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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"España" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Spain (disambiguation)">Spain (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="España (disambiguation)">España (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Spain,<a href="#cite_note-16">[f]</a> formally the Kingdom of Spain,<a href="#cite_note-es_lang-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-nation_name-17">[g]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Europe">Southwestern Europe</a> with territories in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-18">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[h]</a> Featuring the <a href="/wiki/Punta_de_Tarifa" title="Punta de Tarifa">southernmost point</a> of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, It is the largest country in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and the fourth-most populous <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member state. Spanning across the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, its territory also includes the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, in the Atlantic Ocean, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, in the Mediterranean Sea, and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, in Africa. <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a> is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>; and to the west by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Spain">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, and other major <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Spain" title="List of metropolitan areas in Spain">urban areas</a> include <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Spain</div><div class="ib-country-names">Reino de España (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) <div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">7 other names<a href="#cite_note-es_lang-1">[a]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:80%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Reino d'Espanya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Reinu d'España</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Regne d'Espanya</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Espainiako Erresuma</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Reino de España</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Reiaume d'Espanha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Regne d'Espanya</td></tr></tbody></table> </li></ul> </div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/125px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/188px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/250px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Spain"><img alt="Coat of arms of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/85px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/128px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg/170px-Escudo_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="189"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <a href="/wiki/Plus_ultra" title="Plus ultra">Plus ultra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) (English: "Further Beyond")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> (English: "Royal March") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="Himno_Nacional_de_España.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Himno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg/Himno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Himno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=ca&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ca" label="català ‪(ca)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=ceb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ceb" label="Cebuano ‪(ceb)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=dv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dv" label="ދިވެހިބަސް ‪(dv)‬" data-dir="rtl"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" 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data-dir="rtl"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Spain_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Spain_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Spain.svg/250px-EU-Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Spain.svg/375px-EU-Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/EU-Spain.svg/500px-EU-Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Spain (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spain&params=40_26_N_3_42_W_type:city">40°26′N 3°42′W / 40.433°N 3.700°W / 40.433; -3.700</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><a href="#cite_note-b-4">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Co-official_languages-5">[c]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2024)<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>86.5% <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spanish</a></li><li>13.5% <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">foreigners</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>56.0% <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li>37.5% <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_Catholic" title="Lapsed Catholic">non-practicing Catholic</a></li> <li>18.5% practicing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>14.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">atheist</a></li><li>12.6% <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a></li><li>12.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">indifferent or no religion</a></li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">other religion</a></li><li>1.5% unanswered</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Spaniard</li><li>Spanish</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">President of the Congress of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francina_Armengol" title="Francina Armengol">Francina Armengol</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Spain" title="President of the Senate of Spain">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Roll%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Rollán">Pedro Rollán</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Dynastic union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 1479</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Sole sovereign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Centralized state</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1715</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">First constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 March 1812</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1978</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">505,990<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> km2 (195,360 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">51st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.89<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 48,946,035<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">31st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">96/km2 (248.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">121th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $2.665 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ES-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $55,089<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ES-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">36th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.731 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ES-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $35,788<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.ES-11">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">32nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 31.5<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-12">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.911<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-13">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>⁠±0 to +1 (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">WET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 to +2 (<a href="/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time" title="Western European Summer Time">WEST</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data">Note: most of Spain observes CET/CEST, except the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> which observe WET/WEST.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Spain" title="Telephone numbers in Spain">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Spain" title="Telephone numbers in Spain">+34</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ES" title="ISO 3166-2:ES">ES</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.es" title=".es">.es</a><a href="#cite_note-e-15">[e]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">pre-Roman peoples</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a>, the province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> was established. Following the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of Hispania, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">inward migration</a> of tribes from Central Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate</a>, and during early Islamic rule, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> became a dominant peninsular power centred on <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrid Kingdom of Granada">Nasrid Kingdom of Granada</a> in 1492. The dynastic union of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> in 1479 under the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> is often considered the de facto unification of Spain as a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, Spain pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">exploration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, made the <a href="/wiki/First_circumnavigation_of_the_globe" class="mw-redirect" title="First circumnavigation of the globe">first circumnavigation of the globe</a> and formed one of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_empires_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest empires in history">largest empires in history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> reached a global scale and spread across all continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>. In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Bourbon reforms</a> centralized mainland Spain.<a href="#cite_note-21">[13]</a> In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsular war">Spanish War of independence</a>, the following political divisions between <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">absolutists</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">breakaway</a> of most of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">American colonies</a>. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist dictatorship</a> that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an <a href="/wiki/Economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic boom">economic boom</a> that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Siglo de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_poetry" title="Spanish poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_painting" title="Spanish Baroque painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">cuisine</a> have been influential worldwide, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. As a reflection of its large <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">cultural wealth</a>, Spain is the world's <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">second-most visited country</a>, has one of the world's largest numbers of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, and it is the most popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">European</a> students.<a href="#cite_note-22">[14]</a> Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophones</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">second-most spoken native language</a> and the world's most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a> Spain is a secular <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_1-24">[16]</a> with King <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, it is a major advanced capitalist economy,<a href="#cite_note-25">[17]</a> with the world's fifteenth-largest by both <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a>. Spain is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), a permanent guest of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, and is part of many other international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> (CoE), the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> (OEI), the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE), and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory_and_pre-Roman_peoples">2.1 Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Roman_Hispania_and_the_Visigothic_Kingdom">2.2 Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Muslim_era_and_Reconquista">2.3 Muslim era and Reconquista</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Spanish_Empire">2.4 Spanish Empire</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#18th_century">2.4.1 18th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Liberalism_and_nation_state">2.5 Liberalism and nation state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Civil_War_and_Francoist_dictatorship">2.6 Civil War and Francoist dictatorship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Restoration_of_democracy">2.7 Restoration of democracy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Islands">3.1 Islands</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mountains_and_rivers">3.2 Mountains and rivers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Climate_change">3.3.1 Climate change</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Fauna_and_flora">3.4 Fauna and flora</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Governance">4.1 Governance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#The_Crown">4.1.1 The Crown</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cortes_Generales">4.1.2 Cortes Generales</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Government">4.1.3 Government</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.2 Administrative divisions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Autonomous_communities">4.2.1 Autonomous communities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Provinces_and_municipalities">4.2.2 Provinces and municipalities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.3 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Military">4.4 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Human_rights">4.5 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Tourism">5.1 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Energy">5.2 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.3 Science and technology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Transport">5.4 Transport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Urbanisation">6.1 Urbanisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Immigration">6.2 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Languages">6.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Education">6.4 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Health">6.5 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Religion">6.6 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#World_Heritage_Sites">7.1 World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Literature">7.2 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Philosophy">7.3 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Art">7.4 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Sculpture">7.5 Sculpture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Cinema">7.6 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Architecture">7.7 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Music_and_dance">7.8 Music and dance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Cuisine">7.9 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sport">7.10 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Public_holidays_and_festivals">7.11 Public holidays and festivals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Works_cited">10.1 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name of Spain (España) comes from <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, the name used by the Romans for the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and its provinces during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The etymological origin of the term Hispania is uncertain, although the Phoenicians referred to the region as i-shphan-im, possibly meaning "Land of Rabbits" or "Land of Metals".<a href="#cite_note-Arechaga2009-26">[18]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Luis_Cunchillos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesús Luis Cunchillos (page does not exist)">Jesús Luis Cunchillos</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Luis_Cunchillos" class="extiw" title="es:Jesús Luis Cunchillos">es</a>] and José Ángel Zamora, experts in Semitic philology at the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC), conducted a comparative philological study between several Semitic languages and hypothesize that the Phoenician name translates as "land where metals are forged", having determined that the name originated in reference to the gold mines of the Iberian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-27">[19]</a> There have been a number of accounts and hypotheses about its origin: Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term span is the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> word spy, meaning "to <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forge metals</a>". Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean "the land where metals are forged".<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a> It may be a derivation of the Phoenician I-Shpania, meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> show a female figure with a rabbit at her feet,<a href="#cite_note-burke-29">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> called it the "land of the rabbits".<a href="#cite_note-Spain-30">[22]</a> The word in question actually means "<a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyrax</a>", possibly due to the Phoenicians confusing the two animals.<a href="#cite_note-31">[23]</a> There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> word Ezpanna, meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian Peninsula constitutes the southwest corner of the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-anthon-32">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_pre-Roman_peoples">Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg/220px-2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="3483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg/220px-2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg/330px-2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg/440px-2014_Castro_de_Santa_Trega._Galiza-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Celtic castro in Galicia</figcaption></figure> Archaeological research at <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a> 1.3 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a> Modern humans first arrived in Iberia from the north on foot about 35,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-34">[26]</a> The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Altamira_(cave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altamira (cave)">Altamira cave</a> of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Science2012-35">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</a>. The two largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula. The Celts inhabited much of the interior and Atlantic sides of the peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas; Phoenician-influenced <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessians</a> flourished in the southwest; and <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a> occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, and trading outposts and colonies were established by <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greeks</a> in the East. Eventually, Phoenician-<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginians</a> expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians settled on the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Hispania_and_the_Visigothic_Kingdom">Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2017_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg/220px-Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg/220px-Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg/330px-Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg/440px-Teatro_de_M%C3%A9rida%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2017_18.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_(M%C3%A9rida)" title="Roman Theatre (Mérida)">Roman Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, roughly between 210 and 205 BCE, the expanding <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula">conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a>, they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hispania-37">[29]</a> The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanised</a> (Latinised) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.<a href="#cite_note-38">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-country-39">[30]</a> Hispania (the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, and the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> were born in Hispania.<a href="#cite_note-40">[j]</a> Christianity was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century CE, and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-country-39">[30]</a> Most of Spain's present languages and religions, as well as the basis of its laws, originate from this period.<a href="#cite_note-hispania-37">[29]</a> Starting in 170 CE, incursions of North-African <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a> took place.<a href="#cite_note-41">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_(16846328238)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Coronas_votivas_visigodas_en_el_MAN_%2816846328238%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Votive_crown" title="Votive crown">Votive crown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reccesuinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Reccesuinth">Reccesuinth</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_Guarrazar" title="Treasure of Guarrazar">Treasure of Guarrazar</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whereas the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified; the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantines</a> established an occidental province, <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic rule</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_era_and_Reconquista">Muslim era and Reconquista</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></div> From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> which had <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">conquered North Africa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Muslims from across the Strait of Gibraltar, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias-León</a> consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the Carolingian <a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[32]</a> For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula was along the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> valleys. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_(Granada)._(51592334991)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Palacios_Nazar%C3%ADes_in_the_Alhambra_%28Granada%29._%2851592334991%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Court of the Lions</a> and its central fountain in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> complex</figcaption></figure> Conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> proceeded at an increasing pace. The <a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">muladíes</a> (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-43">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-chap2-44">[34]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> The first recorded Viking raid on Iberia took place in 844; it ended in failure with many Vikings killed by the Galicians' <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballistas</a>; and seventy of the Vikings' longships captured on the beach and burned by the troops of King <a href="/wiki/Ramiro_I_of_Asturias" title="Ramiro I of Asturias">Ramiro I of Asturias</a>. In the 11th century, the Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (<a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifas</a>),<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> often subject to the payment of a form of <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection money</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parias" title="Parias">Parias</a>) to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-47">[37]</a> The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> achieved temporary unity upon the Muslim-ruled territory, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_of_Aragon,_Isabella_of_Castile_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="847"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_of_Aragon%2C_Isabella_of_Castile_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (Spain)">León</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortes of León">Cortes of León</a>).<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. Muslim strongholds in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalquivir Valley">Guadalquivir Valley</a> such as Córdoba (1236) and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229, <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> was conquered, so was <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North-African <a href="/wiki/Marinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid">Marinids</a> established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Granada">Nasrid Sultanate of Granada</a> (the remaining Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a>, and it was integrated from then on in the Crown of Castile.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Empire">Spanish Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/260px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1012"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/260px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/390px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg/520px-La_sevilla_del_sigloXVI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Late 16th-century Seville, the harbor enjoying the exclusive right to trade with the New World</figcaption></figure> In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. In 1492, Jews were forced to choose between conversion to Catholicism or expulsion;<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a> as many as 200,000 Jews were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expelled from Castile and Aragon</a>. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Granada">Treaty of Granada</a> guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in Castile and 1527 in Aragon, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>. About four decades after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Alpujarras" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Alpujarras">War of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–1571), over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">moriscos were expelled</a>, settling primarily in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-cong-52">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Empire_(diachronic).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/260px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/260px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/390px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg/520px-Spanish_Empire_%28diachronic%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Diachronic map of the Spanish Empire</figcaption></figure> The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.<a href="#cite_note-53">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">maritime power</a>. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—<a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V/I</a> (1516–1556) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> (1556–1598). This period saw the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a>, clashes with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottomans</a>, intervention in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg/260px-Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg/260px-Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg/390px-Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg/520px-Principales_Rutas_Comerciales_del_Imperio_Espa%C3%B1ol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Main trade routes of the Spanish Empire</figcaption></figure> Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> expanded across vast areas in the Americas, the Indo-Pacific, Africa as well as the European continent (including holdings in the Italian Peninsula, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>). The so-called <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a>, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe.<a href="#cite_note-56">[46]</a> The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a>. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a>, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and human rights. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comuneros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/220px-Comuneros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="4242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/220px-Comuneros.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/330px-Comuneros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Comuneros.jpg/440px-Comuneros.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"The Comuneros Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado in the Patíbulo", by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gisbert" title="Antonio Gisbert">Antonio Gisbert</a>, 1860.</figcaption></figure> Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571 and over Portugal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Battle of Ponta Delgada</a> in 1582, and then after the setback of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, in a series of victories against <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604</a>. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a>) and then England in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660</a>; by the 1660s it was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-57">[47]</a> By the middle decades of a war- and <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville" title="Great Plague of Seville">plague</a>-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">separation of Portugal</a> and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[48]</a> In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="18th_century">18th century</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_familia_de_Felipe_V_(Van_Loo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/220px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="2161"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/220px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/330px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg/440px-La_familia_de_Felipe_V_%28Van_Loo%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Philip_V_(1743)" title="The Family of Philip V (1743)">The family of Philip V</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment in Spain</a> a new royal family reigned, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>.</figcaption></figure> The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.<a href="#cite_note-59">[49]</a> During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbons</a>, was installed. The Crowns of Castile and Aragon had been long united only by the Monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Holy Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> A number of reform policies (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>) were pursued by the Monarchy with the overarching goal of centralized authority and administrative uniformity.<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws,<a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The predominant economic policy was an interventionist one, and the State also pursued policies aiming towards infrastructure development as well as the abolition of internal customs and the reduction of export tariffs.<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a> Projects of agricultural colonisation with new settlements took place in the south of mainland Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez_Shaw201614,_23-65">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a> ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism_and_nation_state">Liberalism and nation state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary history of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-19th-century_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-19th-century Spain">Mid-19th-century Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jura_Constituci%C3%B3n_Fernando_VII_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ferdinand VII swears on the 1812 Constitution before the Cortes in 1820</figcaption></figure> In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> as a member of <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">the first Coalition</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a> polarised the country in a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">gallicised</a> elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a> in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. In 1807, a secret treaty between <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> and the unpopular prime minister led to a new declaration of war against Britain and Portugal. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the French Empire was installed with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> as king. The <a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">2 May 1808 revolt</a> was one of many uprisings across the country against the French occupation.<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a> These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">war of independence</a> against the Napoleonic regime.<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> Further military action by Spanish armies, <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's Invasion of Russia">Napoleon's failure on the Russian front</a>, led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the Iberian Peninsula in 1814, and the return of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">King Ferdinand VII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a>, was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution.<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish empire.<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a> In 1812, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">constitution</a> for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the Cortes Generales, set on ruling as an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarch</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldomero_Espartero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/220px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="6006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/220px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/330px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Baldomero_Espartero.jpg/440px-Baldomero_Espartero.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>General and statesman <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a>, a key political figure in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> The French occupation of mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> elites who resented the privilege towards <a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular elites</a> and demanded <a href="/wiki/Retroversion_of_the_sovereignty_to_the_people" title="Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people">retroversion of the sovereignty to the people</a>. Starting in 1809 the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> that put an end to the metropole's grip over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Spanish_America)" title="Reconquista (Spanish America)">Attempts to re-assert control</a> proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian peninsula and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. The Napoleonic War left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> (a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a>'s dynastic rights in the <a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a>. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Spain)" title="Progressive Party (Spain)">progressives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Spain)" title="Moderate Party (Spain)">moderates</a> ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive <a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a> (including the short-lived <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a> (1875–1931).<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2709"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Episodio_de_la_revoluci%C3%B3n_de_1854_en_la_Puerta_del_Sol_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1854" title="Spanish Revolution of 1854">Spanish Revolution of 1854</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerta_del_Sol" title="Puerta del Sol">Puerta del Sol</a>, Madrid. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies">Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies</a> fled to exile and <a href="/wiki/Baldomero_Espartero" title="Baldomero Espartero">Baldomero Espartero</a> became regent.</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century nationalist movements arose in the Philippines and Cuba. In 1895 and 1896 the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuban War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> broke out and eventually the United States became involved. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> was fought in the spring of 1898 and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa. El Desastre (the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2798" title="Generation of '98">Generation of '98</a>. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">scramble for Africa</a>. It remained neutral <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">during World War I</a>. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern Morocco against Riffians forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy. Industrialisation, the development of railways and incipient capitalism developed in several areas of the country, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> and socialist and anarchist ideas. The <a href="/wiki/1870_Barcelona_Workers%27_Congress" title="1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress">1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1888_Barcelona_Universal_Exposition" title="1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition">1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition</a> are good examples of this. In 1879, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> was founded. A trade union linked to this party, <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores" title="Unión General de Trabajadores">Unión General de Trabajadores</a>, was founded in 1888. In the anarcho-syndicalist trend of the labour movement in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Confederación Nacional del Trabajo</a> was founded in 1910 and <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">Federación Anarquista Ibérica</a> in 1927. Catalanism and Vasquism, alongside other nationalisms and regionalisms in Spain, arose in that period: the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party" title="Basque Nationalist Party">Basque Nationalist Party</a> formed in 1895 and <a href="/wiki/Regionalist_League_of_Catalonia" title="Regionalist League of Catalonia">Regionalist League of Catalonia</a> in 1901. Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy of a two-parties system.<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> The July 1909 <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a> events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time. The <a href="/wiki/La_Canadiense_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="La Canadiense strike">La Canadiense strike</a> in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01_eibar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/01_eibar.jpg/220px-01_eibar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1227"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/01_eibar.jpg/220px-01_eibar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/01_eibar.jpg/330px-01_eibar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/01_eibar.jpg/440px-01_eibar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Women voting in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Éibar">Éibar</a> in 1933, after <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> was approved. Deputy <a href="/wiki/Clara_Campoamor" title="Clara Campoamor">Clara Campoamor</a> was a key figure for the right to be granted.</figcaption></figure> After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_local_elections" title="1931 Spanish local elections">12 April 1931 municipal elections</a>. These gave a resounding victory to the Republican-Socialist candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. The king left the country and the proclamation of the Republic on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government. A <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">constitution</a> for the country was passed in October 1931 following the <a href="/wiki/1931_Spanish_general_election" title="1931 Spanish general election">June 1931 Constituent general election</a>, and a series of cabinets presided by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> supported by republican parties and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> followed. In the election held in 1933 the right triumphed and in 1936, the left. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a> there was a great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalization of the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the <a href="/wiki/Sanjurjada" title="Sanjurjada">1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution of 1934</a> and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, political decentralization and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's right to vote</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Francoist_dictatorship">Civil War and Francoist dictatorship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div> The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">carried out a coup d'état</a> that triumphed in only part of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">under the authority of the Republican government</a>, that counted on outside support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (and from <a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Spanish_Civil_War#International_Brigades" title="International response to the Spanish Civil War">International Brigades</a>), and the other controlled by the putschists (the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist or rebel faction</a>), most critically supported by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a>. The Republic was not supported by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-intervention">non-intervention</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">social revolution</a> also ensued. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reemplazo_republicano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/220px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/220px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/330px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Reemplazo_republicano.jpg/440px-Reemplazo_republicano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Republican volunteers at <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> The civil war was viciously fought and there were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War#Atrocities" title="Spanish Civil War">many atrocities committed by all sides</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">war</a> claimed the lives of over 500,000 people and caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens from the country.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> On 1 April 1939, five months before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the rebel side led by Franco emerged victorious, imposing a dictatorship over the whole country. Thousands were imprisoned after the civil war in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Francoist concentration camps</a>. The regime remained nominally <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">"neutral"</a> for much of the Second World War, although it was <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in World War II">sympathetic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">the Axis</a> and provided the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Spanish volunteers in the Eastern Front</a>. The only legal party under Franco's dictatorship was the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS</a> (FET y de las JONS), formed in 1937 upon the merging of the Fascist <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a> and the Carlist traditionalists and to which the rest of right-wing groups supporting the rebels also added. The name of "<a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a>", sometimes understood as a wider structure than the FET y de las JONS proper, largely imposed over the later's name in official documents along the 1950s. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/330px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/440px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spanish leader <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> After the war Spain was politically and economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in 1955, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> period, when it became strategically important for the US to establish a military presence on the Iberian Peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the Soviet Union into the Mediterranean basin. US Cold War strategic priorities included the dissemination of American educational ideas to foster modernization and expansion.<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> In the 1960s, Spain registered an <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">unprecedented rate of economic growth</a> which was propelled by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle#Industrialization" title="Spanish miracle">industrialisation</a>, a mass internal migration from rural areas to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Franco's rule was also characterised by <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Fascism_and_authoritarianism" title="Francoist Spain">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Spanish_nationalism" title="Francoist Spain">promotion of a unitary national identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Francoist_Spain" title="Language policies of Francoist Spain">discriminatory language policies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_democracy">Restoration of democracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_society_after_the_democratic_transition" title="Spanish society after the democratic transition">Spanish society after the democratic transition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_,_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/220px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="2550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/220px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/330px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg/440px-De_proclamatie_en_be%C3%ABdiging_van_Prins_Juan_Carlos_tot_Koning_van_Spanje_tijdens_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_254-9763.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Juan Carlos I before the Cortes Españolas, during his proclamation as King on 22 November 1975</figcaption></figure> In 1962, a group of politicians involved in the opposition to Franco's regime inside the country and in exile met in the congress of the <a href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</a> in Munich, where they made a resolution in favour of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> With Franco's death in November 1975, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos</a> succeeded to the position of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in accordance with the Francoist law. With the approval of the new <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">restoration of democracy</a>, the State <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> much authority to the regions and created an internal organisation based on <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_1977_Amnesty_Law" title="Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law">Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law</a> let people of Franco's regime continue inside institutions without consequences, even perpetrators of some crimes during transition to democracy like the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_3_March_1976_in_Vitoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of 3 March 1976 in Vitoria">Massacre of 3 March 1976 in Vitoria</a> or <a href="/wiki/1977_Massacre_of_Atocha" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Massacre of Atocha">1977 Massacre of Atocha</a>. In the Basque Country, moderate <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a> coexisted with a <a href="/wiki/Basque_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Conflict">radical nationalist movement</a> led by the armed organisation <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> until the latter's dissolution in May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-80">[70]</a> The group was formed in 1959 during Franco's rule but had continued to wage its violent campaign even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional autonomy. On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an attempt to impose <a href="/wiki/23-F" class="mw-redirect" title="23-F">a military-backed government</a>. King Juan Carlos took personal command of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-81">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg/220px-Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg/220px-Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg/330px-Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg/440px-Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_firma_el_Tratado_de_Adhesi%C3%B3n_de_Espa%C3%B1a_a_la_Comunidad_Econ%C3%B3mica_Europea_en_el_Palacio_Real_de_Madrid._Pool_Moncloa._12_de_junio_de_1985.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a> signing the treaty of accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> on 12 June 1985</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s the democratic restoration made possible a growing open society. New cultural movements based on freedom appeared, like <a href="/wiki/La_Movida_Madrile%C3%B1a" title="La Movida Madrileña">La Movida Madrileña</a>. In May 1982 Spain joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/1986_Spanish_NATO_membership_referendum" title="1986 Spanish NATO membership referendum">a referendum</a> after a strong social opposition. That year the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Socialist Workers Party">Spanish Socialist Workers Party</a> (PSOE) came to power, the first left-wing government in 43 years. In 1986 Spain joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, which later became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The PSOE was replaced in government by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">Partido Popular</a> (PP) in 1996 after scandals around participation of the government of <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a> in the <a href="/wiki/GAL_(paramilitary_group)" title="GAL (paramilitary group)">Dirty war against ETA</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg/170px-Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg/170px-Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg/255px-Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg/340px-Barcelona-1992-rr-800.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> On 1 January 2002, Spain fully adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, and Spain experienced strong economic growth, well above the EU average during the early 2000s. However, well-publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom warned that extraordinary property prices and a high foreign trade deficit were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse.<a href="#cite_note-82">[72]</a> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige oil spill</a> occurred with big ecological consequences along Spain's Atlantic coastline. In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> supported US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and a strong movement against war rose in Spanish society. In March 2004 a local <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> terrorist group inspired by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> carried out the largest terrorist attack in Western European history when they killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 others by <a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">bombing commuter trains</a> in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-83">[73]</a> Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque terrorist group <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a>, evidence of Islamist involvement soon emerged. Because of the proximity of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Spanish_general_election" title="2004 Spanish general election">2004 Spanish general election</a>, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the incident.<a href="#cite_note-84">[74]</a> The PSOE won the election, led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[75]</a> In the early 2000s, the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain#Currently" title="Immigration to Spain">Spain's foreign born population</a> increased rapidly during its economic boom but then declined due to the financial crisis.<a href="#cite_note-86">[76]</a> In 2005, the Spanish government legalised <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain" title="Same-sex marriage in Spain">same sex marriage</a>, becoming the third country worldwide to do so.<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> Decentralisation was supported with much resistance of Constitutional Court and conservative opposition, so did gender politics like quotas or the law against gender violence. Government talks with ETA happened, and the group announced its permanent cease of violence in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_October15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madrid_October15.jpg/220px-Madrid_October15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madrid_October15.jpg/220px-Madrid_October15.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madrid_October15.jpg/330px-Madrid_October15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Madrid_October15.jpg/440px-Madrid_October15.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Demonstration against the crisis and high youth unemployment in Madrid, 15 October 2011</figcaption></figure> The bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Spanish property bubble</a> in 2008 led to the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9316_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–16 Spanish financial crisis">2008–16 Spanish financial crisis</a>. High levels of unemployment, cuts in government spending and corruption in <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> served as a backdrop to the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–12 Spanish protests">2011–12 Spanish protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_independentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan independentism">Catalan independentism</a> also rose. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Mariano Rajoy</a>'s conservative <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> won the election with 44.6% of votes.<a href="#cite_note-90">[80]</a> As prime minister, he implemented austerity measures for EU bailout, the EU Stability and Growth Pact.<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> On 19 June 2014, the monarch, Juan Carlos, abdicated in favour of his son, who became <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[82]</a> In October 2017 a <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">Catalan independence referendum</a> was held and the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan parliament">Catalan parliament</a> voted to unilaterally declare <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalonia_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Catalonia declaration of independence">independence from Spain</a> to form a Catalan Republic<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> on the day the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spanish Senate</a> was discussing approving direct rule over Catalonia as called for by the Spanish Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-27Oct17-1-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-27Oct17-2-96">[86]</a> On the same day the Senate granted the power to impose direct rule and Rajoy dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a new election.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> No country recognised Catalonia as a separate state.<a href="#cite_note-EuN_20171027-98">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_(23-08-2024)_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg/220px-Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg/330px-Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg/440px-Primera_trobada_entre_el_president_Illa_i_l%27alcalde_Collboni_%2823-08-2024%29_-_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Illa" title="Salvador Illa">Salvador Illa</a>, former minister of Health during COVID-19 pandemic in the first coalition Government in Spain, elected first non independentist Catalan regional president in over a decade, with Barcelona mayor <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Collboni" title="Jaume Collboni">Jaume Collboni</a>.</figcaption></figure> In June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/2018_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_government_of_Mariano_Rajoy" title="2018 vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy">motion of no-confidence against Rajoy</a> and replaced him with the PSOE leader <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Sánchez (politician)">Pedro Sánchez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> In 2019, the first ever coalicion government in Spain was formed, between PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Between 2018 and 2024, Spain faced an <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932023_Spanish_institutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2023 Spanish institutional crisis">institutional crisis</a> surrounding the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a> (CGPJ), until finally the mandate got renovated.<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a> In January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> virus was confirmed to have <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">spread to Spain</a>, causing life expectancy to drop by more than a year.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> The European Commission economic recovery package <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_EU" title="Next Generation EU">Next Generation EU</a> were created to support the EU member states to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, and will be in use in the period 2021–2026. In March 2021, Spain became the sixth nation in the world to make <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">active euthanasia legal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[92]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">general election on 23 July 2023</a>, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez once again formed a coalition government, this time with <a href="/wiki/Sumar_(electoral_platform)" title="Sumar (electoral platform)">Sumar</a> (successors of <a href="/wiki/Unidas_Podemos" title="Unidas Podemos">Unidas Podemos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[93]</a> In 2024, the first non-independentist Catalan regional president in over a decade, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Illa" title="Salvador Illa">Salvador Illa</a>, was elected, normalizing the constitutional and institutional relations between the national and the regional administrations. According to latest polls,<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> only 17.3% of Catalans feel themselves as "only catalan". 46% of Catalans would answer "as spanish as catalan", while 21.8% "more catalan than spanish".<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> Accordind to a 2024 poll of University of Barcelona, over 50% of Catalans would vote against independence, while less than 40% would vote in favour.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_topo.jpg/220px-Spain_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1197"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_topo.jpg/220px-Spain_topo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_topo.jpg/330px-Spain_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_topo.jpg/440px-Spain_topo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of Spain (excluding Canary Islands)</figcaption></figure> At 505,992 km2 (195,365 sq mi), Spain is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by area">fifty-first largest country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Europe's fourth largest country</a>. It is some 47,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France. At 3,715 m (12,188 ft), Mount <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a>, having territory in both <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Spain lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/27th_parallel_north" title="27th parallel north">27°</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_north" title="44th parallel north">44° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_west" title="19th meridian west">19° W</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5° E</a>. On the west, Spain is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>; on the south, it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, through its <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> in North Africa (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">de Vélez de la Gomera</a>). On the northeast, along the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> mountain range, it is bordered by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>. Along the Pyrenees in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Girona" title="Province of Girona">Girona</a>, a small exclave town called <a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%ADvia" title="Llívia">Llívia</a> is surrounded by France. Extending to 1,214 km (754 mi), the <a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Portugal–Spain border">Portugal–Spain border</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_land_borders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by land borders">longest uninterrupted border</a> within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">List of islands of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_(181610303).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg/220px-Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1150"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg/220px-Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg/330px-Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg/440px-Mallorca_Sch%C3%B6nste_Str%C3%A4nde_Cala_D_Or_%28181610303%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a> island</figcaption></figure> Spain also includes the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a> ("places of sovereignty", or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the <a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Alhucemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peñón de Alhucemas">Alhucemas</a>. The peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">de Vélez de la Gomera</a> is also regarded as a plaza de soberanía. The isle of <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alborán</a>, located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, Andalusia. The little <a href="/wiki/Pheasant_Island" title="Pheasant Island">Pheasant Island</a> in the River <a href="/wiki/Bidasoa" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a> is a Spanish-French <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>. There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies (<a href="/wiki/Cabildo_insular" title="Cabildo insular">Cabildos insulares</a> in the Canaries, <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands#Administration" title="Balearic Islands">Consells insulars</a> in Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the <a href="/wiki/Pityusic_Islands" title="Pityusic Islands">Pityusic islands</a>, part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Gomera" title="La Gomera">La Gomera</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Hierro" title="El Hierro">El Hierro</a> in the Canarian archipelago and <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a> in the Balearic archipelago. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains_and_rivers">Mountains and rivers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teide_von_Nordosten_(Zuschnitt_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg/220px-Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9308" data-file-height="5185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg/220px-Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg/330px-Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg/440px-Teide_von_Nordosten_%28Zuschnitt_1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a>, still an <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active volcano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands, is the tallest peak in Spain.</figcaption></figure> Mainland Spain is a rather <a href="/wiki/Mountainous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous">mountainous</a> landmass, dominated by high <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a> and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cordillera Cantábrica</a> (Cantabrian Range), <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Sistema Ibérico</a> (Iberian System), <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Sistema Central</a> (Central System), <a href="/wiki/Montes_de_Toledo" title="Montes de Toledo">Montes de Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_B%C3%A9tico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistema Bético">Sistema Bético</a> (Baetic System) whose highest peak, the 3,478-metre-high (11,411-foot) <a href="/wiki/Mulhac%C3%A9n" title="Mulhacén">Mulhacén</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a>, is the highest elevation in the Iberian Peninsula. The highest point in Spain is the <a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a>, a 3,718-metre (12,198 ft) active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> in the Canary Islands. The <a href="/wiki/Meseta_Central" title="Meseta Central">Meseta Central</a> (often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central. There are several major <a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers in Spain">rivers in Spain</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> (Tajo), <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadiana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadiana River">Guadiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> (Duero), <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAcar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Júcar River">Júcar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segura_(river)" title="Segura (river)">Segura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turia_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Turia River">Turia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minho_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Minho River">Minho</a> (Miño). <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plains</a> are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="945"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Spain_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map of Spain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg/220px-Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg/220px-Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg/330px-Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg/440px-Urriellu_desde_el_Pozo_de_La_Oracion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Urriellu peak (<a href="/wiki/Naranjo_de_Bulnes" title="Naranjo de Bulnes">Naranjo de Bulnes</a>) from Pozo de La Oracion, <a href="/wiki/Picos_de_Europa" title="Picos de Europa">Picos de Europa</a></figcaption></figure> Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orographic</a> conditions:<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> is characterised by warm/hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties: Csa and Csb according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. <ul><li>The Csa zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, Extremadura and much of the centre of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of <a href="/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha" title="Castilla–La Mancha">Castilla-La-Mancha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, Madrid and some parts of Andalusia, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters.</li> <li>The Csb zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. western <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile–León</a>, northeastern Castilla-La Mancha and northern Madrid) and into much rainier areas (notably <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> (BSk, BSh) is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a>, southern and central-eastern <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, eastern Andalusia, various areas of Castilla-La-Mancha, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> valley, which crosses southern <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Castilla-León. Precipitation is limited with dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depends on altitude and latitude.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb) is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region (<a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, and partly Galicia and Castile–León). It is also found in northern Navarre, in most highlands areas along the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Iberian System</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenean</a> valleys, where a humid subtropical variant (Cfa) also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.</li></ul> Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine climate</a> in areas with very high altitude, the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> in areas of northeastern Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a> (Dfc, Dfb / Dsc, Dsb) in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Cant%C3%A1brica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Cantábrica">Cantabrian Range</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Central System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(Spain)" title="Sierra Nevada (Spain)">Sierra Nevada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Sistema Ibérico">Iberian System</a>, and a typical <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> (BWk, BWh) in the zone of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) during their coolest month, thus having influences of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>, although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Spain" title="Climate change in Spain">Climate change in Spain</a></div> Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by the climate crisis in Europe. Spain could see 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming compared to pre-industrial levels in the next twenty years, in the worst-case scenario Spain will reach 4 °C (7.2 °F) warming by the end of the century. Due to declining rainfall Spain's droughts which are already one of the worst in Europe will be ten times worse compared to 2023. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> estimated that 4,000 people died in 2022 due to heat related stress in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> 74% of the country is at risk of desertification.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> Spain's per capita emissions was 4.92 tonnes in 2021, around 1.5 tonnes lower than the EU average. Spain was in 2021 responsible for 0.87% of cumulative global emissions. Spain committed to reduce 23% of emissions compared to 1990 levels in 2030 and to be net zero in 2050.<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg/220px-Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg/220px-Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg/330px-Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg/440px-Iberian_Wolf_AdF_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_wolf" title="Iberian wolf">Iberian wolf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile and Leon">Castile and Leon</a>. The region has 25% of the land covered by <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> protected natural spaces.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife of Spain</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, and the great diversity of habitats and <a href="/wiki/Biotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotopes">biotopes</a>, the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions. The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. Spain includes different <a href="/wiki/Phytogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytogeographic">phytogeographic</a> regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> factors. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 130th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-113">[103]</a> Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.<a href="#cite_note-114">[104]</a> In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics of Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/145px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/145px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="145" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/218px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg/290px-Felipe_VI_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King of Spain</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg/139px-Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg/139px-Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="139" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg/209px-Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg/278px-Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_in_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a></div></div></div></div></div> The constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of 1812. In June 1976, Spain's new King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos">Juan Carlos</a> dismissed <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro" title="Carlos Arias Navarro">Carlos Arias Navarro</a> and appointed the reformer <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a> as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-From_Dictatorship_to_Democracy-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spain's_fast-living_king_turns_70-117">[107]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/1977_Spanish_general_election" title="1977 Spanish general election">general election in 1977</a> convened the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes" title="Constituent Cortes">Constituent Cortes</a> (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution of 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978-118">[108]</a> After a national referendum on 6 December 1978, 88% of voters approved of the new constitution. As a result, Spain successfully transitioned from a <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">one-party personalist dictatorship</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Multiparty" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiparty">multiparty</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> composed of 17 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous cities</a>. These regions enjoy varying degrees of autonomy thanks to the Spanish Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Crown">The Crown</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:250px; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #F5F5DC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The independence of the Crown, its political neutrality and its wish to embrace and reconcile the different ideological standpoints enable it to contribute to the stability of our political system, facilitating a balance with the other constitutional and territorial bodies, promoting the orderly functioning of the State and providing a channel for cohesion among Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">King Felipe VI</a>, 2014</cite> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spanish Constitution</a> provides for a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> between five <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of government">branches of government</a>, which it refers to as "basic State institutions".<a href="#cite_note-120">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Spain-122">[111]</a> Foremost amongst these institutions is the Crown (La Corona), the symbol of the Spanish state and its permanence.<a href="#cite_note-Constitute_Project-123">[112]</a> Spain's "parliamentary monarchy" is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a> one whereby the reigning <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">king or queen</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">living embodiment</a> of the Crown and thus <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitute_Project-123">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shelley2015-126">[114]</a> Unlike in some other constitutional monarchies however, namely the likes of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a>, or indeed the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the monarch is not the fount of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">national sovereignty</a> or even the nominal <a href="/wiki/Executive_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive authority">chief executive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> Rather, the Crown, as an institution, "...arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions..." of the Spanish state.<a href="#cite_note-Constitute_Project-123">[112]</a> As such, the monarch <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">resolves disputes</a> between the disparate branches, mediates <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crises</a>, and prevents <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuses of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> In these respects, the Crown constitutes a fifth <a href="/wiki/Moderating_power_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Moderating power (Empire of Brazil)">moderating branch</a> that does not make <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> or administer <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>, functions which rightfully rest with Spain's duly elected legislatures and governments at both the national and regional level. Instead, the Crown personifies the democratic Spanish state, sanctions legitimate authority, ensures the legality of means, and guarantees the execution of the public will.<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a> Put another way, the monarch fosters national unity at home, represents Spaniards abroad (especially with regard to <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">nations of their historical community</a>), facilitates the orderly operation and continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Machinery_of_government" title="Machinery of government">Spanish government</a>, defends <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, and upholds the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Institutions_of_Spain-122">[111]</a> In other words, the Crown is the guardian of the Spanish constitution and of the rights and freedoms of all Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-Walther_L._Bernecker_65%E2%80%9384-139">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[m]</a> This stabilising role is in keeping with the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">solemn oath</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Enthronement#Spain" title="Enthronement">accession</a> "...to faithfully carry out [my] duties, to obey the Constitution and the laws and ensure that they are obeyed, and to respect the rights of citizens and the Self-governing Communities."<a href="#cite_note-142">[129]</a> A number of constitutional powers, duties, rights, responsibilities, and functions are assigned to the monarch in his or her capacity as head of state. However, the Crown enjoys <a href="/wiki/Inviolability" class="mw-redirect" title="Inviolability">inviolability</a> in the performance of these <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative#Spain" title="Royal prerogative">prerogatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">cannot be prosecuted</a> in the very courts which administer justice in its name.<a href="#cite_note-143">[130]</a> For this reason, every official act done by the monarch requires the <a href="/wiki/Countersignature" class="mw-redirect" title="Countersignature">countersignature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">prime minister</a> or, when appropriate, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Congress_of_Deputies" title="President of the Congress of Deputies">president of the Congress of Deputies</a> to have the force of law. The countersigning procedure or refrendo in turn transfers political and legal liability for the royal prerogative to the attesting parties.<a href="#cite_note-144">[131]</a> This provision does not apply to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain" title="Royal Household of Spain">Royal Household</a>, over which the monarch enjoys absolute control and supervision, or to membership in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">dynastic order</a> in the personal gift of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">House of Bourbon-Anjou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[132]</a> The royal prerogatives may be classified by whether they are ministerial acts or reserve powers. Ministerial acts are those royal prerogatives that are, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>, performed by the monarch after soliciting the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advice</a> of the Government, the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, the General Council of the Judiciary, or the Constitutional Tribunal, as the case may be. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve powers">reserve powers</a> of the Crown are those royal prerogatives that are exercised in the monarch's personal discretion.<a href="#cite_note-Walther_L._Bernecker_65%E2%80%9384-139">[127]</a> Most of the Crown's royal prerogatives are ministerial in practice, meaning the monarch has no discretion in their execution and primarily performs them as a matter of state ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-167">[p]</a> Nevertheless, when performing said ministerial acts, the monarch has the right to be consulted before acting on advice, the right to encourage a particular course of action, and the right to warn the responsible constitutional authorities. The aforesaid limitations do not apply to the Crown's reserve powers, which may be invoked by the monarch when <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">necessary</a> to maintain the continuity and stability of state institutions.<a href="#cite_note-168">[152]</a> For example, the monarch has the right to be kept informed on affairs of state through regular <a href="/wiki/Audience_(meeting)" title="Audience (meeting)">audiences</a> with the Government. For this purpose, the monarch may preside at any time over meetings of the Council of Ministers, but only when requested by the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-169">[153]</a> Moreover, the monarch may prematurely dissolve the Congress of Deputies, the Senate, or both houses of the Cortes in their entirety before the expiration of their four-year term and, in consequence thereof, concurrently call for <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap elections</a>. The monarch exercises this prerogative on the request of the prime minister, after the matter has been discussed by the Council of Ministers. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse the request.<a href="#cite_note-170">[154]</a> The monarch may also order national referendums on the request of the prime minister, but only with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales. Again, the monarch may choose to accept or refuse the prime minister's request.<a href="#cite_note-171">[155]</a> The Crown's reserve powers further extend into <a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">constitutional interpretation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">administration of justice</a>. The monarch appoints the 20 members of the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary" title="General Council of the Judiciary">General Council of the Judiciary</a>. Of these counselors, twelve are nominated by the supreme, appellate and trial courts, four are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, and four are nominated by the Senate with the same majority. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination.<a href="#cite_note-172">[156]</a> In a similar vein, the monarch appoints the twelve magistrates of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Tribunal</a>. Of these magistrates, four magistrates are nominated by the Congress of Deputies by a majority of three-fifths of its members, four magistrates are nominated by the Senate with the same majority, two magistrates are nominated by the Government, and two magistrates are nominated by the General Council of the Judiciary. The monarch may choose to accept or refuse any nomination.<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a> However, it is the monarch's reserve powers concerning <a href="/wiki/Government_formation" title="Government formation">Government formation</a> that are perhaps the most frequently exercised. The monarch nominates a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">prime minister</a> and, as the case may be, appoints or removes him or her from office based on the prime minister's ability to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_Spain" title="Motions of no confidence in Spain">confidence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[158]</a> If the Congress of Deputies fails to give its confidence to a new Government within two months, and is thus incapable of governing as a result of parliamentary gridlock, the monarch may dissolve the Cortes Generales and call for fresh elections. The monarch makes use of these reserve powers in his own deliberative judgment after consulting the president of the Congress of Deputies.<a href="#cite_note-175">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cortes_Generales">Cortes Generales</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg/220px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg/220px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg/330px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg/440px-Solemne_apertura_de_la_XIV_Legislatura_04.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The hemicycle of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">Legislative authority</a> vests in the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> (English: Spanish Parliament, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'General Courts'), a democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral parliament">bicameral parliament</a> that serves as the supreme representative body of the Spanish people. Aside from the Crown, it is the only basic State institution that enjoys inviolability.<a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> It comprises the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> (Congreso de los Diputados), a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> with 350 deputies, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Senate">Senate</a> (Senado), an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> with 259 senators.<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[162]</a> Deputies are elected by <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">popular vote</a> on <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed lists</a> via <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> to serve four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-179">[163]</a> On the other hand, 208 senators are directly elected by popular vote using a <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">limited voting</a> method, with the remaining 51 senators appointed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures" title="List of Spanish regional legislatures">regional legislatures</a> to also serve four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government">Government</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">Executive authority</a> rests with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> (Gobierno de España), which is <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> to the Congress of Deputies.<a href="#cite_note-181">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a> It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">prime minister</a>, one or more <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Spain">deputy prime ministers</a>, and the various <a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">ministers of state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[167]</a> These characters together constitute the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Spain">Council of Ministers</a> which, as Spain's <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central executive authority</a>, conducts the business of the Government and administers the <a href="/wiki/General_State_Administration" title="General State Administration">civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[168]</a> The Government remains in office so long as it can maintain the <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_Spain" title="Motions of no confidence in Spain">confidence</a> of the Congress of Deputies. The prime minister, as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, enjoys primacy over the other ministers by virtue of his or her ability to <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">advise</a> the monarch as to their appointment and dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-185">[169]</a> Moreover, the prime minister has plenary authority conferred by the Spanish Constitution to direct and coordinate the Government's policies and administrative actions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a> The Spanish monarch <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain#Royal_nomination_and_congressional_confirmation" title="Prime Minister of Spain">nominates</a> the prime minister after consulting representatives from the different parliamentary groups and in turn formally appoints him or her to office upon a vote of investiture in the Congress of Deputies.<a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">History of the territorial organization of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Spain" title="Political divisions of Spain">Political divisions of Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomous_communities">Autonomous communities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nationalities_and_regions_of_Spain" title="Nationalities and regions of Spain">Nationalities and regions of Spain</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 410px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg/410px-Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg.png" decoding="async" width="410" height="377" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 410px;height: 377px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg/410px-Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="410" data-height="377" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg/615px-Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg/820px-Autonomous_communities_of_Spain_no_names.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:22px; top:40px"><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:208px; top:44.8px"><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:123.2px; top:120.4px"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:168px; top:57.2px"><a href="/wiki/La_Rioja" title="La Rioja">La Rioja</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:238px; top:87.6px"><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:296px; top:70px"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:238px; top:162px"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:162px"><a href="/wiki/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha" title="Castilla–La Mancha">Castilla– La Mancha</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:54.8px; top:176.8px"><a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:6px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:104px; top:70px"><a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72px; top:15.2px"><a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:8.8px"><a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181.6px; top:18.8px"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210.8px; top:223.2px"><a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:108px; top:252px"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:111.2px; top:318px"><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:185.2px; top:330px"><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274px; top:14px"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:322px; top:128px"><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:288px"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:34px; top:290px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:310px; top:40px"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:109.6px; top:303.2px"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar (UK)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:118.4px; top:344.4px"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div> </div> Spain's autonomous communities are the first level administrative divisions of the country. They were created after the current constitution came into effect (in 1978) in recognition of the right to self-government of the "<a href="/wiki/Nationalities_and_regions_of_Spain" title="Nationalities and regions of Spain">nationalities and regions of Spain</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_143-188">[172]</a> The autonomous communities were to comprise adjacent provinces with common historical, cultural, and economic traits. This territorial organisation, based on <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>, is known in Spain as the "State of Autonomies" (Estado de las Autonomías). The basic institutional law of each autonomous community is the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statute of Autonomy</a>. The Statutes of Autonomy establish the name of the community according to its historical and contemporary identity, the limits of its territories, the name and organisation of the institutions of government and the rights they enjoy according to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_147-189">[173]</a> This ongoing process of devolution means that, while officially a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, Spain is nevertheless one of the most <a href="/wiki/Decentralised" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralised">decentralised</a> countries in Europe, along with <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a> like <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, which identified themselves as nationalities, were granted self-government through a rapid process. Andalusia also identified itself as a nationality in its first Statute of Autonomy, even though it followed the longer process stipulated in the constitution for the rest of the country. Progressively, other communities in revisions to their Statutes of Autonomy have also taken that denomination in accordance with their historical and modern identities, such as the Valencian Community,<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a> the Canary Islands,<a href="#cite_note-192">[176]</a> the Balearic Islands,<a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a> and Aragon.<a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a> The autonomous communities have wide legislative and executive autonomy, with their own elected parliaments and governments as well as their own dedicated <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_of_Spain" title="Public Administration of Spain">public administrations</a>. The distribution of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy, since devolution was intended to be asymmetrical. For instance, only two communities—the Basque Country and Navarre—have full fiscal autonomy based on ancient <a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">foral</a> provisions. Nevertheless, each autonomous community is responsible for healthcare and education, among other public services.<a href="#cite_note-195">[179]</a> Beyond these competencies, the nationalities—<a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pais_Vasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Pais Vasco">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>—were also devolved more powers than the rest of the communities, among them the ability of the regional president to dissolve the parliament and call for elections at any time. In addition, the Basque Country, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Catalonia, and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> each have autonomous police corps of their own: <a href="/wiki/Ertzaintza" title="Ertzaintza">Ertzaintza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Canaria" title="Policía Canaria">Policía Canaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Mossos d'Esquadra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Foral" title="Policía Foral">Policía Foral</a> respectively. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all, like the Policía Autónoma Andaluza in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> or <a href="/wiki/BESCAM" title="BESCAM">BESCAM</a> in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-cartujo-196">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provinces_and_municipalities">Provinces and municipalities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Spain" title="Local government in Spain">Local government in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipalities of Spain</a></div> Autonomous communities are divided into <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">provinces</a>, which served as their territorial building blocks. In turn, provinces are divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">municipalities</a>. The existence of both the provinces and the municipalities is guaranteed and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs, and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State.<a href="#cite_note-197">[181]</a> The current provincial division structure is based—with minor changes—on the <a href="/wiki/1833_territorial_division_of_Spain" title="1833 territorial division of Spain">1833 territorial division</a> by <a href="/wiki/Javier_de_Burgos" title="Javier de Burgos">Javier de Burgos</a>, and in all, the Spanish territory is divided into 50 provinces. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid, Murcia and Navarre are the only communities that comprise a single province, which is coextensive with the community itself. In these cases, the administrative institutions of the province are replaced by the governmental institutions of the community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg/220px-061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg/220px-061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg/330px-061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg/440px-061023-sanchez-reunion-informal-consejo-europeo1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Informal meeting of the European Council. Granada, 6 October 2023, during <a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="2023 Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union">2023 Spanish Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_(51135781861).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg/220px-Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="2669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg/220px-Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg/330px-Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg/440px-Barcelona_Palau_Reial_de_Pedralbes_%2851135781861%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Pedralbes" title="Royal Palace of Pedralbes">Royal Palace of Pedralbes</a> in Barcelona, headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></figcaption></figure> After the return of democracy following the death of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> in 1975, Spain's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Franco years</a> and expand <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a>, enter the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Community</a>, and define security relations with the West. As a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> since 1982, Spain has established itself as a participant in multilateral international security activities. Spain's EU membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political co-operation mechanisms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] Spain has maintained its special relations with <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Its policy emphasises the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-American</a> community, essentially the renewal of the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanismo</a>", as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally "based on shared values and the recovery of democracy."<a href="#cite_note-198">[182]</a> The country is involved in a number of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain#Disputes" title="Foreign relations of Spain">territorial disputes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Spain claims Gibraltar</a>, an <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom</a>, in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-199">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[185]</a> Another dispute surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands.<a href="#cite_note-202">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[187]</a> Spain claims sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil Island</a>, a small, uninhabited rocky <a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">islet</a> located in the South shore of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>; it was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 2002. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a> islets off the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spain's sovereignty over the territory of <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_(L-61)_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea,_22_February_2023_(230222-N-MW880-1248).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG/220px-Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6419" data-file-height="4279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG/220px-Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG/330px-Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG/440px-Spanish_amphibious_assault_ship_Juan_Carlos_I_%28L-61%29_underway_in_the_Adriatic_Sea%2C_22_February_2023_%28230222-N-MW880-1248%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_landing_helicopter_dock_Juan_Carlos_I" title="Spanish landing helicopter dock Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Spanish Armed Forces</a> are divided into three branches: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Army (Ejército de Tierra)</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Navy (Armada)</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Air and Space Force (Ejército del Aire y del Espacio)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_8-205">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_(front_row,_fifth_from_right)_and_other_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_(NATO)_leaders_at_the_NATO_Summit_in_Madrid,_June_29%E2%80%9330,_2022_-_IMG_2325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Joe_Biden_%28front_row%2C_fifth_from_right%29_and_other_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28NATO%29_leaders_at_the_NATO_Summit_in_Madrid%2C_June_29%E2%80%9330%2C_2022_-_IMG_2325.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Joe_Biden_%28front_row%2C_fifth_from_right%29_and_other_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28NATO%29_leaders_at_the_NATO_Summit_in_Madrid%2C_June_29%E2%80%9330%2C_2022_-_IMG_2325.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Joe_Biden_%28front_row%2C_fifth_from_right%29_and_other_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28NATO%29_leaders_at_the_NATO_Summit_in_Madrid%2C_June_29%E2%80%9330%2C_2022_-_IMG_2325.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/President_Joe_Biden_%28front_row%2C_fifth_from_right%29_and_other_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization_%28NATO%29_leaders_at_the_NATO_Summit_in_Madrid%2C_June_29%E2%80%9330%2C_2022_-_IMG_2325.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) leaders at the NATO Summit in Madrid, June 29–30, 2022</figcaption></figure> The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Españolas). Their <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> is the King of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe VI of Spain">Felipe VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_62-206">[190]</a> The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence. The fourth military authority of the State is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Spain)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Spain)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a> (JEMAD).<a href="#cite_note-207">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Defence_Staff_(Spain)" title="Defence Staff (Spain)">Defence Staff</a> (Estado Mayor de la Defensa) assists the JEMAD as auxiliary body. The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2017 of 121,900 active personnel and 4,770 reserve personnel. The country also has the 77,000 strong <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> which comes under the control of the Ministry of defense in times of a national emergency. The Spanish defense budget is 5.71 billion euros (US$7.2 billion) a 1% increase for 2015. The increase comes because of security concerns in the country.<a href="#cite_note-208">[192]</a> Military conscription was suppressed in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-209">[193]</a> According to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, Spain is the 23rd most peaceful country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-210">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights in Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT rights in Spain</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> "protect all Spaniards and all the peoples of Spain in the exercise of human rights, their cultures and traditions, languages and institutions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978preamble-211">[195]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (AI), government investigations of alleged police abuses are often lengthy and punishments were light.<a href="#cite_note-212">[196]</a> Violence against women was a problem, which the Government took steps to address.<a href="#cite_note-213">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[198]</a> Spain provides one of the highest degrees of liberty in the world for its <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community. Among the countries studied by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> in 2013, Spain is rated first in acceptance of homosexuality, with 88% of those surveyed saying that homosexuality should be accepted.<a href="#cite_note-215">[199]</a> The Cortes Generales approved the Gender Equality Act in 2007 aimed at furthering <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality between genders</a> in Spanish political and economic life.<a href="#cite_note-216">[200]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> data as of 1 September 2018, 137 of the 350 members of the Congress were women (39.1%), while in the Senate, there were 101 women out of 266 (39.9%), placing Spain 16th on their list of countries ranked by proportion of women in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower House">lower</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">single</a>) House.<a href="#cite_note-217">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gender_Empowerment_Measure" title="Gender Empowerment Measure">Gender Empowerment Measure</a> of Spain in the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">Human Development Report</a> is 0.794, 12th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-218">[202]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140404193229!Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2082"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-20140404193229%21Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuatro_Torres_Business_Area" title="Cuatro Torres Business Area">Cuatro Torres Business Area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries,_Barcelona_(51351746585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg/220px-Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg/220px-Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg/330px-Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg/440px-Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries%2C_Barcelona_%2851351746585%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torre_Gl%C3%B2ries" title="Torre Glòries">Torre Glòries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/22@" title="22@">22@</a> business district in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> Spain's capitalist <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">15th largest</a> worldwide and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">4th largest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>'s 4th largest. The centre-right government of former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> worked successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Spain" title="Unemployment in Spain">Unemployment</a> stood at 11.27% in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-219">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment_in_Spain" title="Youth unemployment in Spain">youth unemployment</a> rate (26.5% in April 2024) is extremely high compared to EU standards.<a href="#cite_note-220">[204]</a> Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include a large <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-221">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[207]</a> and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, along with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-224">[208]</a> Since the 1990s some Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America. Spain is the second biggest foreign investor there, after the United States. Spanish companies have also expanded into Asia, especially China and India.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2009bet-225">[209]</a> Spanish companies invested in fields like <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy commercialisation">renewable energy commercialisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iberdrola" title="Iberdrola">Iberdrola</a> was the world's largest renewable energy operator<a href="#cite_note-226">[210]</a>), technology companies like <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abengoa" title="Abengoa">Abengoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a> (which is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker-owned cooperative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Movistar" title="Movistar">Movistar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hisdesat" title="Hisdesat">Hisdesat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra_Sistemas" title="Indra Sistemas">Indra</a>, train manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Construcciones_y_Auxiliar_de_Ferrocarriles" title="Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles">CAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talgo" title="Talgo">Talgo</a>, global corporations such as the textile company <a href="/wiki/Inditex" title="Inditex">Inditex</a>, petroleum companies like <a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a> and infrastructure, with six of the ten biggest international construction firms specialising in transport being Spanish, like <a href="/wiki/Ferrovial" title="Ferrovial">Ferrovial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acciona" title="Acciona">Acciona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grupo_ACS" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo ACS">ACS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obrasc%C3%B3n_Huarte_Lain" title="Obrascón Huarte Lain">OHL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fomento_de_Construcciones_y_Contratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas">FCC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2009big-227">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">automotive industry in Spain</a> is one of the largest employers in the country. In 2023, Spain produced 2.45 million cars which makes it the 8th largest automobile producer country in the world and the 2nd largest car manufacturer in Europe after <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ICEX-228">[212]</a> a position in the ranking that it was still keeping in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-229">[213]</a> In total, 89% of the vehicles and 60% of the auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2023. A total of 2,201,802 made in Spain vehicles were exported in 2023. In 2023, the Spanish automotive industry generated 10% of Spain's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and accounted for 18% of total Spanish exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). External trade surplus of vehicles reached €18.8bn in 2023. The industry generates 9% of total employment, nearly 2 million jobs are linked to this industry.<a href="#cite_note-ICEX-228">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Benidorm,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2014-07-02,_DD_65.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG/220px-Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5318" data-file-height="2777"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG/220px-Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG/330px-Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG/440px-Vista_de_Benidorm%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-07-02%2C_DD_65.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benidorm" title="Benidorm">Benidorm</a>, one of Europe's largest coastal tourist destinations</figcaption></figure> In 2023, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, recording 85 million tourists. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> are located in Madrid. Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. In the last five decades, international tourism in Spain has grown to become the second largest in the world in terms of spending, worth approximately 40 billion Euros or about 5% of GDP in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-guru-230">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Castile and Leon">Castile and Leon</a> is the Spanish leader in <a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">rural tourism</a> linked to its environmental and architectural heritage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS20andPS10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/220px-PS20andPS10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1025"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/220px-PS20andPS10.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/330px-PS20andPS10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PS20andPS10.jpg/440px-PS20andPS10.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Solucar_Complex" title="Solucar Complex">Solucar Complex</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/PS10_Solar_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="PS10 Solar Power Plant">PS10 Solar Power Plant</a> in the foreground and the <a href="/wiki/PS20_solar_power_plant" title="PS20 solar power plant">PS20</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> In 2010 Spain became the <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain" title="Solar power in Spain">solar power</a> world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called <a href="/wiki/Alvarado_I" title="Alvarado I">La Florida</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Alvarado, Badajoz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[217]</a> Spain is also Europe's main producer of wind energy.<a href="#cite_note-234">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[219]</a> In 2010 its wind turbines generated 16.4% of all electrical energy produced in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-236">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-Graber2005-238">[222]</a> On 9 November 2010, wind energy reached a historic peak covering 53% of mainland electricity demand<a href="#cite_note-239">[223]</a> and generating an amount of energy that is equivalent to that of 14 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[224]</a> Other renewable energies used in Spain are <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power plant">hydroelectric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasification_of_biomass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasification of biomass">biomass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">marine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[225]</a> Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear</a> (8 operative reactors), <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas power plant">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power plant">coal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil power plant">oil</a>. Fossil fuels together generated 58% of Spain's electricity in 2009, just below the OECD mean of 61%. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each.<a href="#cite_note-SverigeE-242">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grantelescopio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grantelescopio.jpg/220px-Grantelescopio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grantelescopio.jpg/220px-Grantelescopio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grantelescopio.jpg/330px-Grantelescopio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grantelescopio.jpg/440px-Grantelescopio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a> at sunset</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a> (CSIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 5th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2018 SCImago Institutions Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-243">[227]</a> Spain was ranked 28th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-244">[228]</a> Higher education institutions perform about a 60% of the basic research in the country.<a href="#cite_note-245">[229]</a> Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&D expenditures is much lower than in other EU and OECD countries.<a href="#cite_note-246">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport in Spain</a></div> The Spanish road system is mainly centralised, with six highways connecting Madrid to the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, West <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, Extremadura and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic (<a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">Ferrol</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a>), Cantabrian (<a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a> to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>) coasts. Spain aims to put one million <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a> on the road by 2014 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[231]</a> The former Minister of Industry <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Gasc%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Sebastián Gascón">Miguel Sebastián</a> said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."<a href="#cite_note-248">[232]</a> As of July 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the longest HSR network in Europe with 3,966 km (2,464 mi)<a href="#cite_note-ADIF-249">[233]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">second longest in the world</a>, after China's. It is linking <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Madrid, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to 330 km/h (210 mph).<a href="#cite_note-250">[234]</a> On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the fastest one in the world, followed by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">bullet train</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[235]</a> Regarding punctuality, it is second in the world (98.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%).<a href="#cite_note-252">[236]</a> There are 47 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Airport">airport of Madrid</a> (Barajas), with 60 million passengers in 2023, being the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by passenger traffic">world's 15th busiest airport</a>, as well as the European Union's third busiest. The <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Airport">airport of Barcelona</a> (El Prat) is also important, with 50 million passengers in 2023, being the world's 30th-busiest airport. Other main airports are located in <a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca_Airport" title="Palma de Mallorca Airport">Majorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_Airport" title="Málaga Airport">Málaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria_Airport" title="Gran Canaria Airport">Las Palmas (Gran Canaria)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alicante_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante Airport">Alicante</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-speed AVE Class 103 train near Vinaixa, Madrid-Barcelona line. Spain has the longest high-speed rail network in Europe.[233]"><noscript><img alt="High-speed AVE Class 103 train near Vinaixa, Madrid-Barcelona line. Spain has the longest high-speed rail network in Europe.[233]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg/200px-RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5497" data-file-height="3393"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg/200px-RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg" data-alt="High-speed AVE Class 103 train near Vinaixa, Madrid-Barcelona line. Spain has the longest high-speed rail network in Europe.[233]" data-width="200" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg/300px-RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg/400px-RENFE_Class_103_Vinaixa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-speed <a href="/wiki/AVE_Class_103" class="mw-redirect" title="AVE Class 103">AVE Class 103</a> train near <a href="/wiki/Vinaixa" title="Vinaixa">Vinaixa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barcelona_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line">Madrid-Barcelona line</a>. Spain has <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">the longest high-speed rail network in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ADIF-249">[233]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 165px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Port of Valencia, one of the busiest in the Golden Banana"><noscript><img alt="The Port of Valencia, one of the busiest in the Golden Banana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Port_of_Valencia.jpg/200px-Port_of_Valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Port_of_Valencia.jpg/200px-Port_of_Valencia.jpg" data-alt="The Port of Valencia, one of the busiest in the Golden Banana" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Port_of_Valencia.jpg/300px-Port_of_Valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Port_of_Valencia.jpg/400px-Port_of_Valencia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Valencia" title="Port of Valencia">Port of Valencia</a>, one of the busiest in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Banana" title="Golden Banana">Golden Banana</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics of Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by population">List of Spanish autonomous communities by population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg/220px-Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg/220px-Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg/330px-Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg/440px-Population_per_km2_by_municipality_in_Spain_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Population density by municipality in Spain, 2018</figcaption></figure> In 2024, Spain had a population of 48,946,035 people as recorded by Spain's <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)" title="National Statistics Institute (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[237]</a> Spain's population density, at 96/km2 (249.2/sq mi), is lower than that of most Western European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast. The population of Spain has risen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-254">[238]</a> In 2022, the average <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) across Spain was 1.16 children born per woman,<a href="#cite_note-255">[239]</a> one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.11 children born per woman in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-256">[240]</a> Spain subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.1 years.<a href="#cite_note-257">[241]</a> Native <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> make up 86.5% of the total population of Spain. After the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">birth rate</a> plunged in the 1980s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward initially upon the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries during the 1970s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up 12% of the population. The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America (39%), North Africa (16%), Eastern Europe (15%), and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> (4%).<a href="#cite_note-258">[242]</a> In 2008, Spain granted citizenship to 84,170 persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-259">[243]</a> Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan">Sub-Saharan</a> countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Britons, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, French and others.<a href="#cite_note-260">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Spain" title="List of metropolitan areas in Spain">List of metropolitan areas in Spain</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Spain <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?padre=525">Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2023)</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous community">Autonomous community</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous community">Autonomous community</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Spain_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Spain by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_Cityscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madrid"><noscript><img alt="Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Madrid_Cityscape.jpg/120px-Madrid_Cityscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="1940"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Madrid_Cityscape.jpg/120px-Madrid_Cityscape.jpg" data-alt="Madrid" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Madrid_Cityscape.jpg/180px-Madrid_Cityscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Madrid_Cityscape.jpg/240px-Madrid_Cityscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> <a href="/wiki/File:City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barcelona"><noscript><img alt="Barcelona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg/120px-City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5127" data-file-height="3417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg/120px-City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg" data-alt="Barcelona" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg/180px-City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg/240px-City_view_from_Transbordador_Aeri_del_Port.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Community of Madrid</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,332,035</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">346,096 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Valencie_1448.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Valencia"><noscript><img alt="Valencia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Valencie_1448.JPG/120px-Valencie_1448.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Valencie_1448.JPG/120px-Valencie_1448.JPG" data-alt="Valencia" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Valencie_1448.JPG/180px-Valencie_1448.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Valencie_1448.JPG/240px-Valencie_1448.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seville"><noscript><img alt="Seville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg/120px-Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3076" data-file-height="2047"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg/120px-Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg" data-alt="Seville" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg/180px-Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg/240px-Toits_Guadalquivir_ponts_S%C3%A9ville_Espagne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,660,122</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba (Spain)">Córdoba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">323,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">807,693</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">297,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">684,025</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">293,652 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">682,513</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/L%27Hospitalet_de_Llobregat" title="L'Hospitalet de Llobregat">L'Hospitalet</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">274,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">586,384</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Asturias" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Asturias">Principality of Asturias</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">258,313 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">469,177</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,886 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">423,350</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">247,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">378,027</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Elche</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">238,293 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">349,282</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">230,595 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration to Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_(2005).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png/220px-Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png/220px-Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png/330px-Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png/440px-Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_la_poblaci%C3%B3n_extranjera_en_Espa%C3%B1a_%282005%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Distribution of the foreign population in Spain in 2005 by percentage</figcaption></figure> According to the official Spanish statistics (<a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">INE</a>) there were 6.6 million foreign residents in Spain in 2024 (13.5%)<a href="#cite_note-261">[245]</a> while all citizens born outside of Spain were 8.9 million in 2024, 18.31% of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-ine.es-262">[246]</a> According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan people">Moroccan</a>, approximately 390,000 were British, and 360,000 were <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian people">Ecuadorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[247]</a> Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a>, and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese people">Senegaleses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian people">Nigerians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[248]</a> Since 2000, Spain has experienced high <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.<a href="#cite_note-265">[249]</a> Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-266">[250]</a> The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million.<a href="#cite_note-267">[251]</a> In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-268">[252]</a> There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce. Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived.<a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a> In 2008, prior to the onset of the economic crisis, the Financial Times reported that Spain was the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-270">[254]</a> In 2008, the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish Social Security.<a href="#cite_note-271">[255]</a> The programme had little effect.<a href="#cite_note-272">[256]</a> Although the programme failed to, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis from 2010 to 2011, resulted in tens of thousands of immigrants leaving the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people left Spain.<a href="#cite_note-emigracion-273">[257]</a> For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-emigracion-273">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_languages-en.svg/220px-Spain_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_languages-en.svg/220px-Spain_languages-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_languages-en.svg/330px-Spain_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_languages-en.svg/440px-Spain_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> Spain is a multilingual state.<a href="#cite_note-conversi-274">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>—featured in the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution">Spanish Constitution</a> as castellano (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">'Castilian'</a>)—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931.<a href="#cite_note-275">[259]</a> As allowed in the third article of the Constitution, the other 'Spanish languages' can also become official in their respective <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous communities">autonomous communities</a>. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1978 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamallo2018465-276">[260]</a> Besides Spanish, other territorialized languages include <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranese" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranese">Aranese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astur-Leonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Astur-Leonese">Astur-Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, Ceutan Arabic (<a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tamazight</a>, to which the <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Romani Caló</a> and the sign languages may add up.<a href="#cite_note-277">[261]</a> The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamallo2018463-278">[262]</a> Those enjoying recognition as official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan/Valencian (in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> officially named as Catalan and in the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> officially named as <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>); Galician (in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>); Basque (in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>); and Aranese in Catalonia. Spanish is natively spoken by 74%, Catalan/Valencian by 17%, Galician by 7% and Basque by 2% of the Spanish population.<a href="#cite_note-279">[263]</a> Some of the most spoken foreign languages used by the immigrant communities include <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/220px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1153"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/220px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/330px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/440px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> one of the first European universities</figcaption></figure> State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The current education system is regulated by the 2006 educational law, LOE (Ley Orgánica de Educación), or Fundamental Law for the Education.<a href="#cite_note-LOE_juridicas-281">[265]</a> In 2014, the LOE was partially modified by the newer and controversial LOMCE law (Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa), or Fundamental Law for the Improvement of the Education System, commonly called Ley Wert (Wert Law).<a href="#cite_note-LOMCE_juridicas-282">[266]</a> Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE).<a href="#cite_note-283">[267]</a> The levels of education are preschool education, primary education,<a href="#cite_note-284">[268]</a> secondary education<a href="#cite_note-285">[269]</a> and post-16 education.<a href="#cite_note-286">[270]</a> In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the Formación Profesional Básica (basic vocational education); the Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio or CFGM (medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior or CFGS (higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level.<a href="#cite_note-287">[271]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as significantly below the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.<a href="#cite_note-288">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion in Spain</a></div> The health care system of Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Health_System" title="Spanish National Health System">Spanish National Health System</a>) is considered one of the best in the world, in 7th position in the ranking elaborated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[274]</a> The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-291">[275]</a> The total health spending is 9.4% of the GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion in Spain</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 59.991083666714px; border-left-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:WhiteSmoke"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.309851098213px 23.038942667659px 0 0; border-top-color:LightGray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightGray"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:51.981734262071px 85.427743169929px 0 0; border-top-color:MediumSlateBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSlateBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:8.2245374316019px; border-width:0 0 91.775462568398px 39.714789063478px; border-bottom-color:DarkRed"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious self-definition in Spain (<a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">CIS</a> survey; sample size: 3,935; February 2023)<a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Practicing <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (18.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Non-Practicing Catholic (37.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Believer in another religion (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostic</a> (12.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Indifferent/Non-believer (12.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a> (14.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Did not answer (1.5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholicism</a>, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-293">[277]</a> Judaism,<a href="#cite_note-294">[278]</a> and evangelical Christianity<a href="#cite_note-295">[279]</a> is also recognised in law. According to a 2020 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research, about 61% of Spaniards self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Spain">Catholics</a>, 3% other faiths, and about 35% identify with <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIS2020-296">[280]</a> Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.<a href="#cite_note-CIS-297">[281]</a> Recent polls and surveys suggest that around 30% of the Spanish population is irreligious.<a href="#cite_note-CIS-297">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-WVS-298">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-GallupInternational-299">[283]</a> The Spanish constitution enshrines <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a "state character", while allowing for the state to "cooperate" with religious groups. <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches have about 1,200,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-300">[284]</a> There are about 105,000 <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has approximately 46,000 adherents in 133 congregations.<a href="#cite_note-301">[285]</a> A study made by the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Islamic_Communities_of_Spain" title="Union of Islamic Communities of Spain">Union of Islamic Communities of Spain</a> demonstrated that there were more than 2,100,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&action=edit">[update]</a>, accounting for 4–5% of the total population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>) and other African countries. More than 879,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality.<a href="#cite_note-302">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently there are around 62,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.14% of the total population. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture of Spain</a></div> Spain is a <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western country</a> and one of the major <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin countries</a> of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence.<a href="#cite_note-r079-303">[287]</a> Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity.<a href="#cite_note-304">[288]</a> Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalised Spanish language and culture, with Spain also absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Spain">World Heritage Sites in Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles in Spain">Castles in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathedrals_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedrals in Spain">Cathedrals in Spain</a></div> Spain has 49 <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. These include the landscape of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Perdido" title="Monte Perdido">Monte Perdido</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, which is shared with France, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4a_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Côa Valley">Côa Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siega_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Siega Verde">Siega Verde</a>, which is shared with Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_of_Mercury._Almad%C3%A9n_and_Idrija" title="Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija">Heritage of Mercury</a>, shared with Slovenia and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests</a>, shared with other countries of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-305">[289]</a> In addition, Spain has also 14 <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a>, or "Human treasures".<a href="#cite_note-306">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Spanish literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Catalan literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_literature" title="Galician literature">Galician literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></div> Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic Romance</a> (such as refrains) sprinkled in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-307">[291]</a> Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the <a href="/wiki/Glosas_Emilianenses" title="Glosas Emilianenses">Glosas Emilianenses</a> written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<a href="#cite_note-308">[292]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg/220px-Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1858"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg/220px-Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg/330px-Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg/440px-Bronze_statues_of_Don_Quixote_and_Sancho_Panza.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bronze statues of <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Panza" title="Sancho Panza">Sancho Panza</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Espa%C3%B1a_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza de España (Madrid)">Plaza de España</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></figcaption></figure> Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken.<a href="#cite_note-309">[293]</a> A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside <a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Galician-Portuguese">Galician-Portuguese</a> across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanyi201024-310">[294]</a> The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalanised</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanyi201021-311">[295]</a> Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Good_Love" title="The Book of Good Love">The Book of Good Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coplas_por_la_muerte_de_su_padre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coplas por la muerte de su padre">Coplas por la muerte de su padre</a>. Genres such as <a href="/wiki/Mester_de_Juglar%C3%ADa" title="Mester de Juglaría">Mester de Juglaría</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mester_de_Clerec%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mester de Clerecía">Mester de Clerecía</a> were cultivated. Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden era of Castilian literature</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan.<a href="#cite_note-312">[296]</a> Famous Early Modern works include <a href="/wiki/La_Celestina" title="La Celestina">La Celestina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lazarillo_de_Tormes" title="Lazarillo de Tormes">Lazarillo de Tormes</a>. The famous <a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quijote de La Mancha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> was written in this time. Other writers from the period are: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Quevedo" title="Francisco de Quevedo">Francisco de Quevedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Calderón de la Barca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> authors included, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo">Benito Jerónimo Feijóo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Leandro Fernández de Moratín</a>. Steps of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spanish Romantic literature</a> (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-313">[297]</a> In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<a href="#cite_note-314">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[299]</a> The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Realist_literature" title="Spanish Realist literature">Spanish Realism</a>, which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticised or stylised presentations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The major realist writer was <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabanyi201061-316">[300]</a> The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a> or the Galician <a href="/wiki/Rexurdimento" title="Rexurdimento">Rexurdimento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[301]</a> Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1960s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColuzzi2007103%E2%80%93104-318">[302]</a> 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation of 1898">Generation of '98</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2727" title="Generation of '27">Generation of '27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2736" title="Generation of '36">Generation of '36</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_%2750" title="Generation of '50">Generation of '50</a>. <a href="/wiki/Premio_Planeta_de_Novela" title="Premio Planeta de Novela">Premio Planeta de Novela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a> are the two main awards in Spanish literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish philosophy</a></div> The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca the Young">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the <a href="/wiki/Generation_of_98" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation of 98">Generation of 98</a>); or simply by outright denying its existence.<a href="#cite_note-319">[303]</a> The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of <a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo</a> (chief architect of the myth around it)<a href="#cite_note-320">[304]</a> against Antonio Pérez.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonovaMyagkovNikolaeva201967-321">[305]</a> Foreign imports such as <a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a> proved to be extremely influential in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaponigri1967169%E2%80%93170-322">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Meninas,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/220px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="26065" data-file-height="30000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/220px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/330px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg/440px-Las_Meninas%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a></figcaption></figure> Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">artistic movements</a>. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, is still evident today. European influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Spanish Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque art and architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrerian">Herrerian</a> architecture or the <a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline Gothic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribera" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Ribera">José de Ribera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Zurbar%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Zurbarán">Francisco Zurbarán</a>. Also in the Baroque period, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as <a href="/wiki/Las_Meninas" title="Las Meninas">Las Meninas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Hilanderas_(Vel%C3%A1zquez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)">Las Hilanderas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> painted during a historical period that includes the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Spanish Independence War</a>, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquín Sorolla</a> is a well-known modern impressionist painter and there are many important Spanish painters belonging to the modernism art movement, including <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Juan Gris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chillida-peine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chillida-peine.jpg/220px-Chillida-peine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="1810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chillida-peine.jpg/220px-Chillida-peine.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chillida-peine.jpg/330px-Chillida-peine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chillida-peine.jpg/440px-Chillida-peine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Comb of the Wind of <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></figcaption></figure> The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Berruguete" title="Alonso Berruguete">Alonso Berruguete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> School) is called the "Prince of Spanish sculpture". His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Toledo">Cathedral of Toledo</a>, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the church of Santa Úrsula in the same locality. Other notable sculptors were <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="Bartolomé Ordóñez">Bartolomé Ordóñez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Silo%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Siloé">Diego de Siloé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Juni" title="Juan de Juni">Juan de Juni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A0_Forment" title="Damià Forment">Damián Forment</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There were two Schools: the <a href="/wiki/Sevillian_school_of_sculpture" title="Sevillian school of sculpture">Seville School</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADnez_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s" title="Juan Martínez Montañés">Juan Martínez Montañés</a> belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the <a href="/wiki/Granadan_school_of_sculpture" title="Granadan school of sculpture">Granada School</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Cano" title="Alonso Cano">Alonso Cano</a> belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary, are attributed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Mena" title="Pedro de Mena">Pedro de Mena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Pedro Roldán">Pedro Roldán</a> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Luisa Roldán">Luisa Roldán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mesa" title="Juan de Mesa">Juan de Mesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque_Cornejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Duque Cornejo">Pedro Duque Cornejo</a>. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were <a href="/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor)" title="Julio González (sculptor)">Julio González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Gargallo" title="Pablo Gargallo">Pablo Gargallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida" title="Eduardo Chillida">Eduardo Chillida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Serrano" title="Pablo Serrano">Pablo Serrano</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg/220px-Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="296"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg/220px-Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg/330px-Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Pedro_Almodovar_and_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a> in Oviedo</figcaption></figure> After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontes_Fern%C3%A1ndez2011602%E2%80%93603-324">[308]</a> The conflict offered the Spanish industry of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> an opportunity for further growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontes_Fern%C3%A1ndez2011603-325">[309]</a> Local studios for <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> were created in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-326">[310]</a> The government imposition of dubbing of foreign films in 1941 accustomed Spanish audiences to watching <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbed films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontes_Fern%C3%A1ndez2011609%E2%80%93610-327">[311]</a> Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscars</a> for films such as <a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volver" title="Volver">Volver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[312]</a> Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the <a href="/wiki/Fantaterror" title="Fantaterror">Fantaterror</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cine_quinqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Cine quinqui">cine quinqui</a> and the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cine_de_destape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cine de destape (page does not exist)">destape</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_destape" class="extiw" title="es:Cine de destape">es</a>] films.<a href="#cite_note-329">[313]</a> As of 2021, the festivals of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival" title="San Sebastián International Film Festival">San Sebastián</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_Film_Festival" title="Málaga Film Festival">Málaga</a> are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.<a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2351" data-file-height="3207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 300px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia._Fa%C3%A7ana_del_Naixement_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Basilica <a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure> Earth and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> are very common materials of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located).<a href="#cite_note-331">[315]</a> Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamicate architecture</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Western Islamic tradition</a>, were built in the Middle Ages in places such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Similarly to the Maghreb, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> decoration in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a> Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque">pre-Romanesque</a> style when for a while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> streams. There was then an extraordinary flourishing of the Gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar style</a> came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020171-333">[317]</a> The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centred in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">modernisme</a>, produced a number of important architects, of which <a href="/wiki/Gaud%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudí">Gaudí</a> is one. The <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a> was led by groups like <a href="/wiki/GATEPAC" title="GATEPAC">GATEPAC</a>. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_architects" title="Category:Spanish architects">Spanish architects</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Moneo" title="Rafael Moneo">Rafael Moneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Calatrava" title="Santiago Calatrava">Santiago Calatrava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bofill" title="Ricardo Bofill">Ricardo Bofill</a> as well as many others have gained worldwide renown.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music of Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz,_Sevilla,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-06,_DD_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG/220px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4986" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG/220px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG/330px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG/440px-Flamenco_en_el_Palacio_Andaluz%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_17.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a> is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Seguidilla" title="Seguidilla">Seguidilla</a>.</figcaption></figure> Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, a West Andalusian musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular. In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alb%C3%A9niz" title="Isaac Albéniz">Isaac Albéniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Granados" title="Enrique Granados">Enrique Granados</a> and singers and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicia_de_Larrocha" title="Alicia de Larrocha">Alicia de Larrocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Kraus" title="Alfredo Kraus">Alfredo Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casals" title="Pablo Casals">Pablo Casals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vi%C3%B1es" title="Ricardo Viñes">Ricardo Viñes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Iturbi" title="José Iturbi">José Iturbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Pablo de Sarasate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Savall" title="Jordi Savall">Jordi Savall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Berganza" title="Teresa Berganza">Teresa Berganza</a>. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the <a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Symphony_and_Catalonia_National_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra">Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Orquesta Nacional de España">Orquesta Nacional de España</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orquesta_Sinf%C3%B3nica_de_Madrid" title="Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid">Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid</a>. Major <a href="/wiki/Opera_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera houses">opera houses</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Real" title="Teatro Real">Teatro Real</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatre_del_Liceu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Teatre del Liceu">Gran Teatre del Liceu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Arriaga" title="Teatro Arriaga">Teatro Arriaga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/El_Palau_de_les_Arts_Reina_Sof%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía">El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía</a>. Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised summer music festivals <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3nar" title="Sónar">Sónar</a> which features pop and techno acts, and <a href="/wiki/Festival_Internacional_de_Benic%C3%A0ssim" title="Festival Internacional de Benicàssim">Benicàssim</a> which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts.<a href="#cite_note-334">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz_jazz_festival" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival">Vitoria-Gasteiz jazz festival</a> is one of the main ones in its genre. The most popular traditional <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>, the guitar, originated in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-335">[319]</a> Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or <a href="/wiki/Gaita_(bagpipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaita (bagpipe)">gaiteros</a>, mainly in Asturias and Galicia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish cuisine</a></div> Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified: Mediterranean Spain – coastal regions, from Catalonia to Andalusia – heavy use of seafood, such as pescaíto frito (fried fish); cold soups like <a href="/wiki/Gazpacho" title="Gazpacho">gazpacho</a>; and many rice-based dishes like <a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">paella</a> from Valencia<a href="#cite_note-paella-336">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%B2s_negre" title="Arròs negre">arròs negre</a> (black rice) from Catalonia.<a href="#cite_note-337">[321]</a> Inner Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based Castilian soup, along with substantial stews such as <a href="/wiki/Cocido_madrile%C3%B1o" title="Cocido madrileño">cocido madrileño</a>. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ham">Spanish ham</a>, or immersed in <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Manchego_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchego cheese">Manchego cheese</a>. Atlantic Spain – the Northern coast, including <a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician cuisine</a> – vegetable and fish-based stews like <a href="/wiki/Caldo_gallego" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldo gallego">caldo gallego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marmitako" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmitako">marmitako</a>. Also, the lightly cured <a href="/wiki/Lac%C3%B3n_Gallego" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacón Gallego">lacón</a> ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> or the Galician octopus-based <a href="/wiki/Polbo_%C3%A1_feira" title="Polbo á feira">polbo á feira</a> and shellfish dishes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:956px;max-width:956px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg/190px-01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg/190px-01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg/285px-01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg/380px-01_Paella_Valenciana_original.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian</a> dish<a href="#cite_note-paella-336">[320]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg/192px-Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg/192px-Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg/288px-Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg/384px-Cochinillo_asado-Madrid.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cochinillo_asado" title="Cochinillo asado">Cochinillo asado</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG/170px-Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG/170px-Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG/255px-Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG/340px-Jabugo_plato_con_jam%C3%B3n_de_Jabugo.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_ib%C3%A9rico" title="Jamón ibérico">Jamón ibérico</a> is one of the most expensive hams.<a href="#cite_note-338">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[323]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_de_Empanadas_(Madrid).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG/192px-Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG/192px-Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG/288px-Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG/384px-Mar_de_Empanadas_%28Madrid%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Empanadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Empanadas">Empanadas</a>, part of entire <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American cuisine</a> due Spanish colonization</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg/192px-Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg/192px-Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="192" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg/288px-Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg/384px-Wikicheese_-_Tortita_-_20160520_-_014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Torta_del_Casar" title="Torta del Casar">Torta del Casar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk_cheese" title="Sheep milk cheese">sheep milk cheese</a> from Spain.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport in Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2023FWWC_Final_(celebration)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1733"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2023FWWC_Final_%28celebration%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Spain women's national football team">Spain</a> or La Roja celebrating their <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA Women's World Cup</a> victory. <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Spain" title="Football in Spain">Football</a> is the most popular and profitable<a href="#cite_note-340">[324]</a> sport in the country.</figcaption></figure> While varieties of <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Spain" title="Football in Spain">football</a> have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF" title="Real Madrid CF">Real Madrid CF</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. <a href="/wiki/Spain_men%27s_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain men's national football team">The country's national men's football team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championship</a> in 1964, 2008, 2012 and 2024 and the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>, and is the first team ever to win three back-to-back major international tournaments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Spain_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Spain women's national football team">Spain's women's national team</a> were champions of the <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023 FIFA World Cup</a>, becoming one of only five nations to win a <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">Women's World Cup</a>. <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD" title="FC Barcelona Femení">Barcelona Femení</a> has won a record 20 domestic trophies. <a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Spain" title="Basketball in Spain">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis_in_Spain" title="Tennis in Spain">tennis</a>, cycling, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_national_futsal_team" title="Spain national futsal team">futsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycling" title="Motorcycling">motorcycling</a> and, lately, <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Paralympics" title="1992 Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a> that were hosted in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">water sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>. In their respective regions, the traditional games of <a href="/wiki/Basque_pelota" title="Basque pelota">Basque pelota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_pilota" title="Valencian pilota">Valencian pilota</a> both are popular.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays_and_festivals">Public holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays in Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain</a></div> Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>), national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of 14 public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally.<a href="#cite_note-341">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">Spain's National Day</a> (Fiesta Nacional de España) is celebrated on 12 October.<a href="#cite_note-342">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[327]</a> There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_San_Ferm%C3%ADn" title="Festival of San Fermín">San Fermín</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>. While its most famous event is the encierro, or the <a href="/wiki/Running_of_the_bulls" title="Running of the bulls">running of the bulls</a>. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over 1,000,000 people attending every year. Other festivals include <a href="/wiki/La_Tomatina" title="La Tomatina">La Tomatina</a> tomato festival in <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1ol" title="Buñol">Buñol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, the carnivals in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> in Andalusia and <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg/220px-Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg/220px-Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg/330px-Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg/440px-Pasacalles_Carnaval_del_Sol_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Carnival in <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a></figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Spain" title="History of education in Spain">History of education in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographical_relief_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical relief of Spain">Topographical relief of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">History of the territorial organization of Spain</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-es_lang-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-es_lang_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-es_lang_1-1">b</a> In Spain, some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">other languages</a> enjoy co-official status in certain regions (in accordance with the latter's <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statutes of Autonomy</a>) or have some degree of recognition. In each of these, Spain's conventional long name for international affairs in Spanish laws and the most used (Spanish: Reino de España, pronounced: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈrejno ð(e) esˈpaɲa]</a>) is as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>: Reino d'Espanya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈrejno ðesˈpaɲa]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>: Reinu d'España, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">[ˈrejnu ðesˈpaɲa]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Regne d'Espanya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[ˈreŋnə ðəsˈpaɲə]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: Espainiako Erresuma, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[es̺paɲiako eres̺uma]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: Reino de España, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">[ˈrejnʊ ð(ɪ) esˈpaɲɐ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: Reiaume d'Espanha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[reˈjawme ðesˈpaɲɔ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>: Regne d'Espanya, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[ˈreŋne ðesˈpaɲa]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-4"><a href="#cite_ref-b_4-0">^</a> The official language of the State is established in the Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution of Spain</a> to be Castilian.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Co-official_languages-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Co-official_languages_5-0">^</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> (locally known as <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a>) are co-official languages. <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> have some degree of government recognition at the regional level. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Peseta</a> before 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-e-15"><a href="#cite_ref-e_15-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states. Also, the <a href="/wiki/.cat" title=".cat">.cat</a> domain is used in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gal" title=".gal">.gal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Galiza">Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/.eus" title=".eus">.eus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque-Country</a> autonomous regions. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Spanish: España, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[esˈpaɲa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Pronunciation_of_Espa%C3%B1a_in_Spanish.ogg\/Pronunciation_of_Espa%C3%B1a_in_Spanish.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pronunciation of Espa\u00f1a in Spanish.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Pronunciation_of_Espa%C3%B1a_in_Spanish.ogg/Pronunciation_of_Espa%C3%B1a_in_Spanish.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_Espa%C3%B1a_in_Spanish.ogg" title="File:Pronunciation of España in Spanish.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nation_name-17"><a href="#cite_ref-nation_name_17-0">^</a> The Spanish Constitution does not contain any one official name for Spain. Instead, the terms España (Spain), Estado español (Spanish State) and Nación española (Spanish Nation) are used throughout the document, sometimes interchangeably. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs established that the denominations España (Spain) and Reino de España (Kingdom of Spain) are equally valid to designate Spain in international treaties. The latter term is widely used by the government in national and international affairs of all kinds, including foreign treaties as well as national official documents, and is therefore recognised as the conventional name by many international organisations.<a href="#cite_note-nj-344">[328]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">list of transcontinental countries</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a> (sing., latifundium), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The poets <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a> were also born in Hispania. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Those nationwide institutions are the Crown, the Cortes Generales, the Government, the Judiciary, and the Constitutional Tribunal. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">Spanish monarchs</a> have been kings. However, a <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> – while uncommon – is possible due to Spain's adherence to <a href="/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-preference primogeniture">male-preference primogeniture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonor,_Princess_of_Asturias" title="Leonor, Princess of Asturias">Leonor, Princess of Asturias</a>, will be Spain's first queen regnant since <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a>, who reigned from 1833 to 1868, should she someday succeed her father <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a> as expected. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Former king <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a>'s intervention and foiling of the <a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_attempt" title="1981 Spanish coup attempt">1981 Spanish coup attempt</a> is but one example of the Crown exercising its influence as the moderating branch to defend democracy and uphold the rule of law.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> The Spanish state honours system comprises the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_X,_the_Wise" title="Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise">Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Raymond_of_Pe%C3%B1afort" title="Order of Saint Raymond of Peñafort">Order of Saint Raymond of Peñafort</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Constitutional_Merit" title="Order of Constitutional Merit">Order of Constitutional Merit</a>, among other orders, decorations and medals. The prime minister is <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> chancellor of the Order of Charles III. On the other hand, the ministers of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Spain)">foreign affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Education (Spain)">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Spain)" title="Ministry of Justice (Spain)">justice</a> are the corresponding chancellors for the orders of Isabella the Catholic and of Civil Merit, the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, and the orders of Saint Raymond of Peñafort and of Constitutional Merit, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> They being the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando" title="Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando">Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_Ciencias_Morales_y_Pol%C3%ADticas" title="Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas">Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain">Royal Academy of Engineering of Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Jurisprudence_and_Legislation" title="Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation">Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Pharmacy" title="Royal Academy of Pharmacy">Royal Academy of Pharmacy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences">Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> The ministerial acts performed by the Spanish monarch are as follows: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Sanction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgate</a> bills duly passed by the Cortes Generales, making them <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">laws</a>. The Spanish Constitution mandates the monarch grant royal assent to each bill within fifteen days of its passage; he or she does not have a right to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> legislation.<a href="#cite_note-146">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_summons" title="Writ of summons">Summon</a> the Cortes Generales into <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">session</a> following a general election, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve</a> the same upon the expiration of its four-year term, and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">election</a> of the next Cortes. These functions are performed in accordance with the strictures of the Spanish Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-148">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[139]</a></li> <li>Appoint and dismiss <a href="/wiki/Spanish_government_departments" title="Spanish government departments">ministers of state</a> on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-153">[140]</a></li> <li>Appoint the president of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Supreme Court</a> on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-154">[141]</a></li> <li>Appoint the president of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Tribunal</a> from among its members, on the advice of the full bench, for a term of three years.<a href="#cite_note-155">[142]</a></li> <li>Appoint the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Attorney_General" title="Spanish Attorney General">Fiscal General</a>, who leads the <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_Ministry" title="Prosecution Ministry">Prosecution Ministry</a>, on the advice of the Government. Before tendering advice, the Government is required to consult the General Council of the Judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-156">[143]</a></li> <li>Appoint the <a href="/wiki/President_(Autonomous_Community_of_Spain)" title="President (Autonomous Community of Spain)">presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a> as elected by their respective parliaments.<a href="#cite_note-157">[144]</a></li> <li>Issue <a href="/wiki/Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Decrees">decrees</a> approved in the Council of Ministers, confer <a href="/wiki/General_State_Administration" title="General State Administration">civil service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">military appointments</a>, and award <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Spain" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Spain">honours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">distinctions</a> in the gift of the state, all done on the advice of the prime minister or another minister designated thereby.<a href="#cite_note-158">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[145]</a></li> <li>Exercise <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">supreme command and control</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>, on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-160">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">Declare war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">make peace</a> on the advice of the prime minister and with the prior authorization of the Cortes Generales.<a href="#cite_note-161">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratify</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a>, on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-162">[148]</a></li> <li>Accredit Spanish <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors">ambassadors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">ministers</a> to foreign states and <a href="/wiki/Agrement" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrement">receive</a> the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_credence" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of credence">credentials</a> of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">foreign</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">diplomats</a> to Spain, on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-163">[149]</a></li> <li>Exercise the <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">right of clemency</a>, but without the authority to grant <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">general pardons</a>, on the advice of the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-164">[150]</a></li> <li>Patronise the Royal Academies.<a href="#cite_note-165">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[151]</a></li></ol> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bar%C3%B3metro+de+Febrero+2023%3A+Estudio+Cis+N%C2%BA+3395&rft.pub=Centro+de+Investigaciones+Sociol%C3%B3gicas&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatos.cis.es%2Fpdf%2FEs3395marMT_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988">, 3,961 respondents. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?". </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf">"Anuario estadístico de España 2008. 1ª parte: entorno físico y medio ambiente"</a> (PDF). 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(Spain)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Spain%29&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D184%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-12"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-13"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-18"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain">"Spain | Facts, Culture, History, & Points of Interest"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808205138/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557573/Spain/70267/People/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Spain+%26%23124%3B+Facts%2C+Culture%2C+History%2C+%26+Points+of+Interest&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSpain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-Age-of-Discovery">"European exploration - Age of Discovery, Voyages, Expansion"</a>. britannica.com. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=European+exploration+-+Age+of+Discovery%2C+Voyages%2C+Expansion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEuropean-exploration%2FThe-Age-of-Discovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynnGiráldez_Source1995" class="citation journal cs1">Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez Source, Arturo (1995). "Born with a 'Silver Spoon': The Origin of World Trade in 1571". Journal of World History. 6 (2): 202. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078638">20078638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Born+with+a+%27Silver+Spoon%27%3A+The+Origin+of+World+Trade+in+1571&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078638%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=Dennis+O.&rft.au=Gir%C3%A1ldez+Source%2C+Arturo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Spain is crowned the champion of foreign students. This is thanks to universities such as those in Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, Granada and Salamanca. Although nowhere near as popular as Spain, we find Germany in second place. It is a country that also has a large number of prestigious universities spread out across many cities. The fact that Germany is an economic powerhouse makes it an attractive destination for those searching for employment after studying. France, the United Kingdom and Italy appear in third, fourth and fifth position. The rest of countries rank behind at a considerable distance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wimdu.co.uk/blog/discover-popular-erasmus-destinations">What are the most popular Erasmus destinations?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630180757/https://www.wimdu.co.uk/blog/discover-popular-erasmus-destinations">Archived</a> 30 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000611/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm">"572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo"</a>. www.cervantes.es. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cervantes.es&rft.atitle=572+millones+de+personas+hablan+espa%C3%B1ol%2C+cinco+millones+m%C3%A1s+que+hace+un+a%C3%B1o%2C+y+aumentar%C3%A1n+a+754+millones+a+mediados+de+siglo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantes.es%2Fsobre_instituto_cervantes%2Fprensa%2F2017%2Fnoticias%2FPresentaci%25C3%25B3n-Anuario-2017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpanish_Constitution1978Article_1_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpanish_Constitution1978">Spanish Constitution 1978</a>, Article 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2010" class="citation news cs1">Whitehouse, Mark (6 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/">"Number of the Week: $10.2 Trillion in Global Borrowing"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920064345/https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/11/06/number-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Number+of+the+Week%3A+%2410.2+Trillion+in+Global+Borrowing&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Feconomics%2F2010%2F11%2F06%2Fnumber-of-the-week-102-trillion-in-global-borrowing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arechaga2009-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Arechaga2009_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArechaga2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arechaga, Juan (2009). "Science in Hispania: Spain and Portugal on the main route again". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (8–10): Preface. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1387%2Fijdb.093019ja">10.1387/ijdb.093019ja</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19924620">19924620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Science+in+Hispania%3A+Spain+and+Portugal+on+the+main+route+again&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=Preface&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1387%2Fijdb.093019ja&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19924620&rft.aulast=Arechaga&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC2014" class="citation web cs1">ABC (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/espana/20140829/abci-donde-procede-palabra-espana-201408281811.html">""I-span-ya", el misterioso origen de la palabra España"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113170715/http://www.abc.es/espana/20140829/abci-donde-procede-palabra-espana-201408281811.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22I-span-ya%22%2C+el+misterioso+origen+de+la+palabra+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.au=ABC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fespana%2F20140829%2Fabci-donde-procede-palabra-espana-201408281811.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> #Linch, John (director), Fernández Castro, María Cruz (del segundo tomo), Historia de España, El País, volumen II, La península Ibérica en época prerromana, p. 40. 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BBC. 30 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021003923/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761575057___0/Spain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27First+west+Europe+tooth%27+found&rft.date=2007-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6256356.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2010" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWj4tnHCj04C">A Concise History of Spain</a>. 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Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051916/http://libro.uca.edu/ics/ics5.htm">Archived</a> 3 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thomas F. Glick </li> <li id="cite_note-chap2-44"><a href="#cite_ref-chap2_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm">"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus"</a>. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110267303" title="Special:BookSources/9783110267303"><bdi>9783110267303</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033453/https://books.google.com/books?id=3RtpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49946-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-49946-7"><bdi>978-1-118-49946-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Medieval+World&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-49946-7&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=English%2C+Edward+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRe-1YpI9ObsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVAN_ZANDENBURINGHBOSKER2011" class="citation journal cs1">VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x">"The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188-17891"</a>. The Economic History Review. 65 (3): 835–861. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2011.00612.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2011.00612.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154956049">154956049</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033403/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+decline+of+European+parliaments%2C+1188-17891&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=835-861&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2011.00612.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154956049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2011.00612.x&rft.aulast=VAN+ZANDEN&rft.aufirst=JAN+LUITEN&rft.au=BURINGH%2C+ELTJO&rft.au=BOSKER%2C+MAARTEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2011.00612.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalicrú_i_Lluch2020" class="citation book cs1">Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789004443594/BP000014.xml">"Granada and Its International Contacts"</a>. The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. <a href="/wiki/Brill_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill (publisher)">Brill</a>. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004443594_006">10.1163/9789004443594_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004443594" title="Special:BookSources/9789004443594"><bdi>9789004443594</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243153050">243153050</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413053115/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004443594/BP000014.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Granada+and+Its+International+Contacts&rft.btitle=The+Nasrid+Kingdom+of+Granada+between+East+and+West&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243153050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004443594_006&rft.isbn=9789004443594&rft.aulast=Salicr%C3%BA+i+Lluch&rft.aufirst=Roser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2F9789004443594%2FBP000014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html">"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia"</a>. New Scientist. 4 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328024905/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Spanish+Inquisition+left+genetic+legacy+in+Iberia&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn16200-spanish-inquisition-left-genetic-legacy-in-iberia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/treaty1492.html">"The Treaty of Granada, 1492"</a>. Islamic Civilisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924075453/http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/treaty1492.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Granada%2C+1492&rft.pub=Islamic+Civilisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberistan.org%2Fislamic%2Ftreaty1492.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cong-52"><a href="#cite_ref-cong_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehartSeeley1998" class="citation web cs1">Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">"A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age"</a>. Library of Congress Country Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Spain+%E2%80%93+The+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Series&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Seeley%2C+Jo+Ann+Browning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Festoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629000351/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html">"Imperial Spain"</a>. University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Imperial.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Feurvoya%2FImperial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84wAgaXxo4C&pg=PA472">Handbook of European History</a>. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09760-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09760-0"><bdi>90-04-09760-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033400/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y84wAgaXxo4C&pg=PA472">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. 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The Library of Iberian Resources Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal%3B+Ch.+13+The+Spanish+Empire&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+Resources+Online&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fspainport1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (2003). Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire. London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-64563-4"><bdi>978-0-297-64563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+gold%3A+the+rise+of+the+Spanish+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=George+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-297-64563-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm">"The Seventeenth-Century Decline"</a>. The Library of Iberian resources online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921003150/http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seventeenth-Century+Decline&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+resources+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fpayne15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1973" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm">"A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age"</a>. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008122627/https://libro.uca.edu/payne1/spainport1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal%3B+Ch.+14+Spanish+Society+and+Economics+in+the+Imperial+Age&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+Resources+Online&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fspainport1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehartSeeley1998" class="citation web cs1">Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">"A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline"</a>. Library of Congress Country Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Spain+%E2%80%93+Spain+in+Decline&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Series&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Seeley%2C+Jo+Ann+Browning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Festoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerrano_Daura2019" class="citation journal cs1">Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico". Revista de Dret Històric Català. 18 (18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.3004.01.119">10.2436/20.3004.01.119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5300">1578-5300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Dret+Hist%C3%B2ric+Catal%C3%A0&rft.atitle=Una+aproximaci%C3%B3n+a+la+Corona+de+Arag%C3%B3n+de+Fernando+el+Cat%C3%B3lico&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2436%2F20.3004.01.119&rft.issn=1578-5300&rft.aulast=Serrano+Daura&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips2010" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). A Concise History of Spain. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521845137" title="Special:BookSources/9780521845137"><bdi>9780521845137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Spain&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521845137&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Carla+Rahn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehartSeeley1998" class="citation web cs1">Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">"A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain"</a>. Library of Congress Country Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080809003309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Spain+%E2%80%93+Bourbon+Spain&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Series&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Seeley%2C+Jo+Ann+Browning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Festoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey1999" class="citation book cs1">Casey, James (1999). Early Modern Spain: A Social History. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415138130" title="Special:BookSources/9780415138130"><bdi>9780415138130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Spain%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415138130&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Shaw2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mart%C3%ADnez_Shaw" title="Carlos Martínez Shaw">Martínez Shaw, Carlos</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5589876.pdf">"El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio"</a> (PDF). El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715-1776). Sociedad Extremeña de Historia. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-608-8037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-608-8037-0"><bdi>978-84-608-8037-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419023430/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5589876.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El+Despotismo+Ilustrado+en+Espa%C3%B1a%3A+entre+la+continuidad+y+el+cambio&rft.btitle=El+Siglo+de+las+Luces%3A+III+Centenario+del+Nacimiento+de+Jos%C3%A9+de+Hermosilla+%281715-1776%29&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Sociedad+Extreme%C3%B1a+de+Historia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-84-608-8037-0&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Shaw&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F5589876.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartínez_Shaw201614,_23-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMart%C3%ADnez_Shaw201614,_23_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMart%C3%ADnez_Shaw2016">Martínez Shaw 2016</a>, pp. 14, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> David A. Bell. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120922013528/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/napoleonic_wars/6361907.html?page=2&c=y">Napoleon's Total War</a>". TheHistoryNet.com </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> (Gates 2001, p. 20.) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> (Gates 2001, p. 467.) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvar_Ezquerra,_Jaime2001" class="citation book cs1">Alvar Ezquerra, Jaime (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4JQIkW1yrsC&pg=PA209">Diccionario de historia de España</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ediciones_Akal" title="Ediciones Akal">Ediciones Akal</a>. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7090-366-3"><bdi>978-84-7090-366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Ediciones+Akal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-84-7090-366-3&rft.au=Alvar+Ezquerra%2C+Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4JQIkW1yrsC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> Cortes of Cádiz (1812) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez" class="citation book cs1">Rodríguez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/search?tbm=bks&hl=es&q=%22It+met+as+one+body%2C+and+its+members+represented+the+entire+Spanish+world%22&btnG=">Independence of Spanish America</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310230600/https://www.google.es/search?tbm=bks&hl=es&q=%22It+met+as+one+body%2C+and+its+members+represented+the+entire+Spanish+world%22&btnG=">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2013. <q>It met as one body, and its members represented the entire Spanish world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+of+Spanish+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fsearch%3Ftbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Des%26q%3D%2522It%2Bmet%2Bas%2Bone%2Bbody%252C%2Band%2Bits%2Bmembers%2Brepresented%2Bthe%2Bentire%2BSpanish%2Bworld%2522%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz_Artacho2003" class="citation book cs1">Cruz Artacho, Salvador (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eX7cXu4N2AUC&pg=PA33">"Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración"</a>. In Gutiérrez, Rosa Ana; Zurita, Rafael; Camurri, Renato (eds.). Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923). Valencia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valencia" title="University of Valencia">Universitat de València</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-5672-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-370-5672-1"><bdi>84-370-5672-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912033420/https://books.google.com/books?id=eX7cXu4N2AUC&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caciquismo+y+mundo+rural+durante+la+Restauraci%C3%B3n&rft.btitle=Elecciones+y+cultura+pol%C3%ADtica+en+Espa%C3%B1a+e+Italia+%281890%E2%80%931923%29&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=84-370-5672-1&rft.aulast=Cruz+Artacho&rft.aufirst=Salvador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeX7cXu4N2AUC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Costa" title="Joaquín Costa">Costa, Joaquín</a>. Oligarquía y caciquismo, Colectivismo agrario y otros escritos: (Antología).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oligarqu%C3%ADa+y+caciquismo%2C+Colectivismo+agrario+y+otros+escritos%3A+%28Antolog%C3%ADa%29&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeaker1974" class="citation book cs1">Meaker, Gerald H. (1974). The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM6rAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA158">159</a> ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0845-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0845-2"><bdi>0-8047-0845-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutionary+Left+in+Spain%2C+1914%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=159+ff&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8047-0845-2&rft.aulast=Meaker&rft.aufirst=Gerald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_corrisedrespondent/2809025.stm">Spanish Civil War fighters look back</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], BBC News, 23 February 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3998443/Relatives-of-Spaniards-who-fled-Franco-granted-citizenship.html">"Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723074619/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/3998443/Relatives-of-Spaniards-who-fled-Franco-granted-citizenship.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Relatives+of+Spaniards+who+fled+Franco+granted+citizenship&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fspain%2F3998443%2FRelatives-of-Spaniards-who-fled-Franco-granted-citizenship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓscar2023" class="citation journal cs1">Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 198–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2023.5">10.1017/heq.2023.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10251%2F201668">10251/201668</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258190145">258190145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Soft+Power%2C+Modernization%2C+and+Security%3A+US+Educational+Foreign+Policy+Toward+Authoritarian+Spain+in+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-220&rft.date=2023-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10251%2F201668&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258190145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2023.5&rft.aulast=%C3%93scar&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn+Garc%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillena2012" class="citation news cs1">Villena, Miguel Ángel (9 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339259231_174858.html">"El contubernio que preparó la democracia"</a>. EL PAÍS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130405102702/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339259231_174858.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EL+PA%C3%8DS&rft.atitle=El+contubernio+que+prepar%C3%B3+la+democracia&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft.aulast=Villena&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitica.elpais.com%2Fpolitica%2F2012%2F06%2F09%2Factualidad%2F1339259231_174858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021124653/http://www.movimientoeuropeo.org/area-prensa/actividades/Contubernio-Munich-50-aniversario.php">"Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movimientoeuropeo.org/area-prensa/actividades/Contubernio-Munich-50-aniversario.php">the original</a> on 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contubernio+de+M%C3%BAnich%3A+50+a%C3%B1os&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movimientoeuropeo.org%2Farea-prensa%2Factividades%2FContubernio-Munich-50-aniversario.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20120605/54303390132/contubernio-munich-politica-oposicion-antifranquista-movimiento-europeo.html">"El contubernio de Munich"</a>. La Vanguardia. 4 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026212625/http://www.lavanguardia.com/hemeroteca/20120605/54303390132/contubernio-munich-politica-oposicion-antifranquista-movimiento-europeo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=El+contubernio+de+Munich&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fhemeroteca%2F20120605%2F54303390132%2Fcontubernio-munich-politica-oposicion-antifranquista-movimiento-europeo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/former_ep_presidents/president-fontaine/speeches/en/sp0066.htm">"Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002164901/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/former_ep_presidents/president-fontaine/speeches/en/sp0066.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+by+Mrs+Nicole+FONTAINE%2C+President+of+the+European+Parliament+on+the+occasion+of+the+presentation+of+the+Sakharov+Prize+2000+to+Basta+ya%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fformer_ep_presidents%2Fpresident-fontaine%2Fspeeches%2Fen%2Fsp0066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1981/feb/23/spain.fromthearchive">"King Orders army to crush coup"</a>. The Guardian. 23 February 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005013653/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1981/feb/23/spain.fromthearchive">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=King+Orders+army+to+crush+coup&rft.date=1981-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1981%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fspain.fromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfanner,_Eric2002" class="citation news cs1">Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-a10_18.html?scp=1&sq=Economy%20reaps%20benefits%20of%20entry%20to%20the%20%27club%27%20:%20Spain%27s%20euro%20bonanza&st=cse">"Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza"</a>. International Herald Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090321/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/11/business/worldbusiness/11iht-a10_18.html?scp=1&sq=Economy%20reaps%20benefits%20of%20entry%20to%20the%20%27club%27%20:%20Spain%27s%20euro%20bonanza&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Economy+reaps+benefits+of+entry+to+the+%27club%27%3A+Spain%27s+euro+bonanza&rft.date=2002-07-11&rft.au=Pfanner%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F11iht-a10_18.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3DEconomy%2520reaps%2520benefits%2520of%2520entry%2520to%2520the%2520%2527club%2527%2520%3A%2520Spain%2527s%2520euro%2520bonanza%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9118701">"Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer"</a>. The Economist. 3 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212911/http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=9118701">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+economy+%2F+Plain+sailing+no+longer&rft.date=2007-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2FdisplayStory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D9118701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509426.stm">"Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'"</a>. BBC. 14 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624220502/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509426.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+%27claims+Madrid+bombings%27&rft.date=2004-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3509426.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7070827.stm">"Madrid bombers get long sentences"</a>. BBC. 31 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7070827.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Madrid+bombers+get+long+sentences&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F7070827.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2004" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Dominic (14 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509744.stm">"Spain votes under a shadow"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825175335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3509744.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spain+votes+under+a+shadow&rft.date=2004-03-14&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F3509744.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/europe/2004/03/18/an-election-bombshell">"An election bombshell"</a>. The Economist. 18 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233628/https://www.economist.com/europe/2004/03/18/an-election-bombshell">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=An+election+bombshell&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2004%2F03%2F18%2Fan-election-bombshell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz2013" class="citation news cs1">Ortiz, Fiona (22 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-population/spains-population-falls-as-immigrants-flee-crisis-idUSBRE93L0J620130422">"Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902102026/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-population/spains-population-falls-as-immigrants-flee-crisis-idUSBRE93L0J620130422">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+population+falls+as+immigrants+flee+crisis&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-spain-population%2Fspains-population-falls-as-immigrants-flee-crisis-idUSBRE93L0J620130422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/30/gayrights.spain">"Spain legalises gay marriage"</a>. The Guardian. 30 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221223432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/30/gayrights.spain">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Spain+legalises+gay+marriage&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Fjun%2F30%2Fgayrights.spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2010" class="citation news cs1">Tremlett, Giles (5 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/eta-announces-ceasefire">"Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/05/eta-announces-ceasefire">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Basque+separatists+Eta+announce+ceasefire&rft.date=2010-09-05&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F05%2Feta-announces-ceasefire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18070246">"Spain's Indignados protest here to stay"</a>. BBC News. 15 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18070246">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+Indignados+protest+here+to+stay&rft.date=2012-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-18070246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/newsbook/2011/11/21/rajoy-ahoy">"Rajoy ahoy"</a>. The Economist. 21 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233630/https://www.economist.com/newsbook/2011/11/21/rajoy-ahoy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Rajoy+ahoy&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnewsbook%2F2011%2F11%2F21%2Frajoy-ahoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2012" class="citation news cs1">Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/11/mariano-rajoy-spain-65bn-cuts">"Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319233631/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jul/11/mariano-rajoy-spain-65bn-cuts">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mariano+Rajoy+announces+%E2%82%AC65bn+in+austerity+measures+for+Spain&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2012%2Fjul%2F11%2Fmariano-rajoy-spain-65bn-cuts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27910104">"Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication"</a>. BBC News. 18 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235805/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-27910104">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020. 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Is Catalonia independent?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028042504/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/27/inenglish/1509117264_660083.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=An%C3%A1lisis.+Is+Catalonia+independent%3F&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Alandete&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2017%2F10%2F27%2Finenglish%2F1509117264_660083.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRíosPiñol2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ríos, Pere; Piñol, Àngels (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/27/catalunya/1509105810_557081.html">"El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171029185252/https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/27/catalunya/1509105810_557081.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Parlament+de+Catalu%C3%B1a+aprueba+la+resoluci%C3%B3n+para+declarar+la+independencia&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=R%C3%ADos&rft.aufirst=Pere&rft.au=Pi%C3%B1ol%2C+%C3%80ngels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fccaa%2F2017%2F10%2F27%2Fcatalunya%2F1509105810_557081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-27Oct17-1-95"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-27Oct17-1_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41760832">"Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/contenidos/estudiantes/educacion-primaria.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2020. 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Retrieved 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Formaci%C3%B3n+Profesional+actual+en+el+sistema+educativo+%E2%80%93+TodoFP%E2%94%82Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+y+Formaci%C3%B3n+Profesional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todofp.es%2Fsobre-fp%2Finformacion-general%2Fsistema-educativo-fp%2Ffp-actual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.compareyourcountry.org/pisa/country/ESP?lg=en">"Compare your country - PISA 2018"</a>. www2.compareyourcountry.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232854/https://www2.compareyourcountry.org/pisa/country/ESP?lg=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. 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Page 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24855">Ley 26/1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126142129/http://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24855">Archived</a> 26 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24854">Ley 25/1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227231842/https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24854">Archived</a> 27 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24853">Ley 24/1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126142109/http://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1992-24853">Archived</a> 26 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado </li> <li id="cite_note-CIS2020-296"><a href="#cite_ref-CIS2020_296-0">^</a> Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3288marMT_A.pdf">Barómetro de Julio 2020, página 21.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720202206/http://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3288marMT_A.pdf">Archived</a> 20 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a? </li> <li id="cite_note-CIS-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIS_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIS_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentro_de_Investigaciones_Sociológicas_(Centre_for_Sociological_Research)2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=14473&cuestionario=17452&muestra=24446">"Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos"</a> (in Spanish). p. 160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614123408/http://www.cis.es/cis/opencm/ES/1_encuestas/estudios/ver.jsp?estudio=14473&cuestionario=17452&muestra=24446">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macrobar%C3%B3metro+de+octubre+2019%2C+Banco+de+datos&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2019-10&rft.au=Centro+de+Investigaciones+Sociol%C3%B3gicas+%28Centre+for+Sociological+Research%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.es%2Fcis%2Fopencm%2FES%2F1_encuestas%2Festudios%2Fver.jsp%3Festudio%3D14473%26cuestionario%3D17452%26muestra%3D24446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WVS-298"><a href="#cite_ref-WVS_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp">"WVS Database"</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-03546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-03546-1"><bdi>978-1-138-03546-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earth+and+gypsum%3A+From+theory+to+practice+in+Spanish+vernacular+architecture&rft.btitle=Vernacular+and+Earthen+Architecture%3A+Conservation+and+Sustainability&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-03546-1&rft.aulast=La+Spina&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. 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New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21870-1"><bdi>978-0-300-21870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West.+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21870-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2020171-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2020171_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloom2020">Bloom 2020</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028170946/http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/london/festivals/">"Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+expensive+ham%3F&rft.date=2010-01-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Smillie&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fwordofmouth%2F2010%2Fjan%2F18%2Fworlds-most-expesive-ham-jamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimón2016" class="citation news cs1">Limón, Raúl (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html">"The world's most expensive ham is from Huelva and costs €4,100 a leg"</a>. El País. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127235546/https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/07/inenglish/1457342056_191303.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+most+expensive+ham+is+from+Huelva+and+costs+%E2%82%AC4%2C100+a+leg&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Lim%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2016%2F03%2F07%2Finenglish%2F1457342056_191303.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/esp-primera-division-2015-2016/1/">"Primera División 2015/2016"</a>. worldfootball.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713181129/http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/esp-primera-division-2015-2016/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primera+Divisi%C3%B3n+2015%2F2016&rft.pub=worldfootball.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfootball.net%2Fattendance%2Fesp-primera-division-2015-2016%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm">"Bank holidays in Spain"</a>. bank-holidays.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918001803/http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+holidays+in+Spain&rft.pub=bank-holidays.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bank-holidays.com%2Fholidays_2007_58.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Nogués y Secall (1862), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historiacritica00secagoog#page/n92/mode/2up">68</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Paloma Aguilar, Carsten Humlebæk, "Collective Memory and National Identity in the Spanish Democracy: The Legacies of Francoism and the Civil War", History & Memory, 1 April 2002, pag. 121–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-nj-344"><a href="#cite_ref-nj_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html">"Acuerdo entre el Reino de España y Nueva Zelanda sobre participación en determinadas elecciones de los nacionales de cada país residentes en el territorio del otro, hecho en Wellington el 23 de junio de 2009"</a>. Noticias Jurídicas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160831012228/http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Admin/ai281209-aec.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias+Jur%C3%ADdicas&rft.atitle=Acuerdo+entre+el+Reino+de+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Nueva+Zelanda+sobre+participaci%C3%B3n+en+determinadas+elecciones+de+los+nacionales+de+cada+pa%C3%ADs+residentes+en+el+territorio+del+otro%2C+hecho+en+Wellington+el+23+de+junio+de+2009.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.juridicas.com%2Fbase_datos%2FAdmin%2Fai281209-aec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates,_David2001" class="citation book cs1">Gates, David (2001). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81083-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81083-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Ulcer%3A+A+History+of+the+Peninsular+War&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81083-1&rft.au=Gates%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpanish_Constitution1978" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf">"The Spanish Constitution"</a> (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Constitution&rft.pub=Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Flegislacion%2Fdocumentos%2FConstitucionINGLES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcos2006" class="citation book cs1">Marcos, F. Javier (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=264088">La Sierra de Atapuerca y el Valle del Arlanzón. Patrones de asentamiento prehistóricos</a>. Editorial Dossoles. Burgos, Spain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496606289" title="Special:BookSources/9788496606289"><bdi>9788496606289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Sierra+de+Atapuerca+y+el+Valle+del+Arlanz%C3%B3n.+Patrones+de+asentamiento+prehist%C3%B3ricos&rft.pub=Editorial+Dossoles.+Burgos%2C+Spain&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788496606289&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=F.+Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Flibro%3Fcodigo%3D264088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcos2016" class="citation book cs1">Marcos, F. Javier (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=663925">La Prehistoria Reciente del entorno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, España)</a>. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford, U.K.), BAR International Series 2798. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407315195" title="Special:BookSources/9781407315195"><bdi>9781407315195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Prehistoria+Reciente+del+entorno+de+la+Sierra+de+Atapuerca+%28Burgos%2C+Espa%C3%B1a%29&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports+%28Oxford%2C+U.K.%29%2C+BAR+International+Series+2798&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781407315195&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=F.+Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Flibro%3Fcodigo%3D663925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpain" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr, Raymond</a>, ed. Spain: a history. Oxford University Press, USA, 2000.</li> <li>Callaghan O.F. Joseph. A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press 1983.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Frank" title="Waldo Frank">Frank, Waldo D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74212">Virgin Spain: Scenes from the Spiritual Drama of a Great People</a> NYC: Boni & Liveright, 1926.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Spain at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spain" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Spain">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="c:España">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Spain" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Spain">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Spain" class="extiw" title="q:Spain">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spain" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Spain">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spain" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Spain">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Spain" class="extiw" title="voy:Spain">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/spain/">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821113429/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/spain.htm">Spain</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941641">Spain</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ES">Key Development Forecasts for Spain</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://administracion.gob.es/pag_Home/en/index.html#.XLTfN-gzaUk">E-Government portal for Spain</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Maps</dt></dl> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Spain" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Spain">Wikimedia Atlas of Spain</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1311341">Spain</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tourism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spain.info/en/">Official tourism portal for Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spain&params=40_N_4_W_type:country_region:ES">40°N 4°W / 40°N 4°W / 40; -4</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&oldid=1259019841">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spain&oldid=1259019841</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Spain&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seupanyo" title="Seupanyo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Seupanyo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Исбухьэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Исбухьэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Испание – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Испание" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="እስፓንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስፓንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanja" title="Espanja – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Espanja" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%93onland" title="Spēonland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Spēonland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Испаниа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Испаниа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܣܦܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܦܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սպանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սպանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispania" title="Ispania – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ispania" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88spagne" title="Èspagne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Èspagne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="স্পেইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্পেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Epáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Epáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Испан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Испан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispa%C3%B1a" title="Ispaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ispaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spaniya" title="İspaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İspaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایسپانیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسپانیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="স্পেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-pan-g%C3%A2" title="Se-pan-gâ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Se-pan-gâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іспанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гішпанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гішпанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spen" title="Spen – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Spen" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཞི་པན་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཞི་པན་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Španija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagn" title="Spagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Испани – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Испани" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Испани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Испани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsko" title="Španělsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speini" title="Speini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Speini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سپانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سپانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A1nnja" title="Espánnja – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Espánnja" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schpaani" title="Schpaani – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schpaani" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިސްޕެއިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިސްޕެއިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_%C5%81ib%C3%A1h%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Łibáhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Łibáhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pa%C5%84ska" title="Špańska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Špańska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སིཔཱེན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སིཔཱེན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania" title="Hispaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισπανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaggna" title="Spaggna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Spaggna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Испания Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Испания Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanio" title="Hispanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainia" title="Espainia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagne" title="Espagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaanya" title="Hispaanya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Hispaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagne" title="Spagne – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Spagne" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A1inn" title="An Spáinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Spáinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Spaainey" title="Yn Spaainey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Spaainey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spaniya" title="İspaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İspaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sp%C3%A0inn" title="An Spàinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Spàinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="ХӀиспани – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиспани" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西班牙" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايسپانيا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايسپانيا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="સ્પેન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સ્પેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-p%C3%A2n-ng%C3%A0" title="Sî-pân-ngà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî-pân-ngà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Эспанмудин Нутуг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Эспанмудин Нутуг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8" title="스페인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya" title="Ispaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ispaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepania" title="Kepania – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kepania" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իսպանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսպանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0paniska" title="Španiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Španiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska" title="Španjolska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espania" title="Espania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Espania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="স্পেন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="স্পেন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espania" title="Espania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Espania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%90%B8%E1%90%83%E1%93%90" title="ᓯᐸᐃᓐ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᐸᐃᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispa%C3%B1a" title="Ispaña – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ispaña" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Испани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Испани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISpain" title="ISpain – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISpain" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISpeyini" title="ISpeyini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISpeyini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1nn" title="Spánn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spánn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90s%C9%A9paa%C3%B1%C9%A9" title="Ɛsɩpaañɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsɩpaañɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಪೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ესპანეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესპანეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%B2%D9%86%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہِسپٲنِیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِسپٲنِیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpa%C5%84sk%C3%B4" title="Szpańskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szpańskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spayn" title="Spayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Spayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esipanye" title="Esipanye – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Esipanye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esipanye" title="Esipanye – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Esipanye" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhispania" title="Uhispania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhispania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Испання – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Испання" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espania" title="Espania – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Espania" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espana" title="Espana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Espana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espay" title="Espay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8spangn" title="Lèspangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lèspangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanya" title="Spanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Spanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດແອັດສະປາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດແອັດສະປາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaneja" title="Spaneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Spaneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81nija" title="Spānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuenien" title="Spuenien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spuenien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanija" title="Ispanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanje" title="Spaanje – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spaanje" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espania" title="Espania – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Espania" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espania" title="Espania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Espania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispuanii" title="Ispuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ispuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sangu%27e" title="sangu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sangu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyolorsz%C3%A1g" title="Spanyolország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyolország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шпанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaina" title="Espaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Espaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="സ്പെയിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പെയിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanja" title="Spanja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Spanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81niora" title="Pāniora – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pāniora" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ესპანეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესპანეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایسپانیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسپانیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4-b%C4%83ng-ng%C3%A0" title="Să̤-băng-ngà – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤-băng-ngà" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanha" title="Spanha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Spanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Испани – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Испани" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="စပိန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပိန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="スペイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Испани – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Испани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanien" title="Spaanien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Spaanien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espangne" title="Espangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Espangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Испаний – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Испаний" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ସ୍ପେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍ପେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispeen" title="Ispeen – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ispeen" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya" title="Ispaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ispaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਪੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="स्पेन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="स्पेन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سپین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spa%C3%B1a" title="Spaña – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Spaña" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسپانیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spien" title="Spien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Эспання – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Эспання" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%89" title="អេស្ប៉ាញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អេស្ប៉ាញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanne" title="Espanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Espanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spen" title="Spen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Spen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiszpania" title="Hiszpania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hiszpania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ισπανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ισπανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaniya" title="Ispaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ispaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spaniya" title="İspaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İspaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paniora" title="Paniora – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Paniora" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spania" title="Spania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniya" title="Spaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Spaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispa%C3%B1a" title="Ispaña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ispaña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іспанія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Іспанія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepa%C2%ADnia" title="Sepania – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Sepania" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="स्पेन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्पेन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A2nye" title="Espânye – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Espânye" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱥᱯᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اسپین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اسپین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispagna" title="Ispagna – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ispagna" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainie" title="Spainie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Spainie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanja" title="Spanja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spanja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A4%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්පාඤ්ඤය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්පාඤ්ඤය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اسپين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسپين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipeyini" title="Sipeyini – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sipeyini" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panielsko" title="Španielsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Španielsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Španija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їспанїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їспанїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szpa%C5%84ijo" title="Szpańijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szpańijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isbania" title="Isbania – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isbania" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیسپانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyorokondre" title="Spanyorokondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Spanyorokondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Шпанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Španija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanja" title="Espanja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="எசுப்பானியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எசுப்பானியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2banya" title="Ṣbanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṣbanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenyul" title="Spenyul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Spenyul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagne" title="Spagne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Spagne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသပဵၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသပဵၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="స్పెయిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్పెయిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="España" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศสเปน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศสเปน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%B3%E1%8A%9B" title="ስጳኛ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስጳኛ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipeini" title="Sipeini – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sipeini" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya" title="İspanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispani%C3%BDa" title="Ispaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ispaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Spain" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%B1pen" title="Si̱pen – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Si̱pen" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Испания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іспанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ہسپانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىسپانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسپانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihbanhyaz" title="Sihbanhyaz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sihbanhyaz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna" title="Spagna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spagna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanii" title="Ispanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ispanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spany%C3%A4n" title="Spanyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Spanyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania" title="Hispaania – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hispaania" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagne" title="Espagne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Espagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaainya" title="Epaainya – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Epaainya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西班牙" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispaa%C3%B1" title="Ispaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ispaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西班牙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniya" title="Spaniya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Spaniya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="שפאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שפאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9%C3%ACn" title="Spéìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Spéìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西班牙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spanya" title="İspanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İspanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Spanje" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispan%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ispanėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ispanėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipen" title="Sipen – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Sipen" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepanyol" title="Sepanyol – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanij%C9%99" title="Ispanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ispanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dmn8l","wgBackendResponseTime":295,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.173","walltime":"4.842","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30726,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":927708,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":127598,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":118,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1163466,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4073.036 1 -total"," 42.67% 1737.815 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.68% 760.894 168 Template:Cite_web"," 13.24% 539.167 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 5.77% 235.119 20 Template:Sfn"," 5.64% 229.618 40 Template:Cite_book"," 5.20% 211.648 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.83% 196.836 45 Template:Cite_news"," 4.52% 184.017 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.43% 180.265 1 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[\"CITEREFSandford2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerrano_Daura2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShelley,_Fred_M.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmillie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSodré2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSousa1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpanish_Constitution1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Monitor\u0026#039;s_Editorial_Board2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTremlett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVAN_ZANDENBURINGHBOSKER2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillalobos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalther_L._Bernecker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehouse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolfMastersAron2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuste2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÓscar2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n 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