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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Huang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Murong_Huang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reign of Murong Huang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Huang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Jun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Murong_Jun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Reign of Murong Jun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Jun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Wei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Murong_Wei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reign of Murong Wei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Murong_Wei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Former_Yan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Former_Yan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rulers of the Former Yan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Former_Yan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A2n_Ian" title="Chiân Ian – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiân Ian" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujong" title="Mujong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mujong" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChere_Yan" title="Frühere Yan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frühere Yan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujong" title="Mujong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mujong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82" title="یان سابق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یان سابق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_ant%C3%A9rieur" title="Yan antérieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yan antérieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%A8n-Y%C3%A8n" title="Chhièn-Yèn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhièn-Yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%97%B0" title="전연 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전연" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniji_Yan" title="Raniji Yan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raniji Yan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Awal" title="Yan Awal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yan Awal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Түрүү Янь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түрүү Янь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前燕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidlige_Yan" title="Tidlige Yan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidlige Yan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wcze%C5%9Bniejsze_Yan" title="Wcześniejsze Yan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wcześniejsze Yan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ранняя Янь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранняя Янь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniji_Yan" title="Raniji Yan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raniji Yan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidigare_Yan" title="Tidigare Yan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidigare Yan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nceki_Yan" title="Önceki Yan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önceki Yan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Рання Янь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рання Янь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%DB%81_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سابقہ یان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سابقہ یان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n_Y%C3%AAn" title="Tiền Yên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiền Yên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="前燕" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="前燕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前燕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%87%95" title="前燕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前燕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese Sixteen Kingdoms dynastic state (337–370)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Former Yan established by Murong Huang. For the Former Yan established by An Lushan, see <a href="/wiki/Yan_(An%E2%80%93Shi)" title="Yan (An–Shi)">Yan (An–Shi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Yan</div><div class="ib-country-names">燕</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Yan in 338 AD"><img alt="Former Yan in 338 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/250px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/375px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg/500px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_338_AD_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="776" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Former Yan in 338 AD</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Yan in 369 AD"><img alt="Former Yan in 369 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/250px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/375px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg/500px-Sixteen_Kingdoms_369_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="773" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Former Yan in 369 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Jicheng (棘城) (337–342)<br /><a href="/wiki/Longcheng_District" title="Longcheng District">Longcheng</a> (342–350)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jicheng</a> (薊城) (350–357)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Yecheng</a> (357–370)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 337–348 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 348–360 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 360–370 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a>'s claim of princely title </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 337<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a>'s claim of imperial title </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 January 353<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of <a href="/wiki/Ye,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye, China">Yecheng</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 370<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">370</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duan Qi">Duan Qi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yan</b>, known in historiography as the <b>Former Yan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">前燕</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qián Yān</span></i>; 337–370), was a <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">dynastic state of China</a> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a> clan of the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period. From <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, the Former Yan later conquered and ruled over <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> at its peak. They were notably the first of several Xianbei states to have establish their rule over the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plains (China)">Central Plains</a>. The prefix of "Former" is used in historiography to distinguish them from the other Yan states that came after them such as <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a>. </p><p>Initially, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a> claimed the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)#Eastern_Jin_(317–420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Eastern Jin</a>-created title "Prince of Yan", but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> territory, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a> would declare himself emperor, and after that point, the rulers of the Former Yan declared themselves "<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors</a>". The Yan changed their capital from time to time, with their last capital, <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a> being the most prestigious due to its status as a major population hub. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Murong, named after their chieftain of the same name, were a Xianbei tribe under <a href="/wiki/Tanshihuai" title="Tanshihuai">Tanshihuai's</a> confederation during the late-2nd century. As the confederation disintegrated, they resettled themselves around the <a href="/wiki/Liaoxi_Commandery" title="Liaoxi Commandery">Liaoxi</a> region, where they feuded with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a> tribes. During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, when the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> commander, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi" title="Sima Yi">Sima Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Yi%27s_Liaodong_campaign" title="Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign">campaigned</a> against <a href="/wiki/Gongsun_Yuan" title="Gongsun Yuan">Gongsun Yuan</a> in 237, the Murong offered their assistance, and after the campaign, they were allowed to move into northern <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong</a>. They became vassals to the Wei and then their successor, the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a>. </p><p>In 285, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Hui" title="Murong Hui">Murong Hui</a> was installed as the new chieftain of his tribe. Although Hui rebelled against Jin shortly after ascending, he resubmitted in 289 and was given the office of Commander of the Xianbei. Hui moved his tribe inwards, eventually settling at Jicheng (棘城, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>) and making it their capital, where they adopted an agricultural lifestyle and the Jin governing system. In 307, he declared himself Grand Chanyu of the Xianbei. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a>, Murong Hui welcomed many fleeing refugees into his territory and recruited Chinese <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-officials</a> into his administration, even setting up new commaderies to accommodate them based on their native provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Schreiber_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreiber-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refugees not only provided the Murong with manpower, but also introduced them to Central Plains culture and advanced agricultural techniques. As the Jin was driven out of the north, Hui effectively held independent control over his territory, but retained his status as a Jin vassal. Between 317 and 318, the Jin court in <a href="/wiki/Jiankang" title="Jiankang">Jiankang</a> acknowledged his positions and offered him the title of Duke of Changli. Hui initially rejected his ducal title, but in 321, accepted the other title of Duke of Liaodong. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Murong_Huang">Reign of Murong Huang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reign of Murong Huang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murong Hui died in 333 and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">Murong Huang</a>. The Murong attempted to establish the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Chinese_throne" title="Succession to the Chinese throne">Chinese succession rule</a> from father to eldest son of the main wife, but this was in conflict with their traditional practice of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession#Lateral_succession" title="Order of succession">lateral succession</a>. Shortly after ascending, Huang's brother, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Ren" title="Murong Ren">Murong Ren</a> rebelled in eastern Liaodong and split the domain into two. Huang defeated Ren in 336, but the issue of succession continued to persist for the Murong even after they established their states. </p><p>In 337, he took the title of Prince of Yan through the support of his officials. Most historians regard this event as the start of the Former Yan dynasty, with the name "Former Yan" being used to distinguish it between the other Yan states that came after it. In 341, Huang pressured the Jin court into formally recognizing his imperial title, but throughout his reign, he never explicitly declared independence and continued to consider himself as a Jin vassal. </p><p>Murong Huang's reign saw Former Yan rapidly expanding its influence. In 338, Yan allied with the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao dynasty</a> to conquer the Duan tribe in Liaoxi. Though the campaign was a success, Zhao then betrayed Yan and laid siege on Jícheng. Despite heavy odds, Yan was able to repel the Zhao forces. In 340, Yan carried out a massive raid on Zhao, reaching all the way to Gaoyang Commandery (高陽郡; around present-day <a href="/wiki/Gaoyang_County" title="Gaoyang County">Gaoyang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>) and capturing 30,000 households before withdrawing. </p><p>In 342, Murong Huang moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Longcheng_District" title="Longcheng District">Longcheng</a>. Later that year, Former Yan invaded <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> and sacked the capital <a href="/wiki/Hwando" title="Hwando">Hwando</a>, forcing their king <a href="/wiki/Gogugwon_of_Goguryeo" title="Gogugwon of Goguryeo">Gogugwon</a> into submission. In 344, they attacked the Yuwen tribe and destroyed their power base, while in 346, they invaded <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> and captured their king, <a href="/wiki/Hyeon_of_Buyeo" title="Hyeon of Buyeo">Hyeon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tennant_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennant-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these campaigns, the Former Yan became the sole military power in northeastern China. Huang also abolished the Eastern Jin <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era names</a> within his domain in 345, instead claiming that they were now in the 12th year of his reign since he first succeeded his father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Murong_Jun">Reign of Murong Jun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign of Murong Jun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Murong Huang's death in 348, his son <a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">Murong Jun</a> took the throne. In 349, the Later Zhao descended into civil war between members of the imperial family. Taking advantage of the confusion, Murong Jun began an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>, during which he moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)" title="Jicheng (Beijing)">Jìcheng</a> (薊城; modern day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) in 350. Soon, the Former Yan went head-to-head with the <a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei</a> state, which superseded the Later Zhao, and in 352, the Wei emperor, <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a> was captured by Murong Jun's brother, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Ke" title="Murong Ke">Murong Ke</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liantai (page does not exist)">Battle of Liantai</a>. A few months later, Ran Min's Crown Prince, <a href="/wiki/Ran_Zhi" title="Ran Zhi">Ran Zhi</a>, surrendered to Former Yan at <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a>. </p><p>The destruction of Ran Wei established Former Yan as a regional power on the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a>, competing with the <a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> in the west and the Eastern Jin in the south. In 353, Murong Jun declared himself emperor and formally broke away from Jin. He continued to entrust Murong Ke with defeating the remnants of the Later Zhao, including the <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qi" class="mw-redirect" title="Duan Qi">Duan Qi</a> state in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. As the situation stabilized on the Central Plains, Jun once again shifted his capital, this time to <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a> in 357. Jun also had ambitions to conquer Jin by mobilizing an army of 1.5 million strong, but died of illness before realizing it in 360. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Murong_Wei">Reign of Murong Wei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign of Murong Wei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murong Jun's son, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">Murong Wei</a> was still a child when he ascended the throne and was assigned with multiple regents. Before his death, Jun had offered to pass the throne to Murong Ke, but Ke refused and settled with becoming one of his nephew's regents. Still, Ke held considerable power under Murong Wei, and traditional historians regarded him as one of the greatest statesmen and commanders of his period. In 365, he captured the ancient capital, <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> from Jin and brought the empire to its peak. </p><p>However, although Ke's regency was marked with political stability and military might, corruption was also beginning to take its toll on the empire. One issue that plagued the empire was the decline of the state's fiscal revenue; after entering the Central Plains, the Yan nobility held large swathes of private land where they amassed commoners and concealed the household population from the state to avoid paying taxes. As a result, the imperial treasury was stretched thin, many officials had unpaid salaries and the public grain stores were exhausted. Ke's leadership initially mitigated the issue, but the situation quickly deteriorated after his untimely death in 367. Real power was then passed down to his notoriously corrupt uncle, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Ping" title="Murong Ping">Murong Ping</a>. </p><p>While Murong Ke was entrusted with real power, another brother of Murong Jun, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a>, was viewed with extreme suspicion by the emperor's inner circle throughout Jun and Murong Wei's reigns. In 369, the Eastern Jin commander, <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">an expedition</a> to conquer the Former Yan. As the Yan court was thrown into a panic, Chui volunteered to lead the defense and decisively defeated Huan Wen at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fangtou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fangtou (page does not exist)">Battle of Fangtou</a>. However, his newfound success made Murong Ping apprehensive of him. After Ping attempted to kill him, Chui defected to the Former Qin. </p><p>During the Jin invasion, Yan had agreed to cede the Luoyang region to Qin for reinforcements, but went back on their promise after repelling the attack. Chui’s defection only further prompted Qin to begin their own conquest of Yan. Despite their numerical advantage, the incompetently-led main Yan force was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng's</a> army at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Luchuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Luchuan (page does not exist)">Battle of Luchuan</a>. Qin forces eventually reached <a href="/wiki/Ye_(Hebei)" title="Ye (Hebei)">Ye</a> and Murong Wei was captured in 370. The destruction of the Former Yan established Former Qin as the main hegemon in the north, beginning their rapid unification of northern China. </p><p> Despite the Former Yan's demise, Murong Huang's descendants would go on to establish three more states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. In the wake of the Former Qin's collapse following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a> in 383, the Yan was restored as the <a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a> (384–407/409), founded by Murong Chui, and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan</a> (384–394), founded by Murong Wei's brother, <a href="/wiki/Murong_Hong" title="Murong Hong">Murong Hong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan</a> (398–410) was a Murong state founded by a son of Murong Huang, <a href="/wiki/Murong_De" title="Murong De">Murong De</a>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MurongPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting depicting a Xianbei Murong archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).[10]"><img alt="Painting depicting a Xianbei Murong archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg/120px-MurongPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg/180px-MurongPainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MurongPainting.jpg/240px-MurongPainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting depicting a <a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Xianbei Murong</a> archer in a tomb of the Former Yan (337–370).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers_of_the_Former_Yan">Rulers of the Former Yan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Former Yan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(early)#Yan_states_and_Tuyuhun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (early)">Emperors family tree</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple names</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous names</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese family name">Family names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">given name</a> </th> <th>Durations of reigns </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">Era names</a> and their according durations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><i>Chinese convention: use family and given names</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taizu (太祖 Taìzǔ) </td> <td>Wenming (文明 Wénmíng) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murong_Huang" title="Murong Huang">慕容皝 Mùróng Huǎng</a> </td> <td>337–348 </td> <td>Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 337–348<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liezong (烈宗 Lièzōng) </td> <td>Jingzhao (景昭 Jǐngzhāo) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murong_Jun" title="Murong Jun">慕容儁 Mùróng Jùn</a> </td> <td>348–360 </td> <td>Yanwang (燕王 Yànwáng) 348–353<br />Yuanxi (元璽 Yuánxǐ) 353–357<br />Guangshou (光壽 Guāngshoù) 357–360<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td>You (幽 Yōu) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murong_Wei" title="Murong Wei">慕容暐 Mùróng Wěi</a> </td> <td>360–370 </td> <td>Jianxi (建熙 Jiànxī) 360–370<br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_past_Chinese_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of past Chinese ethnic groups">List of past Chinese ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Wu Hu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">([咸康三年]冬，十月，丁卯，皝即燕王位，...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7095" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷095">vol. 95</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">([永和八年]十一月，...戊辰，俊即皇帝位，...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7099" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷099">vol. 99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">([太和五年]十一月，....戊寅，燕散骑侍郎馀蔚帅扶馀、高句丽及上党质子五百馀人，夜，开邺北门，纳秦兵，...)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7102" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷102">vol. 102</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreiber-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schreiber_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber1949" class="citation journal cs1">Schreiber, Gerhard (1949). "The History of the Former Yen Dynasty". <i>Monumenta Serica</i>. <b>14</b>: 374–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1949.11730940">10.1080/02549948.1949.11730940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Former+Yen+Dynasty&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=374-480&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1949.11730940&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormer+Yan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinul1991" class="citation book cs1">Chinul (1991). Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EazRC28tdIIC&pg=PA4"><i>Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen</i></a>. Translated by Robert E. Buswell (abridged ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824814274" title="Special:BookSources/0824814274"><bdi>0824814274</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Back+the+Radiance%3A+Chinul%27s+Korean+Way+of+Zen&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=abridged&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0824814274&rft.au=Chinul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEazRC28tdIIC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormer+Yan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennant-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tennant_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1996" class="citation book cs1">Tennant, Charles Roger (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn85nFTAX8EC&pg=PA22"><i>A History of Korea</i></a>. Routledge. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710305329" title="Special:BookSources/9780710305329"><bdi>9780710305329</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Soon after, the Wei fell to the Jin and Koguryŏ grew stronger, until in 313 they finally succeeded in occupying Lelang and bringing to an end the 400 years of China's presence in the peninsula, a period sufficient to ensure that for the next 1,500 it would remain firmly within the sphere of its culture. After the fall of the Jin in 316, the proto-Mongol Xianbei occupied the North of China, of which the Murong clan took the Shandong area, moved up to the Liao, and in 341 sacked and burned the Koguryŏ capital at Hwando. They took away some thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labour to build more walls of their own, and in 346 went on to wreak even greater destruction on Puyŏ, hastening what seems to have been a continuing migration of its people into the north-eastern area of the peninsula, but Koguryŏ, though temporarily weakened, would soon rebuild its walls and continue to expand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780710305329&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=Charles+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXn85nFTAX8EC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormer+Yan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hong, Wontack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upkorea.net/news/photo/5450-2-7540.pdf">"Commencing the Dual System: the Yan Kingdom of Mu-rong Xianbei"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>East Asian History: A Korean Perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+History%3A+A+Korean+Perspective&rft.atitle=Commencing+the+Dual+System%3A+the+Yan+Kingdom+of+Mu-rong+Xianbei&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Wontack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upkorea.net%2Fnews%2Fphoto%2F5450-2-7540.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFormer+Yan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:16_Kingdoms" title="Template talk:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:16_Kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:16 Kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sixteen_Kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upheaval_of_the_Five_Barbarians" title="Upheaval of the Five Barbarians">Upheaval of the Five Barbarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Shi Le's conquest of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei%E2%80%93Later_Zhao_War" title="Ran Wei–Later Zhao War">Wei–Zhao War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ran_Wei_by_Former_Yan" title="Conquest of Ran Wei by Former Yan">Conquest of Wei by Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Huan Wen's Northern Expeditions">Huan Wen's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Fu Jian's unification of North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yu%27s_Northern_Expeditions" title="Liu Yu's Northern Expeditions">Liu Yu's Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei's unification of North China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The 16 Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han-Zhao" title="Han-Zhao">Han-Zhao (304–329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang (397–460)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Xia (407–431)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Han" title="Cheng-Han">Cheng-Han (304–347)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin (351–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang (386–403)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao (319–351)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Former Yan (337–370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan (384–409)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Western Qin (385–431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Southern Liang (397–414)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Yan" title="Southern Yan">Southern Yan (398–410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin (384–417)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang (318–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang (400–421)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan (407–436)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Wei" title="Ran Wei">Ran Wei (350–352)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Kan" title="Duan Kan">Duan Qi (350–356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yan" title="Western Yan">Western Yan (384–394)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhai_Wei" title="Zhai Wei">Zhai Wei (388–392)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Xuan" title="Huan Xuan">Huan Chu (403–404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Zong" title="Qiao Zong">Qiao Shu (405–413)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouchi" title="Chouchi">Chouchi (296–580)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Dai (310–376)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei (386–535)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)">Liu Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han-Zhao)" title="Liu Cong (Han-Zhao)">Liu Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Hu" title="Shi Hu">Shi Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huan_Wen" title="Huan Wen">Huan Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(Former_Qin)" title="Wang Meng (Former Qin)">Wang Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong_Chui" title="Murong Chui">Murong Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daowu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Tuoba Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Song" title="Emperor Wu of Song">Liu Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of the Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jin" title="Book of Jin">Book of Jin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&oldid=1244013147">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Former_Yan&oldid=1244013147</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Yan" title="Category:Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuyuhun" title="Category:Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongol_states" title="Category:Mongol states">Mongol states</a></li><li><a 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