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<li id="toc-Reasons_for_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reasons for construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_the_dyke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_the_dyke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Building the dyke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_the_dyke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_after_construction_and_height_increases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_after_construction_and_height_increases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Developments after construction and height increases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_after_construction_and_height_increases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-war modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdyk" title="Afsluitdyk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afsluitdyk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="أفسلاوتدايك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أفسلاوتدايك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abschlussdeich" title="Abschlussdeich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abschlussdeich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%86%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA" title="Άφσλεϊτνταϊκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άφσλεϊτνταϊκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermdigo" title="Fermdigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fermdigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آفسلایت‌دیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفسلایت‌دیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsl%C3%BAtdyk" title="Ofslútdyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ofslútdyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9C%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="아프슬라위트데이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프슬라위트데이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפסלאוטדייק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפסלאוטדייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofschlossd%C3%A4ich" title="Ofschlossdäich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ofschlossdäich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afleitdeikas" title="Afleitdeikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afleitdeikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafsjloetdiek" title="Aafsjloetdiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aafsjloetdiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="افسلاوتدايك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="افسلاوتدايك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsluutdiek" title="Ofsluutdiek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ofsluutdiek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%A0%E3%82%81%E5%88%87%E3%82%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A4%E9%98%B2" title="締め切り大堤防 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="締め切り大堤防" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afslussdiek" title="Afslussdiek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afslussdiek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Афслёйтдейк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Афслёйтдейк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afsluitdijk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Афслютдейк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Афслютдейк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsluutdyk" title="Ofsluutdyk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ofsluutdyk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A4" title="阿夫鲁戴克大堤 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿夫鲁戴克大堤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A4%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A4" title="阿夫鲁戴克大堤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿夫鲁戴克大堤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q240960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afsluitdijk&params=53_0_N_5_10_E_type:landmark_region:NL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.000°N 5.167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.000; 5.167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dam</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue;">Afsluitdijk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Afsluitdijk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_kaart_OSM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Afsluitdijk in red</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Afsluitdijk&params=53_0_N_5_10_E_type:landmark_region:NL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°10′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.000°N 5.167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.000; 5.167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">flood protection and land reclamation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">1927</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">1932</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Dam and spillways</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">32 km (20 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation at crest</th><td class="infobox-data">7.25 m (23.8 ft) above sea level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width (crest)</th><td class="infobox-data">90 m (300 ft)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_1031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>Afsluitdijk with the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> (a part of the North Sea) on the left and the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a> on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Afsluitdijk</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɑfslœydɛik]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e4\/Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg\/Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg/Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg" title="File:Nl-Afsluitdijk.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>: <i lang="fy">Ofslútdyk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">[ˈɔfslyːdik]</a></span>; "closure dyke"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from <a href="/wiki/Den_Oever" title="Den Oever">Den Oever</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a> province to the village of <a href="/wiki/Zurich,_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich, Friesland">Zurich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> province, over a length of 32 kilometres (20 mi) and a width of 90 metres (300 ft), at an initial height above <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Ordnance_Datum" title="Amsterdam Ordnance Datum">Amsterdam Ordnance Datum</a> of between 6.7 metres (22 ft) along the section at Friesland, and 7.4 metres (24 ft) where it crosses the deep <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a> of the Vlieter. The height at the greater sea depths west of Friesland was required to be a minimum of 7 metres everywhere when originally constructed. </p><p>Increases to the height of the Afsluitdijk have been made several times since 1958, when height increases were undertaken during regular maintenance periods as a result of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Flood_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Flood of 1953">North Sea Flood of 1953</a>, with the section between the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Stevinsluizen</i></span> and <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Lorentzsluizen</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> complexes seeing the crest level raised to 7.8 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major upgrade works commenced in 2019, with one of the design conditions being that only limited <a href="/wiki/Wave_overtopping" title="Wave overtopping">wave overtopping</a> during the design storm condition be permitted. The design proposed by the successful contractor to meet this criterion will see a further increase in the height of the dam, by approximately 2 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Afsluitdijk is a fundamental part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a>, damming off the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>, a salt water inlet of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and turning it into the fresh water lake of the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>. It is a major <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> project and a quicker road-connection between the North and West of the Netherlands. </p><p>The highway on the Afsluitdijk was the initial demonstration site for a 130 km/h (81 mph) <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limit</a> in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_Netherlands_Satellite_Photo_by_Sentinel-2_30_June_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4305" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption>Image from satellite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_De_Vlieter_Zuiderzee_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>Closing the last gap 'De Vlieter' in 1932</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Afsluitdijk_profile_1925.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Afsluitdijk profile cross-section as designed in 1925</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_construction">Reasons for construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reasons for construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Afsluitdijk (literally translated: shut-off-dyke) was completed in 1932, thereby shutting off the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> (lit: Southern Sea) from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, the Zuiderzee had been a large bay south of the North Sea which gave maritime access to five provinces of The Netherlands, and particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> provided a protected entrance and exit for the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and several other important Dutch sea harbours. Furthermore, the Zuiderzee provided relatively shallow and calm fishing grounds for the many towns bordering the bay. However, the opening of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Canal" title="North Sea Canal">North Sea Canal</a> (Noordzeekanaal) in 1876 gave a much shorter direct entrance to the Amsterdam harbour, and overfishing had depleted the shallow bay. In the second half of the 19th century, the Dutch population was exploding, and there was an increasing need for land for agriculture and animal husbandry. The Dutch already had centuries of experience of building dykes around lakes, emptying them and converting them to fertile <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polderland</a>. </p><p>The next large project was to convert the Zuiderzee into polder. In 1886, a few notables established the Zuiderzee Society to investigate whether reclamation was feasible. One of the most prominent members of the society was <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Lely" title="Cornelis Lely">Cornelis Lely</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a>, prominent member and later chairman of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891 he designed the first plan for the closure and reclamation of the Zuiderzee. </p><p> In 1913, Lely was Minister of Water Management, and land reclamation was included in the government program. His plan was initially opposed, particularly for its huge costs and also by the fishing industry. But after the <a href="/wiki/Flood_of_1916" title="Flood of 1916">flood of 1916</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1917_Potato_riots" title="1917 Potato riots">famine of 1918</a>, opinions were ready for this mega project and the parliament agreed, but it took another 9 years, until 1927, before the works actually began.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/220px-seek%3D150-Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="179" data-mwtitle="Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv/Demping_blinde_geul-509991.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Newsreel of the closing of the last gap</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_the_dyke">Building the dyke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Building the dyke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wieringen" title="Wieringen">Wieringen</a> was connected to the mainland with the short <a href="/wiki/Amsteldiepdijk" title="Amsteldiepdijk">Amsteldiepdijk</a> in 1925; the <i><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Afsluitdijk</i></span></i> would be 32 kilometres (20 miles) in length. The inland side is heavy stone; the seaward side is <a href="/wiki/Boulder_clay" title="Boulder clay">boulder clay</a> with <a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_uncinata" title="Melaleuca uncinata">brushwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">mattresses</a> above, weighed down by <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> boulders and old concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-ley196110_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous experience had showed that boulder clay was superior to just sand or clay for a structure like the Afsluitdijk, with the added benefit that <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> was in plentiful supply in the area; it could be retrieved in large quantities by simply <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> it from the bottom of the Zuiderzee. Work started at four points: on both sides of the mainland and on two specially made construction-islands (<a href="/wiki/Kornwerderzand" title="Kornwerderzand">Kornwerderzand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breezanddijk" title="Breezanddijk">Breezanddijk</a>) along the line of the future <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dyke</a>. </p><p>From these points, the dyke slowly grew by ships depositing till into the open sea until it breached the surface. The nascent dyke was then strengthened from land by basalt rocks and mats of <a href="/wiki/Willow#Environment" title="Willow">willow switch</a> at its base. The dyke could then be finished off by raising it further with sand and finally clay for the surface of the dyke, on which grass was planted. </p><p>As the dyke grew, physicist <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> calculated the force of the tide as the smaller gap made it stronger. Ten thousand workers, 27 large dredges, 13 floating cranes, 132 barges, and 88 tugs worked on the project at the end, timed to close the dyke at low tide; it was finished on 28 May 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-ley196110_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196110-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction progressed better than expected; at three points along the line of the dyke there were deeper underwater trenches where the tidal current was much stronger than elsewhere. These had been considered to be major obstacles to completing the dyke, but all of them proved to be relatively straightforward. Two years earlier than initially thought, the Zuiderzee ceased to be, as the last tidal trench, the <i>Vlieter</i>, was closed by a final bucket of till. The IJsselmeer was born, even though it was still salty at the time. </p><p>The dyke itself however was not finished as it still needed to be brought up to its required height and a road linking Friesland and North Holland (the current <a href="/wiki/A7_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A7 motorway (Netherlands)">A7</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_route_E22" title="European route E22">E22</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a>) also remained to be built. On 25 September 1933, the Afsluitdijk was officially opened, with a monument designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Willem Marinus Dudok</a> marking the spot where the dyke had been closed. The amount of material used is estimated at 23 million m<sup>3</sup> (810 million cu ft) of sand and 13.5 million m<sup>3</sup> (480 million cu ft) of till and over the years an average of around four to five thousand workers were involved with the construction every day, relieving some of the unemployment following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p><p>Besides the dyke itself, there was also the necessary construction of two complexes of shipping <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">locks</a> and discharge <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> at both ends of the dyke. The complex at Den Oever includes the <i>Stevin</i> lock (named after the son of <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a>, Hendrik Stevin, who was the first making a plan to close the Zuiderzee in 1667<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and three series of five sluices for discharging the IJsselmeer into the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a>; the other complex at Kornwerderzand is composed of the <i>Lorentz</i> locks (named after the physicist) and two series of five sluices, making a total of 25 discharge sluices. It is necessary to routinely discharge water from the lake since it is continually fed by rivers and streams (most notably the <a href="/wiki/IJssel" title="IJssel">IJssel</a> river that gives its name to the lake) and <a href="/wiki/Polders" class="mw-redirect" title="Polders">polders</a> draining their water into the IJsselmeer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_after_construction_and_height_increases">Developments after construction and height increases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developments after construction and height increases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The height of the crest of the Afsluitdijk was originally determined based on insufficient data about wave run-up. This became apparent soon after the first significant storm surge following the completion of the works, which occurred in December 1936. During the storm, the water in the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> reached to around half a metre below the dike. For the crown height, storm surge heights indicated by the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Staatscommissie Lorentz (SCL)</i></span> <i>(English: Lorentz State Commission)</i> were primarily used, based on storm surges that had occurred in the period 1825–1926.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuvel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuvel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to committee's predictions, if the Zuiderzee had been closed during the 1825–1926 period, the highest water level reached would have been 3.1 metres above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum at Den Oever, and about 3.4 metres on the Friesland coast. However, the commission drew attention to the fact that in a very rare and unfavourable set of circumstances, even higher storm surge heights were possible.<sup id="cite_ref-stuvel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuvel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png/220px-Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png/330px-Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png/440px-Afsluitdijk_predicted_and_1894_storm_levels.png 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption>Observed storm surge water levels in 1894 for various locations in the Netherlands, and calculated levels of the same locations with a closed-off Zuiderzee</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Key to table </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Z</td> <td>Water level reached during storm in 1894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Δ</td> <td>Calculated level increase with new dike </td></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>Calculated level with closed-off Zuiderzee </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΔG</td> <td>Predicted increase in wave run-up. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All values in centimetres. Z and A are in centimetres above NAP (Normaal Amsterdams Peil/Amsterdam Ordnance Datum).<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location of the area or tide gauge </th> <th>Z </th> <th>Δ </th> <th>A </th> <th>ΔG </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kaaphoofd </td> <td>250 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>293 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Den Helder, gauge </td> <td>248 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>292 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oostoever </td> <td>260 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>308 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Westerland (Wieringen) </td> <td>247 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>326 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Den Oever </td> <td>233 </td> <td>113 </td> <td>346 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kornwerderzand </td> <td>270 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>(15) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harlingen </td> <td>269 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>346 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nieuw Bildt </td> <td>271 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>284 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ameland, Waddenkust </td> <td>330 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>335 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terschelling, Waddenkust east </td> <td>340 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Terschelling, harbour </td> <td>286 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vlieland, harbour </td> <td>287 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>303 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vlieland Waddenkust, Posthuis </td> <td>260 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>292 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eierland near Cocksdorp </td> <td>280 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>310 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texel, Oostkaap </td> <td>245 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>324 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texel, Oudeschild </td> <td>254 </td> <td>65 </td> <td>319 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texel, South Point </td> <td>240 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>290 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The lower value was based on the assumption that wave run-up in the shallow area near the Frisian coast would be reduced. However, it became evident as early as 1934 that this assumption was incorrect due to the narrowness of the shallow zone. To address this issue, a section of the dike body was removed. Despite these adjustments, a 1937 storm revealed that they were insufficient, leading to an increase in the crest height to 7.4 metres. </p><p>Later research on storm surge flood levels in the Netherlands by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Jacobus_Wemelsfelder" title="Pieter Jacobus Wemelsfelder">Pieter Jacobus Wemelsfelder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Veen" title="Johan van Veen">Johan van Veen</a>, along with the devastating effects of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Flood_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Flood of 1953">storm surge of 1953</a>, would bring the reality of such extremely rare cases to light.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In determining the height for the construction of the inner berm, different considerations were employed compared to those for the main dam crest height. The primary requirement for the crest was to ensure the dike would not be breached during the most severe anticipated storm. To achieve this, the crest was designed to be elevated enough so that, at most, only a single wave could reach it. The IJsselmeer side of the dam was designed with a lower <a href="/wiki/Factor_of_safety" title="Factor of safety">factor of safety</a> than the Wadden Sea side, as it was anticipated that even under unfavourable conditions, such as a southwest storm over the IJsselmeer with a high average water level, the waves would not exceed about 3.5 metres above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum. Consequently, the berm was constructed to a height of approximately 4 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner berm slope toward the future water level of the IJsselmeer (or Amstelmeer) was designed to be steeper than the outer slope, with a ratio of approximately 1:3. The majority of the dam's core consisted of sand, while boulder clay on the exterior provided resistance against water flow, limiting seepage and enhancing dike breach protection. A layer of <a href="/wiki/Armourstone" title="Armourstone">armourstone</a>, composed of basalt rock, was utilized on the outer slope.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuvel_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuvel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During construction, the slopes were partially fortified with basalt columns and Belgian block stone <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Belgische Bloksteen</i></span>, a block-shaped, hard variety of limestone. Block stone served as a more affordable and widely available alternative to basalt, and the Dutch Government resisted purchasing large quantities of basalt to avoid potential price increases, instead planning to gradually replace the block stone with basalt.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 and 13 May 1940 it was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Battle of the Afsluitdijk</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Kornwerderzand" title="Kornwerderzand">Fort Kornwerderzand</a> became the only Dutch line of defense that successfully withstood a <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> attack during the conflict, and was one of the few <i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i> defeats suffered by the <i>Wehrmacht</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_modernization">Post-war modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1953 storm, a subsequent storm in 1954 caused significant damage to the Afsluitdijk. Although the 1953 water level was not as extreme at the Afsluitdijk as in the southern Netherlands, the intense wave action resulted in severe damage to a large portion of the block stone, which was later replaced by basalt. In response to recommendations from the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Deltacommissie</i></span>, the commission responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Works" title="Delta Works">Delta Works</a>, it was deemed necessary to elevate the dike level. However, this was considered less urgent compared to the issues in Zeeland after the 1953 storm. A decision was made to prioritize the Delta Works while also incrementally increasing the Afsluitdijk height to 7.4 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-thijsse_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuvel_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuvel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png/220px-Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png/330px-Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png/440px-Afsluitdijk_cross-section_profile_prior_to_the_upgrade_works_commenced_in_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>A cross section profile of the Afsluitdijk prior to the upgrade works commenced in 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 September 1954, on the centenary of Cornelis Lely, a statue, made by <a href="/wiki/Mari_Andriessen" title="Mari Andriessen">Mari Andriessen</a>, was unveiled by Queen Juliana on the North Holland side of the Afsluitdijk. On May 9, 2007, the statue was relocated near to the Vlieter Monument. The official unveiling, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the dyke, was performed on 24 May 2007 by Prince Willem-Alexander. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk_-_The_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5216" data-file-height="3477" /></a><figcaption>Observation tower as seen from pedestrian bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">State Secretary</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Infrastructure_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Netherlands)">Infrastructure and the Environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joop_Atsma" title="Joop Atsma">Joop Atsma</a>, issued a statement detailing the factors influencing the decision to replace the locks at Kornwerderzand. A <a href="/wiki/Naviduct" title="Naviduct">naviduct</a> would have a high construction cost compared with standard locks and bridges, but would benefit the economy by reducing delays. After the <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a> of all potential solutions was considered, a decision was made to strengthen the existing locks. However, it is quite possible that a naviduct will be built to replace the locks when they reach the end of their useful life in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work started in April 2020 and was planned to take three years; during the work, the highway remained in operation, however the bicycle path was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk-West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afsluitdijk-West.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk-West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afsluitdijk-West.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk-West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afsluitdijk-West.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk-West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>The new (2022) profile (Den Oever - Kornwerderzand)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg/220px-Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg/330px-Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg/440px-Afsluitdijk-Oost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>The new (2022) profile (Kornwerderzand - Friese Kust)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rijkswaterstaat" title="Rijkswaterstaat">Rijkswaterstaat</a> (the ministry which oversees the dyke) further increased the height of the dyke beginning in 2018. As part of the renovation program, a series of artistic projects were incorporated into the dyke, known as the "Icoon Afsluitdijk." <a href="/wiki/Daan_Roosegaarde" title="Daan Roosegaarde">Daan Roosegaarde</a> led the artistic aspects. The three designs of light and interaction developed by Roosegaarde and his team are entitled Gates of Light, Windvogel and Glowing Nature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The improvement of the main dike body was completed in 2022. Additional works (the fish migration river,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new locks and the pumping station) were at that moment not yet ready.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Provision for a <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> line linking North Holland and Friesland (between <a href="/wiki/Anna_Paulowna" title="Anna Paulowna">Anna Paulowna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlingen, Friesland">Harlingen</a>) had been included on the Afsluitdijk, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (transportation)">linear reservation</a>, along with extra drawbridge abutments at the locks. However, construction of the line was never undertaken by the Dutch track operator (<a href="/wiki/ProRail" title="ProRail">ProRail</a>), for reasons of cost and relative lack of benefits. The reservation and abutments for the rail line were utilized instead for a second carriageway for the dyke's two-lane highway in the 1970s, transforming the latter into today's four-lane A7 motorway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Museum" title="Zuiderzee Museum">Zuiderzee Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a>: <i>Ofsluitdoik</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Low Saxon language">Dutch Low Saxon</a>: <i lang="nds-NL">Ofsluutdiek</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thijsse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thijsse_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThijsse1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thijsse, J. Th. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5439270"><i>Een halve eeuw Zuiderzeewerken 1920-1970</i></a> [<i>A half century of the Zuiderzee Works 1920-1970</i>] (in Dutch). H.D. Tjeenk Willink B.V., Groningen. pp. 156–160. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5439270">5439270</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Een+halve+eeuw+Zuiderzeewerken+1920-1970&rft.pages=156-160&rft.pub=H.D.+Tjeenk+Willink+B.V.%2C+Groningen&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5439270&rft.aulast=Thijsse&rft.aufirst=J.+Th.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F5439270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfsluitdijk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkswaterstaat" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rijkswaterstaat, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/water/projectenoverzicht/afsluitdijk">"Project Afsluitdijk"</a> ["Afsluitdijk Project"]. <i>www.rijkswaterstaat.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rijkswaterstaat.nl&rft.atitle=Project+Afsluitdijk&rft.aulast=Rijkswaterstaat&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Infrastructuur+en+Waterstaat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijkswaterstaat.nl%2Fwater%2Fprojectenoverzicht%2Fafsluitdijk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfsluitdijk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2011/03/hollands_first_130_kph_road_is.php">"Holland's first 130 km/h road is the Afsluitdijk"</a>. DutchNews.nl. 1 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>The speed limit on the Afsluitdijk, the stretch of the A7 on the dyke between Wognum in North Holland and Zürich in Friesland, has been increased to 130 km/h from Tuesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holland%27s+first+130+km%2Fh+road+is+the+Afsluitdijk&rft.pub=DutchNews.nl&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchnews.nl%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2011%2F03%2Fhollands_first_130_kph_road_is.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfsluitdijk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakkenes2017" class="citation book cs1">Hakkenes, Emiel (2017). <i><span></span></i>Polderkoorts. Hoe de Zuiderzee verdween<i> [Polder Fever. How the Zuyderzee disappeared]</i>. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Thomas Rap.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polderkoorts.+Hoe+de+Zuiderzee+verdween+%5BPolder+Fever.+How+the+Zuyderzee+disappeared%5D&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Thomas+Rap&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hakkenes&rft.aufirst=Emiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfsluitdijk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning2018" class="citation book cs1">Banning, Cees (2018). <i>Cornelis Lely. Ingenieur van het nieuwe Nederland [In Dutch: Cornelis Lely - Engineer of the new Netherlands]</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fish+migration+river&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafsluitdijk.com%2Fprojects%2Ffishmigrationriver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfsluitdijk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afsluitdijk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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