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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="حق التظاهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق التظاهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="حق اعتراض – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق اعتراض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin_Yin_Zanga-Zanga" title="Yancin Yin Zanga-Zanga – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yancin Yin Zanga-Zanga" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Right to protest" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94" title="חופש ההפגנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חופש ההפגנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_untuk_membantah" title="Hak untuk membantah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak untuk membantah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%92%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="សិទ្ធិធ្វើបាតុកម្ម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សិទ្ធិធ្វើបាតុកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_de_protestar" title="Direito de protestar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito de protestar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Право на протест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право на протест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Право на протест – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Право на протест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87" title="สิทธิในการประท้วง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิในการประท้วง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg/350px-Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg/525px-Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg/700px-Janitor_strike_santa_monica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">Janitorial</a> workers exercising their right to protest in front of the <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>right to protest</b> may be a manifestation of the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, and the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, protest and restrictions on protest have lasted as long as governments have.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_international_law">In international law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_protest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In international law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Many international treaties contain clear articulations of the right to protest. Such agreements include the 1950 <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, especially Articles 9 to 11; and the 1966 <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, especially Articles 18 to 22. Articles 9 enunciates the "right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 10 enunciates the "right to freedom of expression."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 11 enunciates the "right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in these and other agreements the rights of freedom of assembly, freedom of association, and freedom of speech are subject to certain limitations.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/280px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/420px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG/560px-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)" title="Black Friday (1978)">Black Friday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, 8 September 1978.</figcaption></figure><p> For example, the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> contains prohibitions on "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> of war" and advocacy of "national, racial or religious <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a>"; and it allows the restriction of the freedom to assembly if it is necessary "in a democratic society in the interests of national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others." (Articles 20 and 21)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different places have passed their own clarification of these rights. </p><p>Protesting, however, is not necessarily violent or a threat to the interests of national security or public safety. Nor is it necessarily <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, when protesting does not involve violating the laws of the state. Protests, even campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>, can often have the character (in addition to using nonviolent methods) of positively supporting a democratic and constitutional order. This can happen, for example, when such resistance arises in response to a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the somewhat similar case of a refusal of the state leadership to surrender office following defeat in an election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_private_institutions">At private institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_protest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: At private institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College,_19_September_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mary Beth Tinker speaking, holding up a detention slip and wearing a black armband." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg/220px-Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg/330px-Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg/440px-Mary_Beth_Tinker_at_Ithaca_College%2C_19_September_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4264" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Tinker" title="Mary Beth Tinker">Mary Beth Tinker</a> was given detention for wearing a black armband to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">protest the Vietnam War</a>, leading to the <i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinker v. Des Moines">Tinker v. Des Moines</a></i> case.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many employers, educational institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and professional associations<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintain demonstration policies that limit the rights of their members to protest, for instance by restricting them to <a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">free speech zones</a>. In the United States, the landmark 1969 <a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District"><i>Tinker v. Des Moines</i></a> Supreme Court case established the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">student right to protest</a> so long as it does not cause "substantial disruption".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_protest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">Demonstration (protest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_revolution" title="Right of revolution">Right of revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_protest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430160441/http://www.yourrights.org.uk/your-rights/chapters/the-right-of-peaceful-protest/the-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest/the-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest.shtml">"The Historic Right to Peaceful Protest"</a>. YourRights.org.uk (<a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">Liberty</a>). 19 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourrights.org.uk/your-rights/chapters/the-right-of-peaceful-protest/the-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest/the-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest.shtml">the original</a> on 30 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historic+Right+to+Peaceful+Protest&rft.pub=YourRights.org.uk+%28Liberty%29&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourrights.org.uk%2Fyour-rights%2Fchapters%2Fthe-right-of-peaceful-protest%2Fthe-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest%2Fthe-historic-right-of-peaceful-protest.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Jo (2005). Addis, Megan; Morrow, Penelope (eds.). <i>"The Right to Peaceful Protest" in Your Rights: The Liberty Guide to Human Rights</i> (8 ed.). Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745322766" title="Special:BookSources/9780745322766"><bdi>9780745322766</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183q56g">j.ctt183q56g</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Right+to+Peaceful+Protest%22+in+Your+Rights%3A+The+Liberty+Guide+to+Human+Rights&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt183q56g%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780745322766&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf">Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms</a> and/or <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></i> Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Adam Roberts</a>, "Civil Resistance to Military Coups", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a></i>, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2021" class="citation web cs1">Long, Waverly (2021-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailynorthwestern.com/2021/11/10/campus/senior-administrators-emphasize-nus-demonstration-policy-following-student-protest/">"Senior administrators emphasize Northwestern's demonstration policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Northwestern" title="The Daily Northwestern">The Daily Northwestern</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Northwestern&rft.atitle=Senior+administrators+emphasize+Northwestern%27s+demonstration+policy&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Waverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailynorthwestern.com%2F2021%2F11%2F10%2Fcampus%2Fsenior-administrators-emphasize-nus-demonstration-policy-following-student-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMather2020" class="citation news cs1">Mather, Victor (2020-06-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/sports/national-anthem-policies.html">"How Sports Leagues Regulate Athletes' Activism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Sports+Leagues+Regulate+Athletes%27+Activism&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F10%2Fsports%2Fnational-anthem-policies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackelford2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shackelford, Kelly (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5818.2014.12054.x">"Mary Beth and John Tinker and Tinker v. Des Moines : Opening the schoolhouse gates to first amendment freedom: TINKER (1969) AND STUDENTS' FREE SPEECH"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Supreme_Court_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Supreme Court History">Journal of Supreme Court History</a></i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">372–</span>385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2014.12054.x">10.1111/j.1540-5818.2014.12054.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Mary+Beth+and+John+Tinker+and+Tinker+v.+Des+Moines+%3A+Opening+the+schoolhouse+gates+to+first+amendment+freedom%3A+TINKER+%281969%29+AND+STUDENTS%27+FREE+SPEECH&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E372-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2014.12054.x&rft.aulast=Shackelford&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2014.12054.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight+to+protest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_to_protest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_pdf_file/kyr_protests.pdf">Know Your Rights: Demonstrations and Protests</a> (PDF) - <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a 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