with David Harding"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/town_artist_an.php">the original</a> on 3 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+Artist%3A+An+Interview+with+David+Harding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communityarts.net%2Freadingroom%2Farchivefiles%2F2002%2F09%2Ftown_artist_an.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malcolmrobertson.com/">"Malcolm Robertson Site Specific Public Art WorksMalcolm Robertson"</a>. <i>Malcolmrobertson.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malcolmrobertson.com&rft.atitle=Malcolm+Robertson+Site+Specific+Public+Art+WorksMalcolm+Robertson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malcolmrobertson.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Thomas D. <i>The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://my.preservationnation.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8055">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312072148/http://my.preservationnation.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=8055">Archived</a> 12 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFduBois" class="citation web cs1">duBois, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217171837/https://www.forbes.com/sites/megandubois/2022/02/17/storyliving-by-disney-is-disneys-new-venture-into-planned-residential-communities/">"Storyliving By Disney Is Disney's New Venture Into Planned Residential Communities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/megandubois/2022/02/17/storyliving-by-disney-is-disneys-new-venture-into-planned-residential-communities/?sh=6d53b5ab6d58">the original</a> on 17 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Storyliving+By+Disney+Is+Disney%27s+New+Venture+Into+Planned+Residential+Communities&rft.aulast=duBois&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmegandubois%2F2022%2F02%2F17%2Fstoryliving-by-disney-is-disneys-new-venture-into-planned-residential-communities%2F%3Fsh%3D6d53b5ab6d58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSE1-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSE1_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217200214/https://dse.news/releases/2022/02/16/disney-launches-new-business-to-develop-residential-communities/">"Disney Launches New Business to Develop Residential Communities"</a>. <i>DSE.News</i>. Disney Signature Experiences. 16 February 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dse.news/releases/2022/02/16/disney-launches-new-business-to-develop-residential-communities/">the original</a> on 17 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DSE.News&rft.atitle=Disney+Launches+New+Business+to+Develop+Residential+Communities&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdse.news%2Freleases%2F2022%2F02%2F16%2Fdisney-launches-new-business-to-develop-residential-communities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieto_Rojas2017" class="citation web cs1">Nieto Rojas, Claudio (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectivecities.aaschool.ac.uk/portfolio/the-citys-essentiality-to-the-spanish-colonial-project/">"The City and the Spanish Colonial Project"</a>. <i>Projective Cities – Architectural Association Postgraduate Programme</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Projective+Cities+%E2%80%93+Architectural+Association+Postgraduate+Programme&rft.atitle=The+City+and+the+Spanish+Colonial+Project&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Nieto+Rojas&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojectivecities.aaschool.ac.uk%2Fportfolio%2Fthe-citys-essentiality-to-the-spanish-colonial-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1955" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Robert C. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987727">"Colonial Towns of Spanish and Portuguese America"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 3–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F987727">10.2307/987727</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808">0037-9808</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987727">987727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Colonial+Towns+of+Spanish+and+Portuguese+America&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3-12&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0037-9808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987727%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F987727&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105068620">"Fordlandia: The Failure of Ford's Jungle Utopia"</a>. <i>6 June 2009</i>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=6+June+2009&rft.atitle=Fordlandia%3A+The+Failure+of+Ford%27s+Jungle+Utopia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D105068620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-3428.html">"Fundación de ciudades: siglo XVIII – Memoria Chilena"</a>. <i>Memoria Chilena: Portal</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Chilena%3A+Portal&rft.atitle=Fundaci%C3%B3n+de+ciudades%3A+siglo+XVIII+%E2%80%93+Memoria+Chilena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriachilena.gob.cl%2F602%2Fw3-article-3428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNúñez2010" class="citation journal cs1">Núñez, Andrés (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0718-34022010000200003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en">"La ciudad como sujeto: formas y procesos de su constitución moderna en Chile, siglos XVIII y XIX"</a>. <i>Revista de geografía Norte Grande</i> (46): 45–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-34022010000200003">10.4067/S0718-34022010000200003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0718-3402">0718-3402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+geograf%C3%ADa+Norte+Grande&rft.atitle=La+ciudad+como+sujeto%3A+formas+y+procesos+de+su+constituci%C3%B3n+moderna+en+Chile%2C+siglos+XVIII+y+XIX&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=45-66&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-34022010000200003&rft.issn=0718-3402&rft.aulast=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.conicyt.cl%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS0718-34022010000200003%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=104" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiserForsyth2021" class="citation book cs1">Peiser, Richard; Forsyth, Ann, eds. (2021). <i>New Towns for the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to Planned Communities Worldwide</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-5191-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-5191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Towns+for+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+A+Guide+to+Planned+Communities+Worldwide&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-5191-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlanned+community" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&action=edit&section=105" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Planned_communities" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Planned communities">Planned communities</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219161618/http://www.newtowns.net/newtowns/index_html">European New Town Platform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcpa.org.uk/">Town and Country Planning Association</a> (formerly the Garden Cities Association)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515092054/http://aliciapatterson.org/APF001971/Downie/Downie12/Downie12.html">The Alicia Patterson Foundation: <i>Disappointing New Towns of Great Britain</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821024235/http://www.bestlaidschemes.com/moviezone/new-towns/">Movie: New Towns in Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holisticcity.co.uk/administrator/index2.php?option=com_docman&section=documents&task=download&bid=11&d6e429ce6f84091f9bc063066db03c34=e53d23c8bc6e89f8857789dc323445bd">UK Model Villages, Garden Cities and New Towns</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (this links to a <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">Keyhole Markup Language</a> file that opens in <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> to see aerial photos of the places.)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_estate_developments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Real_estate_developments" title="Template talk:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_estate_developments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_Planning" title="Template talk:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_planning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_urban_planning" title="Outline of urban planning">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_area" title="Labor market area">Labor market area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_community" title="Mining community">Mining community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pit_village" title="Pit village">Pit village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_camp" title="Man camp">Man camp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">Logging camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Planned community</a> (New town)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">Urban village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">Boomtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtering_(housing)" title="Filtering (housing)">Filtering (housing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapfrog_development" title="Leapfrog development">Leapfrog development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(spatial_and_transport_planning)" title="Permeability (spatial and transport planning)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Theorists/<br />practitioners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lees" title="Loretta Lees">Loretta Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_education" title="Urban planning education">Planning education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Accreditation_Board" title="Planning Accreditation Board">Planning Accreditation Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_real_estate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate real estate education">Real estate education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Professional_planning_institutes" title="Category:Professional planning institutes">Professional organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Australia" title="Urban planning in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_China" title="Urban planning in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Urban planning in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning_in_Serbia" title="Spatial planning in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_country_planning_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Town and country planning in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Barcelona" title="Urban planning of Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Shanghai" title="Urban planning of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_of_Sydney" title="Urban planning of Sydney">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Africa" title="Urban planning in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_communist_countries" title="Urban planning in communist countries">Communist countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Urban planning in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Category</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban planning"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074523#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1065198/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4238072-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88002049">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Villes nouvelles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963619w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Villes nouvelles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963619w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ciudades nuevas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5067114">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536710305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&oldid=1258003386">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&oldid=1258003386</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_communities" title="Category:Planned communities">Planned communities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Burmese-language_sources_(my)" title="Category:CS1 Burmese-language sources (my)">CS1 Burmese-language sources (my)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(Taiwan)-language_sources_(zh-tw)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (Taiwan)-language sources (zh-tw)">CS1 Chinese (Taiwan)-language sources (zh-tw)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:Articles with Serbian-language sources (sr)">Articles with Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012">Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2012">Articles needing additional references from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017">Articles with dead external links from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 17:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planned_community&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-x2s2v","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.648","walltime":"2.027","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10274,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":267310,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13102,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":308085,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1522.306 1 -total"," 36.22% 551.353 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.97% 288.855 44 Template:Cite_web"," 12.07% 183.709 15 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.61% 161.586 16 Template:Fix"," 9.70% 147.702 6 Template:Navbox"," 8.09% 123.170 1 Template:Nihongo"," 7.78% 118.464 1 Template:Developments"," 6.39% 97.289 21 Template:Cite_news"," 5.39% 82.059 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.899","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17668936,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-74959dc8bc-9rj8r","timestamp":"20241126151020","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Planned community","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planned_community","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1074523","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1074523","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-11T13:52:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:09:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/Partizanske4.jpg","headline":"detailed developed land"}</script> </body> </html>