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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cultural diplomacy</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Cultural_diplomacy" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cultural+diplomacy" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Diplomacy&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Diplomacy">Cultural Diplomacy</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Cultural diplomacy is a type of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The purpose of cultural diplomacy is for the people of a foreign nation to develop an understanding of the nation's ideals and institutions in an effort to build broad support for economic and political objectives.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In essence "cultural diplomacy reveals the soul of a nation", which in turn creates influence.<a href="#cite_note-AdvisoryCommittee-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a> has played an important role in advancing national security objectives.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Meeting_of_Japan,_China,_and_the_West_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-A_Meeting_of_Japan%2C_China%2C_and_the_West_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="2406"></a><figcaption>A meeting of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> by <a href="/wiki/Shiba_K%C5%8Dkan" title="Shiba Kōkan">Shiba Kokan</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 18th – c. early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Objectives">2 Objectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Connections_to_national_security">3 Connections to national security</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Tools_and_examples">4 Tools and examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Arts">4.1 Arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dance">4.2 Dance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Exhibitions">4.3 Exhibitions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Exchanges">4.4 Exchanges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#TV,_music,_film">4.5 TV, music, film</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Food">4.6 Food</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Place_branding">4.7 Place branding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Museum_diplomacy">4.8 Museum diplomacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Panda_diplomacy">4.9 Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Goodwill_tours">4.10 Goodwill tours</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Complications">5 Complications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sample_institutions">6 Sample institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Historiography_and_memory">9.1 Historiography and memory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In a 2006 article in the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Journal_of_World_Affairs" title="Brown Journal of World Affairs">Brown Journal of World Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_P._Schneider" title="Cynthia P. Schneider">Cynthia P. Schneider</a> wrote: "Public diplomacy consists of all a nation does to explain itself to the world, and cultural diplomacy – the use of creative expression and exchanges of ideas, information, and people to increase mutual understanding – supplies much of its content."<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> is a set of values and practices that creates meaning for society. This includes both <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a> (literature, art, and education, which appeals to <a href="/wiki/Elites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elites">elites</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> (appeals to the masses).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> This is what governments seek to show foreign audiences when engaging in cultural diplomacy. It is a type of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>, which is the "ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from a country's culture, political ideals and policies."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This indicates that the value of culture is its ability to attract foreigners to a nation. Cultural diplomacy is also a component of <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a>. Public diplomacy is enhanced by a larger society and culture, but simultaneously public diplomacy helps to "amplify and advertise that society and culture to the world at large".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It could be argued that the information component of public diplomacy can only be fully effective where there is already a relationship that gives credibility to the information being relayed. This comes from knowledge of the other's culture.<a href="#cite_note-Lord-13">[13]</a> Cultural diplomacy has been called the "linchpin of public diplomacy" because cultural activities have the potential to demonstrate the best of a nation.<a href="#cite_note-AdvisoryCommittee-3">[3]</a> Richard T. Arndt, a former State Department cultural diplomacy practitioner, said: "Cultural relations grow naturally and organically, without government intervention – the transactions of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, student flows, communications, book circulation, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>, media access, <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">inter-marriage</a> – millions of daily cross-cultural encounters. If that is correct, cultural diplomacy can only be said to take place when formal diplomats, serving national governments, try to shape and channel this natural flow to advance national interests."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It is important to note that, while cultural diplomacy is, as indicated above, a government activity, the private sector has a very real role to play because the government does not create culture, therefore, it can only attempt to make a culture known and define the impact this organic growth will have on national policies. Cultural diplomacy attempts to manage the international environment by utilizing these sources and achievements and making them known abroad.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> An important aspect of this is listening- cultural diplomacy is meant to be a two-way exchange.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This exchange is then intended to foster a mutual understanding and thereby win influence within the target nation. Cultural diplomacy derives its credibility not from being close to government institutions, but from its proximity to cultural authorities.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Ultimately, the goal of cultural diplomacy is to influence a foreign audience and use that influence, which is built up over the long term, as a good will reserve to win support for policies. It seeks to harness the elements of culture to induce foreigners to:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul><li>have a positive view of the country's people, culture and policies,</li> <li>induce greater <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> between the two nations,</li> <li>aid in changing the policies or political environment of the target nation,</li> <li>prevent, manage and mitigate <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">conflict</a> with the target nation.</li></ul> In turn, cultural diplomacy can help a nation better understand the foreign nation it is engaged with and it fosters mutual understanding. Cultural diplomacy is a way of conducting international relations without expecting anything in return in the way that traditional diplomacy typically expects.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Cultural exchange programs work as a medium to relay a favourable impression of the foreign country in order to gain outsiders' understanding and approval in their cultural practices and naturalize their social norms among other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs-20">[20]</a> Generally, cultural diplomacy is more focused on the longer term and less on specific policy matters.<a href="#cite_note-Lord-13">[13]</a> The intent is to build up influence over the long term for when it is needed by engaging people directly. This influence has implications ranging from national security to increasing tourism and commercial opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It allows the government to create a "foundation of trust" and a mutual understanding that is neutral and built on people-to-people contact. Another unique and important element of cultural diplomacy is its ability to reach youth, non-elites and other audiences outside of the traditional embassy circuit. In short, cultural diplomacy plants the seeds of ideals, ideas, political arguments, spiritual perceptions and a general view point of the world that may or may not flourish in a foreign nation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Therefore, ideologies spread by cultural diplomacy about American values enables those that seek a better life to look towards the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> where <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> are portrayed as desirable and achievable goals.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Connections_to_national_security">Connections to national security</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Connections to national security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Cultural diplomacy is a demonstration of <a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">national power</a> because it demonstrates to foreign audiences every aspect of culture, including wealth, scientific and technological advances, competitiveness in everything from sports and industry to <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military power</a>, and a nation's overall confidence.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The perception of power has important implications for a nation's ability to ensure its security. Furthermore, because cultural diplomacy includes political and ideological arguments, and uses the language of persuasion and advocacy, it can be used as an instrument of <a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">political warfare</a> and be useful in achieving traditional goals of war.<a href="#cite_note-Waller-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] A Chinese activist was quoted as saying "We've seen a lot of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood movies">Hollywood movies</a> – they feature weddings, funerals and going to court. So now we think it's only natural to go to court a few times in your life."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In terms of policy that supports national security goals, the information revolution has created an increasingly connected world in which public perceptions of values and motivations can create an enabling or disabling environment in the quest for international support of policies.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The struggle to affect important international developments is increasingly about winning the information struggle to define the interpretation of states' actions. If an action is not interpreted abroad as the nation meant to it be, then the action itself can become meaningless.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Participants in cultural diplomacy often have insights into foreign attitudes that official embassy employees do not. This can be used to better understand a foreign nation's intentions and capabilities. It can also be used to counter hostile propaganda and the collection of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">open-source intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Tools_and_examples">Tools and examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tools and examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Cultural diplomacy relies on a variety of mediums, including:<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <ul><li>Arts including films, dance, music, painting, sculpture, among others.</li> <li>Exhibitions which offer the potential to showcase numerous objects of culture</li> <li>Educational programs such as universities and language programs abroad</li> <li>Exchanges – scientific, artistic, educational etc.</li> <li>Literature – the establishment of libraries abroad and translation of popular and national works</li> <li>Broadcasting of news and cultural programs</li> <li>Gifts to a nation, which demonstrates thoughtfulness and respect</li> <li>Religious diplomacy, including inter-religious dialogue</li> <li>Promotion and explanation of ideas and social policies</li> <li>Goodwill tours</li></ul> All of these tools seek to bring understanding of a nation's culture to foreign audiences. They work best when they are proven to be relevant to the target audience. The tools can be utilized by working through NGOs, diasporas and political parties abroad, which may help with the challenge of relevance and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/200px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/200px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/300px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/400px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Migrant Mother (1936), Dorothea Lange</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s the Soviet Union had a reputation that was associated with peace, international class solidarity and progress due to its sponsorship of local revolutionary movements for liberation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The United States was known for its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and for preserving the status quo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In an effort to change this perception,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a> (USIA) sponsored a photographic exhibition titled <a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Man" title="The Family of Man">The Family of Man</a>. The display originally showed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, but then USIA helped the display to be seen in 91 locations in 39 countries. The 503 photographs by 237 professional and amateur photographers were curated and put together by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a>. The images showed glimpses of everyday human life in its various stages; courtship, birth, parenting, work, self-expression, etc., including images from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The images were multi-cultured and only a few were overtly political serving to show the eclecticism and diversity of American culture, which is America's soft power foundation. The display was extremely popular and attracted large numbers of crowds, in short America "showed the world, the world and got credit for it".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A similar effort was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> in February 2002 entitled Images from Ground Zero. The display included 27 images, detailing the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Meyerowitz" title="Joel Meyerowitz">Joel Meyerowitz</a> that circulated, with the backing of embassies and consulates, to 60 nations. The display was intended to shape and maintain the public memory of the attack and its aftermath. The display sought to show the human side of the tragedy, and not just the destruction of buildings. The display was also intended to show a story of recovery and resolution through documenting not only the grief and pain, but also the recovery efforts. In many countries where the display was run, it was personalized for the population. For example, relatives of those who died in the Towers were often invited to the event openings.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The positioning of the performing arts throughout history shows that dance was a tool for showing power, promoting national pride, and maintaining international relations.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the plot and choreography choices used in dance demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> values. Through this, countries were able to share their ideas. In 1955, the United States state department sent the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham_Dance_Company" title="Martha Graham Dance Company">Martha Graham Dance Company</a> to many countries affected by the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[37]</a> Some of these countries included Burma, India, Pakistan, Japan, the Philippines, and Thailand which were all a concern to the United States because they could be easily lost to Communism as predicted in Eisenhower's <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[37]</a> The choreography mixed Asian aesthetics with American values, creating an innovative performance that showed what the United States and a capitalist society was capable of producing.<a href="#cite_note-:0-37">[37]</a> Her performances were received with praise and repositioned the image of the United States in the eyes of the international community.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Cultural diplomacy through the arts was also used by the Soviet Union due to the high value they placed on culture and the belief it could unite people. The "<a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet Man</a>" was expected to have an understanding of the arts and be able to contribute to society.<a href="#cite_note-:12-39">[39]</a> In 1959, the Soviet Union decided to send one of its highly regarded ballet companies, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Ballet" title="Bolshoi Ballet">Bolshoi</a>, to tour the United States. Their goal was to demonstrate the artistic and physical abilities of their citizens. The repertoire included Romeo and Juliet, Sawn Lake, Giselle, and The Stone Flower. There were also two mixed bills that included both pre and post-revolutionary content.<a href="#cite_note-:12-39">[39]</a> Swan Lake and its composer, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">P. I. Tchaikovsky</a>, were considered Russian classics that fit into <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> ideology and were therefore accepted in the Communist repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-:12-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Other classic ballets were redesigned to demonstrate this ideology. While Americans were extremely excited to see the ballets and praised the ballerinas, the repertoire was not received as well.<a href="#cite_note-:22-41">[41]</a> This was a tool critics used to express the joy of seeing the ballet company while critiquing Soviet politics. The complaint that Communism was an old-fashioned ideology was given life as most of the ballets performed were classical pieces.<a href="#cite_note-:22-41">[41]</a> Dance produced in the United States, for example Balanchine and Martha Graham, was seen as modern with an individualistic style.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A later example of dance during the Cold War was the Soviet Union and the United States exchanging ballet companies for a time in order to improve cultural relations. In October 1962, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a> (NYCB) toured the Soviet Union. In New York City, the Bolshoi was performing <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_(ballet)" title="Spartacus (ballet)">Spartacus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian" title="Aram Khachaturian">Aram Khachaturian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This ballet was meant to excite American audiences and prove that the Soviet Union could produce new, action-packed performances. The Soviet Union's creation was still not considered innovative because the Hollywood film Spartacus by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> had been released prior to this performance. At the same time, seventeen ballets by <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a>, who is considered a very influential figure in American ballet though he was born in Russia, were being performed in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[43]</a> Once again ballet was used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs. Many factors made this tour a pinnacle in Cold war exchanges. The tour occurred at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. Also, NYCB making an appearance in the Soviet Union was questionable because reviews of Balanchine's ballets had been censored. Instead of feelings of hostility, the company received a warm welcome.<a href="#cite_note-:12-39">[39]</a> Both the United States and the Soviet Union agreed with Balanchine's decision to emphasize music throughout his choreography.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There was still a fundamental disagreement to this as Balanchine often declared that music has no meaning and Soviet society did not have the same ideology.<a href="#cite_note-:3-43">[43]</a> Because each company's ballets were being judged with preconceived notions about society and the arts, opinions clashed and interpretations were different. The United States was mainly known for producing abstract modern pieces which align with Capitalist and individualistic thinking. On the other hand, the Soviet Union was producing narrative ballets which were meant to reeducate citizens and emphasize the importance of society.<a href="#cite_note-:22-41">[41]</a> These exchanges were also seen as a battle between Capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:22-41">[41]</a> with each showing off its values and power. These are only a few examples of dance being used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exhibitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepsi_SU_label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pepsi_SU_label.svg/220px-Pepsi_SU_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pepsi_SU_label.svg/220px-Pepsi_SU_label.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pepsi_SU_label.svg/330px-Pepsi_SU_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pepsi_SU_label.svg/440px-Pepsi_SU_label.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soviet Pepsi label</figcaption></figure> Exhibitions were often used during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> to demonstrate culture and progress by both the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Exhibition" title="American National Exhibition">American National Exhibition</a> was held on <a href="/wiki/Sokolniki_Park" title="Sokolniki Park">Sokolniki Park</a> in Moscow. The exhibition was opened by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and attended by <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, and senior executives from Pepsi, Kodak and Macy's. It featured American consumer goods, cars, boats, RCA color TVs, food, clothing, etc., and samples of American products such as Pepsi. There was a typical American kitchen set up inside in which spectators could watch a Bird's Eye frozen meal be prepared. An IBM RAMAC computer was programmed to answer 3,500 questions about America in Russian. The most popular question was "what is the meaning of the American Dream?" The Soviets tried to limit the audience by only giving tickets to party members and setting up their own rival exhibition. But ultimately people came, and the souvenir pins that were given out turned up in every corner of the country. The Soviets banned printed material, but the Americans gave it out anyway. The most popular items were the Bible and a Sears catalogue. The guides for the exhibition were American graduate students, including African Americans and women, who spoke Russian. This gave Russians the ability to speak to real Americans and ask difficult questions. The ambassador to Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Thompson" title="Llewellyn Thompson">Llewellyn Thompson</a>, commented that "the exhibition would be 'worth more to us than five new battleships."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchanges">Exchanges</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Exchanges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg/220px-New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 57px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg/220px-New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="57" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg/330px-New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg/440px-New_US-UK_Fulbright_Logo.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New US-UK Fulbright Logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/220px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1482"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/220px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/330px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/440px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fulbright Fellow <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray astronomy</a>.</figcaption></figure> The usefulness of exchanges is based on two assumptions- some form of political intent lies behind the exchange and the result will have some sort of political effect. The idea is that exchanges will create a network of influential people abroad that will tie them to their host country and will appreciate their host country more due to their time spent there.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Exchanges generally take place at a young age, giving the host country the opportunity to create an attachment and gain influence at a young impressionable age.<a href="#cite_note-Lord-13">[13]</a> An example of exchanges is the United States' <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The US and Soviet Union hosted a range of educational exchange programs during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV,_music,_film">TV, music, film</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TV, music, film" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Popular entertainment is a statement about the society which it is portraying.<a href="#cite_note-borgerson-49">[49]</a> These cultural displays can carry important messages regarding individualism, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choices</a> and other values.<a href="#cite_note-borgerson-49">[49]</a> For example, Soviet audiences watching American films learned that Americans owned their own cars, did not have to stand in long lines to purchase food, and did not live in communal apartments.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> These observations were not intended to be political messages when Hollywood created the films, but they nonetheless carried them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cultural programming featuring <a href="/wiki/Latin_Jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Jazz">Latin Jazz</a> music and the <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">Bolero</a> was already recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> as an important diplomatic tool during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period. In the early 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Chester" title="Edmund A. Chester">Edmund A. Chester</a> of the <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> to showcase leading musicians from both North and South America for audiences on both continents. Musical artists such as <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Antonini" title="Alfredo Antonini">Alfredo Antonini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terig_Tucci" title="Terig Tucci">Terig Tucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sandoval_(composer)" title="Miguel Sandoval (composer)">Miguel Sandoval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Arvizu" title="Juan Arvizu">Juan Arvizu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Miranda" title="Elsa Miranda">Elsa Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Garza" title="Eva Garza">Eva Garza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manolita_Arriola" title="Manolita Arriola">Manuolita Arriola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Mesta_Chayres" title="Nestor Mesta Chayres">Nestor Mesta Chayres</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> participated in this truly international effort to foster peace throughout the Americas through shared musical performances (See <a href="/wiki/Viva_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Viva América">Viva América</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" data-alt="audio icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  You may hear the <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Antonini" title="Alfredo Antonini">Alfredo Antonini</a> Orchestra with <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Mesta_Chayres" title="Nestor Mesta Chayres">Néstor Mesta Cháyres</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a> performing the bolero "La Morena de me Copla" in 1946 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/matrix/detail/2000301762/73545-La_morena_de_mi_copla">Here on DAHR</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" data-alt="audio icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  You may listen to radio broadcasts of performances by the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra">Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra</a> from 1956–1960 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.7aso.org/htmldocs/asaudiop.html">here on 7aso.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In the post World War II era, the United States Army also acknowledged the importance of cultural programming as a valuable diplomatic tool amidst the ruins in Europe. In 1952 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Seventh_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Seventh Army">U.S. Seventh Army</a> enlisted the expertise of the young conductor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Adler</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra">Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra</a> in Stuttgart, Germany in order to demonstrate the shared cultural heritage of America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Performances of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> by the orchestra continued throughout Europe until 1962.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> They showcased the talents of several noted conductors and musicians including: <a href="/wiki/James_Dixon_(conductor)" title="James Dixon (conductor)">James Dixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ferritto" title="John Ferritto">John Ferritto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lewis_(musician)" title="Henry Lewis (musician)">Henry Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Schermerhorn" title="Kenneth Schermerhorn">Kenneth Schermerhorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> As the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated in the 1950s, the Department of State also supported the performance of classical music as an indispensable diplomatic tool.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> With this in mind, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> established an Emergency Fund for International Affairs in 1954 to stimulate the presentation of America's cultural achievements to international audiences in the realms of dance, theatre and music.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1954, the State Department's Cultural Presentations program established a cooperative relationship with the Music Advisory Panel of the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Theatre_and_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="American National Theatre and Academy">American National Theatre and Academy</a> (ANTA) to evaluate potential musical performers who could best represent America at performance venues throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Members of the advisory panel included such noted American composers and academics as: <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hanson" title="Howard Hanson">Howard Hanson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Katims" title="Milton Katims">Milton Katims</a>, and the music critic <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Frankenstein" title="Alfred Frankenstein">Alfred Frankenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In addition, the State Department selected Hanson's Eastman Philharmonia Orchestra to perform during a sweeping international cultural exchange tour in 1961. Concert performances by this elite group of students from the Eastman School of Music were received to critical acclaim by enthusiastic audiences in thirty four cities in sixteen countries throughout Europe, the Middle East and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Similarly, the bass-baritone <a href="/wiki/William_Warfield" title="William Warfield">William Warfield</a> was recruited by the Department of State to perform in six separate European tours during the 1950s which featured productions of the opera <a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess </a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Jazz played a critical role during the Cold War in establishing political ties. Producer Willis Conover explained jazz as an embodiment of an anti-ideology or an alternative way of living by introducing a new style of music with a loose structure and improvisation.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> In November 1955, The New York Times declared Louis Armstrong as America's most effective ambassador. What American diplomats could not do, Armstrong and his jazz music did. This article claimed that musicians, such as Armstrong, created a universal language to communicate.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> Jazz originally surfaced in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s, but quickly faded. After World War II, jazz began to reemerge, but was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> He considered jazz as corrupt and capitalistic due to the fact that it grew out of the United States during a time of political unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Jazz_diplomacy-83">[83]</a> During the 1950s to 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement, the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Asia">Asia</a>, and the cultural and political rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union created the need for cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Jazz_diplomacy-83">[83]</a> As a result, the United States government sent a jazz band composed of African American musicians abroad to tour places, including the Middle East and Africa, with the goal of the black musicians establishing connections with their African heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> Duke Ellington, B.B. King, and Dizzy Gillespie all made trips to Africa that fostered connections with the African diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> took on the role as a musical ambassador during his trip to the Middle East. He reported to President Eisenhower that he and his jazz band were effective against Red propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> With their interracial group, the jazz band was able to communicate across social and language barriers. During the band's trip to Athens, Greece, a performance transformed an audience of Anti-American students angered by the U.S. stance on Greece's right-wing dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> By the end of the performance, Gillespie said the audience loved the music and threw him up on their shoulders after the performance. Diplomats emphasized the positive effects of musical diplomacy on the public.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> From 1955 to 1996, jazz producer <a href="/wiki/Willis_Conover" title="Willis Conover">Willis Conover</a> hosted a music program called "Music USA," for the Voice of America to assist in the emergence of jazz musicians as U.S. ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-Satchmo-82">[82]</a> Conover explained: "Jazz is a cross between total discipline and anarchy," for the way the musicians agree on tempo, key, and chord, but is distinguishable by its freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> As many as thirty million listeners worldwide, including millions in the Soviet Union, listened to the forty-five minutes of pop music and forty-five minutes of jazz with a newscast preceding each. Many critics have stated that Conover's program played a major role in the resurgence of jazz within the Soviet Union after the WWII.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/220px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1110"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/220px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/330px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg/440px-The_Beatles_members_at_New_York_City_in_1964.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Beatles</figcaption></figure> The effect <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> had in Russia during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> is an example of how music artists and their songs can become political. During this time, rock music channelled liberal "Western" ideas as a progressive and modernized art form.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> The Beatles symbolized the Western culture in a way that introduced new ideas that many believe assisted in the collapse of communism.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-84">[84]</a> As a result, the Beatles served as cultural diplomats through their popularity in the Soviet Union. Their music fostered youth communication and united people with a common spirit of popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolya_Vasin" title="Kolya Vasin">Kolya Vasin</a>, the founder of The Beatles museum and the Temple of Love, Peace and Music in St. Petersburg,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> commented that The Beatles "were like an integrity test. When anyone said anything against them, we knew just what that person was worth. The authorities, our teachers, even our parents, became idiots to us."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-86">[86]</a> Despite the attempts of the Soviet Union's government to prevent the spread of the Beatles' popularity amongst their citizens, the band proved to be as popular in the USSR as it was in Britain. The government went as far as censoring the expression of all Western ideals, including the Beatles' bourgeois eccentricity, limiting the Soviet citizens' access to their music.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Leslie Woodland, a documentary film maker, commented regarding what the Russian people were told about the West – "Once people heard the Beatles' wonderful music, it just didn't fit. The authorities' prognosis didn't correspond to what they were listening to. The system was built on fear and lies, and in this way, the Beatles put an end to the fear, and exposed the lies."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-86">[86]</a> Pavel Palazchenko, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s conference interpreter, stated that the Beatles' music was a "source of musical relief. They helped us create a world of our own, a world different from the dull and senseless ideological liturgy that increasingly reminded me of Stalinism...".<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> Like Gorbachev, many Russian youth agreed that the Beatles were a way to overcome the cultural isolation imposed by the Cold War and reinforced by their current political system.<a href="#cite_note-Cultural_exchange-81">[81]</a> In this way the music of The Beatles struck a political chord in the Soviet Union, even when the songs were not meant to be political. This contact went both ways. In 1968, when the song "Back in the USSR" was released, the album included a quote on the cover from <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> that read "In releasing this record, made especially and exclusively for the USSR, I am extending a hand of peace and friendship to the Soviet people."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> During Paul McCartney's first trip to Russia in May 2003, nearly half a million fans greeted him. One Russian critic reported, "The only person in Red Square who wasn't moved was Lenin".<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-84">[84]</a> This is an example of how products of culture can have an influence on the people they reach outside of their own country. It also shows how a private citizen can unintentionally become a cultural ambassador of sorts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In September 2023, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Global_Music_Diplomacy_Initiative" title="Global Music Diplomacy Initiative">Global Music Diplomacy Initiative</a> in partnership with <a href="/wiki/The_Recording_Academy" title="The Recording Academy">The Recording Academy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-89">[89]</a> There are growing calls for <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to strengthen its music diplomacy activities.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Beijing" title="Embassy of the United States, Beijing">US Embassy in Beijing</a> leveraged food as a tool of diplomacy in 2023, when its public affairs section collected lunch photos from officers posted across the country and created a "photo montage video titled "What American Diplomats Have for Lunch," which became one of the most-viewed and most-engaged posts on its <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a> accounts.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_branding">Place branding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Place branding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This Image and reputation has become an essential part of a "state's strategic equity". <a href="/wiki/Place_branding" title="Place branding">Place branding</a> is "the totality of the thoughts, feelings, associations and expectations that come to mind when a prospect or consumer is exposed to an entity's name, logo, products, services, events, or any design or symbol representing them." Place branding is required to make a country's image acceptable for investment, tourism, political power, etc. As Joseph Nye commented, "in an information age, it is often the side which has the better side of the story that wins", this has resulted in a shift from old style diplomacy to encompass brand building and <a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">reputation management</a>. In short, a country can use its culture to create a brand for itself which represents positive values and image.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_diplomacy">Museum diplomacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Museum diplomacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Museum diplomacy is a subset of cultural diplomacy concerned with <a href="/wiki/Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">museums</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural artifacts">cultural artifacts</a> they exhibit. This can take the form of building/supporting museums, gifting art/antiquities, and <a href="/wiki/Travelling_exhibition" title="Travelling exhibition">travelling exhibitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grincheva_2020-93">[93]</a> France has led the way in using the return on art and artifacts looted during their colonial past to its home country for diplomatic means.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> organized its first archaeological exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, The Exhibition of Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China, held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. This exhibition, showcasing 385 artifacts, was a strategic act of cultural diplomacy, aimed at improving <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a> while also promoting China's state ideology.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panda_diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Panda diplomacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> China has been using <a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">panda diplomacy</a> to advance its national interests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodwill_tours">Goodwill tours</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Goodwill tours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A goodwill tour is a tour by someone or something famous to a series of places, with the purpose of expressing benevolent interest or concern for a group of people or a region, improving or maintaining a relationship between parties, and exhibiting the item or person to places visited. Goodwill tours are meant to be friendly; however, in some cases, they may be intimidating to the people or the government at the place visited. At the same time, a visit by a goodwill tour might be used as a way of "reminding" the place and government visited of a friendship previously established or assumed. Notable goodwill tours include the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover#Latin_American_tour" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Latin America goodwill tour</a> by President-elect Herbert Hoover in November–December 1928, the goodwill tour to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Seals_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Seals (baseball)">San Francisco Seals (baseball)</a> in 1949,<a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy%27s_1962_goodwill_tour_of_India_and_Pakistan" title="Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan">Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan</a>, and the worldwide GIANTSTEP-APOLLO 11 Presidential Goodwill Tour by the Apollo 11 astronauts in 1969. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Complications">Complications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Complications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Cultural diplomacy presents a number of unique challenges to any government attempting to carry out cultural diplomacy programs. Most ideas that a foreign population observes are not in the government's control. The government does not usually produce the books, music, films, TV programs, consumer products, etc. that reaches an audience. The most the government can do is try to work to create openings so the message can get through to mass audiences abroad.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> To be cultural relevant in the age of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, a government must exercise control over the flows of information and communication technologies, including trade.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This is also difficult for governments that operate in a free market society where the government does not control the bulk of information flows. What the government can do is work to protect cultural exports where they flourish, by utilizing trade agreements or gaining access for foreign telecommunication networks.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It is also possible that foreign government officials may oppose or resist certain cultural exports while the people cheer them on. This can make support for official policies difficult to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-Nye-99">[99]</a> Cultural activities may be both a blessing and a curse to a nation. This may be the case if certain elements of a culture are offensive to the foreign audience. Certain cultural activities can also undermine national policy objectives. An example of this was the very public American dissent to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> while official government policy still supported it.<a href="#cite_note-Waller-25">[25]</a> Simultaneously the prevalence of the protest may have attracted some foreigners to the openness of America.<a href="#cite_note-Nye-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sample_institutions">Sample institutions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sample institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><noscript><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="Brazil" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Cultural_Center" title="Brazilian Cultural Center">Brazilian Cultural Center</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a>, People's Republic of China<a href="#cite_note-:Fan-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><noscript><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" data-alt="Colombia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Caro_and_Cuervo_Institute" title="Caro and Cuervo Institute">Caro and Cuervo Institute</a>, Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><noscript><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Czech Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Centres" title="Czech Centres">Czech Centres</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><noscript><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Denmark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Cultural_Institute" title="Danish Cultural Institute">Danish Cultural Institute</a>, Denmark (1940– )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><noscript><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="European Union" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_National_Institutes_for_Culture" title="European Union National Institutes for Culture">European Union National Institutes for Culture</a>, European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Française">Alliance Française</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">Institut Français</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><noscript><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="Finland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Cultural_and_Academic_Institutes" title="Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes">Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Balassi_Institute" title="Balassi Institute">Balassi Institute</a>, Hungary (1927– )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations" title="Indian Council for Cultural Relations">Indian Council for Cultural Relations</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><noscript><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Republic of Ireland" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_Ireland" title="Culture Ireland">Culture Ireland</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura" title="Istituto Italiano di Cultura">Istituto Italiano di Cultura</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society" title="Dante Alighieri Society">Dante Alighieri Society</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/EMMA_for_Peace" title="EMMA for Peace">EMMA for Peace</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><noscript><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" data-alt="Israel" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Foundation" title="Japan Foundation">Japan Foundation</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><noscript><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="North Korea" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Friendship_Association" title="Korean Friendship Association">Korean Friendship Association</a>, North Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><noscript><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="Philippines" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sentro_Rizal" title="Sentro Rizal">Sentro Rizal</a>, Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute" title="Adam Mickiewicz Institute">Adam Mickiewicz Institute</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute" title="Polish Institute">Polish Institute</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Instituto Camões">Instituto Camões</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><noscript><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cultural_Institute" title="Romanian Cultural Institute">Romanian Cultural Institute</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Russkiy_Mir_Foundation" title="Russkiy Mir Foundation">Russkiy Mir Foundation</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Cultural Center">Korean Cultural Center</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Foundation">Korean Foundation</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Institute" title="Swedish Institute">Swedish Institute</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Institute" title="Ukrainian Institute">Ukrainian Institute</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, United Kingdom (1934– )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs">Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a>, United States (1953–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre_Institute" title="Yunus Emre Institute">Yunus Emre Institute</a>, Turkey</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. 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Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 162–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Giles Scott-Smith, "Mapping the Undefinable: Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Exchange Programs within International Relations Theory," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 16 (March 2008): 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016080114/https://www.eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters">"Notable Fulbrighters"</a>. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. United States Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters">the original</a> on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Educational+and+Cultural+Affairs&rft.atitle=Notable+Fulbrighters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.state.gov%2Ffulbright%2Ffulbright-alumni%2Fnotable-fulbrighters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBu1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bu, Liping (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27556683">"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War"</a>. Journal of American Studies. 33 (3): 393–415. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8758">0021-8758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Educational+Exchange+and+Cultural+Diplomacy+in+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-415&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0021-8758&rft.aulast=Bu&rft.aufirst=Liping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27556683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-borgerson-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-borgerson_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-borgerson_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgersonSchroederMiller2017" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan E.; Miller, Daniel (2017). Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in mid-century America. 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Serry Sr. Collection: Autographed Photograph of John Serry accordionist on CBS' C de Las A program circa 1940s p. 3, Series 3, Collection Box 3, Item 1: The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905995940?adppopup=true">Photograph of Manolita Arriola and Nestor Chayres for "Viva America" 1946 CBS on Getty Images</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/left-to-right-actor-pat-obrien-and-cbs-radio-singer-kate-news-photo/905998976?adppopup=true">Photograph of actor Pat O'Brien and singer Kate Smith on the Viva America program for CBS Radio on Getty Images.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905998882?adppopup=true">Nestor Mesta Chayres photographed on the CBS "Viva America" Program on Getty Images</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettel1967" class="citation book cs1">Settel, Irving (1967) [1960]. A Pictorial History of Radio. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-23789">67-23789</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1475068">1475068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1475068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-23789&rft.aulast=Settel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206070142/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America">"Copyright 2018, J. David Goldin"</a>. radiogoldindex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America">the original</a> on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radiogoldindex.com&rft.atitle=Copyright+2018%2C+J.+David+Goldin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DViva%2BAmerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The New York Times, January 8, 1941, pg. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> The New York Times, January 1, 1942, pg. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The New York Times, May 10, 1942, pg. Sm10 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The New York Times February 28, 1943, pg. X9 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The New York Times, January 18, 1942, pg. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Media Sound & Culture in Latin America & the Caribbean. Editors – Bronfman, Alejandra & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2012 Pg. 49 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6187-1">978-0-8229-6187-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&dq=Alfredo+Antonini+Elsa+Miranda&pg=PA49">Books.Google.Com See Pg. 49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontera.library.ucla.edu/blog/2016/04/artist-biography-eva-garza">"Artist Biography: Eva Garza – Frontera Project"</a>. frontera.library.ucla.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frontera.library.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Artist+Biography%3A+Eva+Garza+%E2%80%93+Frontera+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontera.library.ucla.edu%2Fblog%2F2016%2F04%2Fartist-biography-eva-garza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas2018" class="citation book cs1">Vargas, Deborah R. (21 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Viva+America&pg=PA166">Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda</a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816673162" title="Special:BookSources/9780816673162"><bdi>9780816673162</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissonant+Divas+in+Chicana+Music%3A+The+Limits+of+la+Onda&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.isbn=9780816673162&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=Deborah+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQx00pQIkclMC%26q%3DViva%2BAmerica%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.juilliard.edu/journal/1310/samuel-adler">The Juilliard Journal Faculty Portraits of Samuel Adler at the Juilliard School of Music, New York, October 2013 on Juilliard.edu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfhsSoI-9YC&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&pg=PA14">A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Part 1</a> Jonathan D. Green, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 1994, Chapter II – Survey of Works p. 14 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4720-0">978-0-8108-4720-0</a> Samuel Adler on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com">https://books.google.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3WyZ9A4_XEC&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&pg=PA198">The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series</a> Harry MacKenzie, Greeenwood Press, CT. 1999, p. 198 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30812-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30812-8">0-313-30812-8</a> "Seventh Army Symphony on Armed Forces Radio in 1961 performing works by Vivaldi and Dvorak" on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com">https://books.google.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwkDQAAQBAJ&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&pg=PA49">New Music New Allies</a> Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24755-0">978-0-520-24755-0</a> "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com">https://books.google.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9SOCgAAQBAJ&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&pg=PA311">A Dictionary for the Modern Composer</a>, Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press , Oxford, 2015, p. 311 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810884014" title="Special:BookSources/9780810884014">9780810884014</a> Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com">https://books.google.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanaria1998" class="citation book cs1">Canaria, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogj6v4lo8HwC&q=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler">Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Symphony</a>. University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580460194" title="Special:BookSources/9781580460194"><bdi>9781580460194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncle+Sam%27s+Orchestra%3A+Memories+of+the+Seventh+Army+Symphony&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781580460194&rft.aulast=Canaria&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dogj6v4lo8HwC%26q%3DSeventh%2BArmy%2BSymphony%2BOrchestra%2BSamuel%2BAdler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosler-Lussier2015" class="citation book cs1">Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR5iBwAAQBAJ&q=Howard+Hanson+Department+of+State&pg=PA23">"Classical Music and the Mediation of Prestige"</a>. Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28413-5"><bdi>978-0-520-28413-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classical+Music+and+the+Mediation+of+Prestige&rft.btitle=Music+in+America%27s+Cold+War+Diplomacy&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28413-5&rft.aulast=Fosler-Lussier&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZR5iBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHoward%2BHanson%2BDepartment%2Bof%2BState%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicdiplomacy.org/">"Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy"</a>. musicdiplomacy.org. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=musicdiplomacy.org&rft.atitle=Music+in+America%27s+Cold+War+Diplomacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicdiplomacy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevots1998" class="citation book cs1">Prevots, Naima (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m34Xfvg9GdIC&q=Eisenhower%20Seventh%20Army%20Symphony%20Orchestra&pg=PA11">"Eisenhower's Fund"</a>. Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War. CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819573360" title="Special:BookSources/9780819573360"><bdi>9780819573360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eisenhower%27s+Fund&rft.btitle=Dance+for+Export%3A+Cultural+Diplomacy+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=CT&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780819573360&rft.aulast=Prevots&rft.aufirst=Naima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm34Xfvg9GdIC%26q%3DEisenhower%2520Seventh%2520Army%2520Symphony%2520Orchestra%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPach2017" class="citation book cs1">Pach, Chester J., ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpNZDgAAQBAJ&q=Eisenhower%20cultural%20diplomacy&pg=PA370">"Propaganda and Public Diplomacy"</a>. A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower. MA: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 370–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470655214" title="Special:BookSources/9780470655214"><bdi>9780470655214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Propaganda+and+Public+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.place=MA&rft.pages=370-375&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780470655214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpNZDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEisenhower%2520cultural%2520diplomacy%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrenn2017" class="citation book cs1">Krenn, Michael L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqE2DwAAQBAJ&q=Eisenhower+cultural+diplomacy&pg=PA96">"The Golden Age of Cultural Diplomacy, 1953-1961"</a>. The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy: 1770 to the Present Day. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 96–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0860-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-0860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Cultural+Diplomacy%2C+1953-1961&rft.btitle=The+History+of+United+States+Cultural+Diplomacy%3A+1770+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96-98&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-0860-7&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqE2DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DEisenhower%2Bcultural%2Bdiplomacy%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosler-Lussier2015" class="citation book cs1">Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR5iBwAAQBAJ&q=Howard%20Hanson%20Department%20of%20State&pg=PA10">"Introduction: Instruments of Diplomacy"</a>. 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Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28413-5"><bdi>978-0-520-28413-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Instruments+of+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=Music+in+America%27s+Cold+War+Diplomacy&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28413-5&rft.aulast=Fosler-Lussier&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZR5iBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHoward%2520Hanson%2520Department%2520of%2520State%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosler-Lussier2015" class="citation book cs1">Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). 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Davenport (review)," American Music 31, no. 1, (Spring 2013), 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_84-1">b</a> John Alter, "You say you want a revolution," Newsweek (September 22, 2003): 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitri_Rogov" class="citation web cs1">Dmitri Rogov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011353/http://www.something-books.com/index.php/Kolya-Vasin/menu-id-136.html">"Beatles books & records discography :: Something Books – Kolya Vasin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.something-books.com/index.php/Kolya-Vasin/menu-id-136.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2018. 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Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Magazine&rft.atitle=American+diplomats+showcase+lunchbox+diplomacy+in+Beijing&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatemag.lab.prod.getusinfo.com%2F2023%2F11%2F1123ib04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Peter Van Ham, "Place Branding: The State of the Art," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 127–133, doi:10.1177/0002716207312274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grincheva_2020-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Grincheva_2020_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrincheva2020" class="citation book cs1">Grincheva, Natalia (6 July 2020). Museum Diplomacy in the Digital Age (First ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815369998" title="Special:BookSources/9780815369998"><bdi>9780815369998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+Diplomacy+in+the+Digital+Age&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.isbn=9780815369998&rft.aulast=Grincheva&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel" class="citation web cs1">Manuel, Charmaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/artefacts-paving-france-s-return-africa">"Artefacts paving France's return to Africa"</a>. www.lowyinstitute.org. The Interpreter. Retrieved 9 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Artefacts+paving+France%27s+return+to+Africa&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Charmaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fartefacts-paving-france-s-return-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Shing-Kwan (20 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19369816.2023.2283630?src=exp-oa">"Relics and rapprochement: The intricacies of cultural diplomacy in China's first archaeological exhibition in the U.S. during the Cold War era"</a>. Museum History Journal. 17 (1): 76–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19369816.2023.2283630">10.1080/19369816.2023.2283630</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Museum+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Relics+and+rapprochement%3A+The+intricacies+of+cultural+diplomacy+in+China%27s+first+archaeological+exhibition+in+the+U.S.+during+the+Cold+War+era&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-94&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19369816.2023.2283630&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Shing-Kwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19369816.2023.2283630%3Fsrc%3Dexp-oa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 677–8, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 678, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_99-1">b</a> Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-:Fan-100"><a href="#cite_ref-:Fan_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFan2024" class="citation book cs1">Fan, Shuhua (2024). "Confucius Institutes in the Xi Jinping Era: From Peak to Demise in the United States". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confucius+Institutes+in+the+Xi+Jinping+Era%3A+From+Peak+to+Demise+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Shuhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Ang, Ien, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, and Phillip Mar. "Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest?" International Journal of Cultural Policy 21.4 (2015): 365–381. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042474">online</a></li> <li>Arndt, R. The first resort of kings. American cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century (Potomac Books, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/First-Resort-Kings-Diplomacy-Twentieth/dp/1597970042">excerpt</a></li> <li>Barghoorn, Frederick C. The Soviet cultural offensive : the role of cultural diplomacy in Soviet foreign policy (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietculturalof0000barg">online</a></li> <li>Becard, Danielly Silva Ramos, and Paulo Menechelli. "Chinese Cultural Diplomacy: instruments in China's strategy for international insertion in the 21st Century." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 62 (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/rbpi/a/hzSxyTHRN9VSGYxpZBCqnsH/?lang=en">online</a>.</li> <li>Brown, John. "Arts diplomacy: The neglected aspect of cultural diplomacy." in Routledge handbook of public diplomacy (Routledge, 2020) pp. 79–81.</li> <li>Carta, Caterina, and Richard Higgott. "Cultural Diplomacy in Europe." in Between the Domestic and the International (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.">org/10.1007/978-3-030-21544-6 online</a></li> <li>Chan, Shing-Kwan. "Relics and rapprochement: The intricacies of culturaldiplomacy in China's first archaeological exhibition inthe U.S. during the Cold War era." Museum History Journal 17.1 (2023): 76–94 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19369816.2023.2283630?src=exp-oa">online</a>.</li> <li>Clarke, David, and Paweł Duber. "Polish cultural diplomacy and historical memory: the case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk." International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 33.1 (2020): 49–66 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x">online</a>.</li> <li>Davidson, Lee, and Leticia Pérez-Castellanos, eds. Cosmopolitan Ambassadors: International exhibitions, cultural diplomacy and the polycentral museum (Vernon Press, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vernonpress.com/index.php/file/6610/71e5f57a36e7a3d1243ccadcd0ff65ac/1537438340.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>DeCarli, Ashley M. Topics Performing arts, International relations, Multiculturalism in art (Naval Postgraduate School, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theatrendcultura109455309">online</a></li> <li>Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. Transmission impossible : American journalism as cultural diplomacy in postwar Germany, 1945–1955 (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transmissionimpo0000gien">online</a></li> <li>Goff, Patricia M. "Cultural diplomacy." in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (Routledge, 2020) pp. 30–37.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebertMcCollum2022" class="citation book cs1">Hebert, David; McCollum, Jonathan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/Action/SERIES/_/LEXSHE">Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy</a>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnomusicology+and+Cultural+Diplomacy&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books+%28Rowman+%26+Littlefield%29&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McCollum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FAction%2FSERIES%2F_%2FLEXSHE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+diplomacy" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793642912" title="Special:BookSources/9781793642912">9781793642912</a></li> <li>Isar, Y. R. "Cultural diplomacy: an overplayed hand?" Public diplomacy magazine, 3, Winter 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/cultural-diplomacy-an-overplayed-hand/">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018004911/http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/cultural-diplomacy-an-overplayed-hand/">Archived</a> 18 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lane, Philippe. French scientific and cultural diplomacy (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frenchscientific0000lane">online</a></li> <li>Lee, Seow Ting. "Film as cultural diplomacy: South Korea's nation branding through Parasite (2019)." in Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 18.2 (2022): 93–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41254-020-00192-1">online</a></li> <li>Liu, Xin. China's Cultural Diplomacy: A Great Leap Outward? (Routledge, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781000713961_A38541171/preview-9781000713961_A38541171.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, J. M. International cultural relations (Allen and Unwin, 1986).</li> <li>Ninkovich, Frank A. U.S. information policy and cultural diplomacy (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usinformationpol0000nink">online</a></li> <li>Paschalidis, G., "Exporting national culture: histories of cultural institutes abroad" International journal of cultural policy, (2009) 15 (3), 275–289.</li> <li>Pells, Richard. Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notlikeushoweuro00pell">online</a></li> <li>Prevots, Naima. Dance for export : cultural diplomacy and the Cold War (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danceforexportcu0000prev">online</a></li> <li>Sadlier, Darlene J. Americans all : good neighbor cultural diplomacy in World War II (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansallgood0000sadl">online</a>, in Latin America</li> <li>Scott-Smith, Giles, and Hans Krabbendam, eds. The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–60 (Routledge 2004)</li> <li>Singh, Rana PB, and Pravin S. Rana. "Cultural Diplomacy in India: Dispersal, Heritage Representation, Contestation, and Development." Transcultural Diplomacy and International Law in Heritage Conservation (Springer, Singapore, 2021) pp. 231–256.</li> <li>Trommler, Frank, and Elliott Shore, eds. The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000 (2001).</li> <li>Tuch, Hans J. Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas (Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 1990).</li> <li>Wagnleiter, Reinhold. Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the U.S. in Austria after the Second World War ( U of North Carolina Press, 1995).</li> <li>Wieck, Randolph R. Ignorance Abroad: American Educational and Cultural Foreign Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of State (Praeger, 1992).</li> <li>10 Great Moments in Music Diplomacy, <a href="/wiki/USC_Center_on_Public_Diplomacy" title="USC Center on Public Diplomacy">USC Center on Public Diplomacy</a>, February 12, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Clarke, D., "Theorising the role of cultural products in cultural diplomacy from a cultural studies perspective" International journal of cultural policy (2014). doi:10.1080/10286632.2014.958481.</li> <li>Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E., and Mark C. Donfried, eds. Searching for a cultural diplomacy (Berghahn Books, 2010).</li> <li>Tomlinson, John. Cultural Imperialsm: A Critical Introduction (Pinter, 1991).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_diplomacy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دبلوماسية ثقافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دبلوماسية ثقافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99ni_diplomatiya" title="Mədəni diplomatiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəni diplomatiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomyddiaeth_ddiwylliannol" title="Diplomyddiaeth ddiwylliannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diplomyddiaeth ddiwylliannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Kulturbeziehungen" title="Internationale Kulturbeziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Kulturbeziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuuridiplomaatia" title="Kultuuridiplomaatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuuridiplomaatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολιτιστική διπλωματία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτιστική διπλωματία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacia_cultural" title="Diplomacia cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diplomacia cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpopola_Kompreni%C4%9Do" title="Interpopola Kompreniĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Interpopola Kompreniĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="دیپلماسی فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیپلماسی فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatie_culturelle" title="Diplomatie culturelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diplomatie culturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF" title="सांस्कृतिक राजनय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांस्कृतिक राजनय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomasi_budaya" title="Diplomasi budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diplomasi budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomazia_culturale" title="Diplomazia culturale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diplomazia culturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur%C3%A1lis_diplom%C3%A1cia" title="Kulturális diplomácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kulturális diplomácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyplomacja_kulturalna" title="Dyplomacja kulturalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dyplomacja kulturalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Культурная дипломатия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культурная дипломатия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ثقافتي سفارتڪاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ثقافتي سفارتڪاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Културна дипломатија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Културна дипломатија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuridiplomatia" title="Kulttuuridiplomatia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuridiplomatia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Культурна дипломатія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культурна дипломатія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_giao_v%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a" title="Ngoại giao văn hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại giao văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81" title="文化交流 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文化交流" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 23:01 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless 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