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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Orthodoxy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Political thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Personalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solidarity_and_social_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidarity_and_social_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Solidarity and social capitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidarity_and_social_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Popularism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Pluralism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stewardship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stewardship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Stewardship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stewardship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Rerum_novarum_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Rerum_novarum_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Between Rerum novarum and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Rerum_novarum_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The post-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Outside Western Europe </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Western_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Outside Western Europe subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Central and Eastern Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Iron_Curtain_and_former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Iron_Curtain_and_former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Post-Iron Curtain and former Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Iron_Curtain_and_former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Christian_democratic_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Christian_democratic_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International Christian democratic organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Christian_democratic_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Related concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Key texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Other resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christian democracy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية مسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية مسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_cristiana" title="Democracia cristiana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia cristiana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Христиан демократияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Христиан демократияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хрысціянская дэмакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянская дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Християндемокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Християндемокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia_cristiana" title="Democràcia cristiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia cristiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%A1_demokracie" title="Křesťanská demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanská demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratiaeth_Gristnogol" title="Democratiaeth Gristnogol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Democratiaeth Gristnogol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendemokrati" title="Kristendemokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristendemokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christdemokratie" title="Christdemokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christdemokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristlik_demokraatia" title="Kristlik demokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristlik demokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χριστιανοδημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανοδημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_cristiana" title="Democracia cristiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia cristiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_demokratio" title="Kristana demokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristau-demokrazia" title="Kristau-demokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristau-demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی مسیحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Démocratie chrétienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie chrétienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendemokrasy" title="Kristendemokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristendemokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_cristi%C3%A1" title="Democracia cristiá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Democracia cristiá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="기독교 민주주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokr%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo" title="Demokršćanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demokršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristandemokratio" title="Kristandemokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristandemokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_Kristen" title="Demokrasi Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_democratico" title="Cristianesimo democratico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo democratico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דמוקרטיה נוצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה נוצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქრისტიანული დემოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტიანული დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%ABg%C4%81_demokr%C4%81tija" title="Kristīgā demokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristīgā demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C5%A1%C4%8Dioni%C5%A1koji_demokratija" title="Krikščioniškoji demokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikščioniškoji demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendemocratie" title="Christendemocratie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Christendemocratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nydemokr%C3%A1cia" title="Kereszténydemokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténydemokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Демохристијанство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Демохристијанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_Kristian" title="Demokrasi Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendemocratie" title="Christendemocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christendemocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="キリスト教民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendemokrati" title="Kristendemokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristendemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਚੀਅਨ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਚੀਅਨ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ska_demokracja" title="Chrześcijańska demokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijańska demokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_crist%C3%A3" title="Democracia cristã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia cristã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tin-democra%C8%9Bie" title="Creștin-democrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștin-democrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Христианская демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианская демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christian democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%C5%A5ansk%C3%A1_demokracia" title="Kresťanská demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanská demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%8Danska_demokracija" title="Krščanska demokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krščanska demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مەسیحی دیموکرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەسیحی دیموکرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хришћанска демократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанска демократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anska_demokratija" title="Kršćanska demokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kršćanska demokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristillisdemokratia" title="Kristillisdemokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristillisdemokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristdemokrati" title="Kristdemokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyan_demokrasi" title="Hristiyan demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyan demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Християнська демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнська демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%C3%A8zemo_democratego" title="Cristianèzemo democratego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristianèzemo democratego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Kit%C3%B4_gi%C3%A1o" title="Dân chủ Kitô giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ Kitô giáo" 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href="/wiki/Christian_democracy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christian democracy (disambiguation)">Christian democracy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024,_Dessau,_CDU-Wahlkundgebung,_Publikum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0925-024%2C_Dessau%2C_CDU-Wahlkundgebung%2C_Publikum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A gathering of supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy" title="Category:Christian democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/120px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/150px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Ozanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Pottier">Pottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Busch" title="Ebba Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides" title="Glafcos Clerides">Clerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Fenech Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">Lipinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Stegerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #fa7406; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #fa7406; border-bottom:1px solid #fa7406; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy#Theory" title="Democracy">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Indices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy" title="Anticipatory democracy">Anticipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitory democracy">Monitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multiparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_democracy" title="Oral democracy">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">Pluralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_democracy" title="Procedural democracy">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_democracy" title="Sectarian democracy">Sectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive democracy">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Electoral competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">Peaceful transition of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Political equality">Political equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Right to vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">Wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_of_democracy" title="Waves of democracy">Waves of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd" title="Wisdom of the crowd">Wisdom of the crowd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Americas" title="Democracy in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Christian democracy is an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics#Politics" title="Christian ethics">Christian social teaching</a> to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165,_169-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919,_24-2">[2]</a> Christian democracy has drawn mainly from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201283-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaletti2011283.4-4">[4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">neo-scholasticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919-7">[7]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinist</a> tradition within Christianity;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201118–22-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden200413-9">[9]</a> it later gained ground with <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[nb 1]</a> among other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">denominational</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in various parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-12">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden200482-13">[11]</a> During the nineteenth century, its principal concerns were to reconcile Catholicism with democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919-7">[7]</a> to answer the "<a href="/wiki/Social_question" title="Social question">social question</a>" surrounding <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty19573-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019139–140-15">[13]</a> and to resolve the tensions between church and state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199349-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957149–166-17">[15]</a> In the twentieth century, Christian democrats led postwar <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> in building modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a> and constructing the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185-18">[16]</a> Furthermore; in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, Christian democracy has gained support in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> among former <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> suffering from corruption and stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> On the European left-right political spectrum, Christian democracy has been difficult to pinpoint, as Christian democrats have often rejected <a href="/wiki/Liberal_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal economics">liberal economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and advocated state intervention, while simultaneously defending <a href="/wiki/Private_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Private property rights">private property rights</a> against excessive state intervention.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> This has meant that Christian democracy has historically been considered <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> on economics and <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> on many <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral issues">moral issues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKte'pi2009p._131:_"The_basic_tenets_of_Christian_democracy_call_for_applying_Christian_principles_to_public_policy;_Christian_democratic_parties_tend_to_be_socially_conservative_but_otherwise_left_of_centre_with_respect_to_economic_and_labour_issues,_civil_rights,_and_foreign_policy"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKte'pi2009p._131:_"The_basic_tenets_of_Christian_democracy_call_for_applying_Christian_principles_to_public_policy;_Christian_democratic_parties_tend_to_be_socially_conservative_but_otherwise_left_of_centre_with_respect_to_economic_and_labour_issues,_civil_rights,_and_foreign_policy"-22">[20]</a> More recently, Christian democrats have positioned themselves as the centre-right; as with both the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a>, with which many Christian democratic parties in Europe are affiliated.<a href="#cite_note-Geest2017-23">[21]</a> Christian democrats support a "slightly regulated <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>", featuring an effective <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51-24">[22]</a> thus a <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabow201124–25-25">[23]</a> Worldwide, many Christian democratic parties are members of the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a>. Examples of major Christian democratic parties include the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)">The Centre</a> in Switzerland, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a>, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Party of Chile">Christian Democratic Party of Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004-26">[24]</a> Many Christian democratic parties in the Americas are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Papini1997-27">[25]</a> Christian democracy continues to be influential in Europe and Latin America, although it is also present in other parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014-28">[26]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_political_viewpoints">Overview of political viewpoints</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of political viewpoints">edit</a>]</div> As a generalization, it can be said that Christian democratic parties in Europe tend to be moderately <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> and, in several cases, form the main conservative party in their respective countries (e.g., in Germany, Spain, Belgium, and Switzerland), such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Switzerland)" title="Christian Social Party (Switzerland)">Christian Social Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Union_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland">Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland</a>. By contrast, Christian democratic parties in Latin America tend to vary in their position on the political spectrum depending on the country they are in, being either more left-leaning,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019291–292-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1965102-30">[28]</a> as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Chile)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Chile)">Christian Democratic Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, or more right-leaning, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood have noted that "Christian democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsHogwood1997-31">[29]</a> Christian democrats are usually <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComelli2021-32">[30]</a> and generally have a relatively skeptical stance towards <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, although some Christian democratic parties have accepted the limited legalization of both. They advocate for a <a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">consistent life ethic</a> concerning their opposition to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngeliVarone2012109-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECimmino2017-34">[32]</a> Christian democrats have also supported the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">prohibition of drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[nb 3]</a> Christian democratic parties are often likely to assert their country's <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> heritage and explicitly affirm <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> rather than adopting a more liberal or secular stance;<a href="#cite_note-39">[nb 4]</a> at the same time, Christian democratic parties enshrine <a href="/wiki/Confessional_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional liberty">confessional liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffernan_Schindler2008144-40">[36]</a> Christian democracy fosters an "<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a> unity achieved on the religious level against the <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheism</a> of the government in the Communist countries."<a href="#cite_note-42">[nb 5]</a> Christian democrats' views include traditional moral values (on marriage, abortion, prohibition of drugs, etc.),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppa201012-43">[38]</a> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>, opposition to <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, a view of the evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) development of society, an emphasis on law and order, and a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDussel1981217-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178-10">[10]</a> Christian democrats are open to change (for example, in the structure of society) and not necessarily supportive of the social status quo, and have an emphasis on human rights and individual initiative. A rejection of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and an emphasis on the fact that the individual is part of a community and has duties towards it. Christian democrats hold that the various sectors of society (such as education, family, economy, and state) have autonomy and responsibility over their sphere, a concept known as <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonsma2012133-44">[39]</a> One sphere ought not to dictate the obligations of another social entity; for example, the sphere of the state is not permitted to interfere with raising children, a role that belongs to the sphere of the family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonsma2012133-44">[39]</a> Within the sphere of government, Christian democrats maintain that civil issues should first be addressed at the lowest level of government before being examined at a higher level, a doctrine known as <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51-24">[22]</a> These concepts of sphere sovereignty and subsidiarity are considered cornerstones of Christian democracy political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberts1997401-45">[40]</a> Christian democrats emphasize community, social justice, and solidarity, alongside supporting a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a>, and support for regulation of market forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlaryVeidenHansen2011-46">[41]</a> Most European Christian democrats reject the concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and instead prefer <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195766-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019163–165-48">[43]</a> while US Christian democrats support a <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributist</a> economic system containing widespread distribution of <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">productive property</a>, in particular increased <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">worker ownership (workplace democracy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">management (workers' self-management)</a> of their production.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> The Christian democratic welfare state aims at supporting families and often relies on intermediary institutions to deliver social services and <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a>, often with the support of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen199059–61-52">[47]</a> Christian democrats support the principle of <a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">stewardship</a>, which upholds the idea that humans should safeguard the planet for future generations of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51-24">[22]</a> Christian democrats also tend to have a conciliatory view concerning immigration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmeida2012117–-53">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_philosophy">Political philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political philosophy">edit</a>]</div> No single author has been recognized by all Christian democrats as the leading Christian democratic thinker, but <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a> comes closest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201923-54">[49]</a> Thus, in terms of impact, he is in no way akin to what <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> is for <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> for <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201923-54">[49]</a> Other authors critical to forming Christian democratic ideology include <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20034-55">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg200369-56">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPombeni2000-57">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Heinrich Pesch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957427-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957172-59">[54]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20036–7-60">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_inspiration">General inspiration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General inspiration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neo-scholasticism">edit</a>]</div> Christian democracy can trace its philosophical roots to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and his thoughts on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">[5]</a> According to Aquinas, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and are defined as the things humans need to function correctly. For example, food is a human right because, without food, humans cannot function properly. Aquinas affirmed that humans are images of the divine, which follows human dignity and equality; all humans are equal because they all share that nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913-61">[56]</a> Aquinas also affirmed the natural reality of family and household, based on the lifelong commitment of husband and wife, perfected with children, a unit that has priority over other communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913–14-62">[57]</a> Aquinas also argued that public power could legitimately appropriate private owners of their resources for the common good when used for people in genuine need.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201914-63">[58]</a> When Leo XIII became pope, he issued the Papal Encyclical <a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris" title="Aeterni Patris">Aeterni Patris</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">rehabilitated scholastic</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201947-64">[59]</a> The pope highlighted Aquinas's views on liberty, authority, laws, justice, and charity in this encyclical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201915-65">[60]</a> Aquinas's ideas would later be the foundation for the idea of subsidiarity, alongside the ideas that the state is to serve the people and that there is universal solidarity amongst humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201926–33-66">[61]</a> A significant Neo-Scholastic was Jacques Maritain, who attempted to reconcile democracy and human rights with <a href="/wiki/Thomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomist">Thomist</a> natural law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynickx201840-67">[62]</a> Maritain argued that human rights are based on natural law and that democracy needs Christianity to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynickx201841-68">[63]</a> Jacques Maritain would use Thomist ideas of property to reduce inequality, arguing that the state should be involved if individuals do not use their property correctly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeynickx201827-69">[64]</a> Jacques Maritain and Emmanuel Mounier would also use Thomist thinking in developing their idea of personalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a88-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neo-Calvinism">edit</a>]</div> Another intellectual element of Christian democracy was <a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">neo-Calvinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201118–22-8">[8]</a> The neo-Calvinist political ideas relied on John Calvin's ideas of the sovereignty of God and common grace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeest200750-71">[66]</a> God's sovereignty was particularly useful in light of the French revolution and notions of individual and state sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeest200750-71">[66]</a> It was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a>, which helped the interests of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Christian">Reformed Christians</a>, which have historically been a minority. In sphere sovereignty, each sphere has its activity area related to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeest200750-71">[66]</a> Within this view of sphere sovereignty, it was the state's role to pursue public justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeest200751-72">[67]</a> Another element was that life is religious, and politics should reflect this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeest200752-73">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy">edit</a>]</div> The development of Orthodox Christian democracy has been held back by the fact that Orthodox Politics has not received church support in the way that Rerum Novarum encouraged Christian democracy, or how early Christian democrats such as Luigi Sturzo received tacit consent for his political activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994a306-74">[69]</a> Russian Christian democrats, for example, have had to develop a doctrine of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994a307-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_thought">Political thought</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political thought">edit</a>]</div> Academics have noted a few ideas key to Christian democracy, including <a href="/wiki/Personalism#Mounier's_personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948753–754-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201953–79-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195727–40-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010196-79">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity#Catholic_social_teaching" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948753–754-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010196–200-80">[75]</a> (or some variant of <a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">social capitalism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019139–168-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195759–82-82">[77]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">popularism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201980–110-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199355–56-84">[79]</a> (or some variant of its <a href="/wiki/Catch_all_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch all (political party)">catch-all nature</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195727–40-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010186–191-85">[80]</a>), notions of "pluralism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948753–754-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195748–58-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195741–47-87">[82]</a> (which in a vertical sense relates to <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">subsidiarity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019111–138-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010187-89">[84]</a> and in a horizontal sense denotes <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansZimmermann201457–58-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201121-91">[86]</a> and stewardship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1995145-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019243–244-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199423-94">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personalism">Personalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personalism">edit</a>]</div> Personalism is a political doctrine generally linked to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201959-95">[90]</a> It focuses on the person, their intellect, responsibilities, and value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195728–29-96">[91]</a> It stresses that humans are free beings with dignity and political rights, but these rights must be used for the common good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948753–754-76">[71]</a> It also stresses that true human freedom is used in line with God's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201968-97">[92]</a> It is against the individualist and collectivist notions of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948753–754-76">[71]</a> It also stresses that people become full when they are members of their communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010196-79">[74]</a> In practical policy, it leads to a few conclusions: <ul><li>Human life is sacred and is an end in itself. It is, therefore, against abortion and euthanasia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201969-98">[93]</a></li> <li>The family unit is an essential part of society and must be defended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201969–70-99">[94]</a></li> <li>Traditional gender roles must be respected; this leads to a rejection of same-sex marriages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201970-100">[95]</a></li> <li>Freedom is not a license for Moral permissiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201970–71-101">[96]</a></li></ul> Personalism has generally been the underlying basis in Christian democracy that leads to human rights, especially in relation to a right to life, a right to family and a right to aid, a right to suffrage, freedom of conscience, and freedom of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201972–79-102">[97]</a> Modern personalist views also are inspired by ecologist values. <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> contrasts personalism, which he describes as a relation between humans and God, to modern-day capitalism, which is focused only on endless economic growth, which is harmful to the natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solidarity_and_social_capitalism">Solidarity and social capitalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Solidarity and social capitalism">edit</a>]</div> The Christian democratic political economy has not tethered itself to one "third way" between capitalism and socialism, but rather various ways between capitalism and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019150-104">[99]</a> Over time, Christian democrats moved from solidarism to a social market economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019149,_153–155-105">[100]</a> Initially, many Catholic political movements in the 19th century opposed <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> equally, as both were based on materialism and social conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200160-106">[101]</a> Initially, the system that Catholics advocated was one of corporatism, based on bringing back a guild-organized economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200160-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201742-107">[102]</a> The idea was a society where individuals were organized by their economic position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201743-108">[103]</a> In these corporatist systems, the fathers were the head of families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201743-108">[103]</a> One of these conceptions was that of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Franz von Baader</a>, who advocated for proletariat enfranchisement in the corporatist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2013154–155-109">[104]</a> Baader is recognized as the first person to advocate for workplace <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">codetermination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGaughey201513-110">[105]</a> Codetermination would become a key point of unity amongst the Christian democratic trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmployers'_and_Workers'_Organisations194897-111">[106]</a> In the 19th century and early 20th century, the Lutheran social Christians advocated an authoritarian view of corporatism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2013160–161-112">[107]</a> and the Neo-Calvinist corporatist idea has been credited as an inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">polder system</a> that currently exists in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuyper2021299–300-113">[108]</a> Many of these corporatisms would advance the idea of replacing the elected parliament with corporative parliament recognizing the various corporate estates of the nation; industrialists, small businesses, peasants, landowners, workers, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuyper2021299–300-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201743-108">[103]</a> The papal encyclical Rerum Novarum would recognize some of the principles behind corporatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201744–45-114">[109]</a> The Christian democratic notion of corporatism was found within <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Heinrich Pesch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Solidarism" title="Solidarism">solidarism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957427-58">[53]</a> Pesch's solidarism argued for international solidarity based on shared humanity, national solidarity based on shared nationality, familiar solidarity for family members, and class and cross-class solidarity based on shared interests in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEderer1991596–610-115">[110]</a> This latter solidarity focused on occupational associations advancing collective interests, codetermination,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEderer1991596–610-115">[110]</a> and a "third house of parliament" that would advise on economic matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrason2009281-116">[111]</a> Heinrich Pesch's idea of corporatism would be a qualified notion of subsidiarity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrason2009281-116">[111]</a> Pesch's ideas would be influential in the Papal Encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, given that Pesch's disciple <a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Oswald von Nell-Breuning</a> would draft the document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChmielewski1997487–508-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019151-118">[113]</a> Quadragesimo Anno was significant in legitimatizing the push for a corporatist system and subjected it to the notion of subsidiarity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger2019106–107-119">[114]</a> Around this time, corporatism became increasingly prominent among young Catholics frustrated with parliamentary politics<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201746-120">[115]</a> and, in many instances, would inspire authoritarian and fascist regimes movements in Austria, France, Spain, Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger2019106–107-119">[114]</a> and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201746,_50-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan2013160–161-112">[107]</a> Eventually, corporatism fell out of the political debate due to this association with authoritarian and fascist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard201754-122">[117]</a> Another economic idea within Christian democracy is the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, which is widely influential across much of continental Europe. The social market is an essentially free market economy based on a <a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">free price system</a> and private property. However, it supports government activity to promote competitive markets with a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare system</a> and effective public services to address social inequalities resulting from free market outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200883–84-123">[118]</a> The market is seen not as an end but as a means of generating wealth to achieve broader social goals and maintain societal cohesion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200884-124">[119]</a> The basis of the social market economy is <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">ordoliberalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinescuBodislavBelingher2013519-125">[120]</a> or German neoliberalism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin_Muresan201493–94-126">[121]</a> an idea related to thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Eucken" title="Walter Eucken">Walter Eucken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%B6hm" title="Franz Böhm">Franz Böhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M%C3%BCller-Armack" title="Alfred Müller-Armack">Alfred Müller-Armack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinescuBodislavBelingher2013519–521-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Ordoliberals viewed the concentration of power as a significant danger to liberty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin_Muresan2014113-129">[124]</a> They desired an economic constitution that would ensure competition in markets and free decisions, where people are uninfluenced by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin_Muresan2014115-130">[125]</a> As a result of the economic constitution, this model is mildly corporatist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin_Muresan201469-131">[126]</a> This model of capitalism, sometimes called Rhine–Alpine capitalism or social capitalism, is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-American capitalism</a> or enterprise capitalism. Whereas the Anglo-capitalist model aims to remove restrictions on capitalism and enable individual prosperity, the Rhinish Model embeds the market into the social framework, with the goals of nation-building and of taking care of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorin_Muresan2014127–128-132">[127]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, European Christian democratic parties have partially adopted "neo-liberal" policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019233,_237-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley19946,_67,_95-134">[129]</a> However, Christian democrats in the American Solidarity Party instead adopted <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a>. The promotion of the Christian democratic concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">subsidiarity</a> led to the creation of corporatist welfare states throughout the world that continue to exist to this day.<a href="#cite_note-136">[nb 6]</a> In keeping with the Christian democratic concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">cultural mandate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Preferential_option_for_the_poor" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential option for the poor">preferential option for the poor</a>, Christian justice is viewed as demanding that the welfare of all people, especially the poor and vulnerable, must be protected because every human being has dignity, being made in the image of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring2003181-137">[131]</a> In many countries, Christian democrats organized labor unions that competed with communist and social democratic unions, in contrast to conservatism's stance against worker organizations. In solidarity with these labor unions, in Belgium, for example, Christian democrats have lobbied for Sunday <a href="/wiki/Blue_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue laws">blue laws</a> that guarantee workers and civil servants a day of rest in line with historic <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">Christian Sabbath principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2009119-138">[132]</a> Another example of a Christian-inspired workers' movement is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a>, which not only fought for better working standards, but also contributed to promoting the idea of pacifism and a <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popularism">Popularism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Popularism">edit</a>]</div> Popolarismo (or popularism) is a political doctrine conceived by Don <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[nb 7]</a> however in reality this was Christian democracy in the political sphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199356–57-142">[135]</a> The papal encyclical <a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a> prohibited Christian democracy to be a political ideology, and so Sturzo used the term popularism instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199356-143">[136]</a> Popularism helped European Catholics come to accept democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199357-144">[137]</a> and so the idea has been linked to Christian democratic ideas of democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201989–91-145">[138]</a> which Sturzo Defined as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The political and social system resting on the free, organic participation of the whole people in the common good.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay_Carter1943460-146">[139]</a></blockquote> Academics have tied the idea of popularism to the way Christian democratic parties encompass sections of the whole population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019103–104-147">[140]</a> This results from the inherent religious center allowing cut across class divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199438-148">[141]</a> In realization of this, Christian democratic parties tend to invoke the title "People's Parties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199434-149">[142]</a> Academic Carlo Invernizzi Accetti links the idea of popularism to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociational democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201994,_97,_99-150">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pluralism">Pluralism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pluralism">edit</a>]</div> The Christian democratic notion of pluralism is about how humans are generally embedded in a social framework. <a href="/wiki/John_Witte_Jr." title="John Witte Jr.">John Witte</a>, explaining the origin of Christian democracy, describes pluralism thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Both Protestant and Catholic parties inveighed against the reductionist extremes and social failures of liberal democracies and social democracies. Liberal democracies, they believed, had sacrificed the community for the individual; social democracies had sacrificed the individual for the community. Both parties returned to a traditional Christian teaching of "social pluralism" or "subsidiarity", which stressed the dependence and participation of the individual in family, church, school, business, and other associations. Both parties stressed the responsibility of the state to respect and protect the "individual in community".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">[5]</a></blockquote> Sphere sovereignty stresses the horizontal element; social communities have roles they must uphold and certain liberty and autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201121-91">[86]</a> Here the government had the role of policing the spheres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201121-91">[86]</a> Subsidiarity is the vertical element,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010187-89">[84]</a> where the state has the role of protecting and regulating the spheres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019119–120-151">[144]</a> The state must not interfere if these communities are behaving effectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019123-152">[145]</a> This also means that a state can intervene when these communities are not competent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010187-89">[84]</a> In practice, subsidiarity has been used to justify the creation of international organizations, as higher international authorities need to exist to police nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019132-153">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stewardship">Stewardship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stewardship">edit</a>]</div> The idea of stewardship has traditionally been linked to managerial skills regarding property and income;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyerMontgomery1994920-154">[147]</a> Stewardship can be found in neo-Calvinist Abraham Kuyper's works, where it relates to a person's responsibilities over what is entrusted to them, especially their property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGootjes2013710-155">[148]</a> In Social Catholic circles in the 1970s, stewardship was explicitly linked to environmental matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyerMontgomery1994920-154">[147]</a> Stewardship was found in the first programs of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a>, and from here alongside the works of American bishops, the idea would spread to other Christian democratic parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199423-94">[89]</a> They view competent and efficient government as emblematic of a "just steward", which includes just stewardship over environmental matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019243–244-93">[88]</a> Pope Francis took a firm stance on environmentalism in the papal encyclical <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato Si</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019243–244-93">[88]</a> Here, the idea of stewardship comes from the correct translation of Genesis, where God entrusts man with stewardship of the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019243–244-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></div> The origins of Christian democracy go back to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, where initially, French republicanism and the Catholic Church were deeply hostile to one another as the revolutionary governments had attacked the church, confiscated the church's lands, persecuted its priests, and attempted to establish new religions, first the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200159-156">[149]</a> After the decades following the French Revolution, the Catholic Church saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> as a threat to Catholic values. The rise of capitalism and the resulting industrialization and urbanization of society were seen to be destroying traditional communal and family life. According to the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal economics</a> promoted selfishness and materialism with the liberal emphasis on individualism, tolerance, and free expression, enabling all kinds of self-indulgence and permissiveness to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200159-156">[149]</a> Consequently, for much of the 19th century, the Catholic Church was hostile to democracy and liberalism. This hostility to democracy and liberalism would be challenged by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">liberal Catholics</a> who believed the alliance between the church and aristocracy was a barrier to the church's mission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948738-157">[150]</a> Initially, this group desired to reconcile the Catholics with the state of modern politics, getting Catholics involved in parties, public action, and parliamentarianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969290–291-158">[151]</a> This, however, was not an endorsement of democracy, and the liberal Catholics maintained they did not adhere to liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969291-159">[152]</a> Eventually, the movement's leading figures, such as <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a>, would become more accepting of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969182-160">[153]</a> The group came to be associated with a desire for a free press, freedom of association and worship, and free education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948738-157">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969193-161">[154]</a> Around this time, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social thought</a> developed, with social Catholic theologians and activists advocating the interests of workers in society. Some activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Frédéric Ozanam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of St Vincent de Paul</a> founder, were more amenable to liberal democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948739-162">[155]</a> Ozanam criticized economic liberalism and the commodification of labor and argued that charity was insufficient to deal with these problems and that labor associations and state intervention were needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody1953129-163">[156]</a> Italian Popular Party leader <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Luigi Sturzo</a> credits Ozanam as the first Christian democrat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturzo19473-164">[157]</a> One of the more influential theologians in Germany was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm von Ketteler</a>, who encouraged Catholics to accept the modern state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008166–167-165">[158]</a> Ketteler argued for productive associations with profit sharing, Christian trade unions, and general workers' rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201944-166">[159]</a> In the 1870s, Catholic political movements arose independently of the Catholic Church to defend Catholic interests from the liberal states. In Europe, generally, the liberal states desired to wrestle control over the Catholic education system; however, in Germany and Italy, this was a direct attack against the church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996171-167">[160]</a> The Catholic political movements specifically opposed liberal secularism and state control of education; the parties that came out of these movements include the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party (Germany)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party (Belgium)</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_League_of_Roman_Catholic_Caucuses" class="mw-redirect" title="General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses">various Catholic parties in the Netherlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party (Austria)</a>. Initially, most of these parties accepted the anti-liberal beliefs of the Catholic Church at the time; many Catholics behind these movements believed all spheres of life should be regulated by religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996259-168">[161]</a> These movements were initially built by <a href="/wiki/Ultramontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontane">ultramontanes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas199666,_259-169">[162]</a> were against the liberal view that church and state must be separated,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200160-106">[101]</a> and used the term "Christian democracy" in opposition to liberal democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185-18">[16]</a> The Centre Party in Germany seems to be an exception to this trend in that they defended the Catholic Church through an appeal to liberal freedoms and democracy. Additionally, the Centre Party, inspired by Ketteler, supported social legislation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008166–167-165">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957175–176-170">[163]</a> Despite the thoroughly pro-Catholic position of these movements, the church itself resisted the movements, seeing them as a challenge to the church's control of the laity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185-18">[16]</a> Over time, the impact of electoral politics on these parties pushed them to be more accepting of liberal democracy. To form effective political coalitions, these parties evolved from Catholic parties to parties inspired by Christianity and turned to voters, not the Catholic Church, for legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996242–256,_261-171">[164]</a> During this time, the Catholic parties took an inter-class nature, such that they comprised trade unionists, landlords, industrialists, peasants, and artisans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996236,_263-172">[165]</a> which academics have linked to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">popularism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019102–104-173">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">confessional politics</a> was more wide and varied. The most significant movement was in the Netherlands, where <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Calvinist">neo-Calvinist</a> Protestants founded the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party" title="Anti-Revolutionary Party">Anti-Revolutionary Party</a>. Similarly to the Catholics, this party was formed out of similar concerns with liberal control of education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996193–194-174">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957160,_172-175">[168]</a> The party was against the ideas of the French revolution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996193–194-174">[167]</a> and its founder, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a>, held that the government derived its authority from God, not from the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlin201460-176">[169]</a> However, Kuyper and the Anti-Revolutionary Party did support organic democratic representation and promoted universal household suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowlin2014172–181-177">[170]</a> In Germany, this element came from the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Adolf Stoecker</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Germany)" title="Christian Social Party (Germany)">Christian Social Party</a>, and those who followed him. The Christian social movement aimed to challenge Marxist socialism, so Stoecker supported pro-worker economic policies to win over the working class. However, when this failed, Stoecker turned to anti-Semitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1998426–427-178">[171]</a> In Switzerland, Stoecker and his fellow allies generated some interest in Protestant political organization, but Protestants largely accepted the predominance of liberalism, so there was only minor growth of a Protestant political movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957166,_183–184-179">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Rerum_novarum_and_World_War_II">Between Rerum novarum and World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Between Rerum novarum and World War II">edit</a>]</div> The papacy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> was a turning point in the development of Christian democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008168–169-180">[173]</a> and he attempted to infuse democracy and liberalism with Catholic values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving197310-181">[174]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> encyclical <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a> in 1891, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> recognized workers' misery and argued for means to improve workers' conditions. He also attacked economic liberalism and condemned the rise of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and generally encouraged a corporatist approach to labor relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a20–21,_83-182">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a> would provide Catholic labor movements with an intellectual platform and would coincide with the rise of Christian trade unions across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond1948741–742-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a20–21,_83-182">[175]</a> It was the catalyst for the beginning of Christian democracy in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969265-184">[177]</a> Italy, and Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969196-185">[178]</a> The same year as the release of Rerum Novarum, Abraham Kuyper organized the Christian Social Congress alongside the Protestant workers' movement, where Kuyper outlined their social principles and policy. These actions reinforced the push for Christian social action in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957301–302-186">[179]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a>, the pope would protest against using Christian democracy as a political label, preferring it to describe a social movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier1969196-185">[178]</a> Some academics consider the Catholic political parties around this time to be essentially Catholic and not Christian democratic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a201–214-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996-188">[181]</a> However, others consider the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(France)" title="Popular Democratic Party (France)">Popular Democratic Party (France)</a> Christian democratic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinaudi1969-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957322–323,_333-190">[183]</a> These parties advocated political liberties, religious liberties, economic reform, and social partnership, policies to support democracy and internationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturzo192691–91-191">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving197346-192">[185]</a> The Italian People's Party also advocated for regionalism and proportional representation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturzo192691–94-193">[186]</a> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a> attempted to reform the Centre Party into a Christian democratic party, uniting Catholics and Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatch201815-194">[187]</a> In Belgium, the rising workers' movement came to form the increasingly powerful Christian democratic faction of the Catholic Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway1996192–195-195">[188]</a> This period also saw other Catholic parties forming; Bavarian Catholics broke away and formed the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> due to the Centre Party's participation in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a42-196">[189]</a> In Switzerland, Catholics formed the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Swiss Conservative People's Party</a>, which, as a party, was divided between three competing demographics; rural Catholics who wanted greater regional independence, Catholic workers who wanted economic reform, and the more conservative groups who opposed democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a53–54-197">[190]</a> Overall, the party was held together by the Catholic faith and anti-socialist and anti-liberal tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a61-198">[191]</a> In Ireland, Fianna Fáil was founded as a Catholic political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway1996285-199">[192]</a> Fine Gael, Fianna Fáil, and Labor would all be avenues for Christian democracy in the post-war period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway1996299-200">[193]</a> In the early 20th century, Protestant confessional politics developed further. In Weimar Germany, Stoecker's Christian social party joined the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> as its labor wing in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatch201815-194">[187]</a> The Christian social parliamentarians from this party would then leave in 1929 to form the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">Christian Social People's Service</a> (CSVD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957183-201">[194]</a> Protestant workers' movements in Switzerland gradually developed mutual aid funds into an independent trade union movement. Around this time, Swiss Protestants formed the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party</a>. The 1930s saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Norway)">Christian People's Party</a> in Norway. It was built on the work of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist Lutherans</a>, and the party was initially founded to defend the country's Christian heritage against the rise of secularization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994148–149-202">[195]</a> There was cooperation between the Protestant and Catholic parties during this period. The Catholic and Protestant parties would form joint governments in the Netherlands and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDöringHuberManow2022-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996235-204">[197]</a> However, this cooperation did not challenge the underlying differences between the movements; in Germany, there was tension from cooperation with Protestants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatch201811,_15-205">[198]</a> while in the Netherlands, the Anti-Revolutionaries would not support pro-Vatican policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996235-204">[197]</a> A significant factor that helped Christian democracy during this period was the lay <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a> movements. These organizations stress the apostolate of the laity, which is the role of everyday Catholics in spreading the faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty19574-206">[199]</a> In practice, these movements helped support the Christian trade unions and Christian democratic parties across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957211–231-207">[200]</a> In Italy, Catholic Action supported the Italian Popular Party, and the rise of Mussolini would act as an anti-fascist force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199678,_83–84-208">[201]</a> Catholic Action would later help the post-war Christian democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199686-209">[202]</a> Likewise, Catholic Action would work in the resistance in France and help found the MRP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199678,_83–84-208">[201]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> released the encyclical Quadragesimo anno, which was released on the 40th anniversary of Rerum novarum, and aimed to clarify the subsequent social doctrine of the church. The encyclical doubled down on the pronouncements of Rerum novarum on economic liberalism and socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201991–92-210">[203]</a> The attack against socialism was broadened to include moderate socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201992-211">[204]</a> and within the encyclical, the pope outlined a corporatist structure of society based on the notion of "subsidiarity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger2019102–106-212">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody195360-213">[206]</a> However, the pope would stress the autonomy of this corporatist system to distinguish it from fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody195356-214">[207]</a> This Quadragesimo Anno would come to influence the economic programs of Catholic parties of the time, such as the Popular Democratic Party,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a127-215">[208]</a> and the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_State_Party" title="Roman Catholic State Party">Roman Catholic State Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a71-216">[209]</a> alongside influencing Belgian Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a90-217">[210]</a> The Centre Party, Christian Social Party, and Swiss Conservative People's Party already advocated corporatism based on economists such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Heinrich Pesch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Oswald von Nell-Breuning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Karl von Vogelsang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a44–45,_59–60,_149-218">[211]</a> In Germany and Austria, Quadragesimo anno renewed the vigor for corporatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a44–45,_149-219">[212]</a> In Ireland, Political Catholics would pursue a policy of vocationalism taken directly from Quadragesimo anno. This vocationalism was most evident in the corporatist nature of the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Irish upper house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway1996283–285,_292-220">[213]</a> Across Europe, the Catholic and Protestant parties faced the threat of fascism. Amidst the rise of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascism</a> in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)" title="Italian People's Party (1919)">Italian People's Party</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a>, attempted to challenge <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> by forming a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">socialist party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a118-221">[214]</a> Sturzo was ordered by the Catholic Church in 1923 to disband his party and exit politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvas1996186-222">[215]</a> Poor electoral performance in 1924 would make Sturzo give party leadership to <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> and go into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a117-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelice2001235-224">[217]</a> Once in power, the fascists disbanded the Italian People's Party. This would precede the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> between the Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Italian fascists</a> in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a118–119-225">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">CSVD</a> would face the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in Germany. Once the Nazis attained power in 1933, they attempted to take total power with the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>. Internally, the Centre Party was divided on the Enabling Act, but many became persuaded that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> would not eliminate the Reichstag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatch201841-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECary1996138–139-227">[220]</a> Comparatively, the historical anti-Semitism of the Protestant Christian Social movement left the Christian Socials susceptible to Nazism. The Nazi Party would infiltrate the Protestant unions linked to CSVD in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatch201832–34,_42-228">[221]</a> Eventually, both parties would sign the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, and both parties would summarily dissolve. In Austria, the Christian Socials would have already disbanded before Germany annexed Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a152-229">[222]</a> In Austria, a short civil war between authoritarians and social democrats would divide the Christian Socials, many of which would help build the authoritarian state. Outside of Italy, Germany and, Austria, many Catholic and Protestant parties would ultimately be dissolved when Nazi Germany invaded the rest of Europe in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Many Christian democrats would assist in the resistance in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199657–58-230">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_post-war_period">The post-war period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The post-war period">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, "both Protestant and Catholic political activists helped to restore democracy to war-torn Europe and extend it overseas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">[5]</a> Christian resistors were significant in establishing post-war Christian democracy movements in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199658–59-231">[224]</a> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway1996177–178-232">[225]</a> and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchananConway199685–86-233">[226]</a> The collapse of fascism led to the discrediting of the radical right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg2003121–122-234">[227]</a> In Germany, conservatism was associated with reactionary and anti-democratic attitudes. The Christian democrats could claim to be untainted by fascism and thereby draw together conservative Catholics and bourgeois Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton-Henry1982131–133-235">[228]</a> In both Germany and Italy, the Christian democratic parties encompassed former conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg2003121–122-234">[227]</a> The Christian democratic parties dominated the post-war scene. In Italy, the new <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democratic Party</a> led the coalition government under <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, and in France, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> became the largest party in parliament in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg2003122–123-236">[229]</a> In Germany, France, and Italy, the Christian democratic parties helped establish their respective countries' constitutions. Between the 1940s and 1990s, Christian democratic parties were in power across western Europe; "In Germany they were in power for 36 years out of 50, in Italy for 47 years out of 52, in Belgium 47 years out of 53, and in Netherlands for 49 years of 53; even in France they were influential up to 1962".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg2003122-237">[230]</a> In the post-war period, Christian democratic parties became more conservative, partially in response to communism and secularism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199453-238">[231]</a> The Christian democrats also won the women's vote in their respective countries due to the pro-family policies of Christian democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199456–57-239">[232]</a> Christian democrats pursued decentralization policies during this time, encouraging regionalism in Germany, Italy, and Belgium. This was sought with increased favor as a result of experiencing fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994130–131-240">[233]</a> Christian democratic parties were also crucial in pushing for codeterminative <a href="/wiki/Works_council" title="Works council">works councils</a> and workers on boards during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195766-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019163–165-48">[43]</a> Despite this initial power, cracks started to appear; Christian democracy in France declined substantially, as Popular Republican Movement and its successors quickly fell apart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004197–202-241">[234]</a> French Christian democrats would ultimately become subsumed into Gaullist parties. Similarly, minor Christian democratic parties such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Democratic Party (Spain)">People's Democratic Party</a> (PDP) would rise in post-Franco Spain. However, these movements were too divided and lacked the political necessity of religious cleavages to play a dominant role in Spanish democracy. These Christian democratic parties would fail, and the Christian democrats would join the Spanish Popular Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004244–246-242">[235]</a> Protestant Christian democracy developed in multifaceted ways in the post-war period. In Germany, it arose amongst the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Ordoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordoliberal">ordoliberals</a>. These Lutherans looked to Christian theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> to path a way that obeyed worldly authority but also challenged the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrarup2019a315-243">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrarup2019b331-244">[237]</a> The core of the ordoliberal ideology was a strong state that enabled market competition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrarup2019a306-245">[238]</a> During the war, the ordoliberals worked with Bonhoeffer to develop a political and socio-economic plan for the post-war period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrzonka2018371–373-246">[239]</a> and after the war, they joined with Catholics to form the Christian Democratic Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrarup2019a310-247">[240]</a> The ordoliberals termed their vision a "<a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrarup2019b333-248">[241]</a> a vision the Catholics would also come to champion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019153–155-249">[242]</a> In Sweden, it arose amongst the Pentecostals, where it coalesced in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">Christian Democrats</a>, founded in 1964 as a reaction to secularization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994125-250">[243]</a> The Finnish <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats</a>, formed in 1957, and the Danish <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Christian Democrats (Denmark)">Christian People's Party</a>, formed in 1970, defended Christian schooling and dissented against secular trends such as atheism and liberal abortion policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994125–126-251">[244]</a> The Nordic Christian democratic parties did not represent the Lutheran state church but non-conformist Christians and lay activists within the Lutheran state church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994126-252">[245]</a> In the Netherlands, the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Historical_Union" title="Christian Historical Union">Christian Historical Union</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_People%27s_Party" title="Catholic People's Party">Catholic People's Party</a> to form Christian Democratic Appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley199423-94">[89]</a> European Christian democrats were a significant force in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. At the beginning of the European project, three significant men were <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, all Christian democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019250-253">[246]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Rome Treaty</a> was signed, Christian democrats were the leading governments in four of the six countries, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Luxembourg, and were a part of the coalition government in the Netherlands at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019250-253">[246]</a> At least until the mid-1980s, social democrats were hostile to the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> – even in the 1970s, Swedish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> called the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> "conservative", "capitalist", "clerical", and "colonialist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019251–252-254">[247]</a> Indeed, the European Union has the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">subsidiarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personalism#Mounier's_personalism" title="Personalism">personalism</a> embedded within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser200710-255">[248]</a> The influence of Christian democracy on the European Union is such that one academic has called the European Union a "Christian democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019249-256">[249]</a> Alongside the European Union was the development of European Christian democratic parties. This appeared in the 1940s with the Nouvelles Equipes Internationales,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser2007191–251-257">[250]</a> which would evolve into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Christian_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union of Christian Democrats">European Union of Christian Democrats</a> in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser2007314-258">[251]</a> and, finally, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994187-259">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Christian democratic parties no longer have as much power in European politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaleKrouwel201317-260">[253]</a> Indeed, in Italy, the Christian democratic party collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaleKrouwel201319-261">[254]</a> The reasons for the decline in Christian democracy are multifaceted, partly due to European secularization and the loss of a voting base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaleKrouwel201320-262">[255]</a> The death of communism and the rise of neo-liberalism have also dented the movement, and the financial crisis has also shown flaws in Christian democratic welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaleKrouwel201320-262">[255]</a> Furthermore, immigration and the rise of populism have further put pressure on Christian democracy, as it is torn between the right's call for restrictions, the businesses' call for an open labor market, and the religious call for more charity to immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaleKrouwel201320-262">[255]</a> Some Christian democratic parties, particularly in Europe, no longer emphasize religion and have become much more <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffinoRamjouéVarone2009577–578-263">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004307-264">[257]</a> Recently, many minor Christian democratic parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Union (Netherlands)">Christian Union</a>, and others across Europe, did not feel represented in the existing political establishment, so they formed a political organization in the <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnema201182–83-265">[258]</a> These parties stressed the Christian history of Europe alongside advocating for traditional Christian values and economic and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECPM2003-266">[259]</a> Many Muslim parties in Muslim countries have looked to the Christian democratic tradition for inspiration. The most notable is Turkey's ruling <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (usually known by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> acronym AKP, for Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi), which is Islamic and has moved towards the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2005-267">[260]</a> However, this link is questioned, given that AKP's movement toward Christian democracy may be to curry the favor of European parties in European integration, something the European Christian democrats ultimately shot down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019319,_328–329-268">[261]</a> Other Islamic groups that have been linked include the Democratic League of Kosovo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKandur2016-269">[262]</a> and Mohammad Morsi in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019319-270">[263]</a> Some Muslim democratic parties embraced by Christian democrats are the <a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party (Indonesia)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (Philippines)</a>, who have joined the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Western_Europe">Outside Western Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Outside Western Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">List of Christian democratic parties</a></div> The international organization of Christian democratic parties, the <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a> (CDI), formerly known as the Christian Democratic International, is the second-largest international political organization in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>. European Christian democratic parties have a regional organization, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, which forms the largest group in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>: the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> Early Christian democracy in Latin America formed in the early 20th century, and these parties were generally conservative, and their main aim was to protect the interests of the Catholic church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019282-271">[264]</a> These parties viewed Christianity as the origin and soul of democratic values and advocated an organic conception of society, decentralization, and corporatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019282–283-272">[265]</a> Christian democrats would become more progressive in the 1960s and 1970s, partially due to the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> between 1961 and 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019290–291-273">[266]</a> This led to the growth of liberation theology in Latin American Catholicism, which stressed class conflict over the Christian democratic class mediation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019290–291-273">[266]</a> Furthermore, due to the US policy against socialism in Latin America, Christian democratic parties could position themselves as progressive and demand social reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019291–292-29">[27]</a> Furthermore, Christian democrats accepted modernism and technocracy and began to advocate centralized planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019292–293,_294-274">[267]</a> In the 1980s, due to international trends such as the Washington consensus, Christian democrats accepted neoliberal policies in their nations, leading to future electoral losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019302–303-275">[268]</a> Throughout this period, Christian democratic parties have played a force for democracy, such as <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">COPEI</a>, which helped establish Democratic Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019299-276">[269]</a> and the PDC in Chile, the main opposition to Pinochet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019303-277">[270]</a> Christian democracy has been especially important in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Chile</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Party of Chile">Christian Democratic Party of Chile</a>) and Venezuela (see <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">COPEI</a> – Christian Democratic Party of Venezuela), among others, and partly also in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Mexico</a>, starting with the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> in 2000, followed by <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> (see <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party (Mexico)</a>). Cuba counts several Christian democratic political associations on the island and in exile. Perhaps the most significant is Movimiento Cristiano de Liberación (MCL), led by Cuban dissident <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Pay%C3%A1" title="Oswaldo Payá">Oswaldo Payá</a>, who was killed in a tragic automobile accident in the summer of 2012 and has been nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. In Uruguay, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Uruguay" title="Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay">Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay</a>, although numerically small, was instrumental in creating the leftist <a href="/wiki/Broad_Front_(Uruguay)" title="Broad Front (Uruguay)">Broad Front</a> in 1971. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_and_Eastern_Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Central and Eastern Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> Christian democratic movements in Poland formed in 1890 and gained increasing prominence from 1916, such that various Christian democratic movements coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="Polish Christian Democratic Party">Christian Democratic Party</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a123–124-278">[271]</a> The party's economic program drew from <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum Novarum</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a>. The party would encourage cross-class solidarity, co-ownership, and co-determination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a127–129-279">[272]</a> For the first half of the 1920s, the party had considerable influence in government, providing cabinet members and a prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a125-280">[273]</a> After the coup d'état in 1926, the party's influence worsened. The party would eventually side with the <a href="/wiki/Centrolew" title="Centrolew">opposition centre-left</a> and unite with <a href="/wiki/National_Workers%27_Party" title="National Workers' Party">National Workers' Party</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labour Party</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a125–126-281">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Wojciech Korfanty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karol_Popiel" title="Karol Popiel">Karol Popiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller" title="Józef Haller">Józef Haller</a> were the most significant members of the Christian democratic movement. During World War II many politicians of the Labour Party organised a resistance movement known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_National-Catholic_Organisations_%22Union%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of National-Catholic Organisations "Union" (page does not exist)">The Union</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacja_Organizacji_Narodowo-Katolickich_%E2%80%9EUnia%E2%80%9D" class="extiw" title="pl:Federacja Organizacji Narodowo-Katolickich „Unia”">pl</a>], which was later integrated with <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> in 1942. The Labour Party continued to exist in exile till the fall of communism (its prominent member <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Stanisław Gebhart</a> was active in organising the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">international</a> Christian democratic movement), procommunist faction existed in Poland until 1950.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> After World War II, the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party_(1945%E2%80%931949)" title="Polish People's Party (1945–1949)">Polish People's Party</a>, the only opposition party in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">communist Poland</a> had large Christian democratic factions, which had lost their influence after the party was defeated and forced to <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">unite</a> with communist peasant parties. Progovernmental organizations referring to Christian values, like <a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX association</a> represented interests of the communist block rather than Christian democratic values.<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> The Christian democratic movement experienced a revival during the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> uprising. <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> were considered as Christian democratic leaders within the Solidarity movement.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> The democratic opposition was openly supported by the Catholic Church led by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, but also by Christian organisations like the <a href="/wiki/Klub_Inteligencji_Katolickiej" title="Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej">Club of Catholic Intelligentsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> After the fall of communism, many Christian democratic parties were emerged on the right (like <a href="/wiki/Centre_Agreement" title="Centre Agreement">Centre Agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian-Peasant_Party" title="Christian-Peasant Party">Christian-Peasant Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="Conservative People's Party (Poland)">Conservative People's Party</a> or the revived <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Poland)" title="Labour Party (Poland)">Labour Party</a>), while more centre-oriented Christian factions teamed up with liberals to form the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Poland)" title="Democratic Union (Poland)">Democratic Union</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Union_(Poland)" title="Freedom Union (Poland)">Freedom Union</a>. In the late 1990s, conservative and Christian democratic parties formed <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Electoral_Action" title="Solidarity Electoral Action">Solidarity Electoral Action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> Since 2005, the Polish political scene has been dominated by two major parties, liberal conservative <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> and right-wing <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a>, both with significant Christian democratic factions.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> With the Civic Platform shifting over time to social-liberal positions and Law and Justice towards right-wing populism, the agrarian <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> became a significant Christian-oriented voice.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a> has abandoned its former left-wing policy to form Christian democratic and conservative political projects like <a href="/wiki/Polish_Coalition" title="Polish Coalition">Polish Coalition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Poland)" title="Third Way (Poland)">Third Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> Christian democracy has developed in countries with Eastern Orthodox majorities in unique and disparate ways. Romania has seen small Christian parties – such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> in 1926, which promoted Christian morality, democracy and social justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdina-Elena201253–54-295">[288]</a> In the 1980s, Corneliu Coposu, would affiliate the party with the CDI, and on the fall of Communism, would re-enroll the party as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a> in 1990. This new party advocated market economies with social protection, subsidiarity and citizens liberties. Corneliu Coposu, hoped Romania would become "the Capital of Orthodox Christian-Democracy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdina-Elena201254-296">[289]</a> After the fall of communism Christian democratic tendencies are mostly visible in the platform of the centre-right <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a> and the eurofederalist, national conservative <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> Russian Christian democracy was beset by personality clashes between leaders, and Russian Christian democracy was bifurcated into two ideological camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b70,_73,_76-299">[292]</a> The first wanted to import a carbon copy of Western Christian democracy into the Russian political scene, such as the RCDU, CDUR and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Christian Democratic Party of Russia">RCPD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b70-300">[293]</a> The Christians that make up these groups are not from Orthodoxy themselves – they are newly Orthodox Christians or Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b70–71-301">[294]</a> The largest party of the other group was the Russian Christian Democratic Movement, which attempted to unify democracy with orthodoxy on the basis of statism and patriotism (73–74).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b73–74-302">[295]</a> In practice they acted as democrats or patriots, depending on circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b74-303">[296]</a> It would gradually move to the right, adopt and ally with orthodox-monarchists and national-republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchipkov1994b76-304">[297]</a> The party would eventually leave the democratic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESakwa1994279-305">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Iron_Curtain_and_former_Yugoslavia">Post-Iron Curtain and former Yugoslavia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post-Iron Curtain and former Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> After the end of the socialist experience in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, and especially with <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, many parties from former socialist countries become members of the Christian democratic umbrella organization, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP). Examples include the <a href="/wiki/KDU-%C4%8CSL" title="KDU-ČSL">KDU-ČSL</a> in the Czech Republic, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> in Croatia, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> in Poland, etc. Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> was part of the EPP from 2004 to 2021; its leader, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, claimed <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> to be a "Christian democracy".<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> Many of those parties pushed for a re-traditionalization of society, pro-family policies, a Bismarckian <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, and identity politics based on Christianity while maintaining a pro-European integration attitude.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> The ideals of Christian democracy also inspire other <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroskeptic</a> parties, and they are grouped under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a>; an example is <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> in Poland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> In Greece, <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> is deemed to be a Christian democratic party – though it often moves back and forth from Christian democracy to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatism</a> intermittently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexakis2020267-308">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> Christian democracy in the UK was sporadic and un-unified. One group was the Catholic Social Guild, established in 1909 to propagate a Catholic alternative to socialism. They encouraged Catholics to work within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and push policies for families, a living wage, social partnership in industry, and property diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994169–170-309">[302]</a> Another group was the People and Freedom Group, established during Sturzo's exile in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelice2001235-224">[217]</a> They were a largely middle-class organization set up in response to pain felt by Catholics during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. They published their manifesto, "For Democracy" in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994171-310">[303]</a> The Catholic Worker was another Christian democratic group at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994171-310">[303]</a> In general, British Christian democrats, especially those in the People and Freedom Group, attempted to push the Labour Party towards Christian democracy, and they made a significant attempt to portray Christian democracy as left-wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994174–178-311">[304]</a> Ultimately the People and Freedom Group failed to do so and became disillusioned with the Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994177-312">[305]</a> On the other hand, the Catholic Worker aimed to make Labour policies acceptable to Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanley1994179–180-313">[306]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a> is a Christian democratic party that emphasizes the country's Christian heritage and advocates for the principles of "active compassion, respect for life, social justice, wise stewardship, empowerment, and reconciliation."<a href="#cite_note-Bruce2020-314">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Christian democratic parties in Australia include the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)">Democratic Labor Party</a> and, arguably, the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Australia)">Christian Democratic Party</a>. The Democratic Labor Party was formed in 1955 as a split from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP). In <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, state executive members, parliamentarians, and branch members associated with the Industrial Groups or <a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">B. A. Santamaria</a> and "The Movement" (and therefore strongly identified with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>) were expelled from the party. They formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic Labor Party</a> (DLP). Later in 1957, a similar split occurred in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, with the resulting group joining the DLP. The party also had sitting members from <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> at various times, though it was much stronger in the states mentioned above. The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) did not claim to be a Christian democratic party, but it has been considered such by historian Michael Fogarty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957xxv-315">[308]</a> The party's goals were <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, the decentralization of industry, population, administration, and ownership.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> In its view that the ALP was filled with communists, the party decided it would <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">prefer</a> the ruling conservative <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country</a> parties over the ALP.<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> However, it was more morally conservative, militantly anti-communist, and socially compassionate than the Liberals. The DLP heavily lost ground in the federal election of 1974, which saw its primary vote cut by nearly two-thirds and the election of an ALP government. The DLP never regained its previous support in subsequent elections and formally disbanded in 1978, but a small group within the party refused to accept this decision and created a small, reformed successor party (now the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)">Democratic Labour Party</a>). In 2006, the new DLP experienced a resurgence. The successor party struggled through decades of Victorian elections before finally gaining a parliamentary seat when the Victorian upper house was redesigned. Nevertheless, its electoral support is still minimal in Victoria (around 2%). It has recently reformed state parties in Queensland and New South Wales. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 Australian federal election</a>, the DLP won the sixth senate seat in Victoria, giving it representation in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AusCon-318">[311]</a> The former <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Australia)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Australia)">Christian Democratic Party</a>, initially known as the "Call to Australia (Fred Nile) Group",<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> was a strongly religious conservative party in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-cdp.org.au-320">[313]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> party, akin to the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party</a> and New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_New_Zealand" title="Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand">Christian Heritage Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreston201662-322">[315]</a> In 2011, the Victorian and Western Australian branches of the Christian Democratic Party (CDP) voted to form a new party, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Christians_(political_party)" title="Australian Christians (political party)">Australian Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lauder2012-323">[316]</a> while the former Christian Democratic Party was wound up due to governance issues in 2022, and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Nile" title="Fred Nile">Fred Nile</a>, moved onto a new party: "Christ in Government (Fred Nile Alliance)".<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> Historically, there has been no major Christian democratic movement in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. This is potentially a result of the two-party system in the US.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019312-325">[318]</a> However, for European Christian democrats, the United States has been a source of inspiration for how Christianity and democracy can work together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019313-326">[319]</a> Indeed, for Jacques Maritain, America was the realization of the Christian democratic ideal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019315-327">[320]</a> Thus, Invernizzi Accetti opined that "from the point of view of Christian Democrats themselves, the United States didn't need a Christian Democratic party or movement because it already was a Christian Democracy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019316-328">[321]</a> However, there have been some Christian democratic Groups in the US; inspired by the "People and Freedom Group" in the United Kingdom, US Catholics set up similar groups in American cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGehlerKaiser2004a223-329">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a> is a minor third party in the United States that identifies as a Christian democratic party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongenecker2016-330">[323]</a> Based in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a> is a Christian democratic public policy organization that desires to "bring the principles of a Christian worldview to bear on the political realm."<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> The platform of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heritage_Party_of_Canada" title="Christian Heritage Party of Canada">Christian Heritage Party of Canada</a>, which was founded by Catholic politicians Bill and <a href="/wiki/Heather_Stilwell" title="Heather Stilwell">Heather Stilwell</a>, as well as Reformed politicians Ed and Audrey Vanwoudenberg, resonates with Christian democratic political ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Sherratt2007-332">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie2005-333">[326]</a> <big>Asia</big> South Korea Although Christian democratic movements are not prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is not a main religion there, liberal parties in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, the only country in the East Asia where Christianity is the main religion, tend to have Christian democratic tendencies. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a>, which is the main liberal party of South Korea, supports building universal <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> However they tend to be conservative on social issues due to the influence of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party of Korea</a> oppose <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">anti-discrimination law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">gay marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> Some researchers have placed the DPK's position on the political spectrum to the right of Christian democracy, saying that the DPK is "more [economically and socially] conservative than the centre-right German <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU)" in particular.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> The Democratic Party's <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>+ policy is more conservative than CDU.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> Because of this, some left-leaning researchers have placed the party more <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> than Western European conservative parties.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> Also, many members of the Democratic Party, such as <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hae-chan" title="Lee Hae-chan">Lee Hae-chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Jae-myung" title="Lee Jae-myung">Lee Jae-myung</a>, define the party's de facto identity as 'true conservative', 'moderate conservative' or 'centre-right'.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> In his book titled 1219 The end is beginning, Moon Jae-in writes, "it is only a backward political reality unique to South Korea that political forces which are centre-right in nature are attacked for being attacked for being left-wing."<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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Democrat International</a> (CDI) – formerly Christian Democratic International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Organization_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Organization of America">Christian Democratic Organization of America</a> (ODCA) – a CDI regional organization for the Americas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> (ECPM) – a European party (non-CDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> (EDP) – a European party (non-CDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP) – the largest transnational European party of Christian democratic and conservative parties (a CDI and IDU regional)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_theory" title="Moderation theory">Moderation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Pentecostals have also secured parliamentary representation in countries such as Australia, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru, and have helped form Christian political parties that have won parliamentary seats. A noteworthy case is Sweden's Christian Democrats party, not only because it is in a continent where Pentecostals have struggled to make political headway but also because its Pentecostal founder, Lewi Pethrus, who challenged secularization by creating institutions to foster a Christian counterculture, was active at a time when Pentecostals in Sweden or the United States shunned politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "Concurrent with this missionary movement in Africa, both Protestant and Catholic political activists helped to restore democracy to war-torn Europe and extend it overseas. Protestant political activism emerged principally in England, the Lowlands, and Scandinavia under the inspiration of both social gospel movements and neo-Calvinism. Catholic political activism emerged principally in Italy, France, and Spain under the inspiration of both Rerum Novarum and its early progeny and of neo-Thomism. Both formed political parties, which now fall under the general aegis of the Christian Democratic Party movement. Both Protestant and Catholic parties inveighed against the reductionist extremes and social failures of liberal democracies and social democracies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Conservatives, including the Christian democrats, favor an abstinence strategy that aims at a controlled use of legal drugs such as alcohol, nicotine, and medical drugs, on the one hand, and prohibiting the use of illegal drugs (whether soft or hard), on the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerboStrasser2000101-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColemanKerboRamos2001413-36">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> The main ideological and integrative theme present from the start concerned an emphasis on general Christian values, both as a moral rejection of the atheist, immoral and materialist Nazism and as a manner of distinction vis à vis social democracy. The thrust of the Christian democratic argument was that politics had to be founded in Christianity and that a moral recovery was a prerequisite for social and economic recuperation. It was imperative to concede the importance of Christian ethics after an epoch of such inhuman and atheist cruelty. (Heidenheimer 1960:33–34; Mintzel 1982:133)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kersbergen200363-38">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> European Christian democracy after the Second World War really represented a common political front against the People's Democracies, that is, Christian democracy was a kind of ecumenical unity achieved on the religious level against the atheism of the government in the Communist countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDussel1981217-41">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> The Christian democrats promoted a corporatist welfare state, based on the principles of the so-called "sphere sovereignty" and "subsidiarity" in social policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakvan_HolthoonKrabbendamAyers199656-135">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Sturzo outlined his conception of popularism as follows: "Popularism is democratic, but it differs from liberal democracy in that it denies the individualist and centralising system of the State and wishes the State to be organic and decentralised. It is liberal (in the wholesome sense of the word) because it takes its stand on the civil and political liberties, which it upholds as equal for all, without party monopolies and without persecution of religion, races or classes. It is social in the sense of a radical reform of the present capitalist system, but it parts company with Socialism because it admits of private property while insisting on the social function of such property. It proclaims its Christian character because to-day there can be no ethics or civilisation other than Christian. Popularism was the antithesis of the totalitarian State."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturzo1939479-140">[134]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165,_169-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165,_169_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaciagliRobeckYong2008">Caciagli, Robeck & Yong 2008</a>, pp. 165, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919,_24-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919,_24_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, pp. 19, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201283-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeywood201283_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeywood2012">Heywood 2012</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaletti2011283.4-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaletti2011283.4_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaletti2011">Galetti 2011</a>, p. 28, 3.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte19939-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte19939_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte19939_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte19939_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte19939_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte19939_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitte1993">Witte 1993</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaciagliRobeckYong2008165_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaciagliRobeckYong2008">Caciagli, Robeck & Yong 2008</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201919_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENijhoff201118–22-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENijhoff201118–22_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENijhoff201118–22_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNijhoff2011">Nijhoff 2011</a>, pp. 18–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden200413-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeden200413_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeden2004">Freeden 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobeckYong2014178_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobeckYong2014">Robeck & Yong 2014</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeden200482-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeden200482_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeden2004">Freeden 2004</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty19573-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty19573_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty1957">Fogarty 1957</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019139–140-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019139–140_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitte199349-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitte199349_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitte1993">Witte 1993</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957149–166-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957149–166_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty1957">Fogarty 1957</a>, pp. 149–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010185_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010">Kalyvas & van Kersbergen 2010</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvrnfq4r">Christian Democracy and the Fall of Communism</a>. Leuven University Press. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvrnfq4r">10.2307/j.ctvrnfq4r</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-216-5"><bdi>978-94-6270-216-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvrnfq4r">j.ctvrnfq4r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+and+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvrnfq4r%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvrnfq4r&rft.isbn=978-94-6270-216-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvrnfq4r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaratnycky1998" class="citation journal cs1">Karatnycky, Adrian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20048358">"Christian Democracy Resurgent: Raising the Banner of Faith in Eastern Europe"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 77 (1): 13–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20048358">10.2307/20048358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20048358">20048358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Christian+Democracy+Resurgent%3A+Raising+the+Banner+of+Faith+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20048358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20048358&rft.aulast=Karatnycky&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20048358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro" class="citation web cs1">Munro, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christian-democracy">"Christian democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 5 November 2022. <q>For this reason, Christian democracy does not fit squarely in the ideological categories of left and right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Christian+democracy&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristian-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKte'pi2009p._131:_"The_basic_tenets_of_Christian_democracy_call_for_applying_Christian_principles_to_public_policy;_Christian_democratic_parties_tend_to_be_socially_conservative_but_otherwise_left_of_centre_with_respect_to_economic_and_labour_issues,_civil_rights,_and_foreign_policy"-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKte'pi2009p._131:_"The_basic_tenets_of_Christian_democracy_call_for_applying_Christian_principles_to_public_policy;_Christian_democratic_parties_tend_to_be_socially_conservative_but_otherwise_left_of_centre_with_respect_to_economic_and_labour_issues,_civil_rights,_and_foreign_policy"_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKte'pi2009">Kte'pi 2009</a>, p. 131: "The basic tenets of Christian democracy call for applying Christian principles to public policy; Christian democratic parties tend to be socially conservative but otherwise left of centre with respect to economic and labour issues, civil rights, and foreign policy". </li> <li id="cite_note-Geest2017-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Geest2017_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeest2017" class="citation book cs1">Geest, Fred Van (2017). Introduction to Political Science: A Christian Perspective. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9086-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-9086-6</bdi></a>. <q>In fact, there are scores of Christian Democratic parties throughout Europe and the world. In the European Parliament, they aer the dominant group, joining together in a pan-European party called the European People's Party, as well as in another party called the European Christian Political Movement. ... many Christian Democratic parties would be considered on the center-right of the ideological spectrum. ... What is distinctive about many of these parties is their explicit Christian identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Political+Science%3A+A+Christian+Perspective&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-9086-6&rft.aulast=Geest&rft.aufirst=Fred+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervliet200948–51_24-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFVervliet2009">Vervliet 2009</a>, pp. 48–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabow201124–25-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabow201124–25_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabow2011">Grabow 2011</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_HeckeGerard2004_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_HeckeGerard2004">Van Hecke & Gerard 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Papini1997-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Papini1997_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapini1997" class="citation book cs1">Papini, Roberto (1997). The Christian Democrat International. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8300-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-8300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Democrat+International&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8300-0&rft.aulast=Papini&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller2014-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller2014_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüller2014">Müller 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019291–292-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019291–292_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019291–292_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, pp. 291–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzulc1965102-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzulc1965102_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzulc1965">Szulc 1965</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertsHogwood1997-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertsHogwood1997_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertsHogwood1997">Roberts & Hogwood 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComelli2021-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComelli2021_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFComelli2021">Comelli 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngeliVarone2012109-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngeliVarone2012109_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngeliVarone2012">Engeli & Varone 2012</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECimmino2017-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECimmino2017_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCimmino2017">Cimmino 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerboStrasser2000101-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerboStrasser2000101_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerboStrasser2000">Kerbo & Strasser 2000</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColemanKerboRamos2001413-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColemanKerboRamos2001413_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColemanKerboRamos2001">Coleman, Kerbo & Ramos 2001</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Kersbergen200363-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Kersbergen200363_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Kersbergen2003">van Kersbergen 2003</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeffernan_Schindler2008144-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeffernan_Schindler2008144_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeffernan_Schindler2008">Heffernan Schindler 2008</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDussel1981217-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDussel1981217_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDussel1981217_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDussel1981">Dussel 1981</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppa201012-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoppa201012_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoppa2010">Poppa 2010</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonsma2012133-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonsma2012133_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonsma2012133_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonsma2012">Monsma 2012</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamberts1997401-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamberts1997401_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamberts1997">Lamberts 1997</a>, p. 401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlaryVeidenHansen2011-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlaryVeidenHansen2011_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatlaryVeidenHansen2011">Matlary, Veiden & Hansen 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty195766-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty195766_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty195766_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty1957">Fogarty 1957</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019163–165-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019163–165_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti2019163–165_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, pp. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosa2021" class="citation web cs1">Rosa, Michelle La (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/the-american-solidarity-party-is">"The American Solidarity Party is growing. Can it succeed?"</a>. www.pillarcatholic.com. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pillarcatholic.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Solidarity+Party+is+growing.+Can+it+succeed%3F&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Rosa&rft.aufirst=Michelle+La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pillarcatholic.com%2Fp%2Fthe-american-solidarity-party-is&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/solidarity-america-american-solidarity-party/">"Solidarity? In America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a>. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solidarity%3F+In+America&rft.pub=The+American+Conservative&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Fdreher%2Fsolidarity-america-american-solidarity-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5i0DPkhA88&t=964s">"Patrick Harris The state of American solidarity SDP Talks"</a>. Social Democratic Party. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrick+Harris+The+state+of+American+solidarity+SDP+Talks&rft.pub=Social+Democratic+Party&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DL5i0DPkhA88%26t%3D964s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen199059–61-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen199059–61_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsping-Andersen1990">Esping-Andersen 1990</a>, pp. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmeida2012117–-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmeida2012117–_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlmeida2012">Almeida 2012</a>, pp. 117–. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201923-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201923_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvernizzi_Accetti201923_54-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019">Invernizzi Accetti 2019</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20034-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20034_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003">Kselman & Buttigieg 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg200369-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg200369_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003">Kselman & Buttigieg 2003</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPombeni2000-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPombeni2000_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPombeni2000">Pombeni 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957427-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957427_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957427_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty1957">Fogarty 1957</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957172-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFogarty1957172_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFogarty1957">Fogarty 1957</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20036–7-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKselmanButtigieg20036–7_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003">Kselman & Buttigieg 2003</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradleyBrugger2019">Bradley & Brugger 2019</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913–14-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201913–14_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradleyBrugger2019">Bradley & Brugger 2019</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201914-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201914_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradleyBrugger2019">Bradley & Brugger 2019</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201947-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradleyBrugger201947_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradleyBrugger2019">Bradley & 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Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+the+Australian+Christian+right+has+weak+political+appeal&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-the-australian-christian-right-has-weak-political-appeal-93735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreston201662-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreston201662_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreston2016">Freston 2016</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauder2012-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Lauder2012_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauder2012" class="citation web cs1">Lauder, Simon (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-16/church-leaders-upset-over-australian-christians-party-name/4134380">"Church leaders upset over 'Australian Christians' name"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+leaders+upset+over+%27Australian+Christians%27+name&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Lauder&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-07-16%2Fchurch-leaders-upset-over-australian-christians-party-name%2F4134380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEternity_News2022" class="citation web cs1">Eternity News (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eternitynews.com.au/australia/fred-nile-says-the-christian-democratic-party-is-officially-dead/,%20https://www.eternitynews.com.au/australia/fred-nile-says-the-christian-democratic-party-is-officially-dead/">"Fred Nile says the Christian Democratic Party is officially dead – Eternity News"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EA%B2%BD%ED%96%A5%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8&rft.atitle=%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9+%EA%B0%95%EB%A0%B9+%27%ED%8F%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%A0%81+%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%E2%86%92%EB%B3%B4%ED%8E%B8%EC%A0%81+%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%27%EB%A1%9C+%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90&rft.aufirst=%EA%B9%80%EC%9C%A4%EB%82%98%EC%98%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.khan.co.kr%2Farticle%2F202208171756001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khan.co.kr/print.html?art_id=202202271611001">"기사 인쇄 | "차별금지법, 내가 가장 센 반대론자···결정은 우리 민주당이 하는 것" 정치권과 개신교의 '반동성애' 결탁"</a>. www.khan.co.kr. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khan.co.kr&rft.atitle=%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC+%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84+%7C+%22%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95%2C+%EB%82%B4%EA%B0%80+%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%A5+%EC%84%BC+%EB%B0%98%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%A0%EC%9E%90%C2%B7%C2%B7%C2%B7%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%80+%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9%EC%9D%B4+%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94+%EA%B2%83%22+%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B6%8C%EA%B3%BC+%EA%B0%9C%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98+%27%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1%EC%95%A0%27+%EA%B2%B0%ED%83%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khan.co.kr%2Fprint.html%3Fart_id%3D202202271611001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igoodnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=73214">"이재명 대표 "21대 국회서 차별금지법 통과 않겠다""</a>. 아이굿뉴스 (in Korean). 1 June 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EA%B5%BF%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%AA%85+%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C+%2221%EB%8C%80+%EA%B5%AD%ED%9A%8C%EC%84%9C+%EC%B0%A8%EB%B3%84%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%80%EB%B2%95+%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%BC+%EC%95%8A%EA%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4%22&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igoodnews.net%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D73214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsnjoy.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=217924">"지방선거 앞둔 주요 정당들 "동성애·동성혼 반대""</a>. 뉴스앤조이 (in Korean). 31 May 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%95%A4%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B4&rft.atitle=%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0+%EC%95%9E%EB%91%94+%EC%A3%BC%EC%9A%94+%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9%EB%93%A4+%22%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1%EC%95%A0%C2%B7%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1%ED%98%BC+%EB%B0%98%EB%8C%80%22&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsnjoy.or.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D217924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://n.news.naver.com/article/079/0003615090">"이재명 후보, '생명존중의날' 제정 등 기독교계 8대 공약 내놓아"</a>. n.news.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=n.news.naver.com&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%AA%85+%ED%9B%84%EB%B3%B4%2C+%27%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85%EC%A1%B4%EC%A4%91%EC%9D%98%EB%82%A0%27+%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95+%EB%93%B1+%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EA%B3%84+8%EB%8C%80+%EA%B3%B5%EC%95%BD+%EB%82%B4%EB%86%93%EC%95%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fn.news.naver.com%2Farticle%2F079%2F0003615090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF조성은2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">조성은 (20 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpirDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%8B%B9+%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84%EC%A2%8C%ED%8C%8C&pg=PT125"><bdi lang="ko">독일 정치 우리의 대안</bdi></a> (in Korean). e지식의 날개. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788920032370" title="Special:BookSources/9788920032370"><bdi>9788920032370</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130140456/https://books.google.com/books?id=YpirDwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98%EB%8B%B9+%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84%EC%A2%8C%ED%8C%8C&pg=PT125">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC+%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98+%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%98+%EB%8C%80%EC%95%88&rft.pub=e%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D%EC%9D%98+%EB%82%A0%EA%B0%9C&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.isbn=9788920032370&rft.au=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpirDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25EC%25A0%2595%25EC%259D%2598%25EB%258B%25B9%2B%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258F%2584%25EC%25A2%258C%25ED%258C%258C%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022071803560004078"><bdi lang="ko">경찰도, 집권당도 부스 차리고 응원...서울과 사뭇 다른 베를린 성소수자 축제</bdi></a> [The police and the ruling party also set up booths and cheer... Berlin's sexual minority festival, which is quite different from Seoul]. <a href="/wiki/Hankook_Ilbo" title="Hankook Ilbo">Hankook Ilbo</a>. 19 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227153949/https://m.hankookilbo.com/News/Read/A2022071803560004078">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023. <q>. 보수색이 짙은 기독교민주연합(기민련)의 부스도 보였다. 서울광장에서 집권여당인 국민의힘과 제1야당인 더불어민주당 차원의 움직임은 없었다. 지지세가 크지 않은 진보당·녹색당이 부스를 차렸을 뿐이었다...</q> [There was also a booth of the conservative Christian Democratic Union (Kiminryon). In Seoul Plaza, there was no movement at the level of the People's Power, the ruling party, and the Democratic Party, the first opposition party. Only the Progressive Party and the Green Party, which did not have much support, set up booths..'.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0%EB%8F%84%2C+%EC%A7%91%EA%B6%8C%EB%8B%B9%EB%8F%84+%EB%B6%80%EC%8A%A4+%EC%B0%A8%EB%A6%AC%EA%B3%A0+%EC%9D%91%EC%9B%90...%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EA%B3%BC+%EC%82%AC%EB%AD%87+%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B8+%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%BC%EB%A6%B0+%EC%84%B1%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98%EC%9E%90+%EC%B6%95%EC%A0%9C&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hankookilbo.com%2FNews%2FRead%2FA2022071803560004078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF홍세화2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">홍세화 (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NjdDwAAQBAJ"><bdi lang="ko">결 : 거칢에 대하여</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">Hankyoreh</a> publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791160403787" title="Special:BookSources/9791160403787"><bdi>9791160403787</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230524203616/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NjdDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B2%B0+%3A+%EA%B1%B0%EC%B9%A2%EC%97%90+%EB%8C%80%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC&rft.pub=Hankyoreh+publisher&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.isbn=9791160403787&rft.au=%ED%99%8D%EC%84%B8%ED%99%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NjdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23048528#hom"><bdi lang="ko">이해찬 "민주당 진보적인 당 아니다…중도 우파 정도"</bdi></a> [Lee Hae-chan "Democratic Party is not a progressive party... about the center-right"]. <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a>. 17 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151852/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/23048528#hom">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023. <q>. 이 대표는 "유럽의 개혁적인 정당에 비하면 (민주당) 정강·정책이 훨씬 더 보수적"이라며 "보수적일 수밖에 없는 환경 속에서 활동을 해왔기 때문에 그렇다고 보고 이제는 조금 더 개혁적으로 가야 한다고 생각한다"고 설명했다..</q> [.Representative Lee said, "Compared to reformist parties in Europe, (Democratic Party) is much more conservative in its platform and policies.""Because I have been active in an environment that has no choice but to be conservative, Seeing that, I think we need to go a little more reformative now.".]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4%EC%B0%AC+%22%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EB%8B%B9+%EC%A7%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8+%EB%8B%B9+%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EB%8B%A4%E2%80%A6%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%84+%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C+%EC%A0%95%EB%8F%84%22&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joongang.co.kr%2Farticle%2F23048528%23hom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF김경태2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">김경태 (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20161221066400061"><bdi lang="ko">이재명 "보수 가치 제대로 서는 나라 만들고 싶어"</bdi></a>. 연합뉴스. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418155156/https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20161221066400061">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%AA%85+%22%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98+%EA%B0%80%EC%B9%98+%EC%A0%9C%EB%8C%80%EB%A1%9C+%EC%84%9C%EB%8A%94+%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC+%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B3%A0+%EC%8B%B6%EC%96%B4%22&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EA%B2%BD%ED%83%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yna.co.kr%2Fview%2FAKR20161221066400061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/polibar/867675.html"><bdi lang="ko">'가짜 보수'가 문재인 대통령을 '진보'라고 하는 이유</bdi></a> [Why 'fake conservatives' call President Moon Jae-in 'progressive']. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a>. 28 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428131056/https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/polibar/867675.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. <q>.문재인 대통령은 2013년 펴낸 <1219 끝이 시작이다>라는 책에서 김대중 노무현 정부를 줄곧 '민주정부 10년'으로 표현하고 있습니다. "좌파는커녕 중도에도 미치지 못하는 한국의 중도우파 노선 정치세력이 극우 세력으로부터 '종북좌파'로 몰리는 건, 한국만의 후진적 정치 현실일 뿐"이라는 내용도 들어 있습니다..</q> [President Moon Jae-in, in his 2013 book titled <1219 The End Is the Beginning>, has consistently referred to the Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations as "10 years of democratic government." It also contains the content that "it is only a backward political reality unique to South Korea that the political forces of the center-right line in Korea, which are not even left-wing, fall short of the center, from the far-right forces to the 'pro-North Korea leftist'.".]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%9C+%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98%27%EA%B0%80+%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%AC%EC%9D%B8+%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9%EC%9D%84+%27%EC%A7%84%EB%B3%B4%27%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0+%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9C%A0&rft.date=2018-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fpolitics%2Fpolibar%2F867675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam">Political Ideology Today</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6020-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-6020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6020-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdina-Elena2012" class="citation journal cs1">Adina-Elena, Cincu (2012). "Christian-Democracy and Orthodoxism: The case of Romania". Perspective Politice. 5 (1): 51–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspective+Politice&rft.atitle=Christian-Democracy+and+Orthodoxism%3A+The+case+of+Romania&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Adina-Elena&rft.aufirst=Cincu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexakis2020" class="citation book cs1">Alexakis, Manolis (2020). "16 The Conservatives". In Featherstone, Kevin; Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics. Oxford Academic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16+The+Conservatives&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Modern+Greek+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Alexakis&rft.aufirst=Manolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmeida2012" class="citation book cs1">Almeida, Dimitri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC">The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34039-0"><bdi>978-1-136-34039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+European+Integration+on+Political+Parties%3A+Beyond+the+Permissive+Consensus&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-34039-0&rft.aulast=Almeida&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoD7bKbo0FYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlmond1948" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, Gabriel A (1948). "The Political Ideas of Christian Democracy". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">The Journal of Politics</a>. 10 (4): 734–763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2126252">10.2307/2126252</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126252">2126252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154784570">154784570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Ideas+of+Christian+Democracy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E734-%3C%2Fspan%3E763&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154784570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2126252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2126252&rft.aulast=Almond&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakvan_HolthoonKrabbendamAyers1996" class="citation book cs1">Bak, Hans; van Holthoon, F. 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VU University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5383-458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5383-458-9"><bdi>978-90-5383-458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Secure%3F%3A+Politics+and+Culture+of+the+Welfare+State+%3A+a+Comparative+Inquiry&rft.pub=VU+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-5383-458-9&rft.aulast=Bak&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=van+Holthoon%2C+F.+L.&rft.au=Krabbendam%2C+Hans&rft.au=Ayers%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-C6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaleKrouwel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bale, Tim; Krouwel, André (2013). 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Blackfriars. 24 (285): 460–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1943.tb05464.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1943.tb05464.x</a> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blackfriars&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Ideas+of+Don+Luigi+Sturzo&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=285&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1943.tb05464.x&rft.aulast=Barclay+Carter&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1943.tb05464.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowlin2014" class="citation book cs1">Bowlin, John R, ed. 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The Review of Politics. 9 (1): 3–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500037918">10.1017/S0034670500037918</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6705">0034-6705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145618036">145618036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Philosophic+Background+of+Christian+Democracy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145618036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0034-6705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500037918&rft.aulast=Sturzo&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSturzo1926" class="citation book cs1">Sturzo, Luigi (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178423/mode/2up">Italy and Fascismo</a>. Translated by Carter, Barbara. Raber and Gwyer Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Fascismo&rft.pub=Raber+and+Gwyer+Limited&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Sturzo&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.178423%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Swan, Donald A (2013). "The Ideological Background to the German Corporate Tradition". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Social,_Political,_and_Economic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies">The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies</a>. 38 (2): 148–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ideological+Background+to+the+German+Corporate+Tradition&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Donald+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzulc1965" class="citation journal cs1">Szulc, Tad (1965). "Communists, Socialists, and Christian Democrats". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 360 (1): 99–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271626536000109">10.1177/000271626536000109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145198515">145198515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Communists%2C+Socialists%2C+and+Christian+Democrats&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145198515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271626536000109&rft.aulast=Szulc&rft.aufirst=Tad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2008" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Rachel S. (2008). Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-748-68868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-748-68868-5"><bdi>978-0-748-68868-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-Liberal+Ideology%3A+History%2C+Concepts+and+Policies&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-748-68868-5&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Rachel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_HeckeGerard2004" class="citation book cs1">Van Hecke, Steven; Gerard, Emmanuel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ6x8zmRAaEC">Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War</a>. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-377-0"><bdi>978-90-5867-377-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democratic+Parties+in+Europe+Since+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-377-0&rft.aulast=Van+Hecke&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Gerard%2C+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJ6x8zmRAaEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kersbergen2003" class="citation book cs1">van Kersbergen, Kees (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aaIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">Social Capitalism: A Study of Christian Democracy and the Welfare State</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81834-1"><bdi>978-1-134-81834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Capitalism%3A+A+Study+of+Christian+Democracy+and+the+Welfare+State&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81834-1&rft.aulast=van+Kersbergen&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aaIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVervliet2009" class="citation book cs1">Vervliet, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Human Person</a>. Adonis & Abbey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912234-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912234-19-6"><bdi>978-1-912234-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Person&rft.pub=Adonis+%26+Abbey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-912234-19-6&rft.aulast=Vervliet&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznYoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWankel2009" class="citation book cs1">Wankel, Charles (2009). Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World. Sage Publications. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6427-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-6427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Business+in+Today%27s+World&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6427-2&rft.aulast=Wankel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2009" class="citation book cs1">Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Em8G76kbkC&pg=PA119">Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards</a>. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5487-517-8"><bdi>978-90-5487-517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Belgium%3A+From+1830+Onwards&rft.pub=Asp+%2F+Vubpress+%2F+Upa&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-5487-517-8&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft.au=Craeybeckx%2C+Jan&rft.au=Meynen%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4Em8G76kbkC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitte1993" class="citation book cs1">Witte, John, ed. (1993). Christianity and Democracy in Global Context. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1843-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1843-1"><bdi>978-0-8133-1843-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Democracy+in+Global+Context&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1843-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGehlerKaiser2004a" class="citation cs2">Gehler, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Kaiser" title="Wolfram Kaiser">Kaiser, Wolfram</a> (2004a), Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1945, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5650-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5650-X"><bdi>0-7146-5650-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Catholicism+in+Europe+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5650-X&rft.aulast=Gehler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGehlerKaiser2004b" class="citation cs2">Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Wolfram (2004b), Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5662-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5662-3"><bdi>0-7146-5662-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Europe+since+1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5662-3&rft.aulast=Gehler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kaiser%2C+Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGehlerKaiserWohnout2001" class="citation cs2">Gehler, Michael; Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut, eds. (2001), Christdemokratie in Europa im 20. Jahrhundert / Christian Democracy in 20th Century Europe, Böhlau Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-205-99360-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-205-99360-8"><bdi>3-205-99360-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christdemokratie+in+Europa+im+20.+Jahrhundert+%2F+Christian+Democracy+in+20th+Century+Europe&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-205-99360-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019" class="citation book cs1">Invernizzi Accetti, Carlo (2019). What is Christian Democracy?: Politics, Religion and Ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Christian+Democracy%3F%3A+Politics%2C+Religion+and+Ideology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Invernizzi+Accetti&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2007" class="citation cs2">Kaiser, Wolfram (2007), Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88310-8"><bdi>978-0-521-88310-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+and+the+Origins+of+European+Union&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88310-8&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaiserKosicki2021" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Wolfram; Kosicki, Piotr (2021). Political Exile in the Global Twentieth Century: Catholic Christian Democrats in Europe and the Americas. Belgium: S.l.: Leuven University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-946-27030-70" title="Special:BookSources/978-946-27030-70"><bdi>978-946-27030-70</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Exile+in+the+Global+Twentieth+Century%3A+Catholic+Christian+Democrats+in+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Belgium&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=S.l.%3A+Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-946-27030-70&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft.au=Kosicki%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_Democracy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christian Democracy">Christian Democracy</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_texts">Key texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Key texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html">Rerum Novarum: On Capital And Labor (1891)</a> – Pope Leo XIII</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformationaldl.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/christianityandtheclassstruggle.pdff">Christianity and the Class Struggle (1891, 1950)</a> – Abraham Kuyper</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/calvinismsixstonny00kuyp/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:calvinismsixstonny00kuyp/mode/2up">Calvinism: six Stone-lectures (1899)</a> – Abraham Kuyper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno.html">Quadragesimo Anno: On Reconstruction of the Social Order (1931)</a> – Pope Pius XI</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/reorganizationof0000nell" class="extiw" title="iarchive:reorganizationof0000nell">Reorganization of social economy: Developed and explained (1937)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Oswald von Nell-Breuining</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/personalistmanif0000moun/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:personalistmanif0000moun/mode/2up">A Personalist Manifesto (1938)</a> – Emmanuel Mounier</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167657/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.167657/mode/2up">True Humanism (1938)</a> – Jacques Maritain</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/personcommongood0000mari_i2q9" class="extiw" title="iarchive:personcommongood0000mari i2q9">The Person and the Common Good (1948)</a> – Jacques Maritain</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/manstate00mari" class="extiw" title="iarchive:manstate00mari">Man and the State (1951)</a> – Jacques Maritain</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html">Laudato si (2015)</a> – Pope Francis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_resources">Other resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_democracy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other resources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04708a.htm">New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</a> – an article on Christian Democracy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22115363">Christian Democracy in Western Europe: 1820–1953</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224211107/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22115363">Archived</a> 24 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a book by Michael Fogarty</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/people-and-freedom-for-democracy/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:people-and-freedom-for-democracy/mode/2up">For Democracy (1939)</a> – People and Freedom Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109022947/http://www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/freiburg_denkschrift_of_1943_-_appendix_4_economic_and_social_order.pdf">Denkschrift: A Political Order for Communal Life (1943)</a> – Freiburg Circle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313092229/http://www.davidwilletts.org.uk/ccoarticle.jsp?type=speech&sectionID=2&objectID=81937">'Conservativism and Christian Democracy'</a> – an essay by former (1992–2015) UK Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040033/http://klice.co.uk/uploads/Ethics%20in%20Brief/EiB_Townsend_E2015_7_WEB.pdf">'Blue Labour + Red Tory = Christian Democracy?'</a> – an article by Nicholas Townsend, April 2015</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_Democracy" title="Template:Christian Democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Christian Democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_Democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian Democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_democracy144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Political_viewpoints">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Ozanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pottier" class="extiw" title="fr:Antoine Pottier">Pottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">Aznar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebba_Busch" title="Ebba Busch">Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides" title="Glafcos Clerides">Clerides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">Cosgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Fenech Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lipinski" title="Dan Lipinski">Lipinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Lubbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Raab" title="Julius Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Stegerwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_and_politics151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_and_politics" title="Template talk:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_and_politics151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Christianity" title="Libertarian Christianity">Libertarian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity and environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_China" title="Political theology in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Political theology in sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">Integral mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_genetically_modified_foods#Christianity" title="Religious views on genetically modified foods">Christian views on genetically modified foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christianity and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Social_Justice_and_the_Gospel" title="Statement on Social Justice and the Gospel">Dallas Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-tgjqq","wgBackendResponseTime":3115,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.515","walltime":"2.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32601,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":692389,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":115291,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":766267,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2222.184 1 -total"," 32.22% 716.011 350 Template:Sfn"," 15.35% 341.167 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.87% 330.499 4 Template:Navbox"," 13.01% 289.025 63 Template:Cite_book"," 9.45% 209.928 1 Template:Christian_Democracy"," 8.16% 181.397 7 Template:Excerpt"," 6.67% 148.193 40 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.62% 147.210 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.98% 132.787 33 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.577","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22281995,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdina-Elena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdministrator2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexakis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmeida2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmond1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Electoral_Commission2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakvan_HolthoonKrabbendamAyers1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaleKrouwel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaleSzczerbiak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarclay_Carter1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowlin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradleyBrugger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchananConway1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaciagliRobeckYong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCary1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChmielewski1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimmino2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColemanKerboRamos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComelli2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComelli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomenicoHanley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrążek2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDussel1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyerMontgomery1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöringHuberManow2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFECPM2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEderer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinaudi1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmployers\u0026#039;_and_Workers\u0026#039;_Organisations1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngeliVarone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsping-Andersen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEternity_News2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansZimmermann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogarty1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFogarty1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreston2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaletti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallaherMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeest2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlerKaiser2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlerKaiser2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGehlerKaiserWohnout2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGootjes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrzonka2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeffernan_Schindler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeynickx2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIDC-CDI2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInvernizzi_Accetti2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiser2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaiserKosicki2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKalyvas1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalyvasvan_Kersbergen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandur2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaratnycky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerboStrasser2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrarup2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrarup2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrason2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKselmanButtigieg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKte\u0026#039;pi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuyper2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamberts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauder2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayton-Henry1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongenecker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackerras1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainwaring2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinescuBodislavBelingher2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatlaryVeidenHansen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGaughey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinnema2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolendowska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonsma2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoody1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNijhoff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPak2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapini1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPombeni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoppa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobeckYong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsHogwood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakwa1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffinoRamjouéVarone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSfetcu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShchipkov1994a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShchipkov1994b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherratt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorin_Muresan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturzo1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturzo1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturzo1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzulc1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_HeckeGerard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVervliet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWankel2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitteCraeybeckxMeynen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Kersbergen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŁatka2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΠεγκλής2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF기자2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김경태2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF조성은2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF홍세화2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Christian Democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian democracy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity and politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 63,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 33,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Christian Democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Party politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 7,\n [\"Relpolnav\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 350,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 5,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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