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Schoolmaster - Wikipedia
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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulmeister" title="Schulmeister – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schulmeister" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87" title="ناظم مدرسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناظم مدرسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmeester_(beroep)" title="Schoolmeester (beroep) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schoolmeester (beroep)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmeester" title="Schoolmeester – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schoolmeester" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutor" title="Institutor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Institutor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolm%C3%A4stare" title="Skolmästare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skolmästare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term for a male school teacher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Haydn symphony, see <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._55_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 55 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 55 (Haydn)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/School_Master_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="School Master (disambiguation)">School Master</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoalBarons.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CoalBarons.JPG/220px-CoalBarons.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CoalBarons.JPG/330px-CoalBarons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CoalBarons.JPG/440px-CoalBarons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>"The Washington Schoolmaster", a cartoon of 1902 from Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>schoolmaster</b>, or simply <b>master</b>, is a male <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">school</a> <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a>. The usage first occurred in England in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. At that time, most schools were <a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">one-room</a> or <a href="/wiki/Two-room_school" title="Two-room school">two-room schools</a> and had only one or two such teachers, a second or third being often called an <b>assistant schoolmaster</b>. The use of the traditional term survives in British <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>, as well as in some Commonwealth boarding schools (such as <a href="/wiki/The_Doon_School" title="The Doon School">the Doon School</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) which are modelled on British grammar and public schools. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "master" in this context translates the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <b>magister</b>. In England, a schoolmaster was usually a university graduate, and until the 19th century, the only universities were <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. Their graduates in almost all subjects graduated as <a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Arts">Bachelors of Arts</a> and were then promoted to <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Masters of Arts</a> (<i>magister artium</i>), simply by seniority. The core subject in an English <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> was Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_usage">Present usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Schoolmaster_-_WGA7167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Schoolmaster, by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Where a school has more than one schoolmaster, a man in charge of the school is the <a href="/wiki/Head_teacher" title="Head teacher">headmaster</a>, sometimes spelt as two words, "head master". This name survives in British independent schools but has been replaced by <i>head teacher</i> in most British publicly funded schools, although "headmaster" is often still used colloquially, particularly in grammar schools, and is equivalent to the principal in American schools. The term "headmaster" also survives in some American and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> independent schools.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In such schools, a schoolmaster who is not the head is formally called an "assistant schoolmaster". </p><p>A range of other terms is derived from "schoolmaster" and "headmaster", including <b>deputy headmaster</b> (the second most senior teacher), <b>senior master</b> and <b>second master</b> (both used in some independent schools instead of deputy headmaster), and <a href="/wiki/Housemaster" title="Housemaster">housemaster</a>, the schoolmaster in charge of a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> <a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">house</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some independent schools use other titles for the head of the teaching staff, including "High Master" and "Rector".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The female equivalent of "schoolmaster" is <b>schoolmistress</b>, which is used with all the same prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archaic term for the second schoolmaster in a school in England is <b>usher</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term schoolmaster was once commonly two words, and the spelling has varied. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a>'s book <i>The Scholemaster Or a Plaine and Perfite Way of Teachyng Children, to Understand, Write and Speake the Latin Tong</i> was published in 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1634, Henry Bury, former master of <a href="/wiki/Bury_Grammar_School" title="Bury Grammar School">Bury Grammar School</a>, left in his will £300 to the "ffree school" at Bury "for and towards the yearlie mentayninge of a school maister there, for to teach their children."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Historical Society</i>, Vol. 45 (1904), p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/A._C._Benson" title="A. C. Benson">A. C. Benson</a>, <i>The Schoolmaster: A Commentary Upon the Aims and Methods of an Assistant master in a Public School</i> (1902), p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The School World: A Monthly Magazine of Educational Work and Progress</i>, Vol. 16 (Macmillan and Co., 1914), p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Turner, <i>The Old Boys: The Decline and Rise of the Public School</i> (2015), p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Habegger, <i>Masked: The Life of Anna Leonowens, Schoolmistress at the Court of Siam</i> (2014), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reports of the Commissioners Appointed in Pursuance of Acts of Parliament</i>, Volume 33 (1839), p. 628</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Children's World of Learning, 1480-1880</i> Vol. I (1905 edition), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jICsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">p. 133</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Hodgkiss, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henrydunstersociety.org/uploads/2/0/1/6/20161677/roger_kay_commem_book_b.pdf"><i>Bury Grammar School</i></a>, henrydunstersociety.org (and Bury: BGS, 1974) accessed 21 November 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schoolmaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Ascham, Roger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314154001/http://www.classiclanguagearts.net/resources/the-schoolmaster.htm">The schoolmaster: or, A plain and perfect way of teaching children to understand, write, and speak the Latin tongue</a> (1570; Based on the edition reproduced by Menston Scolar Press, 1967) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GjcJAAAAQAAJ">Google books text</a>)</li> <li>Edward Egglestone, <i>The Schoolmaster in Literature</i> (2003)</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐z455v Cached time: 20241122141227 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.082 seconds Real time usage: 0.149 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 372/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1979/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 460/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5199/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.029/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1512852/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 109.235 1 -total 63.94% 69.843 1 Template:Short_description 27.99% 30.579 2 Template:Pagetype 20.80% 22.724 3 Template:Main_other 19.33% 21.118 1 Template:SDcat 14.68% 16.041 1 Template:For 10.29% 11.242 1 Template:Reflist 6.12% 6.683 1 Template:Other_uses 1.44% 1.574 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1552081-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122141227 and revision id 1242515526. 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