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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Major themes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major themes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gender and sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Style </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Style subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Narrative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Genre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_and_newspaper_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_and_newspaper_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Journal and newspaper articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_and_newspaper_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_critical_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_critical_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Contemporary critical reviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_critical_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_and_annotated_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_and_annotated_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Critical and annotated editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_and_annotated_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Essays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Study guides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dracula</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="دراكولا (رواية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراكولا (رواية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1cula" title="Drácula – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Drácula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula_(roman)" title="Drakula (roman) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Drakula (roman)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ড্রাকুলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রাকুলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (раман) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дракула (раман)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (роман) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дракула (роман)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A0cula" title="Dràcula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dràcula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1kula_(kniha)" title="Drákula (kniha) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drákula (kniha)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(bog_fra_1897)" title="Dracula (bog fra 1897) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dracula (bog fra 1897)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(Roman)" title="Dracula (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dracula (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Δράκουλας (βιβλίο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δράκουλας (βιβλίο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1cula" title="Drácula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Drácula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakulo_(libro)" title="Drakulo (libro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Drakulo (libro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دراکولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دراکولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(roman)" title="Dracula (roman) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dracula (roman)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1cula" title="Drácula – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Drácula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%98%EB%9D%BC" title="드라큘라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라큘라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1_(%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BA)" title="Դրակուլա (վեպ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրակուլա (վեպ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8)" title="ड्रैकुला (उपन्यास) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ड्रैकुला (उपन्यास)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(novel)" title="Dracula (novel) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dracula (novel)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drak%C3%BAla" title="Drakúla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Drakúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(romanzo)" title="Dracula (romanzo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dracula (romanzo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8)" title="דרקולה (ספר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרקולה (ספר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(novel)" title="Dracula (novel) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dracula (novel)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="დრაკულა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრაკულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дракула – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дракула" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(Stoker)" title="Dracula (Stoker) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dracula (Stoker)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula_(rom%C4%81ns)" title="Drakula (romāns) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Drakula (romāns)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (роман) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дракула (роман)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3" title="ഡ്രാക്കുള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രാക്കുള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(roman)" title="Dracula (roman) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dracula (roman)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%AC%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9" title="吸血鬼ドラキュラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吸血鬼ドラキュラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ډراکولا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډراکولا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula_(powie%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Drakula (powieść) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drakula (powieść)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1cula" title="Drácula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Drácula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(roman)" title="Dracula (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dracula (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (роман) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дракула (роман)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="Dracula (román) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dracula (román)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دراکولا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دراکولا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (роман) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дракула (роман)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(roman)" title="Dracula (roman) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dracula (roman)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula_(romaani)" title="Dracula (romaani) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dracula (romaani)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="แดรกคูลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แดรกคูลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakula" title="Drakula – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Drakula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Дракула (роман) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дракула (роман)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ڈریکولا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈریکولا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dracula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E6%8B%89" title="德拉库拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德拉库拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90" title="דראקולא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראקולא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89" title="德古拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德古拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1897 novel by Bram Stoker</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the novel. For the character, see <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dracula (disambiguation)">Dracula (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Dracula <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula&rft.author=%5B%5BBram+Stoker%5D%5D&rft.date=26%26nbsp%3BMay+1897%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22%3E%26%23059%3B%26%23032%3B127+years+ago%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%23160%3B%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+published+updated%22%3E1897-05-26%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BConstable+%26+Robinson%7CArchibald+Constable+and+Company+%28UK%29%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=418&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1447002"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg/220px-Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg/330px-Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg/440px-Dracula_1st_ed_cover_reproduction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Archibald Constable and Company (UK)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 1897; 127 years ago (1897-05-26)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">418</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1447002">1447002</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dracula" class="extiw" title="s:Dracula">Dracula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Dracula is a 1897 <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> novel by Irish author <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a>, the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens with solicitor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harker" title="Jonathan Harker">Jonathan Harker</a> taking a business trip to stay at the castle of a <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian">Transylvanian</a> nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>. Harker escapes the castle after discovering that Dracula is a <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a>, and the Count moves to England and plagues the seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>. A small group, led by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Helsing" title="Abraham Van Helsing">Abraham Van Helsing</a>, investigate, hunt and kill Dracula. Dracula was mostly written in the 1890s. Stoker produced over a hundred pages of notes for the novel, drawing extensively from <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Romania" title="Folklore of Romania">Transylvanian folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">history</a>. Some scholars have suggested that the character of Dracula was inspired by historical figures like the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> or the Countess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B%C3%A1thory" title="Elizabeth Báthory">Elizabeth Báthory</a>, but there is widespread disagreement. Stoker's notes mention neither figure. He found the name Dracula in Whitby's public library while on holiday, thinking it meant "devil" in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>. Following its publication on 26 May 1897, Dracula was positively received by reviewers who pointed to its effective use of horror. In contrast, reviewers who wrote negatively of the novel regarded it as excessively frightening. Comparisons to other works of gothic fiction were common, including its structural similarity to <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_White_(novel)" title="The Woman in White (novel)">The Woman in White</a> (1859). In the past century, Dracula became regarded as a seminal piece of gothic fiction. Modern scholars explore the novel within its historical context—the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>—and discuss its depiction of gender roles, sexuality, and race. Dracula is one of the most famous pieces of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>. Many of the book's characters have entered popular culture as <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> versions of their characters; for example, Count Dracula as the quintessential vampire, and Van Helsing as an iconic <a href="/wiki/Vampire_hunter" title="Vampire hunter">vampire hunter</a>. The novel, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, has been adapted for film over 30 times, and its characters have made numerous appearances in virtually all media. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div> Jonathan Harker, a newly qualified English <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a>, visits <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Dracula" title="Castle Dracula">his castle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> to help the Count purchase a house near London. Ignoring the Count's warning, Harker wanders the castle at night and encounters <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Dracula" title="Brides of Dracula">three vampire women</a>; Dracula rescues Harker, and gives the women a small child bound inside a bag. Harker awakens in bed; soon after, Dracula leaves the castle, abandoning him to the women. Harker escapes and ends up delirious in a <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> hospital. Dracula takes a ship called the Demeter for England with boxes of earth from his castle. The captain's <a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">log</a> narrates the crew's disappearance until he alone remains, bound to the helm to maintain course. An animal resembling a large dog is seen leaping ashore when the ship runs aground at <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Westenra" title="Lucy Westenra">Lucy Westenra</a>'s letter to her best friend, Harker's fiancée <a href="/wiki/Mina_Harker" title="Mina Harker">Mina Murray</a>, describes her marriage proposals from <a href="/wiki/John_Seward" title="John Seward">Dr. John Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quincey_Morris" title="Quincey Morris">Quincey Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holmwood" title="Arthur Holmwood">Arthur Holmwood</a>. Lucy accepts Holmwood's, but all remain friends. Mina joins Lucy on holiday in Whitby. Lucy begins <a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">sleepwalking</a>. After his ship lands there, Dracula stalks Lucy. Mina receives a letter about her missing fiancé's illness, and goes to Budapest to nurse him. Lucy becomes very ill. Seward's old teacher, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Helsing" title="Abraham Van Helsing">Professor Abraham Van Helsing</a>, determines the nature of Lucy's condition, but refuses to disclose it. He diagnoses her with acute <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">blood-loss</a>. Van Helsing places garlic flowers around her room and makes her a necklace of them. Lucy's mother removes the garlic flowers, not knowing they repel vampires. While Seward and Van Helsing are absent, Lucy and her mother are terrified by a wolf and Mrs. Westenra dies of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>; Lucy dies shortly thereafter. After her burial, newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a "bloofer lady" (beautiful lady), and Van Helsing deduces it is Lucy. The four go to her tomb and see that she is a vampire. They stake her heart, <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">behead</a> her, and fill her mouth with garlic. Jonathan Harker and his now-wife Mina have returned, and they join the campaign against Dracula. Everyone stays at Dr. Seward's asylum as the men begin to hunt Dracula. Van Helsing finally reveals that vampires can only rest on earth from their homeland. Dracula communicates with Seward's patient, <a href="/wiki/Renfield" title="Renfield">Renfield</a>, an insane man who eats vermin to absorb their life force. After Dracula learns of the group's plot against him, he uses Renfield to enter the asylum. He secretly attacks Mina three times, drinking her blood each time and forcing Mina to drink his blood on the final visit. She is cursed to become a vampire after her death unless Dracula is killed. As the men find Dracula's properties, they discover many earth boxes within. The vampire hunters open each of the boxes and seal wafers of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> inside them, rendering them useless to Dracula. They attempt to trap the Count in his <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> house, but he escapes. They learn that Dracula is fleeing to his castle in Transylvania with his last box. Mina has a faint psychic connection to Dracula, which Van Helsing exploits via hypnosis to track Dracula's movements. Guided by Mina, they pursue him. In <a href="/wiki/Gala%C8%9Bi" title="Galați">Galatz</a>, Romania, the hunters split up. Van Helsing and Mina go to Dracula's castle, where the professor destroys the vampire women. Jonathan Harker and Arthur Holmwood follow Dracula's boat on the river, while Quincey Morris and John Seward parallel them on land. After Dracula's box is finally loaded onto a wagon by <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> men, the hunters converge and attack it. After routing the Romani, Harker <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitates</a> Dracula as Quincey stabs him in the heart. Dracula crumbles to dust, freeing Mina from her vampiric curse. Quincey is mortally wounded in the fight against the Romani. He dies from his wounds, at peace with the knowledge that Mina is saved. A note by Jonathan Harker seven years later states that the Harkers have a son, named Quincey. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3></div> As the acting manager of the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum Theatre</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> was a recognisable figure: he would greet evening guests, and served as assistant to the stage actor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, Stoker described his own temperament as "secretive to the world", but he nonetheless led a relatively public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20074-1">[1]</a> Stoker supplemented his income from the theatre by writing <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sensation_novel" title="Sensation novel">sensation novels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008301-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002269-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> and had published 18 books by his death in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20071-6">[5]</a> Dracula was Stoker's seventh published book, following <a href="/wiki/The_Shoulder_of_Shasta" title="The Shoulder of Shasta">The Shoulder of Shasta</a> (1895) and preceding <a href="/wiki/Miss_Betty" title="Miss Betty">Miss Betty</a> (1898).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002363-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hall_Caine" title="Hall Caine">Hall Caine</a>, a close friend of Stoker's, wrote an obituary for him in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, saying that—besides his <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a> on Irving—Stoker wrote only "to sell" and "had no higher aims".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaine191216-10">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/170px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/255px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg/340px-Vlad_Tepes_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vlad_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III">Vlad III</a>, more commonly known as Vlad the Impaler</figcaption></figure> Many figures have been suggested as inspirations for <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>, but there is no consensus. In his 1962 biography of Stoker, Harry Ludlam suggested that <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry" title="Ármin Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">University of Budapest</a>, supplied Stoker with information about <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad Drăculea</a>, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlam1962100-11">[9]</a> Professors <a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._McNally" title="Raymond T. McNally">Raymond T. McNally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Radu Florescu</a> popularised the idea in their 1972 book, In Search of Dracula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden2014-12">[10]</a> Benjamin H. LeBlanc writes that there is a reference within the text to Vámbéry, an "Arminius, of Buda-Pesh University", who is familiar with the historical Vlad III and is a friend of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Helsing" title="Abraham Van Helsing">Abraham Van Helsing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997360-13">[11]</a> but an investigation by McNally and Florescu found nothing about "Vlad, Dracula, or vampires" within Vámbéry's published papers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994150-14">[12]</a> nor in Stoker's notes about his meeting with Vámbéry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997360-13">[11]</a> Academic and Dracula scholar <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Miller_(academic)" title="Elizabeth Miller (academic)">Elizabeth Miller</a> calls the link to Vlad III "tenuous", indicating that Stoker incorporated a large amount of "insignificant detail" from his research, and <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">rhetorically</a> asking why he would omit Vlad III's infamous cruelty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19962-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a> Raymond McNally's Dracula Was A Woman (1983) suggests another historical figure as an inspiration: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B%C3%A1thory" title="Elizabeth Báthory">Elizabeth Báthory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitts199834-19">[16]</a> McNally argues that the imagery of Dracula has analogues in Báthory's described crimes, such as the use of a cage resembling an <a href="/wiki/Iron_maiden" title="Iron maiden">iron maiden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally198346–47-20">[17]</a> Gothic critic and lecturer Marie Mulvey-Roberts writes that vampires were traditionally depicted as "mouldering revenants, who dragged themselves around graveyards", but—like Báthory—Dracula uses blood to restore his youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvey-Roberts199883–84-21">[18]</a> Recent scholarship has questioned whether Báthory's crimes were exaggerated by her political opponents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKord200960-22">[19]</a> with others noting that very little is concretely known about her life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanou201490-23">[20]</a> A book that Stoker used for research, The Book of Were-Wolves, does have some information on Báthory, but Miller writes that he never took notes on anything from the short section devoted to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999187–188-24">[21]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> edition of Bram Stoker's original notes for the book, Miller and her co-author Robert Eighteen-Bisang say in a <a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">footnote</a> that there is no evidence she inspired Stoker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008131-25">[22]</a> In 2000, Miller's book-length study, Dracula: Sense and Nonsense, was said by academic Noel Chevalier to correct "not only leading Dracula scholars, but non-specialists and popular film and television documentaries".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevalier2002749-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> Aside from the historical, Count Dracula also has literary progenitors. Academic Elizabeth Signorotti argues that Dracula is a response to the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_vampire" title="Lesbian vampire">lesbian vampire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a> (1872), "correcting" its emphasis on female desire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESignorotti1996607-29">[25]</a> Bram Stoker's great-nephew, broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Farson" title="Daniel Farson">Daniel Farson</a>, wrote a biography of the author; in it, he doubts that Stoker was aware of the lesbian elements of Carmilla, but nonetheless notes that it influenced him profoundly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarson197522-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[e]</a> Farson writes that an inscription upon a tomb in Dracula is a direct <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a> to Carmilla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarson1975144-33">[28]</a> Scholar Alison Milbank observes that as Dracula can transform into a dog, Carmilla can become a cat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilbank199815-34">[29]</a> According to author Patrick McGrath, "traces of Carmilla" can be found in the three female vampires residing in Dracula's castle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199743-35">[30]</a> A short story written by Stoker and published after his death, "<a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Dracula's Guest">Dracula's Guest</a>", has been seen as evidence of Carmilla's influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenf198234-36">[31]</a> According to Milbank, the story was a deleted first chapter from early in the original manuscript, and replicates Carmilla's setting of <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> instead of Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilbank199814-37">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_folklore" title="Irish folklore">Irish folklore</a> has been suggested as a possible influence on Stoker. Bob Curran, a lecturer in Celtic History and Folklore at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ulster">University of Ulster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a>, suggests that Stoker may have drawn some inspiration for Dracula from an Irish vampire, <a href="/wiki/Abhartach" title="Abhartach">Abhartach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200564-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran2000-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_history">Textual history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg/170px-Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg/255px-Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg/340px-Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Stoker's handwritten notes about the novel's characters</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> Prior to writing the novel, Stoker researched extensively, assembling over 100 pages of notes, including chapter summaries and plot outlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierman1998152-40">[35]</a> The notes were sold by Bram Stoker's widow, Florence, in 1913, to a New York book dealer for £2. 2<a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">s</a>, (equivalent to UK£208 in 2019). Following that, the notes became the property of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, and then disappeared until they were bought by the <a href="/wiki/Rosenbach_Museum_and_Library" title="Rosenbach Museum and Library">Rosenbach Museum and Library</a> in Philadelphia in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsanti20081-41">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a> wrote that he knew "an old lady" who was approached to revise the original manuscript, but that Stoker found her too expensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1965255Eighteen-BisangMiller20084-42">[37]</a> Stoker's first biographer, Harry Ludlam, wrote in 1962 that writing commenced on Dracula around 1895 or 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlam196299–100-43">[38]</a> Following the rediscovery of Stoker's notes in 1972 by Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20083-44">[39]</a> the two dated the writing of Dracula to between 1895 and 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1973160-45">[40]</a> Later scholarship has questioned these sets of dates. In the first extensive study of the notes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20084-46">[41]</a> Joseph S. Bierman writes that the earliest date within them is 8 March 1890, for an outline of a chapter that "differs from the final version in only a few details".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierman197740-47">[42]</a> According to Bierman, Stoker always intended to write an epistolary novel, but originally set it in Styria instead of Transylvania; this iteration did not explicitly use the word vampire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierman197740-47">[42]</a> Harry Ludlam, Bram's first biographer, wrote that the book came to life in August 1895 on the author's third visit to Cruden Bay in Scotland. ‘And here one day, to the sound of the sea on the Scottish shore, Count Dracula made his entry.’<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The Stoker stayed in the Kilmarnock Arms Hotel, signing the guest book, which still survives. In 1912, the year of Bram Stoker's death, Florence Stoker commemorated her husband and his famous book by contributing her recipe for The "Dracula" Salad' to a recipe book compiled by the local parish church.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula_Salad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dracula_Salad.jpg/220px-Dracula_Salad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dracula_Salad.jpg/330px-Dracula_Salad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dracula_Salad.jpg/440px-Dracula_Salad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>Florence Stoker's 1912 recipe for 'Dracula Salad', published in a recipe book compiled by Cruden parish church.</figcaption></figure> Stoker's notes illuminate much about earlier iterations of the novel. For instance, they indicate that the novel's vampire was intended to be a Count, even before he was given the name Dracula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller200815-50">[45]</a> Stoker likely found the name Dracula in Whitby's public library while holidaying there with his wife and son in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20084-46">[41]</a> On the name, Stoker wrote: "Dracula means devil. Wallachians were accustomed to give it as a surname to any person who rendered himself conspicuous by courage, cruel actions or cunning".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008245-51">[46]</a> Stoker's initial plans for Dracula markedly differ from the final novel. Had Stoker completed his original plans, a German professor called Max Windshoeffel "would have confronted Count Wampyr from Styria", and one of the Crew of Light would have been slain by a <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008318-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[f]</a> Stoker's earliest notes indicate that Dracula might have originally been intended to be a detective story, with a detective called Cotford and a <a href="/wiki/Psychical_investigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychical investigator">psychical investigator</a> called Singleton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002241-55">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracamer99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dracamer99.jpg/170px-Dracamer99.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dracamer99.jpg/255px-Dracamer99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dracamer99.jpg/340px-Dracamer99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>1899 first American edition, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday & McClure</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> Dracula was published in London in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company. It cost 6 shillings, and was bound in yellow cloth and titled in red letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719-56">[50]</a> In 2002, Barbara Belford, a biographer, wrote that the novel looked "shabby", perhaps because the title had been changed at a late stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272-57">[51]</a> Although contracts were typically signed at least 6 months ahead of publication, Dracula's was unusually signed only 6 days prior to publication. For the first thousand sales of the novel, Stoker earned no royalties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002269-3">[3]</a> Following serialisation by American newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_%26_McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday & McClure">Doubleday & McClure</a> published an American edition in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272-57">[51]</a> In the 1930s when <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a> purchased the rights to make a film version, it was discovered that Stoker had not fully complied with US <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a>, placing the novel into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Public domain in the United States">public domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokerHolt2009312–313-58">[52]</a> The novelist was required to purchase the copyright and register two copies, but he registered only one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272-57">[51]</a> Stoker's mother, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stoker" title="Charlotte Stoker">Charlotte Stoker</a>, enthused about the novel to Stoker, predicting it would bring him immense financial success. She was wrong; the novel, although reviewed well, did not make Stoker much money and did not cement his critical legacy until after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002274-59">[53]</a> Since its publication, Dracula has never been out of print.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199721-60">[54]</a> In 1901, Dracula was translated into <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Valdimar_%C3%81smundsson" title="Valdimar Ásmundsson">Valdimar Ásmundsson</a> under the title Makt Myrkranna (<a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Darkness_(Iceland)" title="Powers of Darkness (Iceland)">Powers of Darkness</a>) with a preface written by Stoker. In the preface, Stoker writes that the events contained within the novel are true, and that "for obvious reasons" he had changed the names of places and people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_"Blood_Brothers"1997147–148-61">[55]</a> Although scholars had been aware of the translation's existence since the 1980s because of Stoker's preface, none had thought to translate it back into English. Makt Myrkranna differs significantly from Stoker's novel. Character names were changed, the length was abridged, and it was more overtly sexual than the original. Dutch scholar Hans Corneel de Roos compared the translation favourably to Stoker's, writing that where Dracula meandered, the translation was concise and punchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscher2017-62">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_themes">Major themes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexuality">Gender and sexuality</h3></div> Academic analyses of Dracula as sexually charged have become so frequent that a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cottage_industry" class="extiw" title="wikt:cottage industry">cottage industry</a> has developed around the topic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1992197-63">[57]</a> Sexuality and seduction are two of the novel's most frequently discussed themes, especially as it relates to the corruption of English womanhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmanovic2009411-64">[58]</a> Modern critical writings about vampirism widely acknowledge its link to sex and sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984107-65">[59]</a> Bram Stoker himself was possibly homosexual; Talia Schaffer points to intensely <a href="/wiki/Homoerotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoerotic">homoerotic</a> letters sent by him to the American poet Walt Whitman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994382-66">[60]</a> Stoker began writing the novel one month following the imprisonment of his friend <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> for homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994381-67">[61]</a> The novel's characters are often said to represent <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_fiction" title="Transgressive fiction">transgressive</a> sexuality through the <a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">performance of their genders</a>. The primary sexual threat posed by Count Dracula is, Christopher Craft writes, that he will "seduce, penetrate, [and] drain another male",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984110-68">[62]</a> with Jonathan Harker's excitement about being penetrated by three vampire women serving as a mask and proxy for his homosexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984110-68">[62]</a> His excitement also inverts standard Victorian <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>; in succumbing to the vampire women, Harker assumes the traditionally feminine role of sexual passivity while the vampire women assume the masculinised role of acting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984109-69">[63]</a> Sexual depravity and aggression were understood by the Victorians as the exclusive domain of Victorian men, while women were expected to submit to their husband's sexual wishes. Harker's desire to submit, and the scene's origin as a dream Stoker had, highlights the divide between societal expectations and lived realities of men who wanted more freedom in their sexual lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetrakopoulos1977106-70">[64]</a> In the British version of the text, Harker hears the three vampire women whispering at his door, and Dracula tells them they can feed on him tomorrow night. In the American version, Dracula insinuates that he will be feeding on Harker that night: "To-night is mine! To-morrow is yours!" Nina Auerbach and <a href="/wiki/David_J._Skal" title="David J. Skal">David J. Skal</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Critical_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Critical Edition">Norton Critical Edition</a> of the text, posit that Stoker thought the line would render the novel unpublishable in 1897 England, and that "the America that produced his hero Walt Whitman would have been more tolerant of men feeding on men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbachSkal199752-71">[65]</a> The novel's depiction of women continues to divide critics. Elaine Showalter writes that Lucy Westenra and Mina Harker represent different aspects of the <a href="/wiki/New_Woman" title="New Woman">New Woman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[g]</a> According to Showalter, Lucy represents the "sexual daring" of the New Woman, evidenced by how she wonders why a woman cannot marry three men if they all desire her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter1991180-74">[67]</a> Mina, meanwhile, represents the New Woman's "intellectual ambitions", citing her occupation as a <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</a>, her keen mind, and her knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter1991180-74">[67]</a> Carol A. Senf writes that Stoker was ambivalent about the New Woman phenomenon. Of the novel's five vampires, four are women, and all are aggressive, "wildly erotic", and driven only by their thirst for blood. Mina Harker, meanwhile, serves as the antithesis of the other female characters, and plays a singularly important role in Dracula's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenf198234-36">[31]</a> On the other hand, Judith Wasserman argues that the fight to defeat Dracula is really a battle for control over women's bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1977405-75">[68]</a> Senf points out that Lucy's sexual awakening, and her reversal of gender-based sexual roles, is what Abraham Van Helsing considers a threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenf198244-76">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3></div> Dracula, and specifically the Count's migration to Victorian England, is frequently read as emblematic of <a href="/wiki/Invasion_literature" title="Invasion literature">invasion literature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane19978-77">[70]</a> and a projection of fears about racial pollution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnds201589-78">[71]</a> A number of scholars have indicated that Dracula's version of the vampire myth participates in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> stereotyping. Jules Zanger links the novel's portrayal of the vampire to the immigration of Eastern European Jews to <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a> England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199133-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[h]</a> Between 1881 and 1900, the number of Jews living in England had increased sixfold because of <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> and antisemitic laws elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199134-82">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Halberstam" title="Jack Halberstam">Jack Halberstam</a> provides a list of Dracula's associations with antisemitic conceptions of Jewish people: his appearance, wealth, parasitic bloodlust, and "lack of allegiance" to one country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993337-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[i]</a> In terms of his appearance, Halberstam notes Dracula's resemblance to other fictional Jews; for example, his long, sharp nails are compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Fagin" title="Fagin">Fagin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a> (1838), and <a href="/wiki/Svengali" title="Svengali">Svengali</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_du_Maurier" title="George du Maurier">George du Maurier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Trilby_(novel)" title="Trilby (novel)">Trilby</a> (1895), who is depicted as animalistic and thin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993338-86">[77]</a> The novel's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> has attracted some, albeit limited, scholarly attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015524-87">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[j]</a> Peter Arnds wrote that the Count's control over the Romani and his abduction of young children evokes real folk superstitions about Romani people stealing children, and that his ability to transform into a wolf is likewise related to xenophobic beliefs about the Romani as animalistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnds201595-90">[80]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Vagrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrants">vagrants</a> of all kinds were associated with animals, the Romani were victims of persecution in Europe due to a belief that they enjoyed "unclean meat" and lived among animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroley1995107-91">[81]</a> Stoker's description of the Slovaks draws heavily from a travel memoir by a British <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a>. Unlike the major's description, Harker's description is overtly imperialistic, labelling the people as "barbarians" and their boats as "primitive", emphasising their perceived cultural inferiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015525-92">[82]</a> Stephen Arata describes the novel as a case of "reverse colonisation"; that is, a fear of the non-white invading England and weakening its racial purity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroley199589-93">[83]</a> Arata describes the novel's cultural context of mounting anxiety in Britain over the decline of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the rise of other <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">world powers</a>, and a "growing domestic unease" over the morality of imperial colonisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990622-94">[84]</a> Manifesting also in other works aside from Stoker's novel, narratives of reverse colonisation indicate a fear of the "civilised" world being invaded by the "primitive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990623-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[k]</a> What Dracula does to human bodies is not horrifying simply because he kills them, but because he transforms them into the <a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)#Racism" title="Other (philosophy)">racial Other</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990630-97">[86]</a> Monika Tomaszewska associates Dracula's status as the racial Other with his characterisation as a <a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">degenerate</a> criminal. She explains that, at the time of the novel's composition and publication, the "threatening degenerate was commonly identified as the racial Other, the alien intruder who invades the country to disrupt the domestic order and enfeeble the host race".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomaszweska20043-98">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3></div> The novel's representation of vampirism has been discussed as symbolising Victorian anxieties about disease. The theme is discussed with far less frequency than others because it is discussed alongside other topics rather than as the central object of discussion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302–304-99">[88]</a> For example, some connect its depiction of disease with race. Jack Halberstam points to one scene in which an English worker says that the repugnant odour of Count Dracula's London home smells like <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, making it a "Jewish smell".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993341-100">[89]</a> Jewish people were frequently described, in Victorian literature, as <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>; Halberstam highlights one particular fear that Jews would spread diseases of the blood, and one journalist's description of Jews as "Yiddish bloodsuckers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993350-101">[90]</a> In contrast, Mathias Clasen writes parallels between vampirism and <a href="/wiki/Sexually-transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually-transmitted diseases">sexually-transmitted diseases</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012389-102">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[l]</a> Martin Willis, a researcher focused on the intersection of literature and disease, argues that the novel's characterisation of vampirism makes it both the initial infection and resulting illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302-105">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narrative">Narrative</h3></div> As an <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a>, Dracula is narrated through a series of documents.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> The novel's first four chapters are related as the journals of Jonathan Harker. Scholar David Seed notes that Harker's accounts function as an attempt to translocate the "strange" events of his visit to Dracula's castle into the nineteenth-century tradition of <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travelogue</a> writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198564-107">[95]</a> John Seward, Mina Murray and Jonathan Harker all keep a crystalline account of the period as an act of self-preservation; David Seed notes that Harker's narrative is written in <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> to remain inscrutable to the Count, protecting his own identity, which Dracula threatens to destroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198565-108">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoretti198277-109">[97]</a> Harker's journal, for example, embodies the only advantage during his stay at Dracula's castle: that he knows more than the Count thinks he does.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1993226-110">[98]</a> The novel's disparate accounts approach a kind of narrative unity as the narrative unfolds. In the novel's first half, each narrator has a strongly characterised narrative voice, with Lucy's showing her verbosity, Seward's businesslike formality, and Harker's excessive politeness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198570-111">[99]</a> These narrative styles also highlight the power struggle between vampire and his hunters; the increasing prominence of Van Helsing's broken English as Dracula gathers power represents the entrance of the foreigner into Victorian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoretti198277-109">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genre">Genre</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg/260px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg/390px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg/520px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColorCrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="510" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png/260px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png/390px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png/520px-Dracula1931BelaLugosiColor.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="510" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Colorized stills of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Van_Sloan" title="Edward Van Sloan">Edward Van Sloan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Helsing">Van Helsing</a> confronting <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931)</div></div></div></div> Dracula is a common reference text in discussions of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a>. Jerrold E. Hogle notes Gothic fiction's tendency to blur boundaries, pointing to sexual orientation, race, class, and even species. Relating this to Dracula, he highlights that the Count "can disgorge blood from his breasts" in addition to his teeth; that he is attracted to both Jonathan Harker and Mina Murray; appears both racially western and eastern; and how he is an aristocrat able to mingle with homeless vagrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogle,_'Introduction'200212-112">[100]</a> Stoker drew extensively from folklore in crafting Count Dracula, but many of the Count's physical attributes were typical of Gothic villains during Stoker's lifetime. In particular, his hooked nose, pale complexion, large moustache and thick eyebrows were likely inspired by the villains of Gothic fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001150-113">[101]</a> Likewise, Stoker's selection of Transylvania has roots in the Gothic. Writers of the mode were drawn to Eastern Europe as a setting because travelogues presented it as a land of primitive superstitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001137-114">[102]</a> Dracula deviates from Gothic tales before it by firmly establishing its time—that being the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990621-115">[103]</a> The novel is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban Gothic</a> subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1992219-116">[104]</a> Dracula became the subject of critical interest into Irish fiction during the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014194-117">[105]</a> Dracula is set largely in England, but Stoker was born in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, which was at that time part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and lived there for the first 30 years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover199626-118">[106]</a> As a result, a significant body of writing exists on Dracula, Ireland, England, and colonialism. Calvin W. Keogh writes that Harker's voyage into Eastern Europe "bears comparison with the Celtic fringe to the west", highlighting them both as "othered" spaces. Keogh notes that the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> has been both symbolically and historically associated with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_question" title="Irish question">Irish question</a>. In this reading, Transylvania functions as a stand-in for Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014195–196-119">[107]</a> Several critics have described Count Dracula as an Anglo-Irish landlord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngelbien20031089Stewart1999239–240-120">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 88%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> It is said of <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Mrs. Radcliffe</a> that, when writing her now almost forgotten romances, she shut herself up in absolute seclusion, and fed upon raw beef, in order to give her work the desired atmosphere of gloom, tragedy and terror. If one had no assurance to the contrary, one might well suppose that a similar method and regimen had been adopted by Mr. Bram Stoker while writing his new novel Dracula. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mail">The Daily Mail</a>, 1 June 1897<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Mail18973-121">[109]</a></cite> </div> Upon publication, Dracula was well received. Reviewers frequently compared the novel to other Gothic writers, and mentions of novelist <a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Woman_in_White_(novel)" title="The Woman in White (novel)">The Woman in White</a> (1859) were especially common because of similarities in structure and style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReview_of_PLTA,_"Recent_Novels"1897Lloyd's189780The_Academy189798The_Glasgow_Herald189710-122">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[m]</a> A review appearing in The Bookseller notes that the novel could almost have been written by Collins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Bookseller1897816-125">[112]</a> and an anonymous review in <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_of_Politics,_Literature,_Science_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art">Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art</a> wrote that Dracula improved upon the style of Gothic pioneer <a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Ann Radcliffe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaturday_Review189721-126">[113]</a> Another anonymous writer described Stoker as "the Edgar Allan Poe of the nineties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPublisher's_Circular1897131-127">[114]</a> Other favourable comparisons to other Gothic novelists include the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë sisters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719-56">[50]</a> Many of these early reviews were charmed by Stoker's unique treatment of the vampire myth. One called it the best vampire story ever written. The Daily Telegraph's reviewer noted that while earlier Gothic works, like <a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Otranto" title="The Castle of Otranto">The Castle of Otranto</a>, had kept the supernatural far away from the novelists' home countries, Dracula's horrors occurred both in foreign lands—in the far-away Carpathian Mountains—and at home, in Whitby and <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Telegraph1897-129">[116]</a> An Australian paper, <a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a>, regarded the novel as simultaneously sensational and domestic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Advertiser18988-130">[117]</a> One reviewer praised the "considerable power" of Stoker's prose and describing it as <a href="/wiki/Impressionistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionistic">impressionistic</a>. They were less fond of the parts set in England, finding the vampire suited better to tales set far away from home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOf_Literature,_Science,_and_Art189711-131">[118]</a> The British magazine <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a> noted that the novel was, at times, unintentionally funny, pointing to Dracula's disdain for garlic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanity_Fair_(UK)189780-132">[119]</a> Dracula was widely considered to be frightening. A review appearing in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Manchester Guardian</a> in 1897 praised its capacity to entertain, but concluded that Stoker erred in including so much horror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETMG1897-133">[120]</a> Likewise, Vanity Fair opined that the novel was "praiseworthy" and absorbing, but could not recommend it to those who were not "strong".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanity_Fair_(UK)189780-132">[119]</a> Stoker's prose was commended as effective in sustaining the novel's horror by many publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELand_of_Sunshine1899261The_Advertiser18988New-York_Tribune189913-134">[121]</a> A reviewer for the San Francisco Wave called the novel a "literary failure"; they elaborated that coupling vampires with frightening imagery, such as insane asylums and "unnatural appetites", made the horror too overt, and that other works in the genre, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" class="mw-redirect" title="The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde</a>, had more restraint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESan_Francisco_Wave18995-135">[122]</a> Modern critics frequently write that Dracula had a mixed critical reception upon publication.<a href="#cite_note-136">[123]</a> Carol Margaret Davison, for example, notes an "uneven" response from critics contemporary to Stoker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719-56">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Browning" title="John Edgar Browning">John Edgar Browning</a>, a scholar whose research focuses on Dracula and literary vampires, conducted a review of the novel's early criticism in 2012 and determined that Dracula had been "a critically acclaimed novel".<a href="#cite_note-137">[124]</a> Browning writes that the misconception of Dracula's mixed reception stems from a low sample size.<a href="#cite_note-138">[125]</a> Of 91 contemporary reviews, Browning identified 10 as "generally positive"; 4 as "mixed" in their assessment; 3 as "wholly or mostly negative"; and the rest as positive and possessing no negative reservations. Among the positive reviews, Browning writes that 36 were unreserved in their praise, including publications like <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mail">The Daily Mail</a>, The Daily Telegraph, and <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper" title="Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper">Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[126]</a> Other critical works have rejected the narrative of Dracula's mixed response. Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu's In Search of Dracula mentions the novel's "immediate success".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994162-140">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[n]</a> Other works about Dracula, coincidentally also published in 1972, concur; Gabriel Ronay says the novel was "recognised by fans and critics alike as a horror writer's stroke of genius",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERonay197253-142">[128]</a> and Anthony Masters mentions the novel's "enormous popular appeal".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasters1972208-143">[129]</a> Since the 1970s, Dracula has been the subject of significant academic interest, evidenced by its own peer-reviewed journal and the numerous books and articles discussing the novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012379-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_in_popular_culture" title="Count Dracula in popular culture">Count Dracula in popular culture</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula,_anonymous_photograph_from_1931,_Universal_Studios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/170px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/255px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg/340px-Bela_Lugosi_as_Dracula%2C_anonymous_photograph_from_1931%2C_Universal_Studios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a> in the 1931 film <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a></figcaption></figure> The story of Dracula has been the basis for numerous films and plays. Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title Dracula, or The Undead shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.<a href="#cite_note-145">[o]</a> Although the manuscript was believed lost,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1994193-146">[131]</a> the British Library possesses a copy. It consists of extracts from the novel's <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galley proof</a> with Stoker's own handwriting providing direction and dialogue attribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzwell2014-144">[130]</a> The first film to feature Count Dracula was <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Lajthay" title="Károly Lajthay">Károly Lajthay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Drakula_hal%C3%A1la" title="Drakula halála">Drakula halála</a> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> The Death of Dracula), a Hungarian silent film which allegedly premiered in 1921, though this release date has been questioned by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes201029-147">[132]</a> Very little of the film has survived, and David J. Skal notes that the cover artist for the 1926 Hungarian edition of the novel was more influenced by the second adaptation of Dracula, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal201111-148">[133]</a> Critic Wayne E. Hensley writes that the narrative of Nosferatu differs significantly from the novel, but that characters have clear counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensley200261-149">[134]</a> Bram Stoker's widow, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Stoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Stoker">Florence</a>, initiated legal action against the studio behind Nosferatu, Prana. The legal case lasted two or three years,<a href="#cite_note-152">[p]</a> and in May 1924, Prana agreed to destroy all copies of the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensley200263-151">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[q]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dracula_1958_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dracula_1958_c.jpg/220px-Dracula_1958_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dracula_1958_c.jpg/330px-Dracula_1958_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dracula_1958_c.jpg/440px-Dracula_1958_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> as the title character in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a> (1958)</figcaption></figure> Visual representations of the Count have changed significantly over time. Early treatments of Dracula's appearance were established by theatrical productions in London and New York. Later prominent portrayals of the character by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Lugosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Béla Lugosi">Béla Lugosi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">a 1931 adaptation</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> (firstly in <a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">the 1958 film</a> and later its sequels) built upon earlier versions. Chiefly, Dracula's early visual style involved a black-red colour scheme and slicked back hair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114-154">[137]</a> Lee's portrayal was overtly sexual, and also popularised fangs on screen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECengel2020''The_Telegraph''2015-155">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>'s portrayal in <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(1992_film)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1992), directed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> and costumed by <a href="/wiki/Eiko_Ishioka" title="Eiko Ishioka">Eiko Ishioka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerlad2017-156">[139]</a> established a new default look for the character—a Romanian accent and long hair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114-154">[137]</a> The assortment of adaptations feature many different dispositions and characteristics of the Count.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012378-157">[140]</a> Dracula has been adapted a large number of times across virtually all forms of media. John Edgar Browning and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Joan_S._Picart" title="Caroline Joan S. Picart">Caroline Joan S. Picart</a> write that the novel and its characters have been adapted for film, television, video games and animation over 700 times, with nearly 1000 additional appearances in comic books and on the stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114-154">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Retamar" title="Roberto Fernández Retamar">Roberto Fernández Retamar</a> deemed Count Dracula—along with characters such as <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>—to be a part of the "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">hegemonic</a> Anglo-Saxon world['s] cinematic fodder".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERetamarWinks200522-158">[141]</a> Across the world, completed new adaptations can be produced as often as every week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20117-159">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3></div> Dracula was not the first piece of literature to depict vampires,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001147-160">[143]</a> but the novel has nonetheless come to dominate both popular and scholarly treatments of vampire fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199721-60">[54]</a> Count Dracula is the first character to come to mind when people discuss vampires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeresford2008139-161">[144]</a> Dracula succeeded by drawing together folklore, legend, vampire fiction and the conventions of the Gothic novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001147-160">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a> described the novel as vampire literature's "centrepiece, rendering all other vampires BS or AS".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1995608-162">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[r]</a> It profoundly shaped the popular understanding of how vampires function, including their strengths, weaknesses, and other characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001152-164">[146]</a> Bats had been associated with vampires before Dracula as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bat</a>'s existence—for example, <a href="/wiki/Varney_the_Vampire" title="Varney the Vampire">Varney the Vampire</a> (1847) included an image of a bat on its cover illustration. But Stoker deepened the association by making Dracula able to transform into one. That was, in turn, quickly taken up by film studios looking for opportunities to use <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001157-165">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGrath_(novelist)" title="Patrick McGrath (novelist)">Patrick McGrath</a> notes that many of the Count's characteristics have been adopted by artists succeeding Stoker in depicting vampires, turning those fixtures into clichés. Aside from the Count's ability to transform, McGrath specifically highlights his hatred of garlic, sunlight, and crucifixes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199745-166">[148]</a> William Hughes writes critically of the Count's cultural omnipresence, noting that the character of Dracula has "seriously inhibited" discussions of the undead in Gothic fiction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2012197-167">[149]</a> Adaptations of the novel and its characters have contributed to its enduring popularity. Even within academic discussions, the boundaries between Stoker's novel and the character's adaptation across a range of media have effectively been blurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2012198-168">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dacre_Stoker" title="Dacre Stoker">Dacre Stoker</a> suggests that Stoker's failure to comply with United States copyright law contributed to its enduring status, writing that writers and producers did not need to pay a licence fee to use the character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker20112-150">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Sensation fiction is a genre characterised by the depiction of scandalous events—for example murder, theft, forgery, or adultery—within domestic settings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubery2011-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Although published in 1898, Miss Betty was written in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002277-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Miller presented this article at the second Transylvanian Society of Dracula Symposium,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997362-16">[14]</a> but it has been reproduced elsewhere; for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Literary_Biography" title="Dictionary of Literary Biography">Dictionary of Literary Biography</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Other critics have concurred with Miller. Mathias Clasen describes her as "a tireless debunker of academic Dracula myths".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012379-27">[24]</a> In response to several lines of query as to the historical origin of Dracula, Benjamin H. Leblanc reproduces her arguments in his critical history on the novel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997362-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Lisa Hopkins reproduces the previous quotation, and confirms Farson's relation to Stoker, in her 2007 book on Dracula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20076-31">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> In their annotated version of Stoker's notes, Eighteen-Bisang and Miller dedicated an appendix to what the novel might have looked like had Stoker adhered to his original concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008320-53">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> "New Woman" is a term that originated in the 19th century, and is used to describe an emerging class of intellectual women with social and economic control over their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordin19932-72">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Dracula is one of three figures Zanger links to the popular anxiety surrounding Jewish migration to England; the others are <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>, who was often imagined as a Jewish butcher, and <a href="/wiki/Svengali" title="Svengali">Svengali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199141-80">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> For further reading on the last point, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a> writes that the perceived "eternal homelessness" of the Jewish people has contributed to discrimination against them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1991337-84">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> In the novel, Harker specifies that the Slovaks are a type of gypsy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015527-88">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Laura Sagolla Croley expands: "Arata fails to see the class implications of Dracula's racial invasion. Social reformers and journalists throughout the century used the language of race to talk about the very poor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroley199589-93">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> There is some evidence that Bram Stoker died as a result of syphilis; Daniel Farson argues that he may have caught the disease while writing Dracula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988148-103">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The full text of all contemporary reviews listed in the bibliography's "contemporary critical reviews" can be found, faithfully reproduced, in John Edgar Browning's Bram Stoker's Dracula: The Critical Feast (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2012Introduction:_The_Myth_of_Dracula's_Reception-123">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> This footnote provides the page number for the 1994 edition; In Search of Dracula was first published in 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> This was necessary under the Stage Licensing Act of 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzwell2014-144">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Some sources say the legal battle lasted only two,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal201111-148">[133]</a> while others give the number as three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker20112-150">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensley200263-151">[136]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Some sources say that "all prints were ordered destroyed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker20112-150">[135]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Meaning "before Stoker" and "after Stoker". </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20074-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins20074_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2007">Hopkins 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008301-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008301_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 301: "Most of his novels are sentimental romances in which the hero tries to win the love of a woman." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002269-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002269_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002269_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford 2002</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubery2011-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubery2011_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubery2011">Rubery 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20071-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins20071_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2007">Hopkins 2007</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002363-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002363_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford & 2002</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002277-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002277_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford 2002</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaine191216-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaine191216_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaine1912">Caine 1912</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlam1962100-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlam1962100_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudlam1962">Ludlam 1962</a>, p. 100: "Bram sought the help of Arminius Vambery in Budapest [...] Vambery was able to report that 'the Impaler,' who had won this name for obvious reasons, was spoken of for centuries after as the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the 'land beyond the forest.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearden2014-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDearden2014_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDearden2014">Dearden 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997360-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997360_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997360_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeblanc1997">Leblanc 1997</a>, p. 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994150-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994150_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1994">McNally & Florescu 1994</a>, p. 150: "Unfortunately, no correspondence between Vambery and Stoker can be found today. Moreover, a search through all of the professor's published writings fails to reveal any comments on Vlad, Dracula, or vampires." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller19962-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller19962_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1996">Miller 1996</a>, p. 2: "If Stoker knew as much about Vlad as some scholars claim (for example, that he impaled thousands of victims), then why is this information not used in the novel? This is a crucial question, when one considers how much insignificant detail Stoker did incorporate from his many sources." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997362-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997362_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeblanc1997362_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeblanc1997">Leblanc 1997</a>, p. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2006_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2006">Miller 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitts199834-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitts199834_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitts1998">Fitts 1998</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally198346–47-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNally198346–47_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNally1983">McNally 1983</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulvey-Roberts199883–84-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulvey-Roberts199883–84_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMulvey-Roberts1998">Mulvey-Roberts 1998</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKord200960-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKord200960_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKord2009">Kord 2009</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephanou201490-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephanou201490_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStephanou2014">Stephanou 2014</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999187–188-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1999187–188_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>, pp. 187–188: "The closest we have is that there is a short section on Bathory in Sabine-Gould's The Book of Were-Wolves which is on Stoker's list of books that he consulted. But a careful examination of his Notes shows that while he did make a number of jottings (with page references) from this book, nothing is noted from the Bathory pages. And there is nothing in the novel that can be attributed directly to the short Bathory sections." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008131-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008131_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevalier2002749-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevalier2002749_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChevalier2002">Chevalier 2002</a>, p. 749. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012379-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasen2012379_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasen2012379_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClasen2012">Clasen 2012</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESignorotti1996607-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESignorotti1996607_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSignorotti1996">Signorotti 1996</a>, p. 607. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarson197522-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarson197522_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarson1975">Farson 1975</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins20076-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkins20076_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHopkins2007">Hopkins 2007</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarson1975144-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarson1975144_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarson1975">Farson 1975</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilbank199815-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilbank199815_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilbank1998">Milbank 1998</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199743-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199743_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1997">McGrath 1997</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenf198234-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenf198234_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenf198234_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenf1982">Senf 1982</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilbank199814-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilbank199814_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilbank1998">Milbank 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran200564-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran200564_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurran2005">Curran 2005</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran2000-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran2000_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurran2000">Curran 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierman1998152-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierman1998152_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBierman1998">Bierman 1998</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsanti20081-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsanti20081_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsanti2008">Barsanti 2008</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft1965255Eighteen-BisangMiller20084-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft1965255Eighteen-BisangMiller20084_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLovecraft1965">Lovecraft 1965</a>, p. 255; <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlam196299–100-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudlam196299–100_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudlam1962">Ludlam 1962</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20083-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20083_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1973160-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1973160_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1973">McNally & Florescu 1973</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20084-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20084_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller20084_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBierman197740-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierman197740_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBierman197740_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBierman1977">Bierman 1977</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLudlam1977" class="citation book cs1">Ludlam, Harry (1977). A Biography of Bram Stoker, Creator of Dracula. New English Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biography+of+Bram+Stoker%2C+Creator+of+Dracula.&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ludlam&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2023" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Mike (2023). Dracula & Cruden Bay. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+%26+Cruden+Bay&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller200815-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller200815_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008245-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008245_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008318-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008318_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008320-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEighteen-BisangMiller2008320_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008">Eighteen-Bisang & Miller 2008</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002241-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002241_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford 2002</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199719_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison,_'Introduction'1997">Davison, 'Introduction' 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002272_57-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford 2002</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokerHolt2009312–313-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokerHolt2009312–313_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokerHolt2009">Stoker & Holt 2009</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelford2002274-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelford2002274_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelford2002">Belford 2002</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199721-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199721_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_'Introduction'199721_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison,_'Introduction'1997">Davison, 'Introduction' 1997</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison,_"Blood_Brothers"1997147–148-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison,_"Blood_Brothers"1997147–148_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison,_"Blood_Brothers"1997">Davison, "Blood Brothers" 1997</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscher2017-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscher2017_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEscher2017">Escher 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1992197-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1992197_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer1992">Spencer 1992</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuzmanovic2009411-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuzmanovic2009411_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuzmanovic2009">Kuzmanovic 2009</a>, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984107-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraft1984107_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraft1984">Craft 1984</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994382-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994382_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaffer1994">Schaffer 1994</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994381-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer1994381_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaffer1994">Schaffer 1994</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984110-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraft1984110_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraft1984110_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraft1984">Craft 1984</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraft1984109-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraft1984109_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCraft1984">Craft 1984</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemetrakopoulos1977106-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemetrakopoulos1977106_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemetrakopoulos1977">Demetrakopoulos 1977</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAuerbachSkal199752-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAuerbachSkal199752_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAuerbachSkal1997">Auerbach & Skal 1997</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordin19932-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordin19932_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBordin1993">Bordin 1993</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter1991180-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter1991180_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter1991180_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShowalter1991">Showalter 1991</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman1977405-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman1977405_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWasserman1977">Wasserman 1977</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenf198244-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenf198244_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenf1982">Senf 1982</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane19978-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane19978_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1997">Kane 1997</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnds201589-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnds201589_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnds2015">Arnds 2015</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199133-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanger199133_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanger1991">Zanger 1991</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199141-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanger199141_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanger1991">Zanger 1991</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanger199134-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanger199134_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanger1991">Zanger 1991</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993337-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993337_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1993">Halberstam 1993</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauman1991337-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauman1991337_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauman1991">Bauman 1991</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993338-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993338_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1993">Halberstam 1993</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015524-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015524_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTchaprazov2015">Tchaprazov 2015</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015527-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015527_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTchaprazov2015">Tchaprazov2015</a>, p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnds201595-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnds201595_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnds2015">Arnds 2015</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroley1995107-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroley1995107_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroley1995">Croley 1995</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015525-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETchaprazov2015525_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTchaprazov2015">Tchaprazov 2015</a>, p. 525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroley199589-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroley199589_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroley199589_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroley1995">Croley 1995</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990622-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArata1990622_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArata1990">Arata 1990</a>, p. 622. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990623-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArata1990623_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArata1990">Arata 1990</a>, p. 623. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990630-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArata1990630_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArata1990">Arata 1990</a>, p. 630. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomaszweska20043-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomaszweska20043_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomaszweska2004">Tomaszweska 2004</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302–304-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302–304_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis2007">Willis 2007</a>, pp. 302–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993341-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993341_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1993">Halberstam 1993</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993350-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalberstam1993350_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHalberstam1993">Halberstam 1993</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012389-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasen2012389_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClasen2012">Clasen 2012</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988148-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson1988148_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStevenson1988">Stevenson 1988</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis2007302_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillis2007">Willis 2007</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Dracula is also said to be a "folio novel — which is ... a sibling to the epistolary novel, posed as letters collected and found by the reader or an editor." Alexander Chee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guernicamag.com/when-horror-is-the-truth-teller/">"When Horror Is the Truth-teller", Guernica, October 2, 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198564-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeed198564_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeed1985">Seed 1985</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198565-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeed198565_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeed1985">Seed 1985</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoretti198277-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoretti198277_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoretti198277_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoretti1982">Moretti 1982</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECase1993226-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECase1993226_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCase1993">Case 1993</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeed198570-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeed198570_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeed1985">Seed 1985</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogle,_'Introduction'200212-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogle,_'Introduction'200212_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHogle,_'Introduction'2002">Hogle, 'Introduction' 2002</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001150-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001150_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2001">Miller 2001</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001137-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001137_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2001">Miller 2001</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArata1990621-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArata1990621_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArata1990">Arata 1990</a>, p. 621. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1992219-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1992219_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer1992">Spencer 1992</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014194-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014194_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeogh2014">Keogh 2014</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover199626-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover199626_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlover1996">Glover 1996</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014195–196-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeogh2014195–196_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeogh2014">Keogh 2014</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngelbien20031089Stewart1999239–240-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngelbien20031089Stewart1999239–240_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngelbien2003">Ingelbien 2003</a>, p. 1089; <a href="#CITEREFStewart1999">Stewart 1999</a>, pp. 239–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Mail18973-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Mail18973_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Daily_Mail1897">The Daily Mail 1897</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReview_of_PLTA,_"Recent_Novels"1897Lloyd's189780The_Academy189798The_Glasgow_Herald189710-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReview_of_PLTA,_"Recent_Novels"1897Lloyd's189780The_Academy189798The_Glasgow_Herald189710_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReview_of_PLTA,_"Recent_Novels"1897">Review of PLTA, "Recent Novels" 1897</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLloyd's1897">Lloyd's 1897</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Academy1897">The Academy 1897</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Glasgow_Herald1897">The Glasgow Herald 1897</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning2012Introduction:_The_Myth_of_Dracula's_Reception-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning2012Introduction:_The_Myth_of_Dracula's_Reception_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Bookseller1897816-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Bookseller1897816_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Bookseller1897">The Bookseller 1897</a>, p. 816. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaturday_Review189721-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaturday_Review189721_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaturday_Review1897">Saturday Review 1897</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPublisher's_Circular1897131-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPublisher's_Circular1897131_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPublisher's_Circular1897">Publisher's Circular 1897</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception: "Dracula's writing was seen by early reviewers and responders to parallel, if not supersede the Gothic horror works of such canonical writers as Mary Shelley, Ann Radcliffe, and Edgar Allan Poe." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Telegraph1897-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Telegraph1897_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Daily_Telegraph1897">The Daily Telegraph 1897</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Advertiser18988-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Advertiser18988_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Advertiser1898">The Advertiser 1898</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOf_Literature,_Science,_and_Art189711-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOf_Literature,_Science,_and_Art189711_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOf_Literature,_Science,_and_Art1897">Of Literature, Science, and Art 1897</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanity_Fair_(UK)189780-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanity_Fair_(UK)189780_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanity_Fair_(UK)189780_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanity_Fair_(UK)1897">Vanity Fair (UK) 1897</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETMG1897-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETMG1897_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTMG1897">TMG 1897</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELand_of_Sunshine1899261The_Advertiser18988New-York_Tribune189913-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELand_of_Sunshine1899261The_Advertiser18988New-York_Tribune189913_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLand_of_Sunshine1899">Land of Sunshine 1899</a>, p. 261; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Advertiser1898">The Advertiser 1898</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFNew-York_Tribune1899">New-York Tribune 1899</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESan_Francisco_Wave18995-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESan_Francisco_Wave18995_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSan_Francisco_Wave1899">San Francisco Wave 1899</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception: "That the sample of reviews relied upon by previous studies [...] is scant at best has unfortunately resulted in the common misconception about the novel's early critical reception being 'mixed'". </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception: "Rather, while the novel did receive, on the one hand, a few reviews that were mixed, it enjoyed predominantly a critically strong early print life. Dracula was, by all accounts, a critically-acclaimed novel." </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception: "That the sample of reviews relied upon by previous studies [...] is scant at best has unfortunately resulted in [a] common misconception about the novel's early critical reception [...]" </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning2012">Browning 2012</a>, Introduction: The Myth of Dracula's Reception: "firstly, generally positive reviews that include perhaps one, sometimes two negative remarks or reservations, of which I have discerned ten examples; secondly, generally mixed reviews in which scorn and praise are relatively balanced, of which I have found four examples13; and, thirdly, wholly or mostly negative reviews, of which I managed to locate only three examples. What remains are some seventy positive reviews and responses. And, in addition still are thirty-six different laudatory press notices".) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994162-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNallyFlorescu1994162_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1994">McNally & Florescu 1994</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERonay197253-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERonay197253_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRonay1972">Ronay 1972</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasters1972208-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasters1972208_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasters1972">Masters 1972</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuzwell2014-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzwell2014_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuzwell2014_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuzwell2014">Buzwell 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1994193-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuart1994193_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuart1994">Stuart 1994</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes201029-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes201029_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes2010">Rhodes 2010</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkal201111-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal201111_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkal201111_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkal2011">Skal 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensley200261-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHensley200261_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHensley2002">Hensley 2002</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoker20112-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker20112_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker20112_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoker20112_150-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoker2011">Stoker 2011</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHensley200263-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHensley200263_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHensley200263_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHensley2002">Hensley 2002</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20114_154-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning_and_Picart2011">Browning and Picart 2011</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECengel2020''The_Telegraph''2015-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECengel2020''The_Telegraph''2015_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCengel2020">Cengel 2020</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Telegraph2015">The Telegraph 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerlad2017-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerlad2017_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommerlad2017">Sommerlad 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClasen2012378-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClasen2012378_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClasen2012">Clasen 2012</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERetamarWinks200522-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERetamarWinks200522_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRetamarWinks2005">Retamar & Winks 2005</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20117-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning_and_Picart20117_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning_and_Picart2011">Browning and Picart 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001147-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001147_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001147_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2001">Miller 2001</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeresford2008139-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeresford2008139_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeresford2008">Beresford 2008</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1995608-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1995608_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger1995">Doniger 1995</a>, p. 608. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001152-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001152_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2001">Miller 2001</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2001157-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2001157_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2001">Miller 2001</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199745-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199745_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1997">McGrath 1997</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2012197-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2012197_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2012">Hughes 2012</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2012198-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2012198_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2012">Hughes 2012</a>, p. 198. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnds2015" class="citation book cs1">Arnds, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137541635_5">"Gypsies and Jews as Wolves in Realist Fiction"</a>. Lycanthropy in German Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137541635_5">10.1057/9781137541635_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54163-5"><bdi>978-1-137-54163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gypsies+and+Jews+as+Wolves+in+Realist+Fiction&rft.btitle=Lycanthropy+in+German+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69-96&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137541635_5&rft.isbn=978-1-137-54163-5&rft.aulast=Arnds&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9781137541635_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauman1991" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Zygmunt (1991). <a href="/wiki/Modernity_and_the_Holocaust" title="Modernity and the Holocaust">Modernity and the Holocaust</a>. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-745-63809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-745-63809-6"><bdi>978-0-745-63809-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-745-63809-6&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelford2002" class="citation book cs1">Belford, Barbra (2002). Bram Stoker and The Man Who Was Dracula. London: Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81098-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81098-0"><bdi>0-306-81098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker+and+The+Man+Who+Was+Dracula&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-81098-0&rft.aulast=Belford&rft.aufirst=Barbra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford2008" class="citation book cs1">Beresford, Mathew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/647920291">From Demons to Dracula: The Creation of the Modern Vampire Myth</a>. London: Reaktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-742-8"><bdi>978-1-86189-742-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647920291">647920291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Demons+to+Dracula%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Modern+Vampire+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647920291&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-742-8&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F647920291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordin1993" class="citation book cs1">Bordin, Ruth Birgitta Anderson (1993). Alice Freeman Palmer: The Evolution of a New Woman. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472103928" title="Special:BookSources/9780472103928"><bdi>9780472103928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alice+Freeman+Palmer%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+New+Woman&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780472103928&rft.aulast=Bordin&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Birgitta+Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2012" class="citation book cs1">Browning, John Edgar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZuutgAACAAJ">Bram Stoker's Dracula: The Critical Feast</a>. Apocryphile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937002-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-937002-21-3"><bdi>978-1-937002-21-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+The+Critical+Feast&rft.pub=Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-937002-21-3&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=John+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZuutgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning_and_Picart2011" class="citation book cs1">Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921–2010</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-3365-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">664519546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+in+Visual+Media%3A+Film%2C+Television%2C+Comic+Book+and+Electronic+Game+Appearances%2C+1921%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664519546&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F664519546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoker2011" class="citation book cs1">Stoker, Dacre (2011). "Foreword". In Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921–2010</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-3365-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">664519546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Dracula+in+Visual+Media%3A+Film%2C+Television%2C+Comic+Book+and+Electronic+Game+Appearances%2C+1921%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664519546&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Dacre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F664519546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkal2011" class="citation book cs1">Skal, David J. (2011). "Introduction—Dracula: Undead and Unseen". In Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921–2010</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3365-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-3365-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664519546">664519546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%E2%80%94Dracula%3A+Undead+and+Unseen&rft.btitle=Dracula+in+Visual+Media%3A+Film%2C+Television%2C+Comic+Book+and+Electronic+Game+Appearances%2C+1921%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664519546&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F664519546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2005" class="citation book cs1">Curran, Bob (2005). Vampires: A Field Guide to the Creatures That Stalk the Night. Career Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56414-807-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56414-807-6"><bdi>1-56414-807-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+the+Creatures+That+Stalk+the+Night&rft.pub=Career+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56414-807-6&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1986" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Richard (1986). "Bram Stoker". In Sullivan, Jack (ed.). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural. New York City: Viking Press. pp. 404–406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670809028" title="Special:BookSources/9780670809028"><bdi>9780670809028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bram+Stoker&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Encyclopedia+of+Horror+and+the+Supernatural&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=404-406&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780670809028&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison,_'Introduction'1997" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Carol Margaret (1997). "Introduction". In Davison, Carol Margaret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-105-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">244770292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Sucking+through+the+Century%2C+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244770292&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-105-5&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Carol+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244770292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison,_"Blood_Brothers"1997" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Carol Margaret (1997). "Blood Brothers: Dracula and Jack the Ripper". In Davison, Carol Margaret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-105-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">244770292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+Dracula+and+Jack+the+Ripper&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Sucking+through+the+Century%2C+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244770292&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-105-5&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Carol+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244770292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Eighteen-Bisang, Robert; Miller, Elizabeth, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872">Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition</a>. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5186-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5186-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872">335291872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Notes+for+Dracula%3A+A+Facsimile+Edition&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F335291872&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5186-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F335291872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsanti2008" class="citation book cs1">Barsanti, Michael (2008). "Foreword". In Eighteen-Bisang, Robert; Miller, Elizabeth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872">Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition</a>. Jefferson: McFarland & Co. Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5186-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5186-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/335291872">335291872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Notes+for+Dracula%3A+A+Facsimile+Edition&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F335291872&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5186-9&rft.aulast=Barsanti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F335291872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarson1975" class="citation book cs1">Farson, Daniel (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1989574">The Man Who Wrote Dracula: A Biography of Bram Stoker</a>. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-1098-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-1098-6"><bdi>0-7181-1098-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1989574">1989574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Wrote+Dracula%3A+A+Biography+of+Bram+Stoker&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1989574&rft.isbn=0-7181-1098-6&rft.aulast=Farson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1989574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1996" class="citation book cs1">Glover, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cmlmfAmLzo4C">Vampires, Mummies, and Liberals: Bram Stoker and the Politics of Popular Fiction</a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1798-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-1798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%2C+Mummies%2C+and+Liberals%3A+Bram+Stoker+and+the+Politics+of+Popular+Fiction&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1798-2&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcmlmfAmLzo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogle,_'Introduction'2002" class="citation book cs1">Hogle, Jerrold E. (2002). "Introduction". The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Gothic+Fiction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hogle&rft.aufirst=Jerrold+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Lisa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70335483">Bram Stoker: A Literary Life</a>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4647-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-4647-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70335483">70335483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%3A+A+Literary+Life&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70335483&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4647-8&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70335483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2005" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Gail Turley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61394818">From Dickens to Dracula: Gothic, Economics, and Victorian Fiction</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-12624-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-12624-7"><bdi>0-511-12624-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61394818">61394818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Dickens+to+Dracula%3A+Gothic%2C+Economics%2C+and+Victorian+Fiction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61394818&rft.isbn=0-511-12624-7&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Gail+Turley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F61394818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William; Smith, Andrew, eds. (1998). Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic. Basingston: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5"><bdi>978-1-349-26840-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%3A+History%2C+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Gothic&rft.place=Basingston&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26840-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman1998" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, Joseph S. (1998). "A Crucial Stage in the Writing of Dracula". In Hughes, William; Smith, Andrew (eds.). Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic. Basingston: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5"><bdi>978-1-349-26840-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Crucial+Stage+in+the+Writing+of+Dracula&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%3A+History%2C+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Gothic&rft.place=Basingston&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26840-5&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilbank1998" class="citation book cs1">Milbank, Alison (1998). "'Powers Old and New': Stoker's Alliances with Anglo-Irish Gothic". In Hughes, William; Smith, Andrew (eds.). Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic. Basingston: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5"><bdi>978-1-349-26840-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Powers+Old+and+New%27%3A+Stoker%27s+Alliances+with+Anglo-Irish+Gothic&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%3A+History%2C+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Gothic&rft.place=Basingston&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26840-5&rft.aulast=Milbank&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvey-Roberts1998" class="citation book cs1">Mulvey-Roberts, Marie (1998). "Dracula and the Doctors: Bad Blood, Menstrual Taboo and the New Woman". In Hughes, William; Smith, Andrew (eds.). Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic. Basingston: Macmillan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-26840-5"><bdi>978-1-349-26840-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dracula+and+the+Doctors%3A+Bad+Blood%2C+Menstrual+Taboo+and+the+New+Woman&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%3A+History%2C+Psychoanalysis+and+the+Gothic&rft.place=Basingston&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-349-26840-5&rft.aulast=Mulvey-Roberts&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004391205">Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and Its Cultural Context</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40967-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40967-9"><bdi>978-1-349-40967-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004391205">1004391205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Dracula%3A+Bram+Stoker%27s+Fiction+and+Its+Cultural+Context.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004391205&rft.isbn=978-1-349-40967-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1004391205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKord2009" class="citation book cs1">Kord, Susanne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/297147082">Murderesses in German Writing, 1720–1860: Heroines of Horror</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51977-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51977-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51977-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/297147082">297147082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murderesses+in+German+Writing%2C+1720%E2%80%931860%3A+Heroines+of+Horror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F297147082&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51977-9&rft.aulast=Kord&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F297147082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeblanc1997" class="citation book cs1">Leblanc, Benjamin H. (1997). "The Death of Dracula: A Darwinian Approach to the Vampire's Evolution". In Davison, Carol Margaret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-105-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">244770292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Dracula%3A+A+Darwinian+Approach+to+the+Vampire%27s+Evolution&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Sucking+through+the+Century%2C+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244770292&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-105-5&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244770292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlam1962" class="citation book cs1">Ludlam, Harry (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlBbAAAAMAAJ">A Biography of Dracula: The Life Story of Bram Stoker</a>. W. Foulsham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-572-00217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-572-00217-6"><bdi>978-0-572-00217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biography+of+Dracula%3A+The+Life+Story+of+Bram+Stoker&rft.pub=W.+Foulsham&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-572-00217-6&rft.aulast=Ludlam&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlBbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovecraft1965" class="citation book cs1">Lovecraft, H. P. (1965). Derleth, August; Wandrei, Donald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dAfAQAAIAAJ">Selected Letters</a>. Vol. 1. Arkham House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870540349" title="Special:BookSources/9780870540349"><bdi>9780870540349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Letters&rft.pub=Arkham+House&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9780870540349&rft.aulast=Lovecraft&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dAfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters1972" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Anthony (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiQSAQAAIAAJ">The Natural History of the Vampire</a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399109317" title="Special:BookSources/9780399109317"><bdi>9780399109317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+the+Vampire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780399109317&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiQSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1997" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Patrick (1997). "Preface: Bram Stoker and his Vampire". In Davison, Carol Margaret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking through the Century, 1897–1997</a>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-105-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-105-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244770292">244770292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface%3A+Bram+Stoker+and+his+Vampire&rft.btitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Sucking+through+the+Century%2C+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244770292&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-105-5&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F244770292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1973" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (1973). Dracula: A Biography of Vlad the Impaler. New York: Hawthorne Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+A+Biography+of+Vlad+the+Impaler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hawthorne+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rft.au=Florescu%2C+Radu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1983" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Raymond T. (1983). Dracula Was a Woman: In Search of the Blood Countess of Transylvania. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070456716" title="Special:BookSources/9780070456716"><bdi>9780070456716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+Was+a+Woman%3A+In+Search+of+the+Blood+Countess+of+Transylvania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780070456716&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNallyFlorescu1994" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Raymond T.; Florescu, Radu (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P22TnNTonYwC">In Search of Dracula: The History of Dracula and Vampires</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395657836" title="Special:BookSources/9780395657836"><bdi>9780395657836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Dracula%3A+The+History+of+Dracula+and+Vampires&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780395657836&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rft.au=Florescu%2C+Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP22TnNTonYwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Elizabeth (2001). Dracula. New York: Parkstone Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Parkstone+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunter,_'Introduction'2012" class="citation book cs1">Punter, David, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111">A New Companion to the Gothic</a>. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5492-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5492-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-5492-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111">773567111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+the+Gothic&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773567111&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5492-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F773567111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2012" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William (2012). "Fictional Vampires in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century". In Punter, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111">A New Companion to the Gothic</a>. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5492-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5492-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-5492-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773567111">773567111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fictional+Vampires+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+the+Gothic&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773567111&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5492-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F773567111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonay1972" class="citation book cs1">Ronay, Gabriel (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCQSAQAAIAAJ">The Truth About Dracula</a>. New York: Stein and Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812815245" title="Special:BookSources/9780812815245"><bdi>9780812815245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Dracula&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780812815245&rft.aulast=Ronay&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCQSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter1991" class="citation book cs1">Showalter, Elaine (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxgmAQAAMAAJ">Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-011587-1"><bdi>978-0-14-011587-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Anarchy%3A+Gender+and+Culture+at+the+Fin+de+Si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-011587-1&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmxgmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2006" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5SaIMicyxQC">Contemporary Gothic</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-301-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-301-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-301-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Gothic&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-301-7&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5SaIMicyxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanou2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephanou, Aspasia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclcd/873725229">Reading Vampire Gothic through Blood: Bloodlines</a>. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137349224" title="Special:BookSources/9781137349224"><bdi>9781137349224</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873725229">873725229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Vampire+Gothic+through+Blood%3A+Bloodlines&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873725229&rft.isbn=9781137349224&rft.aulast=Stephanou&rft.aufirst=Aspasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclcd%2F873725229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1994" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Roxana (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flzKFymvfj0C">Stage Blood: Vampires of the 19th Century Stage</a>. Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-660-7"><bdi>978-0-87972-660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stage+Blood%3A+Vampires+of+the+19th+Century+Stage&rft.pub=Popular+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-660-7&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Roxana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DflzKFymvfj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbachSkal1997" class="citation book cs1">Auerbach, Nina; Skal, David J., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C60OngEACAAJ">Dracula: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Reviews and Reactions, Dramatic and Film Variations, Criticism</a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97012-8"><bdi>978-0-393-97012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula%3A+Authoritative+Text%2C+Contexts%2C+Reviews+and+Reactions%2C+Dramatic+and+Film+Variations%2C+Criticism&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97012-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC60OngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokerHolt2009" class="citation book cs1">Stoker, Dacre; Holt, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMaiiODpsyQC&pg=PT312">Dracula The Un-Dead</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 312–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95129-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-95129-2"><bdi>978-0-525-95129-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dracula+The+Un-Dead&rft.pages=312-13&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-525-95129-2&rft.aulast=Stoker&rft.aufirst=Dacre&rft.au=Holt%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMaiiODpsyQC%26pg%3DPT312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_and_newspaper_articles">Journal and newspaper articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArata1990" class="citation journal cs1">Arata, Stephen D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827794">"The Occidental Tourist: "Dracula" and the Anxiety of Reverse Colonization"</a>. Victorian Studies. 33 (4): 621–645. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-5222">0042-5222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827794">3827794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Occidental+Tourist%3A+%22Dracula%22+and+the+Anxiety+of+Reverse+Colonization&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-645&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3827794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0042-5222&rft.aulast=Arata&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3827794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Bierman, Joseph S. (1 January 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/nq/article/CCXXII/jan/39/5162571">"The Genesis and Dating of 'Dracula' from Bram Stoker's Working Notes"</a>. Notes and Queries. CCXXII (jan): 39–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnotesj%2FCCXXII.jan.39">10.1093/notesj/CCXXII.jan.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-3970">0029-3970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+and+Dating+of+%27Dracula%27+from+Bram+Stoker%27s+Working+Notes&rft.volume=CCXXII&rft.issue=jan&rft.pages=39-41&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnotesj%2FCCXXII.jan.39&rft.issn=0029-3970&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fnq%2Farticle%2FCCXXII%2Fjan%2F39%2F5162571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaine1912" class="citation news cs1">Caine, Hall (24 April 1912). "Bram Stoker. The story of a great friendship". The Daily Telegraph. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bram+Stoker.+The+story+of+a+great+friendship&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1912-04-24&rft.aulast=Caine&rft.aufirst=Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase1993" class="citation journal cs1">Case, Alison (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20107013">"Tasting the Original Apple: Gender and the Struggle for Narrative Authority in "Dracula""</a>. 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Victorian Studies. 26 (1): 33–49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-5222">0042-5222</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3827492">3827492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Dracula%22%3A+Stoker%27s+Response+to+the+New+Woman&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-49&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3827492%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0042-5222&rft.aulast=Senf&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3827492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSignorotti1996" class="citation journal cs1">Signorotti, Elizabeth (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23118160">"Repossessing the Body: Transgressive Desire in "Carmilla" and "Dracula""</a>. Criticism. 38 (4): 607–632. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1589">0011-1589</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23118160">23118160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criticism&rft.atitle=Repossessing+the+Body%3A+Transgressive+Desire+in+%22Carmilla%22+and+%22Dracula%22&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=607-632&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23118160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-1589&rft.aulast=Signorotti&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23118160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Kathleen L. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873424">"Purity and Danger: Dracula, the Urban Gothic, and the Late Victorian Degeneracy Crisis"</a>. ELH. 59 (1): 197–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2873424">10.2307/2873424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8304">0013-8304</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2873424">2873424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELH&rft.atitle=Purity+and+Danger%3A+Dracula%2C+the+Urban+Gothic%2C+and+the+Late+Victorian+Degeneracy+Crisis&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=197-225&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0013-8304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2873424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2873424&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2873424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Bruce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25484813">""Bram Stoker's Dracula: Possessed by the Spirit of the Nation?""</a>. Irish University Review. 29 (2): 238–255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1427">0021-1427</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25484813">25484813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+University+Review&rft.atitle=%22Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Possessed+by+the+Spirit+of+the+Nation%3F%22&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-255&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25484813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-1427&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25484813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1988" class="citation journal cs1">Stevenson, John Allen (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/462430">"A Vampire in the Mirror: The Sexuality of Dracula"</a>. PMLA. 103 (2): 139–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F462430">10.2307/462430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129">0030-8129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/462430">462430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54868687">54868687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=A+Vampire+in+the+Mirror%3A+The+Sexuality+of+Dracula&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-149&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0030-8129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54868687%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F462430&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=John+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F462430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchaprazov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tchaprazov, Stoyan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1684297393">"The Slovaks and Gypsies of Bram Stoker's Dracula: Vampires in Human Flesh"</a>. English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920. 58: 523–535. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1684297393">1684297393</a> – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Literature+in+Transition%2C+1880%E2%80%931920&rft.atitle=The+Slovaks+and+Gypsies+of+Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula%3A+Vampires+in+Human+Flesh&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=523-535&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tchaprazov&rft.aufirst=Stoyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1684297393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszweska2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tomaszweska, Monika (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288282965.pdf">"Vampirism and the Degeneration of the Imperial Race: Stoker's Dracula as the Invasive Degenerate Other"</a> (PDF). Journal of Dracula Studies. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115193224/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288282965.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dracula+Studies&rft.atitle=Vampirism+and+the+Degeneration+of+the+Imperial+Race%3A+Stoker%27s+Dracula+as+the+Invasive+Degenerate+Other&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tomaszweska&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F288282965.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Wasserman, Judith (1977). "Women and Vampires: Dracula as a Victorian Novel". Midwest Quarterly. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midwest+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Women+and+Vampires%3A+Dracula+as+a+Victorian+Novel&rft.volume=18&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Telegraph2015" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/what-to-watch/christopher-lee-dracula-movies-hammer/">"Why Christopher Lee's Dracula didn't suck"</a>. The Telegraph. 13 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/what-to-watch/christopher-lee-dracula-movies-hammer/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+Christopher+Lee%27s+Dracula+didn%27t+suck&rft.date=2015-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffilm%2Fwhat-to-watch%2Fchristopher-lee-dracula-movies-hammer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533817">""The Invisible Giant," 'Dracula', and Disease"</a>. Studies in the Novel. 39 (3): 301–325. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3827">0039-3827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29533817">29533817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Novel&rft.atitle=%22The+Invisible+Giant%2C%22+%27Dracula%27%2C+and+Disease&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-325&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29533817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-3827&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29533817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanger1991" class="citation journal cs1">Zanger, Jules (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/373723">"A Sympathetic Vibration: Dracula and the Jews"</a>. English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Literature+in+Transition%2C+1880%E2%80%931920&rft.atitle=A+Sympathetic+Vibration%3A+Dracula+and+the+Jews&rft.volume=34&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Zanger&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F373723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_critical_reviews">Contemporary critical reviews</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReview_of_PLTA,_"Recent_Novels"1897" class="citation journal cs1">"Recent Novels". Review of Politics, Literature, Theology, and Art. 79. London: 150–151. 31 July 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Theology%2C+and+Art&rft.atitle=Recent+Novels&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=150-151&rft.date=1897-07-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd's1897" class="citation news cs1">"A Romance of Vampirism". <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper" title="Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper">Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper</a>. London. 30 May 1897. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lloyd%27s+Weekly+Newspaper&rft.atitle=A+Romance+of+Vampirism&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1897-05-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Bookseller1897" class="citation news cs1">"Untitled review of Dracula". <a href="/wiki/The_Bookseller" title="The Bookseller">The Bookseller: A Newspaper of British and Foreign Literature</a>. London. 3 September 1897. p. 816.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller%3A+A+Newspaper+of+British+and+Foreign+Literature&rft.atitle=Untitled+review+of+Dracula&rft.pages=816&rft.date=1897-09-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Academy1897" class="citation news cs1">"Book Reviews Reviewed". The Academy: A Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art. London. 31 July 1897. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Academy%3A+A+Weekly+Review+of+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews+Reviewed&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1897-07-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Daily_Mail1897" class="citation news cs1">"Untitled review of Dracula". <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">The Daily Mail</a>. London. 1 June 1897. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Untitled+review+of+Dracula&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1897-06-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublisher's_Circular1897" class="citation news cs1">"Untitled". Publisher's Circular and Booksellers' Record of British and Foreign Literature. London. 7 August 1897. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publisher%27s+Circular+and+Booksellers%27+Record+of+British+and+Foreign+Literature&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1897-08-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaturday_Review1897" class="citation news cs1">"Review: Dracula". <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (London newspaper)">Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art</a>. London. 3 July 1897. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saturday+Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Dracula&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1897-07-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Daily_Telegraph1897" class="citation news cs1">"Books of the Day". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. 3 June 1897. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+Day&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1897-06-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Glasgow_Herald1897" class="citation news cs1">"Dracula". <a href="/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glasgow Herald">The Glasgow Herald</a>. Glasgow. 10 June 1897. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Dracula&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1897-06-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOf_Literature,_Science,_and_Art1897" class="citation news cs1">"Untitled review of Dracula". Of Literature, Science, and Art (Fiction Supplement). London. 12 June 1897. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Of+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art+%28Fiction+Supplement%29&rft.atitle=Untitled+review+of+Dracula&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1897-06-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Advertiser1898" class="citation news cs1">"Current Literature: Hutchinson & Co's Publications". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 22 January 1898. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Current+Literature%3A+Hutchinson+%26+Co%27s+Publications&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1898-01-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanity_Fair_(UK)1897" class="citation news cs1">"Books to Read, and Others". <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair: A Weekly Show of Political, Social, and Literary Wares</a>. London. 29 June 1897. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair%3A+A+Weekly+Show+of+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Literary+Wares&rft.atitle=Books+to+Read%2C+and+Others&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1897-06-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLand_of_Sunshine1899" class="citation news cs1">"Supped Full with Horrors". <a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Sunshine" title="The Land of Sunshine">The Land of Sunshine</a>. June 1899. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Land+of+Sunshine&rft.atitle=Supped+Full+with+Horrors&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1899-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew-York_Tribune1899" class="citation news cs1">"A Fantastic Theme Realistically Treated". New-York Tribune (Illustrated Supplement). New York City. 19 November 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune+%28Illustrated+Supplement%29&rft.atitle=A+Fantastic+Theme+Realistically+Treated&rft.date=1899-11-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Francisco_Wave1899" class="citation news cs1">"The Insanity of the Horrible". The San Francisco Wave. San Francisco. 9 December 1899. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Wave&rft.atitle=The+Insanity+of+the+Horrible&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1899-12-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTMG1897" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2012/apr/20/bram-stoker-centenary-dracula-review">"Review: Dracula"</a>. The Manchester Guardian. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Manchester+Guardian&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Dracula&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2Ffrom-the-archive-blog%2F2012%2Fapr%2F20%2Fbram-stoker-centenary-dracula-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscher2017" class="citation web cs1">Escher, Kat (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/icelandic-translation-dracula-actually-different-book-180963346/">"The Icelandic Translation of 'Dracula' Is Actually a Different Book"</a>. Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074148/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/icelandic-translation-dracula-actually-different-book-180963346/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Icelandic+Translation+of+%27Dracula%27+Is+Actually+a+Different+Book&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Escher&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Ficelandic-translation-dracula-actually-different-book-180963346%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzwell2014" class="citation web cs1">Buzwell, Greg (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/bram-stokers-stage-adaptation-of-dracula">"Bram Stoker's stage adaptation of Dracula"</a>. The British Library. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Bram+Stoker%27s+stage+adaptation+of+Dracula&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.aulast=Buzwell&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fromantics-and-victorians%2Farticles%2Fbram-stokers-stage-adaptation-of-dracula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubery2011" class="citation web cs1">Rubery, Matthew (2 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199799558/obo-9780199799558-0062.xml">"Sensation Fiction"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Sensation+Fiction&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft.aulast=Rubery&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199799558%2Fobo-9780199799558-0062.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerlad2017" class="citation news cs1">Sommerlad, Joe (13 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/eiko-ishioka-japanese-costume-designer-google-doodle-bram-stokers-dracula-gary-oldman-winona-ryder-francis-ford-coppola-a7836536.html">"Celebrating Eiko Ishioka's extraordinary costumes for Bram Stoker's Dracula"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Celebrating+Eiko+Ishioka%27s+extraordinary+costumes+for+Bram+Stoker%27s+Dracula&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.aulast=Sommerlad&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Fnews%2Feiko-ishioka-japanese-costume-designer-google-doodle-bram-stokers-dracula-gary-oldman-winona-ryder-francis-ford-coppola-a7836536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADracula" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_and_annotated_editions">Critical and annotated editions</h3></div> <ul><li>Eleanor Bourg Nicholson, ed. Dracula. (Ignatius Critical Editions). San Francisco, Cal.: Ignatius Press, 2012.</li> <li>John Edgar Browning & David J. Skal, eds. Dracula: A Norton Critical Edition, 2nd edn. NY: W.W. Norton, 2021.</li> <li>Leslie S. Klinger, ed. The New Annotated Dracula. NY: W.W. Norton, 2008.</li> <li>Clive Leatherdale, ed. Dracula Unearthed. Westcliff-on-Sea, UK: Desert Island Books, 1998.</li> <li>John Paul Riquelme, ed. Dracula, 2nd edn. (Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism). Boston, Mass.: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2015.</li> <li>Leonard Wolf, ed. The annotated Dracula. NY: Ballantine Books, 1975.</li> <li>Leonard Wolf, ed. The essential Dracula. NY: Plume, 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3></div> <ul><li>Harold Bloom, ed. Bram Stoker's “Dracula”. (Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations). Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publications, 2003.</li> <li>William Hughes. Bram Stoker: Dracula; A reader's guide to essential criticism. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 173 p.</li> <li>Jack Lynch, ed. Critical Insights: Dracula. Pasadena, Cal.: Salem Press, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_guides">Study guides</h3></div> <ul><li>William Hughes. Bram Stoker's Dracula: A Reader's Guide. London/NY: Continuum, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li>Marius-Mircea Crișan, ed. Dracula: an international perspective. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.</li> <li>Christopher Herbert. Evangelical gothic: the English novel and the religious war on virtue from Wesley to Dracula. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2019.</li> <li>Roger Luckhurst, ed. The Cambridge companion to Dracula. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.</li> <li>Noël Montague-Étienne Rarignac. The theology of Dracula: reading the book of Stoker as sacred text. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2012.</li> <li>Fiona Subotsky. Dracula for doctors: medical facts and Gothic fantasies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dracula" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Dracula">Dracula</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dracula" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dracula">Dracula</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bram-stoker/dracula">Dracula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/345">Dracula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, text version of 1897 edition.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Dracula&author=Stoker&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Dracula</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dractravel.com/drc/">Journal of Dracula Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bram_Stoker&#039;s_Dracula" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dracula" title="Template:Dracula"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dracula" title="Template talk:Dracula"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dracula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dracula"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bram_Stoker&#039;s_Dracula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dracula</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Universe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Universe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Van_Helsing" title="Abraham Van Helsing">Abraham Van Helsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harker" title="Jonathan Harker">Jonathan Harker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Harker" title="Mina Harker">Mina Harker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Westenra" title="Lucy Westenra">Lucy Westenra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holmwood" title="Arthur Holmwood">Arthur Holmwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seward" title="John Seward">Dr. John Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincey_Morris" title="Quincey Morris">Quincey Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfield" title="Renfield">Renfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Dracula" title="Brides of Dracula">Brides of Dracula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dracula</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Darkness" title="Powers of Darkness">Powers of Darkness</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_Darkness_(Iceland)" title="Powers of Darkness (Iceland)">Icelandic</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Dracula's Guest">Dracula's Guest</a>" (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest_and_Other_Weird_Stories" title="Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories">Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories</a> (1914)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dacre_Stoker" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dacre_Stoker" title="Dacre Stoker">Dacre Stoker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_the_Un-dead" title="Dracula the Un-dead">Dracula the Un-dead</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracul_(novel)" title="Dracul (novel)">Dracul</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible inspirations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_II_Dracul" title="Vlad II Dracul">Vlad II Dracul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_C%C4%83lug%C4%83rul" title="Vlad Călugărul">Vlad Călugărul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Castles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Dracula" title="Castle Dracula">Castle Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bran_Castle" title="Bran Castle">Bran Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poenari_Castle" title="Poenari Castle">Poenari Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvin_Castle" title="Corvin Castle">Corvin Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Films" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Universal_film_series)" title="Dracula (Universal film series)">Universal series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931 English-language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_Spanish-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 Spanish-language film)">Dracula</a> (1931 Spanish-language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Daughter" title="Dracula's Daughter">Dracula's Daughter</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Dracula_(1943_film)" title="Son of Dracula (1943 film)">Son of Dracula</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="House of Frankenstein (film)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Hammer_film_series)" title="Dracula (Hammer film series)">Hammer Horror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1958_film)" title="Dracula (1958 film)">Dracula</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brides_of_Dracula" title="The Brides of Dracula">The Brides of Dracula</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Prince_of_Darkness" title="Dracula: Prince of Darkness">Dracula: Prince of Darkness</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Has_Risen_from_the_Grave" title="Dracula Has Risen from the Grave">Dracula Has Risen from the Grave</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_the_Blood_of_Dracula" title="Taste the Blood of Dracula">Taste the Blood of Dracula</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scars_of_Dracula" title="Scars of Dracula">Scars of Dracula</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_A.D._1972" title="Dracula A.D. 1972">Dracula A.D. 1972</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Rites_of_Dracula" title="The Satanic Rites of Dracula">The Satanic Rites of Dracula</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_the_7_Golden_Vampires" title="The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires">The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dracula 2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_2000" title="Dracula 2000">Dracula 2000</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_II:_Ascension" title="Dracula II: Ascension">Dracula II: Ascension</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_III:_Legacy" title="Dracula III: Legacy">Dracula III: Legacy</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nosferatu films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu_the_Vampyre" title="Nosferatu the Vampyre">Nosferatu the Vampyre</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_in_Venice" title="Vampire in Venice">Nosferatu in Venice</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Vampire" title="Shadow of the Vampire">Shadow of the Vampire</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu_(2024_film)" title="Nosferatu (2024 film)">Nosferatu</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania" title="Hotel Transylvania">Hotel Transylvania </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)" title="Hotel Transylvania (film)">Hotel Transylvania</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2" title="Hotel Transylvania 2">Hotel Transylvania 2</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_3:_Summer_Vacation" title="Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation">Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_Transformania" title="Hotel Transylvania: Transformania">Hotel Transylvania: Transformania</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1963_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1963 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Fights_Dracula" title="Batman Fights Dracula">Batman Fights Dracula</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_for_Dracula" title="Blood for Dracula">Blood for Dracula</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampira_(1974_film)" title="Vampira (1974 film)">Vampira</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Dracula_(1974_film)" title="Son of Dracula (1974 film)">Son of Dracula</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_in_the_Provinces" title="Dracula in the Provinces">Dracula in the Provinces</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_and_Son" title="Dracula and Son">Dracula and Son</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Sucks" title="Dracula Sucks">Dracula Sucks</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_First_Bite" title="Love at First Bite">Love at First Bite</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Halloween_That_Almost_Wasn%27t" title="The Halloween That Almost Wasn't">The Halloween That Almost Wasn't</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracchia_contro_Dracula" title="Fracchia contro Dracula">Fracchia contro Dracula</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1985_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1985 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Squad" title="The Monster Squad">The Monster Squad</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_and_the_Reluctant_Werewolf" title="Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf">Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Dead_and_Loving_It" title="Dracula: Dead and Loving It">Dracula: Dead and Loving It</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(2000_film)" title="Monster Mash (2000 film)">Monster Mash</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_the_Vampire" title="Zora the Vampire">Zora the Vampire</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Family" title="Monster Family">Monster Family</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drakula_hal%C3%A1la" title="Drakula halála">Drakula halála</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Vampire" title="The Return of the Vampire">The Return of the Vampire</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakula_%C4%B0stanbul%27da" title="Drakula İstanbul'da">Drakula İstanbul'da</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Dracula" title="Blood of Dracula">Blood of Dracula</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Dracula" title="The Return of Dracula">The Return of Dracula</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Dracula" title="Batman Dracula">Batman Dracula</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_Versus_Dracula" title="Billy the Kid Versus Dracula">Billy the Kid Versus Dracula</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Dracula%27s_Castle" title="Blood of Dracula's Castle">Blood of Dracula's Castle</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_en_el_tesoro_de_Dr%C3%A1cula" title="Santo en el tesoro de Drácula">Santo en el tesoro de Drácula</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_(1970_film)" title="Count Dracula (1970 film)">Count Dracula</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Monstruos_del_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Monstruos del Terror">Los Monstruos del Terror</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuadecuc,_vampir" title="Cuadecuc, vampir">Cuadecuc, vampir</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampyros_Lesbos" title="Vampyros Lesbos">Vampyros Lesbos</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrabe_Drakula" title="Hrabe Drakula">Hrabe Drakula</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_vs._Frankenstein" title="Dracula vs. Frankenstein">Dracula vs. Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacula" title="Blacula">Blacula</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_Blacula_Scream" title="Scream Blacula Scream">Scream Blacula Scream</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(1974_film)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (1974 film)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula%27s_Great_Love" title="Count Dracula's Great Love">Count Dracula's Great Love</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafula" title="Deafula">Deafula</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Dog" title="Dracula's Dog">Dracula's Dog</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_(1977_film)" title="Count Dracula (1977 film)">Count Dracula</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dracula" title="Doctor Dracula">Doctor Dracula</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1979_film)" title="Dracula (1979 film)">Dracula</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturna:_Granddaughter_of_Dracula" title="Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula">Nocturna: Granddaughter of Dracula</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tomb_of_Dracula#TV_movie" title="The Tomb of Dracula">Dracula: Sovereign of the Damned</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Widow" title="Dracula's Widow">Dracula's Widow</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Die_For_(1989_film)" title="To Die For (1989 film)">To Die For</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundown:_The_Vampire_in_Retreat" title="Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat">Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(1992_film)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadja_(film)" title="Nadja (film)">Nadja</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Prince:_The_True_Story_of_Dracula" title="Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula">Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_no_Konrei_~Mayonaka_ni_Kawashita_Yakusoku~" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara no Konrei ~Mayonaka ni Kawashita Yakusoku~">Bara no Konrei ~Mayonaka ni Kawashita Yakusoku~</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Pages_from_a_Virgin%27s_Diary" title="Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary">Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(miniseries)" title="Dracula (miniseries)">Dracula</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing:_The_London_Assignment" title="Van Helsing: The London Assignment">Van Helsing: The London Assignment</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vulture%27s_Eye" title="The Vulture's Eye">The Vulture's Eye</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_3000" title="Dracula 3000">Dracula 3000</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade:_Trinity" title="Blade: Trinity">Blade: Trinity</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Batman_vs._Dracula" title="The Batman vs. Dracula">The Batman vs. Dracula</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula%27s_Curse" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula's Curse">Bram Stoker's Dracula's Curse</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(2006_film)" title="Dracula (2006 film)">Dracula</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest">Bram Stoker's Dracula's Guest</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Librarian:_Curse_of_the_Judas_Chalice" title="The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice">The Librarian: Curse of the Judas Chalice</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Wolf_Man" title="House of the Wolf Man">House of the Wolf Man</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Dracula_(film)" title="Young Dracula (film)">Young Dracula</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Reborn" title="Dracula Reborn">Dracula Reborn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_3D" title="Dracula 3D">Dracula 3D</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dracula_3D" title="Saint Dracula 3D">Saint Dracula 3D</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_2012" title="Dracula 2012">Dracula 2012</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_The_Dark_Prince" title="Dracula: The Dark Prince">Dracula: The Dark Prince</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Untold" title="Dracula Untold">Dracula Untold</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfield_(film)" title="Renfield (film)">Renfield</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Voyage_of_the_Demeter" title="The Last Voyage of the Demeter">The Last Voyage of the Demeter</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_(2024_film)" title="Abigail (2024 film)">Abigail</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_A_Love_Tale" title="Dracula: A Love Tale">Dracula: A Love Tale</a> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Squad" title="Monster Squad">Monster Squad</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draculas_ring" title="Draculas ring">Draculas ring</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffhangers_(TV_series)" title="Cliffhangers (TV series)">Cliffhangers</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drak_Pack" title="Drak Pack">Drak Pack</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Duckula" title="Count Duckula">Count Duckula</a> (1988–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_The_Series" title="Dracula: The Series">Dracula: The Series</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dracula" title="Little Dracula">Little Dracula</a> (1991–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Force" title="Monster Force">Monster Force</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Kilroy" title="Ace Kilroy">Ace Kilroy</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Dracula" title="Young Dracula">Young Dracula</a> (2006–2014) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Young_Dracula_characters" title="List of Young Dracula characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(2013_TV_series)" title="Dracula (2013 TV series)">Dracula</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decker_(TV_series)" title="Decker (TV series)">Decker</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(TV_series)" title="Van Helsing (TV series)">Van Helsing</a> (2016–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_The_Series" title="Hotel Transylvania: The Series">Hotel Transylvania: The Series</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlevania_(TV_series)" title="Castlevania (TV series)">Castlevania</a> (2017–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(2020_TV_series)" title="Dracula (2020 TV series)">Dracula</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Mystery_and_Imagination)" title="Dracula (Mystery and Imagination)">"Dracula" (Mystery and Imagination)</a> (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Buffy_vs._Dracula" title="Buffy vs. Dracula">Buffy vs. Dracula</a>" (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Young_Dracula_episodes" title="List of Young Dracula episodes">Young Dracula episodes</a> (2006–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Penny_Dreadful_episodes" title="List of Penny Dreadful episodes">Penny Dreadful episodes</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hotel_Transylvania:_The_Series_episodes" title="List of Hotel Transylvania: The Series episodes">Hotel Transylvania: The Series episodes</a> (2017–2020)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Simpsons_Treehouse_of_Horror" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a> <a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror" title="Treehouse of Horror">Treehouse of Horror</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_IV" title="Treehouse of Horror IV">Treehouse of Horror IV</a>" (1993)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_XXI" title="Treehouse of Horror XXI">Treehouse of Horror XXI</a>" (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Fred_Saberhagen#Dracula_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works by Fred Saberhagen">The Dracula Tape and sequels</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Dracula_series" title="Anno Dracula series">Anno Dracula series</a> (1992–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Dracula" title="Anno Dracula">Anno Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bloody_Red_Baron" title="The Bloody Red Baron">The Bloody Red Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Cha_Cha_Cha_(novel)" title="Dracula Cha Cha Cha (novel)">Dracula Cha Cha Cha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Dracula" title="The Revenge of Dracula">The Revenge of Dracula</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Dracula" title="Little Dracula">Little Dracula</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_the_Undead_(novel)" title="Dracula the Undead (novel)">Dracula the Undead</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Historian" title="The Historian">The Historian</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Renfield" title="The Book of Renfield">The Book of Renfield</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_(Cary_novel)" title="Bloodline (Cary novel)">Bloodline</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Dracula_and_Young_Monsters" title="Young Dracula and Young Monsters">Young Dracula and Young Monsters</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangland" title="Fangland">Fangland</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Dark_(Weber_novel)" title="Out of the Dark (Weber novel)">Out of the Dark</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(radio_drama)" title="Dracula (radio drama)">Dracula</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1924_play)" title="Dracula (1924 play)">Dracula</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1995_play)" title="Dracula (1995 play)">Dracula</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1996_play)" title="Dracula (1996 play)">Dracula</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Czech_musical)" title="Dracula (Czech musical)">Dracula (Czech musical)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_A_Chamber_Musical" title="Dracula: A Chamber Musical">Dracula: A Chamber Musical</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula,_the_Musical" title="Dracula, the Musical">Dracula, the Musical</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_%E2%80%93_Entre_l%27amour_et_la_mort" title="Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort">Dracula – Entre l'amour et la mort</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_%E2%80%93_L%27amour_plus_fort_que_la_mort" title="Dracula – L'amour plus fort que la mort">Dracula – L'amour plus fort que la mort</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(Image_Comics)" title="Crossover (Image Comics)">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Dracula (Marvel Comics)">Dracula (Marvel Comics)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tomb_of_Dracula" title="The Tomb of Dracula">The Tomb of Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Apocalypse_vs._Dracula" title="X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula">X-Men: Apocalypse vs. Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Britain_and_MI13" title="Captain Britain and MI13">Captain Britain and MI13: Vampire State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Deadpool_and_the_Howling_Commandos" title="Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos">Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Dell_Comics)" title="Dracula (Dell Comics)">Dracula (Dell Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Dracula" title="Don Dracula">Don Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Lives!" title="Dracula Lives!">Dracula Lives!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellsing" title="Hellsing">Hellsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Dracula" title="Sword of Dracula">Sword of Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_%26_Dracula_trilogy" title="Batman & Dracula trilogy">Batman & Dracula trilogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Undead" title="Victorian Undead">Victorian Undead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_at_the_Gate" title="Wolves at the Gate">Wolves at the Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatori" title="Purgatori">Purgatori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Count_(video_game)" title="The Count (video game)">The Count</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1983_video_game)" title="Dracula (1983 video game)">Dracula</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Manor" title="Ghost Manor">Ghost Manor</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlevania" title="Castlevania">Castlevania series</a> <ul><li>1986–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Castlevania)" title="Dracula (Castlevania)">Dracula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1986_video_game)" title="Dracula (1986 video game)">Dracula</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_the_Undead_(video_game)" title="Dracula the Undead (video game)">Dracula the Undead</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drac%27s_Night_Out" title="Drac's Night Out">Drac's Night Out</a> (unreleased)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(video_game)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (video game)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(handheld_video_game)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld video game)">Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld)</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Unleashed" title="Dracula Unleashed">Dracula Unleashed</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Resurrection" title="Dracula: Resurrection">Dracula: Resurrection</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_2:_The_Last_Sanctuary" title="Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary">Dracula 2: The Last Sanctuary</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Crazy_Vampire" title="Dracula: Crazy Vampire">Dracula: Crazy Vampire</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(video_game)" title="Van Helsing (video game)">Van Helsing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_3:_The_Path_of_the_Dragon" title="Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon">Dracula 3: The Path of the Dragon</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula:_Origin" title="Dracula: Origin">Dracula: Origin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Season_Monster_Defense" title="Vampire Season Monster Defense">Vampire Season Monster Defense</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_4:_The_Shadow_of_the_Dragon" title="Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon">Dracula 4: The Shadow of the Dragon</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_5:_The_Blood_Legacy" title="Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy">Dracula 5: The Blood Legacy</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Adventures_of_Van_Helsing" title="The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing">The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfield:_Bring_Your_Own_Blood" title="Renfield: Bring Your Own Blood">Renfield: Bring Your Own Blood</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pinball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(pinball)" title="Dracula (pinball)">Dracula</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_(pinball)" title="Taxi (pinball)">Taxi</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker%27s_Dracula_(pinball)" title="Bram Stoker's Dracula (pinball)">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Bash_(pinball)" title="Monster Bash (pinball)">Monster Bash</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fury_of_Dracula" title="The Fury of Dracula">The Fury of Dracula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(album)" title="Dracula (album)">Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_2000_(soundtrack)" title="Dracula 2000 (soundtrack)">Dracula 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iubilaeum_Anno_Dracula_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001">Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Selection:_Dracula_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect Selection: Dracula Battle">Perfect Selection: Dracula Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_(Nox_Arcana_album)" title="Transylvania (Nox Arcana album)">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(soundtrack)" title="Van Helsing (soundtrack)">Van Helsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Song_for_a_Vampire" title="Love Song for a Vampire">Love Song for a Vampire</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_the_Dragon_(audio_drama)" title="Son of the Dragon (audio drama)">Son of the Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Original_characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Original characters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative versions of Dracula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alucard_(Hellsing)" title="Alucard (Hellsing)">Alucard (Hellsing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Alucard_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alucard (character)">Count Alucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Castlevania)" title="Dracula (Castlevania)">Dracula (Castlevania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Dracula (Marvel Comics)">Dracula (Marvel Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Orlok" title="Count Orlok">Count Orlok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Soma Cruz">Soma Cruz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relatives of Dracula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alucard_(Castlevania)" title="Alucard (Castlevania)">Alucard (Castlevania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Hunter_D" title="Vampire Hunter D">Vampire Hunter D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_(Dynamite_Entertainment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva (Dynamite Entertainment)">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Janus (Marvel Comics)">Janus Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Lilith (Marvel Comics)">Lilith Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiklah" title="Shiklah">Shiklah Dracula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(character)" title="Blade (character)">Blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_von_Count" title="Count von Count">Count von Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Belmont" title="Simon Belmont">Simon Belmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugosi_v._Universal_Pictures" title="Lugosi v. Universal Pictures">Lugosi v. Universal Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest_and_Other_Weird_Stories" title="Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories">Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula_in_popular_culture" title="Count Dracula in popular culture">Count Dracula in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Society_of_Dracula" title="Transylvanian Society of Dracula">Transylvanian Society of Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Daily" title="Dracula Daily">Dracula Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_Society" title="Dracula Society">Dracula Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_tourism" title="Dracula tourism">Dracula tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_Dracula" title="Bibliography of works on Dracula">Bibliography of works on Dracula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dracula" title="Category:Dracula">Category (Dracula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_based_on_Dracula" title="Category:Works based on Dracula">Category (derivatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bram_Stoker" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bram_Stoker" title="Template:Bram Stoker"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bram_Stoker" title="Template talk:Bram Stoker"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bram_Stoker" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bram Stoker"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bram_Stoker" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Primrose_Path_(Stoker_novel)" title="The Primrose Path (Stoker novel)">The Primrose Path</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snake%27s_Pass" title="The Snake's Pass">The Snake's Pass</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Watter%27s_Mou%27" title="The Watter's Mou'">The Watter's Mou'</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shoulder_of_Shasta" title="The Shoulder of Shasta">The Shoulder of Shasta</a> (1895)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dracula</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Betty" title="Miss Betty">Miss Betty</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_the_Sea" title="The Mystery of the Sea">The Mystery of the Sea</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_of_Seven_Stars" title="The Jewel of Seven Stars">The Jewel of Seven Stars</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_(Stoker_novel)" title="The Man (Stoker novel)">The Man</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Athlyne" title="Lady Athlyne">Lady Athlyne</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_the_Shroud" title="The Lady of the Shroud">The Lady of the Shroud</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lair_of_the_White_Worm" title="The Lair of the White Worm">The Lair of the White Worm</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sunset" title="Under the Sunset">Under the Sunset</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowbound:_The_Record_of_a_Theatrical_Touring_Party" title="Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party">Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest_and_Other_Weird_Stories" title="Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories">Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories</a> (1914) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dracula%27s_Guest" title="Dracula's Guest">Dracula's Guest</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland (1879)</li> <li>A Glimpse of America (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Reminiscences_of_Henry_Irving" title="Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving">Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Impostors" title="Famous Impostors">Famous Impostors</a> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Balcombe" title="Florence Balcombe">Florence Balcombe (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornley_Stoker" title="Thornley Stoker">Thornley Stoker (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_(surgeon)" title="William Thomson (surgeon)">William Thomson (brother-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/194144783017853134071">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4304823-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93100050">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12312986p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12312986p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2015869282&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2197462">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007595162905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058612742206706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/91c255b5-1cc9-4701-a992-f75da9346103">MusicBrainz work</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dracula&oldid=1258053241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dracula&oldid=1258053241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dracula" title="Category:Dracula">Dracula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1897_novels" title="Category:1897 novels">1897 novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Irish_novels" title="Category:19th-century Irish novels">19th-century Irish novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constable_%26_Co._books" title="Category:Constable & Co. books">Constable & Co. books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dracula_novels" title="Category:Dracula novels">Dracula novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistolary_novels" title="Category:Epistolary novels">Epistolary novels</a></li><li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCurran2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison,_\u0026#039;Introduction\u0026#039;1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison,_\u0026quot;Blood_Brothers\u0026quot;1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDearden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemetrakopoulos1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEighteen-BisangMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitts1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlover1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalberstam1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHensley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogle,_\u0026#039;Introduction\u0026#039;2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesSmith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngelbien2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeogh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKord2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzmanovic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLand_of_Sunshine1899\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFRubery2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSan_Francisco_Wave1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaturday_Review1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeed1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenf1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowalter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSignorotti1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerlad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpooner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokerHolt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTMG1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchaprazov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Academy1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Advertiser1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Bookseller1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Daily_Mail1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Daily_Telegraph1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Glasgow_Herald1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Telegraph2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomaszweska2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanity_Fair_(UK)1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanger1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 9,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bram Stoker\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dracula\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 22,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 162,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n 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