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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Australia</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Australia" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Australia" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Australia" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Australia&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the continent, see <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia (continent)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Australia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Australia (disambiguation)">Australia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia,<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> is a country comprising <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">the mainland</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, the island of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">numerous smaller islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Australia has a total area of 7,688,287 km2 (2,968,464 sq mi), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">sixth-largest country in the world</a> and the largest country by area in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. It is the world's oldest,<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> flattest,<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> and driest inhabited continent,<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> with some of the least fertile soils.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse country</a>, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates including <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">deserts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">interior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">tropical rainforests</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">coast</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Commonwealth of Australia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Australia"><img alt="A blue field with the Union Flag in the upper hoist quarter, a large white seven-pointed star in the lower hoist quarter, and constellation of five white stars in the fly – one small five-pointed star and four, larger, seven-pointed stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Australia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Australia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair" title="Advance Australia Fair">Advance Australia Fair</a>"<a href="#cite_note-anthem_explanation-2">[N 1]</a> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg/Advance_Australia_Fair.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAdvance_Australia_Fair.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_with_AAT_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the eastern hemisphere centred on Australia, using an orthographic projection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Australia_with_AAT_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Commonwealth of Australia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian territorial claim in Antarctica</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Australia&params=35_18_29_S_149_07_28_E_type:city_region:AU">35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E / 35.30806°S 149.12444°E / -35.30806; 149.12444</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (metropolitan) <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> (urban)<a href="#cite_note-5">[N 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>) None (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">43.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">38.9% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.7% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia#Other_religions" title="Religion in Australia">other</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7.2% unanswered<a href="#cite_note-7">[N 3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> Aussie (colloquial)<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federal</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> and creation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1901</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1926</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Australia_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Acts">Australia Acts</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 March 1986</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,688,287<a href="#cite_note-Geoscience-Australia-2014-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Geography-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Organisation-for-Economic-Cooperation-and-Development-OECD-13">[10]</a> km2 (2,968,464 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.79 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Organisation-for-Economic-Cooperation-and-Development-OECD-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 27,525,600<a href="#cite_note-popclock-14">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 25,890,773<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.6/km2 (9.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">244th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.898 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AU-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $69,475<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AU-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $1.802 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AU-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $65,966<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AU-16">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 32.4<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.946<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AUD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8; +9.5; +10 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">AWST, ACST, AEST</a><a href="#cite_note-time-19">[N 4]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+10.5; +11 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">ACDT, AEDT</a><a href="#cite_note-time-19">[N 4]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> not observed in Qld, WA and NT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Australia" title="Telephone numbers in Australia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Australia" title="Telephone numbers in Australia">+61</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AU" title="ISO 3166-2:AU">AU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">.au</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> began arriving from <a href="/wiki/South-east_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South-east Asia">south-east Asia</a> 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last glacial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ClarksonJacobs2017-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veth-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2021-31">[27]</a> By the time of British settlement, Aboriginal Australians spoke 250 distinct languages and had the oldest living culture in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-32">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australia's written history</a> commenced with <a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">Dutch exploration</a> of most of the coastline in the 17th-century. British colonisation began in 1788 with the establishment of the penal <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">colony of New South Wales</a>. By the mid-19th century, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and five additional self-governing <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colonies</a> were established, each gaining <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> by 1890. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">colonies federated</a> in 1901, forming the Commonwealth of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Contiades_Fotiadou_2020_p._389-33">[29]</a> This continued a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a>, and culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Acts">Australia Acts</a> of 1986.<a href="#cite_note-Contiades_Fotiadou_2020_p._389-33">[29]</a> Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> comprising <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">six states and ten territories</a>. Its population of more than 28 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.<a href="#cite_note-popclock-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> is the nation's capital, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">its most populous cities</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, both with a population of more than 5 million.<a href="#cite_note-ABS-regional-population-latest-35">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australia's culture</a> is diverse, and the country has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_immigrant_and_emigrant_population" title="List of sovereign states by immigrant and emigrant population">highest foreign-born populations in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Developed_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed Countries">highly developed</a> market economy and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">highest per capita incomes globally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy. It <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Australia" title="International rankings of Australia">ranks highly</a> for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Australia_2021-41">[37]</a> Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>, and has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">thirteenth-highest military expenditure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lowy-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> It is a member of international groups including the United Nations; the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>; the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>; the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>; and the defence and security organisations <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a>. It is also a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Indigenous_prehistory">2.1 Indigenous prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#European_exploration_and_colonisation">2.2 European exploration and colonisation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Colonial_expansion">2.3 Colonial expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Federation_to_the_World_Wars">2.4 Federation to the World Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-war_and_contemporary_eras">2.5 Post-war and contemporary eras</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#General_characteristics">3.1 General characteristics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Geology">3.2 Geology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Biodiversity">3.4 Biodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#States_and_territories">4.1 States and territories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Foreign_relations">4.2 Foreign relations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Military">4.3 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Human_rights">4.4 Human rights</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Energy">5.1 Energy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Science_and_technology">5.2 Science and technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Cities">6.1 Cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ancestry_and_immigration">6.2 Ancestry and immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Language">6.3 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Religion">6.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Health">6.5 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Education">6.6 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Arts">7.1 Arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Media">7.2 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Cuisine">7.3 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sport_and_recreation">7.4 Sport and recreation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Australia" title="Name of Australia">Name of Australia</a></div> The name Australia (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈstreɪliə/</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a>) is derived from the Latin <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a> ('southern land'), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Several 16th-century cartographers used the word Australia on maps, but not to identify modern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> When Europeans began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was applied to the new territories.<a href="#cite_note-53">[N 5]</a> Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>, a name first applied by the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.<a href="#cite_note-54">[N 6]</a> The name Australia was popularised by the explorer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a>, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the Earth".<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Lachlan Macquarie</a> acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Lord Bathurst</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> that it be formally adopted.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> In 1824, the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office" title="United Kingdom Hydrographic Office">Hydrographic Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> Colloquial names for Australia include "<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Australia#Oz" title="Name of Australia">Oz</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Straya" class="mw-redirect" title="Straya">Straya</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a>".<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country" (from <a href="/wiki/The_Lucky_Country" title="The Lucky Country">the 1964 book of the same name</a>), "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Mackellar" title="Dorothea Mackellar">Dorothea Mackellar</a>'s 1908 poem "<a href="/wiki/My_Country" title="My Country">My Country</a>".<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History of Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline of Australian history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_prehistory">Indigenous prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/220px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/220px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/330px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/440px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_rock_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal rock art">Aboriginal rock art</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region of Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> comprise two broad groups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, who are the various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, including <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>, who are a distinct <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a></li></ul> Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun 50,000 to 65,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-ClarksonJacobs2017-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nunn2018-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FaganDurrani2018-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veth-30">[26]</a> with the migration of people by <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> and short sea crossings from what is now Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer2013-64">[58]</a> It is uncertain how many waves of immigration may have contributed to these ancestors of modern Aboriginal Australians.<a href="#cite_note-Malaspinas_Westaway_Muller_Sousa_2016_pp._207%E2%80%93214-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madjedbebe" title="Madjedbebe">Madjedbebe</a> rock shelter in <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> is possibly the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Gilligan2018-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2021-31">[27]</a> The oldest human remains found are the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mungo_remains" title="Lake Mungo remains">Lake Mungo remains</a>, which have been dated to around 41,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-TunizGillespie2016-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Castillo2015-69">[63]</a> Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Geographic_2011_i652-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jozuka_2016_i592-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malaspinas_Westaway_Muller_Sousa_2016_pp._207%E2%80%93214-65">[59]</a> At the time of first European contact, Aboriginal Australians belonged to wide range of societies, with diverse economies spread across at least <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">250 different language groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-S%C3%A1enzEmbrick2015-73">[67]</a> Estimates of the Aboriginal population before British settlement range from 300,000 to 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Aboriginal Australians cultures were (and remain) deeply connected with the land and the environment, with stories of <a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">The Dreaming</a> maintained through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">songs</a>, dance and paintings.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> Certain groups engaged in <a href="/wiki/Fire-stick_farming" title="Fire-stick farming">fire-stick farming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> and built <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture#Australia" title="Indigenous architecture">semi-permanent shelters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood22-83">[77]</a> These practices have variously been characterised as "<a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a>", "natural cultivation" and "intensification".<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood2-88">[82]</a> Torres Strait Islander people first settled their islands at least 2,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Culturally and linguistically distinct from mainland Aboriginal peoples, they were seafarers and obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> Agriculture also developed on some islands and villages appeared by the 1300s.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> By the mid-18th century in northern Australia, <a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">contact, trade and cross-cultural engagement</a> had been established between local Aboriginal groups and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassan</a> <a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">trepangers</a>, visiting from present-day Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration_and_colonisation">European exploration and colonisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">European maritime exploration of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European land exploration of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">History of Australia (1788–1850)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay,_29_April_1770_(painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/220px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3656"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/220px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg" data-alt="Landing of Lieutenant James Cook at Botany Bay, 29 April 1770" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/330px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg/440px-Landing_of_Lieutenant_James_Cook_at_Botany_Bay%2C_29_April_1770_%28painting_by_E_Phillips_Fox%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Landing of <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> at <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> on 29 April 1770 to claim Australia's east coast for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></figcaption></figure> The Dutch are the first Europeans that recorded sighting and making landfall on the Australian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-BarberBarnes2013-96">[90]</a> The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the <a href="/wiki/Duyfken" title="Duyfken">Duyfken</a>, captained by Dutch navigator <a href="/wiki/Willem_Janszoon" title="Willem Janszoon">Willem Janszoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmithBurke2007-97">[91]</a> He sighted the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> in early 1606, and made landfall on 26 February 1606 at the <a href="/wiki/Pennefather_River" title="Pennefather River">Pennefather River</a> near the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Weipa,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Weipa, Queensland">Weipa</a> on Cape York.<a href="#cite_note-dhm233-98">[92]</a> Later that year, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a> sailed through and navigated the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "<a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>" during the 17th century, and although no attempt at settlement was made,<a href="#cite_note-dhm233-98">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecks_of_Western_Australia#Notable_wrecks" title="Shipwrecks of Western Australia">a number of shipwrecks</a> left men either stranded or, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(1628_ship)" title="Batavia (1628 ship)">Batavia</a> in 1629, marooned for mutiny and murder, thus becoming the first Europeans to permanently inhabit the continent.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> In 1770, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named "<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>" and claimed for Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-GoucherWalton2013-101">[95]</a> Following the loss of its <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a> in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>, to establish a new <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">penal colony in New South Wales</a>. A camp was set up and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> raised at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Cove" title="Sydney Cove">Sydney Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a>, on 26 January 1788,<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egan2003-103">[97]</a> a date which later became <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia's national day</a>. Most early settlers were <a href="/wiki/Convicts_in_Australia" title="Convicts in Australia">convicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a> for petty crimes and <a href="/wiki/Convict_assignment" title="Convict assignment">assigned</a> as labourers or servants to "free settlers" (willing immigrants). Once <a href="/wiki/Emancipist" title="Emancipist">emancipated</a>, convicts tended to integrate into colonial society. Convict rebellions and uprisings were suppressed under martial law,<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> which lasted for two years following the 1808 <a href="/wiki/Rum_Rebellion" title="Rum Rebellion">Rum Rebellion</a>, Australia's only successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> During the next two decades, social and economic reforms, together with the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales" title="Supreme Court of New South Wales">Supreme Court</a>, saw the penal colony transition to a civil society.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> The indigenous population declined for 150 years following European settlement, mainly due to infectious disease.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flood_2019_p.-109">[103]</a> British colonial authorities did not sign any treaties with <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians#Groups_and_sub-groups" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flood_2019_p.-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> As settlement expanded, tens of thousands of Indigenous people and thousands of settlers were killed in <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">frontier conflicts</a> while settlers dispossessed surviving Indigenous peoples of most of their land.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_expansion">Colonial expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">History of Australia (1788–1850)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">History of Australia (1851–1900)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall gum trees; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/220px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/220px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg" data-alt="A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall gum trees; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/330px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg/440px-PortArthurPenitentiary.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tasmania's <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Tasmania" title="Port Arthur, Tasmania">Port Arthur</a> penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed <a href="/wiki/Australian_Convict_Sites" title="Australian Convict Sites">Australian Convict Sites</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1803, a settlement was established in <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp464-5-112">[106]</a> and in 1813, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Blaxland" title="Gregory Blaxland">Gregory Blaxland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawson_(explorer)" title="William Lawson (explorer)">William Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wentworth" title="William Wentworth">William Wentworth</a> <a href="/wiki/1813_crossing_of_the_Blue_Mountains" title="1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains">crossed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)" title="Blue Mountains (New South Wales)">Blue Mountains</a> west of Sydney, opening the interior to European settlement.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> The British claim extended to the whole Australian continent in 1827 when Major <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lockyer" title="Edmund Lockyer">Edmund Lockyer</a> established a settlement on <a href="/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George Sound</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>) was established in 1829, evolving into the largest Australian colony by area, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p678-115">[109]</a> In accordance with population growth, separate colonies were carved from New South Wales: Tasmania in 1825, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1836, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1841, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> in 1851, and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p464-116">[110]</a> South Australia was founded as a free colony—it never accepted transported convicts.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p598-117">[111]</a> Growing <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Anti-Transportation_League" title="Australasian Anti-Transportation League">opposition to the convict system</a> culminated in its abolition in the eastern colonies by the 1850s. Initially a free colony, Western Australia practised penal transportation from 1850 to 1868.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> The six colonies individually gained <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> between 1855 and 1890, thus becoming elective democracies managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p556-119">[113]</a> The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p138-9679-120">[114]</a> In the mid-19th century, explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Burke_and_Wills_expedition" title="Burke and Wills expedition">Burke and Wills</a> charted Australia's interior.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">series of gold rushes</a> beginning in the early 1850s led to an influx of new migrants from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">China</a>, North America and continental Europe,<a href="#cite_note-JuppJupp2001-122">[116]</a> as well as outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranging</a> and civil unrest; the latter peaked in 1854 when <a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a> miners launched the <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> against gold license fees.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp227-9-123">[117]</a> The 1860s saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>, where <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islanders</a> were coerced or abducted into indentured labour, mainly by Queensland colonists.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> From 1886, Australian colonial governments began <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">removing many Aboriginal children</a> from their families and communities, justified on the grounds of child protection and <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902) marked the largest overseas deployment of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_forces_of_Australia" title="Colonial forces of Australia">Australia's colonial forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_to_the_World_Wars">Federation to the World Wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">History of Australia (1901–1945)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">Military history of Australia during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_first_parliament.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Picture_(painting)" title="The Big Picture (painting)">The Big Picture</a>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a>, depicts the opening of the first Australian Parliament in 1901.</figcaption></figure> On 1 January 1901, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation of the colonies</a> was achieved after a decade of planning, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Australia)">constitutional conventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/1898%E2%80%931900_Australian_constitutional_referendums" title="1898–1900 Australian constitutional referendums">referendums</a>, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia as a nation under the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp243-4-131">[125]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1907_Imperial_Conference" title="1907 Imperial Conference">1907 Imperial Conference</a>, Australia and several other self-governing British <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonies</a> were given the status of self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> within the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-dominionstatus-132">[126]</a> Australia was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1920,<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> formally ended the ability of the UK to pass federal laws without Australia's consent. Australia <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">adopted it</a> in 1942, but it was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p609-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> While it was being constructed, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> served as the temporary capital from 1901 to 1927.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> was transferred from the control of South Australia to the Commonwealth in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Souter2012-140">[134]</a> Australia became the colonial ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Territory of Papua</a> (which had initially been annexed by Queensland in 1883) in 1902 and of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>) in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-McDermott-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> The two were unified as the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a> in 1949 and gained independence from Australia in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-McDermott-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/220px-Darwin_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/220px-Darwin_42.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/330px-Darwin_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/440px-Darwin_42.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 1942 <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Bombing of Darwin</a>, the first of more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%931943" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–1943">Japanese air raids on Australia</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> In 1914, Australia joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in fighting the First World War, and took part in many of the major battles fought on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> Many Australians regard the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> (ANZAC) at <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a> in 1915 as the "baptism of fire" that forged the <a href="/wiki/Anzac_spirit" title="Anzac spirit">new nation's identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Anzac_Cove" title="Landing at Anzac Cove">beginning of the campaign</a> is commemorated annually on <a href="/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a>, a date which rivals <a href="/wiki/Australia_Day" title="Australia Day">Australia Day</a> as the nation's most important.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> From 1939 to 1945, Australia joined the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in fighting the Second World War. Australia's <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">armed forces</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">theatres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> The shock of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">defeat in Singapore</a> in 1942, followed soon after by the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">bombing of Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–43">other Japanese attacks on Australian soil</a>, led to a widespread belief in Australia that <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">a Japanese invasion was imminent</a>, and a shift from the United Kingdom to the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">United States</a> as Australia's principal ally and security partner.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp22-3-153">[147]</a> Since 1951, Australia has been allied with the United States under the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_p30-154">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_and_contemporary_eras">Post-war and contemporary eras</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">History of Australia (1945–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/220px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="343"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/220px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/330px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg/440px-Dutch_Migrant_1954_MariaScholte%3D50000thToAustraliaPostWW2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">Postwar migrants</a> from Europe arriving in Australia in 1954</figcaption></figure> In the decades following World War II, Australia enjoyed significant increases in living standards, leisure time and suburban development.<a href="#cite_note-Susan_Something-155">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> Governments encouraged a <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">large wave of immigration from across Europe</a>, with such immigrants referred to as "<a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">New Australians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> This required a relaxation of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">white Australia policy</a>, which was justified to Australians using the slogan "populate or perish".<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> A member of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Australia participated in the <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Korean_War" title="Australia in the Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> during the 1950s and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> from 1962 to 1972.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> During this time, tensions over communist influence in society led to <a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_Communist_Party_ban_referendum" title="1951 Australian Communist Party ban referendum">unsuccessful attempts</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies Government (1949–1966)">Menzies Government</a> to ban the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1955" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1955">bitter split</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> As a result of a <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">1967 referendum</a>, the federal government gained the power to legislate with regard to Indigenous Australians, and Indigenous Australians were fully included in the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Australia" title="Census in Australia">census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2004-162">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Pre-colonial land interests</a> (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">native title</a> in Australia) was recognised in law for the first time when the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo v Queensland (No 2)</a> that Australia was neither <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a> ('land belonging to no one') or "desert and uncultivated land" at the time of European settlement.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp._5-7,_402-164">[158]</a> Following the abolition of the last vestiges of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> Australia's demography and culture transformed as a result of a large and ongoing wave of non-European immigration, mostly from Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp338-6,_681-2-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> The late 20th century also saw an increasing focus on foreign policy ties with other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australia_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Acts">Australia Acts</a> severed the remaining constitutional ties between Australia and the United Kingdom while maintaining the monarch in her independent capacity as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/1999_Australian_republic_referendum" title="1999 Australian republic referendum">1999 constitutional referendum</a>, 55% of voters rejected <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">abolishing the monarchy</a> and becoming a republic.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States, Australia joined the United States in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a> from 2001 to 2021 and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq">Iraq War</a> from 2003 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> The nation's trade relations also became increasingly oriented towards East Asia in the 21st century, with China becoming the nation's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Australia" title="List of the largest trading partners of Australia">largest trading partner</a> by a large margin.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> In 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Australia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, several of Australia's largest cities were <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">locked down</a> for extended periods and free movement across the national and state borders was restricted in an attempt to slow the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2 virus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment of Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">Environmental issues in Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliefmap_of_Australia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map showing the topography of Australia, showing some elevation in the west and very high elevation in mountains in the south-east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reliefmap_of_Australia.png/290px-Reliefmap_of_Australia.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="914"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reliefmap_of_Australia.png/290px-Reliefmap_of_Australia.png" data-alt="Map showing the topography of Australia, showing some elevation in the west and very high elevation in mountains in the south-east" data-width="290" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reliefmap_of_Australia.png/435px-Reliefmap_of_Australia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Reliefmap_of_Australia.png/580px-Reliefmap_of_Australia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of Australia (dark green represents the lowest elevation and dark brown the highest)</figcaption></figure> Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans,<a href="#cite_note-Southern_Ocean-176">[N 7]</a> Australia is separated from Asia by the <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor</a> seas, with the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> lying off the Queensland coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">sixth-largest country by total area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-178">[171]</a> Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent"<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> and is sometimes considered the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">largest island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> Australia has 34,218 km (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> and claims <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Australia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Australia">an extensive exclusive economic zone</a> of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> Mainland Australia lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_parallel_south" title="9th parallel south">9°</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_parallel_south" title="44th parallel south">44° south</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/112th_meridian_east" title="112th meridian east">112°</a> and <a href="/wiki/154th_meridian_east" title="154th meridian east">154° east</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geoscience-Australia-2014-11">[8]</a> Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and desert in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> The desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">outback</a> makes up by far the largest portion of land.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.<a href="#cite_note-bomclim-185">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">population density</a> is 3.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, although the large majority of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline. The population density exceeds 19,500 inhabitants per square kilometre in central Melbourne.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> In 2021 Australia had 10% of the global permanent meadows and pastureland.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">Forest cover</a> is around 17% of Australia's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitzroy_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fitzroy_Island.jpg/220px-Fitzroy_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11999" data-file-height="7260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fitzroy_Island.jpg/220px-Fitzroy_Island.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fitzroy_Island.jpg/330px-Fitzroy_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fitzroy_Island.jpg/440px-Fitzroy_Island.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Island_(Queensland)" title="Fitzroy Island (Queensland)">Fitzroy Island</a>, one of the 600 islands within the main archipelago of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, the world's largest coral reef,<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi). <a href="/wiki/Mount_Augustus_(Western_Australia)" title="Mount Augustus (Western Australia)">Mount Augustus</a>, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,<a href="#cite_note-Monolith-191">[184]</a> is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 m (7,310 ft), <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kosciuszko" title="Mount Kosciuszko">Mount Kosciuszko</a> is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are <a href="/wiki/Mawson_Peak" title="Mawson Peak">Mawson Peak</a>, at 2,745 m (9,006 ft), on the remote Australian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">external territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island</a>, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, <a href="/wiki/Mount_McClintock" title="Mount McClintock">Mount McClintock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Menzies" title="Mount Menzies">Mount Menzies</a>, at 3,492 m (11,457 ft) and 3,355 m (11,007 ft) respectively.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> Eastern Australia is marked by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dividing_Range" title="Great Dividing Range">Great Dividing Range</a>, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 m (5,200 ft) in height.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2009p202-193">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Australian_temperate_forests" title="Eastern Australian temperate forests">coastal uplands</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Brigalow_Belt" title="Brigalow Belt">belt of Brigalow grasslands</a> lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland and shrubland.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2009p202-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Australia_temperate_savanna" title="Southeast Australia temperate savanna">western plains</a> of New South Wales, and the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Grass_Downs" title="Mitchell Grass Downs">Mitchell Grass Downs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulga_Lands" title="Mulga Lands">Mulga Lands</a> of inland Queensland.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> The northernmost point of the mainland is the tropical <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geoscience-Australia-2014-11">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uluru,_helicopter_view,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1884"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Uluru%2C_helicopter_view%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Uluru</a> in the semi-arid region of Central Australia is one of the country's most recognisable natural <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmarks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a></figcaption></figure> The landscapes of the <a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Country" title="Gulf Country">Gulf Country</a>—with their tropical climate—include forest, woodland, wetland, grassland, rainforest and desert.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> At the north-west corner of the continent are the sandstone cliffs and gorges of <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">The Kimberley</a>, and below that the <a href="/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Plains_tropical_savanna" title="Victoria Plains tropical savanna">Victoria Plains tropical savanna</a> lies south of the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_tropical_savanna" title="Kimberley tropical savanna">Kimberley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land_tropical_savanna" title="Arnhem Land tropical savanna">Arnhem Land</a> savannas, forming a transition between the coastal savannas and the interior deserts.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> At the heart of the country are the <a href="/wiki/Central_Ranges_xeric_scrub" title="Central Ranges xeric scrub">uplands of central Australia</a>. Prominent features of the centre and south include <a href="/wiki/Uluru" title="Uluru">Uluru</a> (also known as Ayers Rock), the famous sandstone monolith, and the inland <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirari-Sturt_stony_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirari-Sturt stony desert">Tirari and Sturt Stony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy-Tanami_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sandy-Tanami desert">Great Sandy, Tanami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a> deserts, with the famous <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a> on the southern coast.<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terrestrial-Ecoregions-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_mulga_shrublands" title="Western Australian mulga shrublands">Western Australian mulga shrublands</a> lie between the interior deserts and Mediterranean-climate <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Australia" title="Southwest Australia">Southwest Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terrestrial-Ecoregions-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausgeolbasic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ausgeolbasic.jpg/260px-Ausgeolbasic.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="845"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ausgeolbasic.jpg/260px-Ausgeolbasic.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ausgeolbasic.jpg/390px-Ausgeolbasic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ausgeolbasic.jpg/520px-Ausgeolbasic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Basic geological regions of Australia (by age)</figcaption></figure> Lying on the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>, the mainland of Australia is the lowest and most primordial landmass on Earth with a relatively stable geological history.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> The landmass includes virtually all known rock types and from all geological time periods spanning more than 3.8 billion years of the Earth's history. The <a href="/wiki/Pilbara_Craton" title="Pilbara Craton">Pilbara Craton</a> is one of only two pristine <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archaean</a> 3.6–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> Having been part of all major <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a> began to form after the breakup of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, with the separation of the continental landmass from the African continent and Indian subcontinent. It separated from Antarctica over a prolonged period beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> and continuing through to the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed <a href="/wiki/Bass_Strait" title="Bass Strait">Bass Strait</a>, separating <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Islands">Aru Islands</a>, and the mainland of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> The Australian continent is moving toward <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> at the rate of 6 to 7 centimetres a year.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> The Australian mainland's <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>, excluding the thinned margins, has an average thickness of 38 km, with a range in thickness from 24 km to 59 km.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> Australia's geology can be divided into several main sections, showcasing that the continent grew from west to east: the Archaean <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratonic</a> shields found mostly in the west, <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">fold belts</a> in the centre and <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary basins">sedimentary basins</a>, metamorphic and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> The Australian mainland and Tasmania are situated in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> and have no active volcanoes,<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> but due to passing over the <a href="/wiki/East_Australia_hotspot" title="East Australia hotspot">East Australia hotspot</a>, recent volcanism has occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Newer_Volcanics_Province" title="Newer Volcanics Province">Newer Volcanics Province</a> of western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. Volcanism also occurs in the island of New Guinea (considered geologically as part of the Australian continent), and in the Australian external territory of <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Seismic activity</a> in the Australian mainland and Tasmania is also low, with the greatest number of fatalities having occurred in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Newcastle_earthquake" title="1989 Newcastle earthquake">1989 Newcastle earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/260px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 290px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/260px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="290" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/390px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/520px-Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Australia<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Dipole" title="Indian Ocean Dipole">Indian Ocean Dipole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>, which is correlated with periodic <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">drought</a>, and the seasonal tropical low-pressure system that produces cyclones in northern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> These factors cause rainfall to vary markedly from year to year. Much of the northern part of the country has a tropical, predominantly summer-rainfall (<a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-bomclim-185">[178]</a> The south-west corner of the country has a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> The south-east ranges from <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) to <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> (upper half of New South Wales), with the highlands featuring <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subpolar_oceanic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar oceanic climate">subpolar oceanic climates</a>. The interior is <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomclim-185">[178]</a> Driven by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change</a>, average temperatures have risen <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">more than 1°C since 1960</a>. Associated changes in rainfall patterns and climate extremes exacerbate existing issues such as drought and <a href="/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia" title="Bushfires in Australia">bushfires</a>. 2019 was Australia's warmest recorded year,<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season" title="2019–20 Australian bushfire season">2019–2020 bushfire season</a> was the country's worst <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_bushfire_seasons" title="List of Australian bushfire seasons">on record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_Australia" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia">Australia's greenhouse gas emissions</a> per capita are among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_restrictions_in_Australia" title="Water restrictions in Australia">Water restrictions</a> are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> Throughout much of the continent, <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Australia" title="Floods in Australia">major flooding</a> regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in the early 2010s after the <a href="/wiki/2000s_Australian_drought" title="2000s Australian drought">2000s Australian drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi_of_Australia" title="Fungi of Australia">Fungi of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koala_climbing_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A koala holding onto a eucalyptus tree with its head turned so both eyes are visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/220px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1113"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/220px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg" data-alt="A koala holding onto a eucalyptus tree with its head turned so both eyes are visible" data-width="220" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/330px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koala_climbing_tree.jpg/440px-Koala_climbing_tree.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></figcaption></figure> Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> heaths to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>. Fungi typify that diversity—an estimated 250,000 species—of which only 5% have been described—occur in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> Because of the continent's great age, extremely variable weather patterns, and long-term geographic isolation, much of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a> is unique. About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Australia" title="List of birds of Australia">birds</a>, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> Australia has at least 755 species of reptile, more than any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> Besides Antarctica, Australia is the only continent that developed without feline species. Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> Seafaring immigrants from Asia are believed to have brought the <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> to Australia sometime after the end of the last ice age—perhaps 4000 years ago—and Aboriginal people helped disperse them across the continent as pets, contributing to the demise of <a href="/wiki/Thylacines" class="mw-redirect" title="Thylacines">thylacines</a> on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-jackson2015-236">[229]</a> Australia is also one of 17 megadiverse countries.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Australian forests</a> are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> trees in the less arid regions; <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">wattles</a> replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.<a href="#cite_note-dfat-238">[231]</a> Among well-known <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Australian animals</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotremes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidna</a>); a host of <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wombat" title="Wombat">wombat</a>, and birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kookaburra" title="Kookaburra">kookaburra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dfat-238">[231]</a> Australia is home to <a href="/wiki/Animal_attacks_in_Australia" title="Animal attacks in Australia">many dangerous animals</a> including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-savolainen2004-240">[233]</a> Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Australian_megafauna" title="Australian megafauna">Australian megafauna</a>; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species_in_Australia" title="Invasive species in Australia">introduced</a> animal, <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">chromistan</a>, fungal and plant species.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">protected areas</a> have been created under the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan" title="Biodiversity action plan">National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity</a> to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> 65 <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Australia" title="List of Ramsar sites in Australia">listed</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> and 16 natural <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> have been established.<a href="#cite_note-WHC-250">[243]</a> Australia was ranked 21st out of 178 countries in the world on the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> There are more than 1,800 animals and plants on Australia's threatened species list, including more than 500 animals.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paleontologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleontologists">Paleontologists</a> discovered a <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> site of a <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> in <a href="/wiki/McGraths_Flat" title="McGraths Flat">McGraths Flat</a>, in South Australia, that presents evidence that this now arid <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and dry <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrubland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> was once home to an abundance of life.<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy of Australia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/108px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 108px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/108px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="108" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/162px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/216px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">King of Australia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/109px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/109px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="109" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/164px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg/218px-Sam_Mostyn_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Albanese_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/103px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 103px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/103px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="103" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/206px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></div></div></div></div></div> Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> The country has maintained its mostly unchanged <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">constitution</a> alongside a stable <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> political system since <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> in 1901. It is one of the world's oldest federations, in which power is divided between the federal and <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a> governments. The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Australian system of government</a> combines elements derived from the political systems of the United Kingdom (a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fused executive</a>, constitutional monarchy and <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">strong party discipline</a>) and the United States (<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Written_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Written constitution">written constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">strong bicameralism</a> with an elected upper house), resulting in a distinct hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-1980-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Federal government power is partially separated</a> between three groups:<a href="#cite_note-Parliamentary_Education_Office-2023_2-258">[251]</a> <ul><li>Legislature: the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li>Executive: the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>, led by the prime minister (the leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the House of Representatives), their chosen <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> and other ministers; formally appointed by the governor-general<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Government-259">[252]</a></li> <li>Judiciary: the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">federal courts</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> reigns as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Australia">King of Australia</a> and is represented in Australia by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> at the federal level and by the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">governors</a> at the state level, who by <a href="/wiki/Chapter_II_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia#Section_63:_Provisions_referring_to_Governor-General" title="Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia">section 63</a> of the Constitution and convention act on the advice of their ministers.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp287%E2%80%938-260">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-gg-261">[254]</a> Thus, in practice the governor-general acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> and the Cabinet. The governor-general may in some situations exercise <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>: powers exercisable in the absence or contrary to ministerial advice. When these powers may be exercised is governed by convention and their precise scope is unclear. The most notable exercise of these powers was the dismissal of the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis of 1975</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canberra_(AU),_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg/220px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6612" data-file-height="4436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg/220px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg" data-alt="A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole." data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg/330px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg/440px-Canberra_%28AU%29%2C_Parliament_House_--_2019_--_1746.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></figcaption></figure> In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).<a href="#cite_note-sen-263">[256]</a> The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 151 members elected from single-member <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives">electoral divisions</a>, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population, with each of the current states guaranteed a minimum of five seats.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> The lower house has a maximum term of three years, but this is not fixed and governments usually dissolve the house early for an election at some point in the 6 months before the maximum.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> Elections for both chambers are generally held simultaneously with senators having overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house. Thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sen-263">[256]</a> Australia's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">electoral system</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">preferential voting</a> for the House of Representatives and all state and territory lower house elections (with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which use the <a href="/wiki/Hare-Clark_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare-Clark system">Hare-Clark system</a>). The Senate and most state upper houses use the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">proportional system</a> which combines preferential voting with <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> for each state. <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Voting and enrolment is compulsory</a> for all enrolled citizens 18 years and older in every jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the governor-general has the constitutional power to appoint the prime minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> Due to the relatively unique position of Australia operating as a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a> parliamentary democracy with a powerful and elected upper house, the system has sometimes been referred to as having a "Washminster mutation",<a href="#cite_note-Thompson-1980-256">[249]</a> or as a semi-parliamentary system.<a href="#cite_note-Ganghof-270">[263]</a> There are two major political groups that usually form government federally: the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>, which is a formal grouping of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> and its minor partner, the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> At the state level of government, the relationship between the Nationals and the Liberal Party differs, with the parties <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">merged in Queensland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Northern Territory</a> (federal parliamentarians sit in either the Liberal or National partyroom however); in coalition in New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia; and in competition with the Liberals in South Australia and Tasmania.<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> and the Labor Party is considered <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a> are the third largest party by both vote and membership and the fourth largest by parliamentary representation.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">most recent federal election</a> was held on 21 May 2022 and resulted in the Australian Labor Party, led by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a>, being elected to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States_and_territories">States and territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/330px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/330px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/495px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/660px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Australia's states and territories</figcaption></figure> Australia has six states—<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (NSW), <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> (Vic), <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> (Qld), <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (WA), <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> (SA) and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (Tas)—and two mainland self-governing territories—the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> (ACT) and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (NT).<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> The states have the general power to make laws except in the few areas where the constitution grants the Commonwealth exclusive powers.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> The Commonwealth can only make laws on topics listed in the constitution but its laws prevail over those of the states to the extent of any inconsistency.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> Since Federation, the Commonwealth's power relative to the states <a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law#Growth_of_federal_power" title="Australian constitutional law">has significantly increased</a> due to the increasingly wide interpretation given to listed Commonwealth powers – and because of the states' <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_imbalance_in_Australia" title="Fiscal imbalance in Australia">heavy financial reliance</a> on Commonwealth grants.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> Each state and major mainland territory has its own <a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">parliament</a>—<a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> in the Northern Territory, the ACT and Queensland, and bicameral in the other states. The lower houses are known as the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> in South Australia and Tasmania); the upper houses are known as the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of the government</a> in each state is the <a href="/wiki/Premiers_of_the_Australian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiers of the Australian states">Premier</a> and in each territory the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a>. The King is represented in each state by a <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">governor</a>. At the Commonwealth level, the King's representative is the governor-general.<a href="#cite_note-gg-261">[254]</a> The Commonwealth government directly administers the internal <a href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a> and the external territories: the <a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean territories</a> (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Government-259">[252]</a> The remote <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a> are part of Tasmania and New South Wales respectively.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png/290px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png/290px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png" data-width="290" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png/435px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png/580px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Australia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Australia">Diplomatic missions of Australia</a></figcaption></figure> Australia is a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lowy-42">[38]</a> whose foreign relations has three core bi-partisan pillars: commitment to the US alliance, engagement with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> and support for international institutions, rules and co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian-Government-2017-293">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> pact and its status as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a>, Australia maintains a <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">close relationship with the US</a>, which encompasses strong defence, security and trade ties.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> In the Indo-Pacific, the country seeks to increase its trade ties through the open flow of trade and capital, whilst managing the rise of Chinese power by supporting the existing rules based order.<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Government-2017-293">[286]</a> Regionally, the country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Plus_Three_and_ASEAN_Plus_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN+6 mechanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>. Internationally, the country is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (of which it was a founding member), the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>. This reflects the country's generally strong commitment to <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> Australia is a member of several defence, intelligence and security groupings including the <a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a> intelligence alliance with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand; the ANZUS alliance with the United States and New Zealand; the <a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a> security treaty with the United States and United Kingdom; the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a> with the United States, India and Japan; the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a> with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore; and the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Access_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal Access Agreement">Reciprocal Access</a> defence and security agreement with Japan.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20220524AS-1533_(52245766080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg/220px-P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg/220px-P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg/330px-P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg/440px-P20220524AS-1533_%2852245766080%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Australian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> with American President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> Australia has pursued the cause of international <a href="/wiki/Trade_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade liberalisation">trade liberalisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> It led the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Cairns_Group" title="Cairns Group">Cairns Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a> and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO).<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> Beginning in the 2000s, Australia entered into the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a> multilateral <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> as well as bilateral free trade agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Australia_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Australia_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_Agreement" title="Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">New Zealand</a>, with the most recent deal signed in 2023 with the UK.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> Australia maintains a deeply integrated relationship with neighbouring New Zealand, with free mobility of citizens between the two countries under the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement</a> and free trade under the <a href="/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">Closer Economic Relations</a> agreement.<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> The most favourably viewed countries by the Australian people in 2021 include New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> It also maintains an <a href="/wiki/International_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="International aid">international aid program</a> under which some 75 countries receive assistance.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> Australia ranked fourth in the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Center for Global Development</a>'s 2021 <a href="/wiki/Commitment_to_Development_Index" title="Commitment to Development Index">Commitment to Development Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> The power over foreign policy is highly concentrated in the prime minister and the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_(Australia)" title="National Security Committee (Australia)">national security committee</a>, with major decision such as joining the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> made with without prior Cabinet approval.<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> Similarly, the Parliament does not play a formal role in foreign policy and the power to declare war lies solely with the executive government.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> supports the executive in its policy decisions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg/220px-HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4274" data-file-height="2965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg/220px-HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg/330px-HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg/440px-HMAS_Arunta_and_Canberra_sailing_in_formation_with_other_warships.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(L02)" title="HMAS Canberra (L02)">HMAS Canberra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canberra-class_landing_helicopter_dock" title="Canberra-class landing helicopter dock">Canberra-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Landing_helicopter_dock" title="Landing helicopter dock">landing helicopter dock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(FFH_151)" title="HMAS Arunta (FFH 151)">HMAS Arunta</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anzac-class_frigate" title="Anzac-class frigate">Anzac-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a>, sailing in formation</figcaption></figure> The two main institutions involved in the management of Australia's armed forces are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a> (ADF) and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Defence (Australia)">Department of Defence</a>, together known as "<a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Organisation" title="Australian Defence Organisation">Defence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> The Australian Defence Force is the military wing, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)">chief of the defence force</a>, and contains three branches: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>. In 2021, it had 84,865 currently serving personnel (including 60,286 regulars and 24,581 reservists).<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> The Department of Defence is the civilian wing and is headed by the secretary of defence. These two leaders collective manage Defence as a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a>, with shared and joint responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> The titular role of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">commander-in-chief</a> is held by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a>; however, actual command is vested in the chief of the Defence Force.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> The executive branch of the Commonwealth government has overall control of the military through the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Australia)" title="Minister for Defence (Australia)">minister of defence</a>, who is subject to the decisions of Cabinet and its <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_(Australia)" title="National Security Committee (Australia)">National Security Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Australian_intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian intelligence agencies">Australian intelligence agencies</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">Australian Secret Intelligence Service</a> (foreign intelligence), the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">Australian Signals Directorate</a> (signals intelligence) and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Security_Intelligence_Organisation" title="Australian Security Intelligence Organisation">Australian Security Intelligence Organisation</a> (domestic security). In 2022, defence spending was 1.9% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, representing the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">13th-largest defence budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> In 2024, the ADF had active operations in the Middle East and the Indo-Pacific (including security and aid provisions); was contributing to UN forces in relation to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">Syria–Israel peacekeeping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Argos" title="Operation Argos">North Korea</a>; and domestically was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Resolute" title="Operation Resolute">assisting to prevent asylum-seekers enter the country</a> and assisting in <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> relief.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights in Australia</a></div> Australia has generally strong protections for <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, and the country has signed up to a wide range of international rights treaties.<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a> Important documents protecting human rights include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Racial Discrimination Act 1975">Racial Discrimination Act 1975</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1984" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1984">Sex Discrimination Act 1984</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1992">Disability Discrimination Act 1992</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Age_Discrimination_Act_2004" title="Age Discrimination Act 2004">Age Discrimination Act 2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="Same-sex marriage in Australia">Same-sex marriage</a> has been legal in the nation since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> Unlike other comparable Western democracies, Australia does not have a single federal <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of rights">charter of rights</a> in the Constitution or under legislation; however, the ACT, Victoria, and Queensland have state-based ones. International organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> have expressed concerns in areas including <a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_Australia" title="Immigration detention in Australia">asylum-seeker policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_deaths_in_custody" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous deaths in custody">Indigenous deaths in custody</a>, the lack of entrenched <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of rights">rights protection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laws_governing_public_demonstrations_in_Australia" title="Laws governing public demonstrations in Australia">laws restricting protesting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic history of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_central_business_district_skyline,_August_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg/220px-Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg/220px-Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg/330px-Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg/440px-Sydney_central_business_district_skyline%2C_August_2021.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district" title="Sydney central business district">central business district of Sydney</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> of Australia.</figcaption></figure> Australia's <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed-market economy</a> is rich in <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">natural resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourteenth-largest</a> by nominal terms, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">18th-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">second-highest amount</a> of wealth per adult, after <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_financial_assets_per_capita" title="List of countries by financial assets per capita">thirteenth-highest</a> financial assets per capita.<a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> Australia has a labour force of some 13.5 million, with an unemployment rate of 3.5% as of June 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ABSLabourForce-328">[321]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Social_Service" title="Australian Council of Social Service">Australian Council of Social Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">poverty rate of Australia</a> exceeds 13.6% of the population, encompassing 3.2 million. It also estimated that there were 774,000 (17.7%) children under the age of 15 living in relative poverty.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a> is the national currency, which is also used by three island states in the Pacific: <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">Australian government debt</a>, about $963 billion in June 2022, exceeds 45.1% of the country's total GDP, and is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt">eighth-highest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> Australia had the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_household_debt" title="List of countries by household debt">second-highest level</a> of <a href="/wiki/Household_debt" title="Household debt">household debt</a> in the world in 2020, after Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_property_market" title="Australian property market">Its house prices</a> are among the highest in the world, especially in the large urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> The large service sector accounts for about 71.2% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (25.3%), while <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">its agriculture sector</a> is by far the smallest, making up only 3.6% of total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> Australia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">21st-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">24th-largest importer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> China is Australia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Australia" title="List of the largest trading partners of Australia">largest trading partner</a> by a wide margin, accounting for roughly 40% of the country's exports and 17.6% of its imports.<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> Other major export markets include Japan, the United States, and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> Australia has high levels of competitiveness and economic freedom, and was ranked fifth in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is ranked twelfth in the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a> and nineteenth in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> It attracted 9.5 million international tourists in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> and was <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">ranked thirteenth</a> among the countries of <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> in 2019 for inbound tourism.<a href="#cite_note-WTOB-344">[337]</a> The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a> ranked Australia seventh-highest in the world out of 117 countries.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $45.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-WTOB-344">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Australia" title="Energy policy of Australia">Energy policy of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Renewable energy in Australia</a></div> In 2021–22, Australia's generation of electricity was sourced from <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">black coal</a> (37.2%), <a href="/wiki/Brown_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown coal">brown coal</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (18.8%), <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro</a> (6.5%), <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> (11.1%), <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> (13.3%), <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bio-energy</a> (1.2%) and others (1.7%).<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> Total consumption of energy in this period was sourced from coal (28.4%), oil (37.3%), gas (27.4%) and renewables (7%).<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> From 2012 to 2022, the energy sourced from renewables has increased 5.7%, whilst energy sourced from coal has decreased 2.6%. The use of gas also increased by 1.5% and the use of oil stayed relatively stable with a reduction of only 0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> In 2020, Australia produced 27.7% of its electricity from renewable sources, exceeding the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_target" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy target">target</a> set by the Commonwealth government in 2009 of 20% renewable energy by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> A new target of 82% percent renewable energy by 2030 was set in 2022<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> and a target for <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> by 2050 was set in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> In 2019, Australia spent $35.6 billion on <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>, allocating about 1.79% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> A recent study by <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a> for the Tech Council shows that the Australian tech sector combined contributes $167 billion a year to the economy and employs 861,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> In addition, recent <a href="/wiki/Startup_ecosystem" title="Startup ecosystem">startup ecosystems</a> in Sydney and Melbourne are already valued at $34 billion combined.<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> Australia ranked 23rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> 2024.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a> With only 0.3% of the world's population, Australia contributed 4.1% of the world's published research in 2020, making it one of the top 10 research contributors in the world.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2021-359">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>, Australia's national science agency, contributes 10% of all research in the country, while the rest is carried out by universities.<a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2021-359">[352]</a> Its most notable contributions include the invention of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> the essential components of <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technology,<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> and the development of the first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">polymer banknote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> Australia is a key player in supporting <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>. Facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Square_Kilometre_Array" title="Square Kilometre Array">Square Kilometre Array</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia_Telescope_Compact_Array" title="Australia Telescope Compact Array">Australia Telescope Compact Array</a> radio telescopes, telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Observatory" title="Siding Spring Observatory">Siding Spring Observatory</a>, and ground stations such as the <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex</a> are of great assistance in <a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">deep space exploration</a> missions, primarily by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics of Australia</a></div> Australia has a <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of 3.4 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">most sparsely populated countries in the world</a>. The population is heavily concentrated on the east coast, and in particular in the south-eastern region between <a href="/wiki/South_East_Queensland" title="South East Queensland">South East Queensland</a> to the north-east and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> to the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-ABS-regional-population-latest-35">[31]</a> Australia is also highly urbanised, with 67% of the population living in the Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (metropolitan areas of the state and mainland territorial capital cities) in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a> Metropolitan areas with more than one million inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABS-regional-population-latest-35">[31]</a> In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">average age</a> of the population was 39 years.<a href="#cite_note-365">[358]</a> In 2015, 2.15% of the Australian population <a href="/wiki/Australian_diaspora" title="Australian diaspora">lived overseas</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population#UN_2015_report:_emigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">lowest proportions</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">List of cities in Australia by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">List of cities in Australia</a></div> Australia contains five cities (including their suburbs) that consist of more than one million people. Most of Australia's population live close to coastlines.<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Australia" title="Template:Largest cities of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest populated areas in Australia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 data from <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia_by_population" title="List of cities in Australia by population"> Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,259,764</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Geelong" title="Geelong">Geelong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Vic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Vic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,976,157</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">251,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,568,927</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Townsville" title="Townsville">Townsville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">181,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">WA</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,192,229</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">155,638 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">SA</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,402,393</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">NT</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tweed_Heads" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweed Heads">Tweed Heads</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">706,673</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Toowoomba" title="Toowoomba">Toowoomba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">143,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maitland,_New_South_Wales" title="Maitland, New South Wales">Maitland</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">509,894</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ballarat" title="Ballarat">Ballarat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Vic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>–<a href="/wiki/Queanbeyan" title="Queanbeyan">Queanbeyan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">482,250</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bendigo" title="Bendigo">Bendigo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Vic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,899 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast,_Queensland" title="Sunshine Coast, Queensland">Sunshine Coast</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Qld</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">355,631</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albury-Wodonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Albury-Wodonga">Albury-Wodonga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>/<a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Vic</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,676 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">305,880</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania" title="Launceston, Tasmania">Launceston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,332 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration to Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg/260px-Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg/260px-Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg/390px-Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg/520px-Australian_Residents_by_Country_of_Birth_2021_Census.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Australian residents by country of birth (2021 census)</figcaption></figure> Between 1788 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> came from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians" title="Anglo-Celtic Australians">British Isles</a> (principally <a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scotland</a>), although there was significant immigration from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Germany</a> during the 19th century. Following Federation in 1901, the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">white Australia policy</a> was strengthened, restricting further migration from these areas. However, this policy was relaxed following WW2 and in the decades following, Australia received a <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">large wave of immigration</a> from across <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Europe</a>, with many more immigrants arriving from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> than in previous decades. All overt racial discrimination ended in 1973, with <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">multiculturalism</a> becoming official policy.<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> Subsequently, there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asia</a> being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Government-Department-of-Home-Affairs-2019-370">[363]</a> Today, Australia has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">eighth-largest</a> immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">highest proportion</a> among major <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> In 2022–23, 212,789 permanent migrants were admitted to Australia, with a net migration population gain of 518,000 people inclusive of non-permanent residents.<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> Most entered on skilled visas,<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Government-Department-of-Home-Affairs-2019-370">[363]</a> however the immigration program also offers visas for family members and <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immig-375">[368]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> asks each Australian resident to nominate up to two <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestries</a> each <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Australia" title="Census in Australia">census</a> and the responses are classified into broad ancestry groups.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-abs-377">[370]</a> At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestry groups as a proportion of the total population were:<a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-378">[371]</a> 57.2% <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">European</a> (including 46% <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe#Ethnographic_definitions" title="Northwestern Europe">North-West European</a> and 11.2% <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a>), 33.8% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oceania" title="Demographics of Oceania">Oceanian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[N 8]</a> 17.4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asian</a> (including 6.5% <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia#Demographics" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a>, 6.4% <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">North-East Asian</a>, and 4.5% <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">South-East Asian</a>), 3.2% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa">North African and Middle Eastern</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Americas#Demography" title="Americas">Peoples of the Americas</a>, and 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa#Demographics" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a>. At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:<a href="#cite_note-382">[N 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Australian">English</a> (33%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> (29.9%)<a href="#cite_note-383">[N 10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Australian">Irish</a> (9.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Australian">Scottish</a> (8.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Australian">Chinese</a> (5.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italian</a> (4.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Australian">German</a> (4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Australian">Indian</a> (3.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> (2.9%)<a href="#cite_note-384">[N 11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Australian">Greek</a> (1.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Australian">Filipino</a> (1.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Australian">Dutch</a> (1.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Australian">Vietnamese</a> (1.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Australian">Lebanese</a> (1%)</li></ul></div> At the 2021 census, 3.8% of the Australian population identified as being <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a>—<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[N 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-abs-377">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div> Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> official and national language.<a href="#cite_note-language2-386">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon,<a href="#cite_note-388">[376]</a> and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.<a href="#cite_note-389">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="General Australian">General Australian</a> serves as the standard dialect.<a href="#cite_note-390">[378]</a> The Australian sign language known as <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census.<a href="#cite_note-391">[379]</a> At the 2021 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (1.4%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (1.3%), <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (1.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.9%).<a href="#cite_note-392">[380]</a> More than 250 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.<a href="#cite_note-393">[381]</a> The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018–19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use were endangered.<a href="#cite_note-394">[382]</a> The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians — Yumplatok (<a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a>), <a href="/wiki/Djambarrpuyngu" class="mw-redirect" title="Djambarrpuyngu">Djambarrpuyngu</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu language</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a>) were among the most widely spoken.<a href="#cite_note-395">[383]</a> NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages.<a href="#cite_note-396">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park,_Sydney_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2467"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral</a> in Sydney belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, Australia's largest religious denomination.</figcaption></figure> Australia has no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; section 116 of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> prohibits federal legislation that would establish any religion, impose any religious observance, or prohibit the free exercise of any religion.<a href="#cite_note-397">[385]</a> However, the states still retain the power to pass religiously discriminatory laws.<a href="#cite_note-398">[386]</a> At the 2021 census, 38.9% of the population identified as having <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">"no religion"</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> up from 15.5% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-399">[387]</a> The largest religion is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (43.9% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> The largest Christian denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Roman Catholic Church</a> (20% of the population) and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a> (9.8%). Non-British immigration since the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (3.2%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (2.7%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (2.4%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.4%).<a href="#cite_note-400">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> In 2021, just under 8,000 people declared an affiliation with traditional Aboriginal religions.<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> framework developed in Aboriginal Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> era in which ancestral <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> spirit beings formed <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">The Creation</a>. The Dreaming established the laws and structures of society and the ceremonies performed to ensure continuity of life and land.<a href="#cite_note-401">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Health care in Australia</a></div> Australia's life expectancy of 83 years (81 years for males and 85 years for females)<a href="#cite_note-402">[390]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">fifth-highest in the world</a>. It has the highest rate of skin cancer in the world,<a href="#cite_note-403">[391]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">cigarette smoking</a> is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.<a href="#cite_note-404">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[393]</a> Australia ranked 35th in the world in 2012 for its proportion of obese women<a href="#cite_note-406">[394]</a> and near the top of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a> for its proportion of <a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Australia" title="Obesity in Australia">obese</a> adults;<a href="#cite_note-407">[395]</a> 63% of its adult population is either overweight or obese.<a href="#cite_note-aihw-408">[396]</a> Australia spent around 9.91% of its total GDP to health care in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-409">[397]</a> It introduced a <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national insurance scheme</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Biggs-2004-410">[398]</a> Following a period in which access to the scheme was restricted, the scheme became <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a> once more in 1981 under the name of <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[399]</a> The program is nominally funded by an income tax surcharge known as the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare levy">Medicare levy</a>, currently at 2%.<a href="#cite_note-412">[400]</a> The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme" title="Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme">Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme</a> (subsidising the costs of medicines) and <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">general practice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biggs-2004-410">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_(Ormond_College).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/170px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/170px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/255px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg/340px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Ormond_College%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Australia has the highest ratio of international students per capita in the world, with Melbourne ranking fifth among the 2023 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings#QS_Best_Student_Cities" title="QS World University Rankings">QS Best Student Cities</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> pictured).</figcaption></figure> School attendance, or registration for <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschooling in Australia">home schooling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-413">[401]</a> is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories; however, the Commonwealth has significant influence through funding agreements.<a href="#cite_note-414">[402]</a> Since 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Curriculum" title="Australian Curriculum">national curriculum</a> developed by the Commonwealth has been implemented by the states and territories.<a href="#cite_note-415">[403]</a> Attendance rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.<a href="#cite_note-416">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[405]</a> In some states (Western Australia, Northern Territory and New South Wales), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-418">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[409]</a> According to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/PISA" class="mw-redirect" title="PISA">PISA</a> evaluations, Australian 15-year-olds ranked ninth in the OECD for reading and science and tenth for maths. However, less than 60% of Australian students achieved the National Proficiency Standard – 51% in maths, 58% in science and 57% in reading.<a href="#cite_note-422">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[411]</a> Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-cialittab-424">[412]</a> However, a 2011–2012 report for the Australian Bureau of Statistics found that 44% of the population does not have high literary and numeracy competence levels, interpreted by others as suggesting that they do not have the "skills needed for everyday life".<a href="#cite_note-425">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[415]</a> Australia has 37 government-funded universities and three private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.<a href="#cite_note-428">[416]</a> The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.<a href="#cite_note-429">[417]</a> There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_further_education" title="Technical and further education">TAFE</a>, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.<a href="#cite_note-430">[418]</a> About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications<a href="#cite_note-431">[419]</a> and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. 30.9% of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.<a href="#cite_note-432">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[422]</a> Australia has the highest ratio of <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Australia" title="International students in Australia">international students</a> per head of population in the world by a large margin, with 812,000 international students enrolled in the nation's universities and vocational institutions in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-435">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[424]</a> Accordingly, in 2019, international students represented on average 26.7% of the student bodies of Australian universities. International education therefore represents one of the country's largest exports and has a pronounced influence on the country's demographics, with a significant proportion of international students remaining in Australia after graduation on various skill and employment visas.<a href="#cite_note-437">[425]</a> Education is Australia's third-largest export, after iron ore and coal, and contributed more than $28 billion to the economy in the 2016–17 financial year.<a href="#cite_note-438">[N 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berthold-2021-359">[352]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Opera_House,_botanic_gardens_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg/220px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg/220px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg/330px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg/440px-Sydney_Opera_House%2C_botanic_gardens_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House" title="Sydney Opera House">Sydney Opera House</a> was completed in 1973 and declared a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2007, making it the youngest building to have received the designation.<a href="#cite_note-439">[426]</a></figcaption></figure> Contemporary Australian culture reflects the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">country's Indigenous traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Anglo-Celtic heritage</a>, and post-1945 history of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">multicultural immigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[429]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">culture of the United States</a> has also been influential.<a href="#cite_note-443">[430]</a> The evolution of Australian culture since British colonisation has given rise to distinctive cultural traits.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp98%E2%80%9392-444">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[432]</a> Many Australians identify <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mateship" title="Mateship">mateship</a>, irreverence and a lack of formality as part of their <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[435]</a> These find expression in <a href="/wiki/Australian_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian slang">Australian slang</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Australian_comedy" title="Australian comedy">Australian humour</a>, which is often characterised as dry, irreverent and ironic.<a href="#cite_note-449">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[437]</a> New citizens and visa holders are required to commit to "Australian values", which are identified by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Home Affairs (Australia)">Department of Home Affairs</a> as including: a respect for the freedom of the individual; recognition of the rule of law; opposition to racial, gender and religious discrimination; and an understanding of the "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fair_go" class="extiw" title="wikt:fair go">fair go</a>", which is said to encompass the equality of opportunity for all and compassion for those in need.<a href="#cite_note-451">[438]</a> What these values mean, and whether or not Australians uphold them, has been debated since before Federation.<a href="#cite_note-452">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Australian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/220px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/220px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/330px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg/440px-Sidney_Nolan_Snake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Held at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Old_and_New_Art" title="Museum of Old and New Art">Museum of Old and New Art</a> in Hobart, Tasmania, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Snake_(Nolan)" title="Snake (Nolan)">Snake</a> mural (1970) is inspired by the Aboriginal creation myth of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Serpent" title="Rainbow Serpent">Rainbow Serpent</a>, as well as desert flowers in bloom after a drought.<a href="#cite_note-456">[443]</a></figcaption></figure> Australia has more than 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art#Stone_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Aboriginal rock art</a> sites,<a href="#cite_note-457">[444]</a> and traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a>, "the last great art movement of the 20th century" according to critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Robert Hughes</a>;<a href="#cite_note-458">[445]</a> its exponents include <a href="/wiki/Emily_Kame_Kngwarreye" title="Emily Kame Kngwarreye">Emily Kame Kngwarreye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[446]</a> Early colonial artists showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.<a href="#cite_note-wwwartgallerynswgovau-460">[447]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionistic</a> works of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Streeton" title="Arthur Streeton">Arthur Streeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Roberts" title="Tom Roberts">Tom Roberts</a> and other members of the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_School" title="Heidelberg School">Heidelberg School</a>—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to nationalist sentiments in the lead-up to Federation.<a href="#cite_note-wwwartgallerynswgovau-460">[447]</a> While the school remained influential into the 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modernists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Preston" title="Margaret Preston">Margaret Preston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Beckett" title="Clarice Beckett">Clarice Beckett</a>, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>, explored new artistic trends.<a href="#cite_note-wwwartgallerynswgovau-460">[447]</a> The landscape remained central to the work of Aboriginal watercolourist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Namatjira" title="Albert Namatjira">Albert Namatjira</a>,<a href="#cite_note-461">[448]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williams_(artist)" title="Fred Williams (artist)">Fred Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brett_Whiteley" title="Brett Whiteley">Brett Whiteley</a> and other post-war artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the <a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">figurative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wwwartgallerynswgovau-460">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian literature</a> grew slowly in the decades following European settlement though Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a>, many of which have since been recorded in writing, are much older.<a href="#cite_note-463">[450]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawson" title="Henry Lawson">Henry Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banjo_Paterson" title="Banjo Paterson">Banjo Paterson</a> captured the experience of <a href="/wiki/Australian_bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian bush">the bush</a> using a distinctive Australian vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-464">[451]</a> Their works are still popular; Paterson's <a href="/wiki/Bush_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush poetry">bush poem</a> "<a href="/wiki/Waltzing_Matilda" title="Waltzing Matilda">Waltzing Matilda</a>" (1895) is regarded as Australia's unofficial national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-465">[452]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin" title="Miles Franklin">Miles Franklin</a> is the namesake of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Miles_Franklin_Award" title="Miles Franklin Award">most prestigious literary prize</a>, awarded annually to the best novel about Australian life.<a href="#cite_note-466">[453]</a> Its first recipient, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>, went on to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-467">[454]</a> Australian <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> winners include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(novelist)" title="Peter Carey (novelist)">Peter Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Flanagan" title="Richard Flanagan">Richard Flanagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-468">[455]</a> Australian public intellectuals have also written seminal works in their respective fields, including feminist <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-469">[456]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg/170px-ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg/170px-ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg/255px-ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg/340px-ACDC-Hughes-long_ago.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Arising from the <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Australian pub rock</a> scene, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a> ranks among the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling music acts</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the performing arts, Aboriginal peoples have traditions of religious and secular song, dance and rhythmic music often performed in <a href="/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroborees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[457]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> was one of the world's leading opera singers,<a href="#cite_note-471">[458]</a> and later popular music acts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/INXS" title="INXS">INXS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> achieved international recognition.<a href="#cite_note-472">[459]</a> Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the Australian government's <a href="/wiki/Australia_Council_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Council for the Arts">Australia Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[460]</a> There is a symphony orchestra in each state,<a href="#cite_note-474">[461]</a> and a national opera company, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Australia" title="Opera Australia">Opera Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-475">[462]</a> well known for its famous <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[463]</a> Ballet and dance are represented by <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Ballet" title="The Australian Ballet">The Australian Ballet</a> and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.<a href="#cite_note-477">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television in Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/220px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1058"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/220px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/330px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg/440px-The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang_1906.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Actor playing the <a href="/wiki/Bushranger" title="Bushranger">bushranger</a> and outlaw <a href="/wiki/Ned_Kelly" title="Ned Kelly">Ned Kelly</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a> (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Kelly_Gang" title="The Story of the Kelly Gang">The Story of the Kelly Gang</a> (1906), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature-length</a> narrative film, spurred a boom in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australian cinema</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-478">[465]</a> After World War I, <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> monopolised the industry,<a href="#cite_note-479">[466]</a> and by the 1960s Australian film production had effectively ceased.<a href="#cite_note-480">[467]</a> With the benefit of government support, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a> of the 1970s brought provocative and successful films, many exploring themes of national identity, such as <a href="/wiki/Picnic_at_Hanging_Rock_(film)" title="Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)">Picnic at Hanging Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_in_Fright" title="Wake in Fright">Wake in Fright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_(1981_film)" title="Gallipoli (1981 film)">Gallipoli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-481">[468]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Dundee" title="Crocodile Dundee">Crocodile Dundee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a> movement's <a href="/wiki/Mad_Max_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Max (franchise)">Mad Max</a> series became international blockbusters.<a href="#cite_note-482">[469]</a> In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-483">[470]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AACTA_Awards" title="AACTA Awards">AACTAs</a> are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees">Academy Award winners from Australia</a> include <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-484">[471]</a> Australia has two public broadcasters (the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> and the multicultural <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a>), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV services,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-News-2009-485">[472]</a> and numerous public, non-profit television and radio stations. Each major city has at least one daily newspaper,<a href="#cite_note-BBC-News-2009-485">[472]</a> and there are two national daily newspapers, <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Financial_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australian Financial Review">The Australian Financial Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-News-2009-485">[472]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> placed Australia 25th on a list of 180 countries ranked by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">press freedom</a>, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (33rd) and United States (44th).<a href="#cite_note-486">[473]</a> This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;<a href="#cite_note-487">[474]</a> most print media are under the control of <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a> (59%) and <a href="/wiki/Nine_Entertainment_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Entertainment Co.">Nine Entertainment Co</a> (23%).<a href="#cite_note-488">[475]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiraz_Wein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shiraz_Wein.jpg/220px-Shiraz_Wein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2876"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shiraz_Wein.jpg/220px-Shiraz_Wein.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shiraz_Wein.jpg/330px-Shiraz_Wein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shiraz_Wein.jpg/440px-Shiraz_Wein.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_wine" title="South Australian wine">South Australian wines</a></figcaption></figure> Most Indigenous Australian groups subsisted on a diet of native fauna and flora, otherwise called <a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">bush tucker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-489">[476]</a> It has increased in popularity among non-Indigenous Australians since the 1970s, with examples such as <a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">lemon myrtle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">macadamia nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">kangaroo meat</a> now widely available.<a href="#cite_note-490">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[478]</a> The first colonists introduced <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish cuisine</a> to the continent.<a href="#cite_note-492">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[480]</a> This influence is seen in dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" title="Meat pie (Australia and New Zealand)">Australian meat pie</a>, which is related to the British <a href="/wiki/Steak_pie" title="Steak pie">steak pie</a>. Also during the colonial period, Chinese migrants paved the way for a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian Chinese cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-494">[481]</a> Post-war migrants transformed Australian cuisine, bringing with them their culinary traditions and contributing to new <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion</a> dishes.<a href="#cite_note-495">[482]</a> Italians introduced espresso coffee and, along with Greeks, helped develop Australia's café culture, of which the <a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">flat white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avocado_toast" title="Avocado toast">avocado toast</a> are now considered Australian staples.<a href="#cite_note-496">[483]</a><a href="#cite_note-497">[484]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (food)">Pavlovas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamington" title="Lamington">lamingtons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegemite" title="Vegemite">Vegemite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anzac_biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzac biscuits">Anzac biscuits</a> are also often called iconic Australian foods.<a href="#cite_note-498">[485]</a> Australia is a leading exporter and consumer of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-499">[486]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian wine</a> is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-500">[487]</a> The nation also ranks highly in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_beer_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by beer consumption per capita">beer consumption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kirin-501">[488]</a> with each state and territory hosting numerous breweries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_and_recreation">Sport and recreation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/220px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7386" data-file-height="3918"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/220px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/330px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/440px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> is strongly associated with the history and development of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>, Australia's two most popular spectator sports.<a href="#cite_note-502">[489]</a></figcaption></figure> The most popular sports in Australia by adult participation are: swimming, athletics, cycling, soccer, golf, tennis, basketball, surfing, netball and cricket.<a href="#cite_note-503">[490]</a> Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> of the modern era,<a href="#cite_note-504">[491]</a> and has hosted the Games twice: <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a> in Melbourne and <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a> in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-Davison_pp479-80-505">[492]</a> It is also set to host the <a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-506">[493]</a> Australia has also participated in every <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-507">[494]</a> hosting the event in <a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>, <a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-508">[495]</a> Cricket is a major national sport.<a href="#cite_note-509">[496]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team" title="Australia national cricket team">Australian national cricket team</a> competed against <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a> match (1877) and the first <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> (1971), and against <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand cricket team">New Zealand</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20 International</a> (2004), winning all three games.<a href="#cite_note-510">[497]</a> It has also won the men's <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a> a record six times.<a href="#cite_note-511">[498]</a> Australia has professional leagues for <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Australia" title="Football in Australia">four football codes</a>, whose relative popularity is <a href="/wiki/Barassi_Line" title="Barassi Line">divided geographically</a>.<a href="#cite_note-512">[499]</a> Originating in Melbourne in the 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> attracts the most television viewers in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> holds sway, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-513">[500]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a>, while ranked fourth in television viewers and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.<a href="#cite_note-514">[501]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Surf_lifesaving" title="Surf lifesaving">surf lifesaving</a> movement originated in Australia in the early 20th century, following the relaxation of laws prohibiting daylight bathing on Australian beaches. The volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.<a href="#cite_note-515">[502]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aust_SLSC-516">[503]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index of Australia-related articles</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-anthem_explanation-2"><a href="#cite_ref-anthem_explanation_2-0">^</a> Australia also has a <a href="/wiki/Honors_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors music">royal anthem</a>, "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>", which may be played in place of or alongside the national anthem when members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">royal family</a> are present. If not played alongside the royal anthem, the national anthem is instead played at the end of an official event.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Sydney is the largest city based on Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSAs). These represent labour markets and the functional area of Australian capital cities.<a href="#cite_note-ABS-regional-population-2022-3">[2]</a> Melbourne is larger based on ABS Significant Urban Areas (SUAs). These represent Urban Centres, or groups of contiguous Urban Centres, that contain a population of 10,000 people or more.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The religion question is optional in the Australian census. </li> <li id="cite_note-time-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time_19-1">b</a> There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Australia" title="Time in Australia">Time in Australia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>", published by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a> in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> for an island in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The Dutch adjectival form australische was used in a Dutch book in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Batavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> For instance, the 1814 work <a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_Terra_Australis" title="A Voyage to Terra Australis">A Voyage to Terra Australis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Southern_Ocean-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Southern_Ocean_176-0">^</a> Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° south</a> latitude.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Includes those who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">[4]</a> The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">European</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-13010-Year-Book-Australia-1995-379">[372]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> Each person may nominate more than one ancestry, so the total may exceed 100%.<a href="#cite_note-381">[373]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Australian">European</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-13010-Year-Book-Australia-1995-379">[372]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> That is, 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2017. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-national-symbols/australian-national-anthem">"Australian National Anthem"</a>. Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 19 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027193111/https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-national-symbols/australian-national-anthem">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Prime+Minister+and+Cabinet&rft.atitle=Australian+National+Anthem&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours-and-symbols%2Faustralian-national-symbols%2Faustralian-national-anthem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS-regional-population-2022-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ABS-regional-population-2022_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2021-22">"Regional population, 2021-22 financial year"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 20 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420020126/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2021-22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+population%2C+2021-22+financial+year&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fregional-population%2F2021-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2023" class="citation news cs1">Turnbull, Tiffanie (17 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-65261720">"Melbourne overtakes Sydney as Australia's biggest city"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521093900/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-65261720">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Melbourne+overtakes+Sydney+as+Australia%27s+biggest+city&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Tiffanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-australia-65261720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Bureau-of-Statistics-2022_6-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx">"General Community Profile"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Excel" class="mw-redirect" title="Excel">Excel</a> file). 2021 Census of Population and Housing. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Community+Profile&rft.series=2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2FAUS%2Fdownload%2FGCP_AUS.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Pronounced "Ozzy" </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/features/word/search/?search_word_type=Dictionary&word=aussie">"Aussie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>. 16 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610132406/https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/?time=1718025846039">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Aussie&rft.date=2023-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macquariedictionary.com.au%2Ffeatures%2Fword%2Fsearch%2F%3Fsearch_word_type%3DDictionary%26word%3Daussie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. Bishopbriggs, Glasgow: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. 2009. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0078-6171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0078-6171-2"><bdi>978-0-0078-6171-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Bishopbriggs%2C+Glasgow&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-0078-6171-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoscience-Australia-2014-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoscience-Australia-2014_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoscience-Australia-2014_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoscience-Australia-2014_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories">"Area of Australia - States and Territories"</a>. Geoscience Australia. 27 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118174336/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/national-location-information/dimensions/area-of-australia-states-and-territories">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+Australia&rft.atitle=Area+of+Australia+-+States+and+Territories&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fscientific-topics%2Fnational-location-information%2Fdimensions%2Farea-of-australia-states-and-territories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Geography-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Geography_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/australia/#geography">"Australia § Geography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popclock-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popclock_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popclock_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/population-clock-pyramid">"Population clock and pyramid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> website. Commonwealth of Australia. 5 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208102513/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/population-clock-pyramid">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics+website&rft.atitle=Population+clock+and+pyramid&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation-clock-pyramid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2022">"National, state and territory population"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 26 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121204624/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/national-state-and-territory-population/mar-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National%2C+state+and+territory+population&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpopulation%2Fnational-state-and-territory-population%2Fmar-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.AU-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AU_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AU_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AU_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AU_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=193,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Australia)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. 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Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ceicdata.com&rft.atitle=Australia+Gini+Coefficient%2C+1995+%E2%80%93+2023+%7C+CEIC+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Faustralia%2Fgini-coefficient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Government2023" class="citation web cs1">Australian Government (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/numbers-and-measurements/dates-and-time">"Dates and time"</a>. Style Manual. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529074659/https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/grammar-punctuation-and-conventions/numbers-and-measurements/dates-and-time">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Style+Manual&rft.atitle=Dates+and+time&rft.date=2023-03&rft.au=Australian+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylemanual.gov.au%2Fgrammar-punctuation-and-conventions%2Fnumbers-and-measurements%2Fdates-and-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia_Constitution_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act">Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act</a> (Imp) 63 & 64 Vict, c 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s3.html">s 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071637/https://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s3.html">Archived</a> 9 January 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">41% of the Antarctic continent is also claimed by the country</a>, however this is only recognised by the UK, France, New Zealand and Norway. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsch_RJ.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Korsch RJ.; et al. 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Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Map+from+above+shows+Australia+is+a+very+flat+place&rft.date=2005-01-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226369741&rft.issn=0312-6315&rft.aulast=Macey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FMap-from-above-shows-Australia-is-a-very-flat-place%2F2005%2F01%2F21%2F1106110947946.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313202829/https://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/the-australian-continent">"The Australian continent"</a>. australia.gov.au. 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Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Chat+with+Tim+Flannery+on+Population+Control&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1995-09-13&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fquantum%2Finfo%2Fq95-19-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils". </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Cameron (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf">"Damaged Dirt"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2015&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2015%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D39%26pr.y%3D6%26sy%3D2012%26ey%3D2012%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666%26s%3DNGDPDPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021-22"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2021-22&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html">"Australians the world's wealthiest"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710153747/http://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Australians+the+world%27s+wealthiest&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fexecutive-style%2Fluxury%2Faustralians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Australia_2021-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Global_Australia_2021_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalaustralia.gov.au/why-australia/statistics-and-rankings">"Statistics and rankings"</a>. Global Australia. 18 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328003912/https://www.globalaustralia.gov.au/why-australia/statistics-and-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Australia&rft.atitle=Statistics+and+rankings&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalaustralia.gov.au%2Fwhy-australia%2Fstatistics-and-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowy-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowy_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowy_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/downloads/lowy-institute-2023-asia-power-index-key-findings-report.pdf">Lowy Institute Asian Power Index</a> (PDF) (Report). 2023. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6480189-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6480189-3-3"><bdi>978-0-6480189-3-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220212559/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/downloads/lowy-institute-2023-asia-power-index-key-findings-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Lowy+Institute+Asian+Power+Index&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-6480189-3-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fdownloads%2Flowy-institute-2023-asia-power-index-key-findings-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf">"Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2017"</a> (PDF). www.sipri.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502201938/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sipri.org&rft.atitle=Trends+in+World+Military+Expenditure%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018-04%2Fsipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachman2023" class="citation news cs1">Rachman, Gideon (13 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf">"Aukus, the Anglosphere and the return of great power rivalry"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320005932/https://www.ft.com/content/e4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Aukus%2C+the+Anglosphere+and+the+return+of+great+power+rivalry&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft.aulast=Rachman&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Australian pronunciations: <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>, Fourth Edition (2005) Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876429-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876429-14-0">978-1-876429-14-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/australia">"australia | Etymology, origin and meaning of the name australia by etymonline"</a>. www.etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129005011/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Australia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=australia+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+the+name+australia+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Faustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeClarke2014" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Jacqueline; Clarke, Philip (10 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/putting-australia-on-the-map-29816">"Putting 'Australia' on the map"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302195128/https://theconversation.com/putting-australia-on-the-map-29816">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Putting+%27Australia%27+on+the+map&rft.date=2014-08-10&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fputting-australia-on-the-map-29816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/queiros/index.html">"He named it Austrialia del Espiritu Santo and claimed it for Spain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817051612/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/queiros/index.html">Archived</a> 17 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Spanish quest for Terra Australis|State Library of New South Wales Page 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rupertgerritsen.tripod.com/pdf/published/Austrialia_Globe_72_2013_pp23-30.pdf">"A note on 'Austrialia' or 'Australia' Rupert Gerritsen – Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc. The Globe Number 72, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612021158/http://rupertgerritsen.tripod.com/pdf/published/Austrialia_Globe_72_2013_pp23-30.pdf">Archived</a> 12 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Posesion en nombre de Su Magestad (Archivo del Museo Naval, Madrid, MS 951) p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63620938">"The Illustrated Sydney News"</a>. Illustrated Sydney News. National Library of Australia. 26 January 1888. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011073045/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63620938">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+Sydney+News&rft.atitle=The+Illustrated+Sydney+News&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1888-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article63620938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Purchas, vol. iv, pp. 1422–1432, 1625 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2004" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ernest (2004) [1914]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNEle_1NzkC&pg=PA299">The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders</a>. Kessinger Publishing. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-6948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-6948-9"><bdi>978-1-4191-6948-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610132503/https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNEle_1NzkC&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Captain+Matthew+Flinders&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-6948-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDNEle_1NzkC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Flinders, Matthew (1814) <a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_Terra_Australis" title="A Voyage to Terra Australis">A Voyage to Terra Australis</a> G. and W. Nicol </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58549315">"Who Named Australia?"</a>. The Mail (Adelaide, South Australia). Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 11 February 1928. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417085724/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58549315">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mail+%28Adelaide%2C+South+Australia%29&rft.atitle=Who+Named+Australia%3F&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1928-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article58549315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Immigration_and_Citizenship2007" class="citation book cs1">Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017070336/http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_part1.pdf">Life in Australia</a> (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9214-4630-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9214-4630-6"><bdi>978-1-9214-4630-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/values/book/english/lia_english_part1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Australia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-9214-4630-6&rft.au=Department+of+Immigration+and+Citizenship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fliving-in-australia%2Fvalues%2Fbook%2Fenglish%2Flia_english_part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComan2007" class="citation book cs1">Coman, Brian J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5m4zNxaaSUC&pg=PA40">A Loose Canon: Essays on History, Modernity and Tradition</a>. Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9802-9362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9802-9362-3"><bdi>978-0-9802-9362-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327193458/https://books.google.com/books?id=P5m4zNxaaSUC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Loose+Canon%3A+Essays+on+History%2C+Modernity+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Connor+Court+Publishing+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9802-9362-3&rft.aulast=Coman&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5m4zNxaaSUC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macquariedictionary.com.au/">"Straya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209174709/https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Straya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacquariedictionary.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchooladmin.hal@anu.edu.au" class="citation web cs1">School, Head of; admin.hal@anu.edu.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc">"Australian National Dictionary Centre"</a>. ANU School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312000501/http://www.anu.edu.au/ANDC/pubs/ozwords/June_98/2._aitch.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANU+School+of+Literature%2C+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Australian+National+Dictionary+Centre&rft.aulast=School&rft.aufirst=Head+of&rft.au=admin.hal%40anu.edu.au&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslll.cass.anu.edu.au%2Fcentres%2Fandc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunn2018-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Nunn2018_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunn2018" class="citation book cs1">Nunn, Patrick (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4xaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">The Edge of Memory: Ancient Stories, Oral Tradition and the Post-Glacial World</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-4327-9"><bdi>978-1-4729-4327-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142811/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4xaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edge+of+Memory%3A+Ancient+Stories%2C+Oral+Tradition+and+the+Post-Glacial+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-4327-9&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4xaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaganDurrani2018-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FaganDurrani2018_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaganDurrani2018" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0NvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT250">People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 250–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3517-5764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3517-5764-5"><bdi>978-1-3517-5764-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142816/https://books.google.com/books?id=W0NvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT250#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+Earth%3A+An+Introduction+to+World+Prehistory&rft.pages=250-253&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-3517-5764-5&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Durrani%2C+Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0NvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oppenheimer2013-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Oppenheimer2013_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2013" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP111">Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 111–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7803-3753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7803-3753-1"><bdi>978-1-7803-3753-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142820/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQQvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP111#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Eden%3A+The+Peopling+of+the+World&rft.pages=111-&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-7803-3753-1&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQQvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaspinas_Westaway_Muller_Sousa_2016_pp._207–214-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malaspinas_Westaway_Muller_Sousa_2016_pp._207%E2%80%93214_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malaspinas_Westaway_Muller_Sousa_2016_pp._207%E2%80%93214_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaspinasWestawayMullerSousa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; et al. (21 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18299">"A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia"</a>. Nature. 538 (7624). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 207–214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.538..207M">2016Natur.538..207M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18299">10.1038/nature18299</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10754%2F622366">10754/622366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27654914">27654914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+genomic+history+of+Aboriginal+Australia&rft.volume=538&rft.issue=7624&rft.pages=207-214&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10754%2F622366&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.538..207M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27654914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature18299&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Malaspinas&rft.aufirst=Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Westaway%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Craig&rft.au=Sousa%2C+Vitor+C.&rft.au=Lao%2C+Oscar&rft.au=Alves%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=Athanasiadis%2C+Georgios&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Jade+Y.&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Jacob+E.&rft.au=Heupink%2C+Tim+H.&rft.au=Macholdt%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Peischl%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Schiffels%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Subramanian%2C+Sankar&rft.au=Wright%2C+Joanne+L.&rft.au=Albrechtsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Dupanloup%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Anders&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Moltke%2C+Ida&rft.au=Pugach%2C+Irina&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn+S.&rft.au=Levkivskyi%2C+Ivan+P.&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Ni%2C+Shengyu&rft.au=Racimo%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature18299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorey" class="citation web cs1">Dorey, Fran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-spread-of-people-to-australia">"When did modern humans get to Australia?"</a>. Australian Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817140725/https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-spread-of-people-to-australia/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+did+modern+humans+get+to+Australia%3F&rft.pub=Australian+Museum&rft.aulast=Dorey&rft.aufirst=Fran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Fscience%2Fhuman-evolution%2Fthe-spread-of-people-to-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilligan2018-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilligan2018_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilligan2018" class="citation book cs1">Gilligan, Ian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux50DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237">Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory: Linking Evidence, Causes, and Effects</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1084-7008-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1084-7008-7"><bdi>978-1-1084-7008-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux50DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate%2C+Clothing%2C+and+Agriculture+in+Prehistory%3A+Linking+Evidence%2C+Causes%2C+and+Effects&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-1084-7008-7&rft.aulast=Gilligan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUx50DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TunizGillespie2016-68"><a href="#cite_ref-TunizGillespie2016_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunizGillespieJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Tuniz, Claudio; Gillespie, Richard; Jones, Cheryl (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrJmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">The Bone Readers: Science and Politics in Human Origins Research</a>. Routledge. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3154-1888-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3154-1888-9"><bdi>978-1-3154-1888-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142820/https://books.google.com/books?id=WrJmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bone+Readers%3A+Science+and+Politics+in+Human+Origins+Research&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-3154-1888-9&rft.aulast=Tuniz&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Richard&rft.au=Jones%2C+Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrJmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castillo2015-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Castillo2015_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo2015" class="citation book cs1">Castillo, Alicia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jV64BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Archaeological Dimension of World Heritage: From Prevention to Social Implications</a>. Springer Science. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-0283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-0283-5"><bdi>978-1-4939-0283-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203142821/https://books.google.com/books?id=jV64BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Dimension+of+World+Heritage%3A+From+Prevention+to+Social+Implications&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-0283-5&rft.aulast=Castillo&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjV64BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian_Geographic_2011_i652-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Geographic_2011_i652_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/">"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest"</a>. Australian Geographic. 23 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120022657/https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2011/09/dna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographic&rft.atitle=DNA+confirms+Aboriginal+culture+one+of+Earth%27s+oldest&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Fnews%2F2011%2F09%2Fdna-confirms-aboriginal-culture-one-of-earths-oldest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jozuka_2016_i592-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Jozuka_2016_i592_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJozuka2016" class="citation web cs1">Jozuka, Emiko (22 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/22/asia/indigenous-australians-earths-oldest-civilization/index.html#:~:text=A%20new%20genomic%20study%20has,stretching%20back%20roughly%2075%2C000%20years.">"Aboriginal Australians are Earth's oldest civilization: DNA study"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304225419/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/22/asia/indigenous-australians-earths-oldest-civilization/index.html#:~:text=A%20new%20genomic%20study%20has,stretching%20back%20roughly%2075%2C000%20years.">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Australians+are+Earth%27s+oldest+civilization%3A+DNA+study&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=Jozuka&rft.aufirst=Emiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F22%2Fasia%2Findigenous-australians-earths-oldest-civilization%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520new%2520genomic%2520study%2520has%2Cstretching%2520back%2520roughly%252075%252C000%2520years.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Elizabeth (2015). "Complex hunter-gatherers: a view from Australia". Antiquity. 61 (232). Cambridge University Press: 310–321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00052182">10.1017/S0003598X00052182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162146349">162146349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Complex+hunter-gatherers%3A+a+view+from+Australia&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=232&rft.pages=310-321&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00052182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162146349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SáenzEmbrick2015-73"><a href="#cite_ref-S%C3%A1enzEmbrick2015_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáenzEmbrickRodríguez2015" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz, Rogelio; Embrick, David G.; Rodríguez, Néstor P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/news/4305/prehistoric-aboriginal-populations-australia-were-growing">the original</a> on 12 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mawson, Stephanie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X20000369">"The Deep Past of Pre-Colonial Australia"</a>. The Historical Journal. 64 (5): 1483–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X20000369">10.1017/S0018246X20000369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Deep+Past+of+Pre-Colonial+Australia&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1483-6&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X20000369&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft.aulast=Mawson&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0018246X20000369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyrwoll2012" class="citation web cs1">Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/how-aboriginal-burning-changed-australias-climate-4454">"How Aboriginal burning changed Australia's climate"</a>. 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It's time to relearn cultural burning"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308085331/https://theconversation.com/before-the-colonists-came-we-burned-small-and-burned-often-to-avoid-big-fires-its-time-to-relearn-cultural-burning-201475">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. 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Now there are plans to demolish these important structures"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101042204/https://theconversation.com/aboriginal-people-have-spent-centuries-building-in-the-darling-river-now-there-are-plans-to-demolish-these-important-structures-195966">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. 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The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211091555/https://theconversation.com/friday-essay-traps-rites-and-kurrajong-twine-the-incredible-ingenuity-of-indigenous-fishing-knowledge-210467">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Friday+essay%3A+traps%2C+rites+and+kurrajong+twine+%E2%80%93+the+incredible+ingenuity+of+Indigenous+fishing+knowledge&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffriday-essay-traps-rites-and-kurrajong-twine-the-incredible-ingenuity-of-indigenous-fishing-knowledge-210467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2016" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (5 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/05/evidence-of-9000-year-old-stone-houses-found-on-australian-island">"Evidence of 9,000-year-old stone houses found on Australian island"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101042138/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/05/evidence-of-9000-year-old-stone-houses-found-on-australian-island">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. 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National Library of Australia. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6422-7809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6422-7809-8"><bdi>978-0-6422-7809-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123323/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ_sAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2023. 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Springer Science. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3873-5263-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3873-5263-3"><bdi>978-0-3873-5263-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027123306/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HsRb_AY9jQC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+It+Up+Down+Under%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Doing+Archaeology+in+Australia&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-3873-5263-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Burke%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HsRb_AY9jQC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhm233-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhm233_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhm233_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Brett Hilder (1980) The Voyage of Torres University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Queensland <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-1275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7022-1275-8">978-0-7022-1275-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Davis, Russell Earls (2019) A Concise History of Western Australia Woodslane Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9258-6822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9258-6822-7">978-1-9258-6822-7</a> pp. 3–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-GoucherWalton2013-101"><a href="#cite_ref-GoucherWalton2013_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoucherWalton2013" class="citation book cs1">Goucher, Candice; Walton, Linda (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427">World History: Journeys from Past to Present</a>. Routledge. pp. 427–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1350-8829-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1350-8829-3"><bdi>978-1-1350-8829-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610132402/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA427#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Journeys+from+Past+to+Present&rft.pages=427-428&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1350-8829-3&rft.aulast=Goucher&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft.au=Walton%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_3fCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213231728/http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation">"European discovery and the colonisation of Australia"</a>. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 11 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation">the original</a> on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2010. <q>[The British] moved north to Port Jackson on 26 January 1788, landing at Camp Cove, known as 'cadi' to the Cadigal people. Governor Phillip carried instructions to establish the first British Colony in Australia. The First Fleet was underprepared for the task, and the soil around Sydney Cove was poor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+discovery+and+the+colonisation+of+Australia&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Environment%2C+Water%2C+Heritage+and+the+Arts%2C+Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.date=2008-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Faustralian-story%2Feuropean-discovery-and-colonisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egan2003-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Egan2003_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Ted (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND3OqVdOwqoC&pg=PA25">The Land Downunder</a>. Grice Chapman Publishing. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9545-7260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9545-7260-0"><bdi>978-0-9545-7260-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153358/https://books.google.com/books?id=ND3OqVdOwqoC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Downunder&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Grice+Chapman+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9545-7260-0&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND3OqVdOwqoC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Kercher, Bruce (2020). 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Ringwood, Vic: Penguin. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1400-9739-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1400-9739-9"><bdi>978-0-1400-9739-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121021802/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18412463">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018. 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Sydney: NewSouth. pp. 103–104, 134, 241–242, 182–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742237596" title="Special:BookSources/9781742237596"><bdi>9781742237596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=103-104%2C+134%2C+241-242%2C+182-192&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=NewSouth&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781742237596&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_pp464-5-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_pp464-5_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, pp. 464–465, 628–629 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Jill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010109b.htm?hilite=blaxland">"Blaxland, Gregory (1778–1853)"</a>. Biography – Gregory Blaxland – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408201858/http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010109b.htm?hilite=blaxland">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2011. 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Crawley, Western Australia: University of Western Australia. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9206-9419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9206-9419-7"><bdi>978-1-9206-9419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bigger+than+Gallipoli%3A+war%2C+history%2C+and+memory+in+Australia&rft.place=Crawley%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Western+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-9206-9419-7&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Liz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Macintyre, Stuart (2000) A Concise History of Australia Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 151–53, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62359-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62359-9">978-0-521-62359-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/personnel/anzac-legend">"The Anzac legend"</a>. Department of Veterans' Affairs. 17 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304225421/https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/ww1/personnel/anzac-legend">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Veterans%27+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Anzac+legend&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanzacportal.dva.gov.au%2Fwars-and-missions%2Fww1%2Fpersonnel%2Fanzac-legend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Grey, Jeffrey</a>; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-1784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-1784-2"><bdi>978-0-1955-1784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=32%2C+38&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-1955-1784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManne2007" class="citation web cs1">Manne, Robert (25 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-war-myth-that-made-us-20070425-ge4qmh.html">"The war myth that made us"</a>. The Age. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304225419/https://www.theage.com.au/opinion/the-war-myth-that-made-us-20070425-ge4qmh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=The+war+myth+that+made+us&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fopinion%2Fthe-war-myth-that-made-us-20070425-ge4qmh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaumont" title="Joan Beaumont">Beaumont, Joan</a> (1996). "Australia's war: Europe and the Middle East". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). Australia's War, 1939–1945. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-039-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-039-9"><bdi>978-1-86448-039-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+war%3A+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86448-039-9&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1996a" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Joan (1996a). "Australia's war: Asia and the Pacific". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). Australia's War, 1939–1945. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-039-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86448-039-9"><bdi>978-1-86448-039-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+war%3A+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86448-039-9&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_pp22-3-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_pp22-3_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_p30-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_p30_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan_Something-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Susan_Something_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2009" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Susan; et al., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mQ_-ZD5xBUC&pg=PA6">Something Rich and Strange: Sea Changes, Beaches and the Littoral in the Antipodes</a>. Wakefield Press. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8625-4870-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8625-4870-1"><bdi>978-1-8625-4870-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+Rich+and+Strange%3A+Sea+Changes%2C+Beaches+and+the+Littoral+in+the+Antipodes&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-8625-4870-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mQ_-ZD5xBUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgeWhitehurst1967" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Brian; Whitehurst, Allen (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qE0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184">Nation and People: An Introduction to Australia in a Changing World</a>. Hicks, Smith. pp. 184–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328153346/https://books.google.com/books?id=qE0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+and+People%3A+An+Introduction+to+Australia+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=184-&rft.pub=Hicks%2C+Smith&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Whitehurst%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqE0OAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801014246/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf">"Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century – Historical Impacts on Immigration Intake, Population Size and Population Composition – A Timeline"</a> (PDF). Department of Immigration and Citizenship (Australia). 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/federation/timeline1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+to+Australia+During+the+20th+Century+%E2%80%93+Historical+Impacts+on+Immigration+Intake%2C+Population+Size+and+Population+Composition+%E2%80%93+A+Timeline&rft.pub=Department+of+Immigration+and+Citizenship+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fstatistics%2Ffederation%2Ftimeline1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/learn/learning-resources/learning-resource-themes/society-and-culture/migration-and-multiculturalism/populate-or-perish-australias-postwar-migration-program">"'Populate or perish': Australia's postwar migration program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.atitle=%27Populate+or+perish%27%3A+Australia%27s+postwar+migration+program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Flearn%2Flearning-resources%2Flearning-resource-themes%2Fsociety-and-culture%2Fmigration-and-multiculturalism%2Fpopulate-or-perish-australias-postwar-migration-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanMoss2021" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Peter; Moss, Tristan, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n9414/pdf/introduction.pdf">"Introduction"</a> (PDF). Fighting Australia's Cold War. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-482-0"><bdi>978-1-76046-482-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112170033/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n9414/pdf/introduction.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Fighting+Australia%27s+Cold+War&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-482-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn9414%2Fpdf%2Fintroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Frank Crowley (1973) Modern Australia in Documents, 1939–1970. pp. 222–26. Wren Publishing, Melbourne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1700-5300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1700-5300-6">978-0-1700-5300-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalwell1972" class="citation book cs1">Calwell, Arthur Augustus (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bejustfearnot0000calw">Be just and fear not</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn,_Victoria" title="Hawthorn, Victoria">Hawthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>: Lloyd O'Neil Pty Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bejustfearnot0000calw/page/188">188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8555-0352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8555-0352-9"><bdi>978-0-8555-0352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+just+and+fear+not&rft.place=Hawthorn%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Lloyd+O%27Neil+Pty+Ltd.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8555-0352-9&rft.aulast=Calwell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbejustfearnot0000calw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2004-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2004_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, William Howell (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kF-_Pe5WX6UC&pg=PA132">An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies</a>. Cengage Learning Australia. pp. 25–26, 30, 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8766-3389-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8766-3389-9"><bdi>978-1-8766-3389-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412154810/https://books.google.com/books?id=kF-_Pe5WX6UC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Aboriginal+Societies&rft.pages=25-26%2C+30%2C+132-133&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8766-3389-9&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=William+Howell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkF-_Pe5WX6UC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2017" class="citation web cs1">Galloway, Kate (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/australian-politics-explainer-the-mabo-decision-and-native-title-74147">"Australian politics explainer: the Mabo decision and native title"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125000636/http://theconversation.com/australian-politics-explainer-the-mabo-decision-and-native-title-74147">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Australian+politics+explainer%3A+the+Mabo+decision+and+native+title&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Faustralian-politics-explainer-the-mabo-decision-and-native-title-74147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_pp._5-7,_402-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_pp._5-7,_402_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, pp. 5–7, 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131355/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">"Fact Sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. Australian Immigration. Commonwealth of Australia: National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">the original</a> on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Immigration&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.border.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fcorporate%2Finformation%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davison_pp338-6,_681-2-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Davison_pp338-6,_681-2_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998">Davison, Hirst & Macintyre 1998</a>, pp. 338–39, 442–43, 681–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawer1966" class="citation journal cs1">Sawer, Geoffrey (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLawRw/1967/2.pdf">"The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigines"</a> (PDF). Federal Law Review. 2 (1). Canberra: Australian National University: 17–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0067205X6600200102">10.1177/0067205X6600200102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1444-6928">1444-6928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159414135">159414135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917034746/http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLawRw/1967/2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Australian+Constitution+and+the+Australian+Aborigines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-36&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159414135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1444-6928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0067205X6600200102&rft.aulast=Sawer&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLawRw%2F1967%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1994" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Roger C. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pacificbasinsinc0000thom">The Pacific Basin since 1945: A history of the foreign relations of the Asian, Australasian, and American rim states and the Pacific islands</a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-2127-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-2127-3"><bdi>978-0-5820-2127-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Basin+since+1945%3A+A+history+of+the+foreign+relations+of+the+Asian%2C+Australasian%2C+and+American+rim+states+and+the+Pacific+islands&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-2127-3&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpacificbasinsinc0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-32.html">"Australia Act 1986 (Cth)"</a>. Documenting a Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422204352/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-32.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+a+Democracy&rft.atitle=Australia+Act+1986+%28Cth%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fitem-did-32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2008" class="citation web cs1">Twomey, Anne (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop48/battlesovereignty">"The States, the Commonwealth and the Crown—the Battle for Sovereignty"</a>. Parliament of Australia. Papers on Parliament No. 48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909014023/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop48/battlesovereignty">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=The+States%2C+the+Commonwealth+and+the+Crown%E2%80%94the+Battle+for+Sovereignty&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FSenate%2FPowers_practice_n_procedures%2Fpops%2Fpop48%2Fbattlesovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moadoph.gov.au/explore/democracy/1999-republic-referendum">"1999: Republic referendum: Queen and/or Country"</a>. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117083033/https://www.moadoph.gov.au/explore/democracy/1999-republic-referendum">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Australian+Democracy+at+Old+Parliament+House&rft.atitle=1999%3A+Republic+referendum%3A+Queen+and%2For+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoadoph.gov.au%2Fexplore%2Fdemocracy%2F1999-republic-referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2019" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Leigh (2019). The Australian Army at War 1976–2016 (First ed.). London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2631-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2631-2"><bdi>978-1-4728-2631-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army+at+War+1976%E2%80%932016&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2631-2&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/fifty-years-of-Australias-trade.pdf">"Fifty years of Australia's trade"</a> (PDF). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206235853/http://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/fifty-years-of-Australias-trade.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+Australia%27s+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffifty-years-of-Australias-trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2020" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Emma (2020). What Happens Next? Reconstructing Australia After COVID-19. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-7721-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-7721-2"><bdi>978-0-5228-7721-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happens+Next%3F+Reconstructing+Australia+After+COVID-19&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-5228-7721-2&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2009" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126025233/http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm">"The New Fifth Ocean – The World's Newest Ocean – The Southern Ocean"</a>. About.com: Geography. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/fifthocean.htm">the original</a> on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Fifth+Ocean+%E2%80%93+The+World%27s+Newest+Ocean+%E2%80%93+The+Southern+Ocean&rft.pub=About.com%3A+Geography&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Flearnabouttheearth%2Fa%2Ffifthocean.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080714145306/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/index.html">"Continents: What is a Continent?"</a>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/continents/index.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continents%3A+What+is+a+Continent%3F&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nationalgeographic.com%2Fplaces%2Fcontinents%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "Most people recognize seven continents — <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and Australia, from largest to smallest — although sometimes Europe and Asia are considered a single continent, <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>". </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43654/Australia">"Australia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922214422/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43654/Australia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F43654%2FAustralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "Smallest continent and sixth largest country (in area) on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans". </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423151730/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/islands.jsp">"Islands"</a>. Geoscience Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/landforms/islands.jsp">the original</a> on 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islands&rft.pub=Geoscience+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Feducation%2Fgeoscience-basics%2Flandforms%2Fislands.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "Being surrounded by ocean, Australia often is referred to as an island continent. As a continental landmass it is significantly larger than the many thousands of fringing islands ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604082917/http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html">"Australia in Brief: The island continent"</a>. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfat.gov.au/aib/island_continent.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia+in+Brief%3A+The+island+continent&rft.pub=Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade+%28Australia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Faib%2Fisland_continent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "Mainland Australia, with an area of 7.69 million square kilometres, is the Earth's largest island but smallest continent". </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710224519/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2006/publications/drs/indicator/142/index.html">"State of the Environment 2006"</a>. Department of the Environment and Water Resources. 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Parliament of Australia. paras. 7.26–7.27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-78705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-78705-7"><bdi>978-0-642-78705-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125005940/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Joint/Completed_Inquiries/em/elect04/report">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. 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The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422080256/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/old-greens-wounds-reopen-as-members-vote-on-directly-electing-leader-20200422-p54m5r.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Old+Greens+wounds+reopen+as+members+vote+on+directly+electing+leader&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fold-greens-wounds-reopen-as-members-vote-on-directly-electing-leader-20200422-p54m5r.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Stewart (2016). The Australian Greens : from activism to Australia's third party. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-6794-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-6794-7"><bdi>978-0-5228-6794-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Greens+%3A+from+activism+to+Australia%27s+third+party&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-5228-6794-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-23/anthony-albanese-to-be-sworn-in-prime-minister/101089902">"Anthony Albanese sworn in as Prime Minister"</a>. ABC News. 22 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522182422/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-23/anthony-albanese-to-be-sworn-in-prime-minister/101089902">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Anthony+Albanese+sworn+in+as+Prime+Minister&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2022-05-23%2Fanthony-albanese-to-be-sworn-in-prime-minister%2F101089902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice">"What's the difference between a territory and a state parliament?"</a>. Parliamentary Education Office. 14 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318145108/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+a+territory+and+a+state+parliament%3F&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fyour-questions-on-notice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. pp. 405–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.pages=405-6&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/three-levels-of-government-governing-australia">"Three levels of government: governing Australia"</a>. Parliamentary Education Office. 19 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104073724/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/three-levels-of-government-governing-australia">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Education+Office&rft.atitle=Three+levels+of+government%3A+governing+Australia&rft.date=2022-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeo.gov.au%2Funderstand-our-parliament%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fthree-levels-of-government%2Fthree-levels-of-government-governing-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. pp. 528–30, 577–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.pages=528-30%2C+577-80&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Australian Constitution (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s109.html">s 109</a>. "When a law of a State is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth, the latter shall prevail, and the former shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be invalid." </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyke2020" class="citation book cs1">Pyke, John (2020). Government powers under a Federal Constitution: constitutional law in Australia (2nd ed.). Pyrmont, NSW: Lawbook Co. pp. 607–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-455-24415-0"><bdi>978-0-455-24415-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+powers+under+a+Federal+Constitution%3A+constitutional+law+in+Australia&rft.place=Pyrmont%2C+NSW&rft.pages=607-9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lawbook+Co&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-455-24415-0&rft.aulast=Pyke&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2020" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Luke (2020). Australian constitutional law: concepts and cases. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge university press. pp. 521–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-70103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-70103-7"><bdi>978-1-108-70103-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+constitutional+law%3A+concepts+and+cases&rft.place=Port+Melbourne%2C+VIC&rft.pages=521-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-70103-7&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080806021653/http://ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Territories_of_AustraliaNorfolk_IslandAdministrator_of_Norfolk_Island">"Administrator of Norfolk Island"</a>. Australian Government Attorney-General's Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Territories_of_AustraliaNorfolk_Island">the original</a> on 6 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrator+of+Norfolk+Island&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Attorney-General%27s+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.gov.au%2Fwww%2Fagd%2Fagd.nsf%2FPage%2FTerritories_of_AustraliaNorfolk_Island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanAustralian_Associated_Press2015" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Monica; Australian Associated Press (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/may/12/norfolk-island-loses-its-parliament-as-canberra-takes-control">"Norfolk Island loses its parliament as Canberra takes control"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151028072820/http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/may/12/norfolk-island-loses-its-parliament-as-canberra-takes-control">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Norfolk+Island+loses+its+parliament+as+Canberra+takes+control&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft.au=Australian+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2015%2Fmay%2F12%2Fnorfolk-island-loses-its-parliament-as-canberra-takes-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Norfolk Island previously was self-governed, however this was revoked in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> This <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic claim</a> is recognised by only by New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, and Norway. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/australian-territories">"Australian Territories"</a>. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308213252/https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/territories-regions-cities/australian-territories">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Infrastructure%2C+Transport%2C+Regional+Development%2C+Communications+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Australian+Territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infrastructure.gov.au%2Fterritories-regions-cities%2Faustralian-territories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-13/macquarie-island-research-station-to-be-closed-in-2017/7839640">"Macquarie Island research station to be closed in 2017"</a>. ABC News. 13 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025034637/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-13/macquarie-island-research-station-to-be-closed-in-2017/7839640">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Macquarie+Island+research+station+to+be+closed+in+2017&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-09-13%2Fmacquarie-island-research-station-to-be-closed-in-2017%2F7839640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutherden2017" class="citation web cs1">Southerden, Louise (8 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/a-tale-of-two-islands-lord-howe-v-norfolk-20171107-gzg8tz.html">"Which island should you visit - Lord Howe or Norfolk? A guide to both"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216030715/https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/a-tale-of-two-islands-lord-howe-v-norfolk-20171107-gzg8tz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Which+island+should+you+visit+-+Lord+Howe+or+Norfolk%3F+A+guide+to+both&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Southerden&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftraveller%2Finspiration%2Fa-tale-of-two-islands-lord-howe-v-norfolk-20171107-gzg8tz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyngell2022" class="citation web cs1">Gyngell, Allan (31 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/07/31/a-new-australian-foreign-policy-agenda-under-albanese/">"A new Australian foreign policy agenda under Albanese"</a>. East Asia Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217023926/https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/07/31/a-new-australian-foreign-policy-agenda-under-albanese/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Asia+Forum&rft.atitle=A+new+Australian+foreign+policy+agenda+under+Albanese&rft.date=2022-07-31&rft.aulast=Gyngell&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastasiaforum.org%2F2022%2F07%2F31%2Fa-new-australian-foreign-policy-agenda-under-albanese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian-Government-2017-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Government-2017_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Australian-Government-2017_293-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/2017-foreign-policy-white-paper.pdf">2017 Foreign Policy White Paper</a> (PDF) (Report). Australian Government. 2017. pp. 1–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119034716/https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/2017-foreign-policy-white-paper.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2017+Foreign+Policy+White+Paper&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Australian+Government&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2017-foreign-policy-white-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2011" class="citation book cs1">Firth, Stewart (2011). Australia in international politics: an introduction to Australian foreign policy (3rd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. pp. 332–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-263-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74237-263-1"><bdi>978-1-74237-263-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+in+international+politics%3A+an+introduction+to+Australian+foreign+policy&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+NSW&rft.pages=332-8&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-74237-263-1&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usa.embassy.gov.au/australia-and-united-states">"Australia and the United States"</a>. Australian Embassy and Consulates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217023926/https://usa.embassy.gov.au/australia-and-united-states">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Embassy+and+Consulates&rft.atitle=Australia+and+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusa.embassy.gov.au%2Faustralia-and-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Political-Military_Affairs2021" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Political-Military Affairs (20 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/">"Major Non-NATO Ally Status"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227062358/https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. 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Retrieved 11 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1995+Global+Cultural+Diversity+Conference+Proceedings%2C+Sydney&rft.atitle=Pluralist+Nations%3A+Pluralist+Language+Policies%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immi.gov.au%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fmulticultural%2Fconfer%2F04%2Fspeech18b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> "English has no de jure status but it is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language." </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Rowena (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fpjmis.v16i1-2.6510">"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=Brisbane+announced+as+2032+Olympic+Games+host+city+at+IOC+meeting+in+Tokyo&rft.date=2021-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-07-21%2Fbrisbane-queensland-announced-as-2032-olympic-games-host-city%2F100311320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-507"><a href="#cite_ref-507">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726210627/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/page/65/by-games">"Flag Bearers"</a>. Australian Commonwealth Games Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/page/65/by-games">the original</a> on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flag+Bearers&rft.pub=Australian+Commonwealth+Games+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthgames.org.au%2Fpage%2F65%2Fby-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-508"><a href="#cite_ref-508">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315102922/http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp?linkresults=1">"Past Commonwealth Games"</a>. Commonwealth Games Federation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp?linkresults=1">the original</a> on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Commonwealth+Games&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Games+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecgf.com%2Fgames%2Fgames_index.asp%3Flinkresults%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-509"><a href="#cite_ref-509">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarteWhimpress2008" class="citation book cs1">Harte, Chris; Whimpress, Bernard (2008). The Penguin history of Australian cricket (3rd ed.). Camberwell, Vic: Viking. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670072880" title="Special:BookSources/9780670072880"><bdi>9780670072880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+history+of+Australian+cricket&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Vic&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780670072880&rft.aulast=Harte&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Whimpress%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-510"><a href="#cite_ref-510">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarteWhimpress2008">Harte & Whimpress (2008)</a>, pp. 92–94, 528, 722 </li> <li id="cite_note-511"><a href="#cite_ref-511">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-19/live-updates-cricket-world-cup-final-india-vs-australia/103124084">"Australia stuns India to claim record-extending sixth Cricket World Cup crown in Ahmedabad"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia+stuns+India+to+claim+record-extending+sixth+Cricket+World+Cup+crown+in+Ahmedabad&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-11-19%2Flive-updates-cricket-world-cup-final-india-vs-australia%2F103124084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-512"><a href="#cite_ref-512">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujak2022" class="citation web cs1">Fujak, Hunter (15 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-barassi-line-a-globally-unique-divider-splitting-australias-footy-fans-185132">"The Barassi Line: a globally unique divider splitting Australia's footy fans"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+Barassi+Line%3A+a+globally+unique+divider+splitting+Australia%27s+footy+fans&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Fujak&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-barassi-line-a-globally-unique-divider-splitting-australias-footy-fans-185132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-513"><a href="#cite_ref-513">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273772263">"The 'Barassi Line': Quantifying Australia's Great Sporting Divide"</a>. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Barassi+Line%27%3A+Quantifying+Australia%27s+Great+Sporting+Divide&rft.date=2013-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273772263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-514"><a href="#cite_ref-514">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerZakus_H.Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, James; Zakus H., Dwight; Edwards, Allan (2013). "Coming in from the Margins: Ethnicity, Community Support and the Rebranding of Australian Soccer". In Adam, Brown (ed.). Football and Community in the Global Context: Studies in Theory and Practice. Routledge. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-96905-1"><bdi>978-1-317-96905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coming+in+from+the+Margins%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Community+Support+and+the+Rebranding+of+Australian+Soccer&rft.btitle=Football+and+Community+in+the+Global+Context%3A+Studies+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-96905-1&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Zakus+H.%2C+Dwight&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-515"><a href="#cite_ref-515">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Booth" title="Doug Booth">Booth, Douglas</a> (2012). Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8178-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-8178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Beach+Cultures%3A+The+History+of+Sun%2C+Sand+and+Surf&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8178-8&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aust_SLSC-516"><a href="#cite_ref-Aust_SLSC_516-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/">"Surf Life Saving - Stories from Australia's Culture and Recreation Portal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060511163956/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/surflifesaving/">Archived</a> 11 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. [Online], Commonwealth Government of Australia, 2006. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a>, FAO, FAO.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Graeme; <a href="/wiki/John_Hirst_(historian)" title="John Hirst (historian)">Hirst, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Macintyre" title="Stuart Macintyre">Macintyre, Stuart</a> (1998). The Oxford Companion to Australian History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-3597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-3597-6"><bdi>978-0-1955-3597-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-1955-3597-6&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Hirst%2C+John&rft.au=Macintyre%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li> <li> Flood, Josephine (2019). The Original Australians: The Story of the Aboriginal People (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 9781760527075.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp1" class="citation book cs1">Jupp, James (2001). The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people, and their origins. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0"><bdi>978-0-5218-0789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+people%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+nation%2C+its+people%2C+and+their+origins&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp2" class="citation book cs1">Jupp, James; Director Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies James Jupp (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&pg=PA35">The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-0789-0"><bdi>978-0-5218-0789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+People%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nation%2C+Its+People+and+Their+Origins&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-0789-0&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Director+Centre+for+Immigration+and+Multicultural+Studies+James+Jupp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgoFxfSTfYAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bernard; Smith, Terry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6028116/">Australian painting 1788–1990</a>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-4901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1955-4901-0"><bdi>978-0-1955-4901-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+painting+1788%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-1955-4901-0&rft.au=Smith%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F6028116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeoWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">Teo, Hsu-Ming; White, Richard (2003). Cultural history in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8684-0589-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8684-0589-6"><bdi>978-0-8684-0589-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+history+in+Australia&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8684-0589-6&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Hsu-Ming&rft.au=White%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography of Australian history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Blainey, Geoffrey (2015). The Story of Australia's People, Volume 1: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., Vic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-7871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6700-7871-4">978-0-6700-7871-4</a></li> <li>Denoon, Donald, et al. (2000). A History of Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17962-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17962-7">978-0-631-17962-7</a>.</li> <li>Goad, Philip and Julie Willis (eds.) (2011). The Encyclopedia of Australian Architecture. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-8857-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-8857-8">978-0-5218-8857-8</a>.</li> <li>Hughes, Robert (1986). The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia's Founding. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50668-5">978-0-394-50668-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milne" title="John Milne">Milne, John (1886)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69580">Colonial facts and fictions: Humorous sketches</a>. United Kingdom: Chatto and Windus.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2018" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, David (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LUVvDwAAQBAJ">The Land of Dreams: How Australians Won Their Freedom, 1788–1860</a>. Melbourne University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-7334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5228-7334-4"><bdi>978-0-5228-7334-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088319758">1088319758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Dreams%3A+How+Australians+Won+Their+Freedom%2C+1788%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088319758&rft.isbn=978-0-5228-7334-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLUVvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Powell, J.M. (1988). An Historical Geography of Modern Australia: The Restive Fringe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25619-3">978-0-521-25619-3</a></li> <li>Robinson, G.M., Loughran, R.J., and Tranter, P.J. (2000). Australia and New Zealand: Economy, Society and Environment. London: Arnold; New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-72033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-72033-2">978-0-340-72033-2</a> paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-72032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-72032-5">978-0-340-72032-5</a> hardback.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (2 parts, 36 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"> <ol><li><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" 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data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Australia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Australia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 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title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15674351">Australia profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/australia/">Australia profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Australia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Australia">Wikimedia Atlas of Australia</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/80500">Australia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/">Parliament of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/">National Archives of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a></li></ul> Travel <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.australia.com/">Official website</a> of Tourism Australia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Australia&params=25_S_133_E_type:country_region:AU_scale:20000000">25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E / -25; 133</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia&oldid=1259142212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia&oldid=1259142212</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Australia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Аустралиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Аустралиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Аустралие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Аустралие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Australië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="አውስትራልያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አውስትራልያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australand" title="Australand – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Australand" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Австралиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Австралиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90_(%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Աւստրալիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աւստրալիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94stralia" title="Ôstralia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ôstralia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অষ্ট্ৰেলিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autar%C3%A1lia" title="Autarália – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Autarália" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australla" title="Australla – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Australla" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya" title="Avstraliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اوسترالیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوسترالیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrali" title="Ostrali – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ostrali" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostralia" title="Ostralia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ostralia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অস্ট্রেলিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রেলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92-chiu" title="Ò-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ò-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аўстралія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстралія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аўстралія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўстралія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आस्ट्रेलिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australya" title="Australya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Australya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrelia" title="Ostrelia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ostrelia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་སེ་ཐེ་ལི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་སེ་ཐེ་ལི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australija" title="Australija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Australija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostralia" title="Aostralia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aostralia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostralya" title="Ostralya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ostralya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lie" title="Austrálie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Austrálie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostereilia" title="Ostereilia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ostereilia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositireliya" title="Ositireliya – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Ositireliya" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostireriya" title="Ostireriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ostireriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstralia" title="Awstralia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awstralia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ؤسطراليا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤسطراليا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އޮސްޓްރޭލިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮސްޓްރޭލިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahat%CA%BCe%CA%BCiitsoh_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Nahatʼeʼiitsoh Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Nahatʼeʼiitsoh Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstralska" title="Awstralska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Awstralska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रेलिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཨས་ཊེཡེ་ལི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨས་ཊེཡེ་ལི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalia" title="Austraalia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austraalia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστραλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστραλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A0glia" title="Austràglia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Austràglia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstralio" title="Aŭstralio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstralio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استرالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstralia" title="Avstralia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Avstralia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalje_(l%C3%A2n)" title="Austraalje (lân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Austraalje (lân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostarali" title="Ostarali – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ostarali" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astr%C3%A1il" title="An Astráil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Astráil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Austrail" title="Yn Austrail – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Austrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya" title="Avstraliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astr%C3%A0ilia" title="Astràilia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Astràilia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Астрали – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Астрали" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="澳大利亞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="澳大利亞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઑસ્ટ્રેલિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઑસ્ટ્રેલિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌾𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-ch%C3%BB" title="Au-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Au-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Австралмудин Ниицән – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Австралмудин Ниицән" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="오스트레일리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트레일리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturaliya" title="Asturaliya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Asturaliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAukekulelia" title="ʻAukekulelia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAukekulelia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ավստրալիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավստրալիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstralska" title="Awstralska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Awstralska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australija" title="Australija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Australija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraliya" title="Ostraliya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ostraliya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অস্ট্রেলিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="অস্ট্রেলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%94%85%E1%91%A6%E1%95%8C%E1%93%95%E1%90%8A" title="ᐊᔅᑦᕌᓕᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᔅᑦᕌᓕᐊ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausitralia" title="Ausitralia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ausitralia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostreliya" title="Ostreliya – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ostreliya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ostreliya" title="I-Ostreliya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Ostreliya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81stral%C3%ADa" title="Ástralía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ástralía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוסטרליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטרליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrali" title="Ostrali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ostrali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositraalii" title="Ositraalii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ositraalii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრალია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრალია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B9stral%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Aùstralëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Aùstralëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аустралия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аустралия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrali" title="Ostrali – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ostrali" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositaraliya" title="Ositaraliya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ositaraliya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiya" title="Australiya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Australiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrali" title="Ostrali – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ostrali" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostrali" title="Lostrali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lostrali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awistralya" title="Awistralya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Awistralya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດອົດສະຕຣາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອົດສະຕຣາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australeja" title="Australeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Australeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C4%81lija" title="Austrālija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrālija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australija" title="Australija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Australija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Australië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostral%C3%ADa" title="Ostralía – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ostralía" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrualii" title="Avstrualii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Avstrualii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sralygu%27e" title="sralygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sralygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztr%C3%A1lia_(orsz%C3%A1g)" title="Ausztrália (ország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztrália (ország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रेलिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Австралија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австралија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostralia" title="Aostralia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aostralia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്ട്രേലിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstralja" title="Awstralja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Awstralja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahitereiria" title="Ahitereiria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ahitereiria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ავსტრალია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავსტრალია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اوستراليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوستراليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="استرالیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استرالیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯂꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯁꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯂꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%CC%A4-ci%C5%AD" title="Ó̤-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ó̤-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oustr%C3%A1lia" title="Oustrália – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Oustrália" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Австралиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Австралиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဩစတြေးလျနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဩစတြေးလျနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrelia" title="Ostrelia – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Ostrelia" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositerelia" title="Ositerelia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ositerelia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Australië (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Australië (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Australië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्ट्रेलिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अस्त्रेलिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अस्त्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="オーストラリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Австрали – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Австрали" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalien" title="Austraalien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Austraalien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrielya" title="Ostrielya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ostrielya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Австралий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Австралий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awustireliyaa" title="Awustireliyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Awustireliyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya" title="Avstraliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੇਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आस्ट्रेलिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awto" title="Awto – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Awto" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسٹریلیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسٹریلیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဩသတေးလျခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဩသတေးလျခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اسټرالیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسټرالیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschrielia" title="Aschrielia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschrielia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="អូស្ត្រាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អូស្ត្រាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrelia" title="Ostrelia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ostrelia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αυστραλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αυστραλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya" title="Avstraliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliya" title="Avstraliya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avstraliya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auter%C4%81ria" title="Auterāria – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Auterāria" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usralya" title="Usralya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Usralya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Австралія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Австралія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аустралиа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аустралиа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausetalia" title="Ausetalia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ausetalia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आस्ट्रेलिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आस्ट्रेलिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostral%C3%AFi" title="Ostralïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ostralïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آسٹریلیا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آسٹریلیا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrailie" title="Austrailie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Austrailie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien_(Lound)" title="Australien (Lound) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Australien (Lound)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseteralia" title="Oseteralia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Oseteralia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseteralia_(naga)" title="Oseteralia (naga) – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Oseteralia (naga)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آسٽريليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آسٽريليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ositreliya" title="I-Ositreliya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Ositreliya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Austrália (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Austrália (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstralija" title="Avstralija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avstralija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Аѵстралїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аѵстралїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australijo" title="Australijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Australijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustareliya" title="Ustareliya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ustareliya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئوسترالیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوسترالیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiyankondre" title="Australiyankondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Australiyankondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аустралија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустралија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australija" title="Australija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Australija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australien" title="Australien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Australien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australya" title="Australya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Australya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆத்திரேலியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆத்திரேலியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustralya" title="Ustralya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ustralya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%E1%B9%ADralya" title="Usṭralya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Usṭralya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australie" title="Australie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Australie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%89%E1%80%9E%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢေႃႉသထရေးလီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢေႃႉသထရေးလီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆస్ట్రేలియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆస్ట్రేలియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Austrália – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Austrália" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศออสเตรเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศออสเตรเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ኣውስትራሊያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣውስትራሊያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAositel%C4%93lia" title="ʻAositelēlia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAositelēlia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%9C" title="ᎡᎳᏗᏜ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎳᏗᏜ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustralya" title="Avustralya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustralya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstrali%C3%BDa" title="Awstraliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Awstraliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1strelya" title="A̱strelya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱strelya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австралия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Австралия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨕᨘᨔᨈᨑᨒᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨕᨘᨔᨈᨑᨒᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Австралія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австралія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آسٹریلیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسٹریلیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاۋستىرالىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاۋستىرالىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audaliya" title="Audaliya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Audaliya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Austràlia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstralii" title="Avstralii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Avstralii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ac" title="Úc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Úc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laustral%C3%A4n" title="Laustralän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Laustralän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austraalia" title="Austraalia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Austraalia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraleye" title="Ostraleye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ostraleye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="澳大利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="澳大利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Australië (land) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Australië (land)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australya" title="Australya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Australya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93straali" title="Óstraali – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Óstraali" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="澳大利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraliya" title="Ostraliya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ostraliya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אויסטראליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויסטראליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1l%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Austrálíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Austrálíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" title="澳洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="澳洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australya" title="Australya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Australya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australi%C3%AB" title="Australië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Australië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austral%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Australėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Australėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="澳大利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrali" title="Ostrali – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ostrali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Australia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstralij%C9%99" title="Avstralijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Avstralijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 16:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gflb9","wgBackendResponseTime":377,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.291","walltime":"5.909","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35228,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1176564,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":102342,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":91,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1716382,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 5196.447 1 -total"," 55.37% 2877.184 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.88% 1292.867 270 Template:Cite_web"," 9.52% 494.648 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 7.59% 394.213 74 Template:Cite_book"," 5.11% 265.666 22 Template:Harvnb"," 4.50% 233.625 30 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.88% 201.533 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 3.07% 159.627 3 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 2.90% 150.944 1 Template:Osmrelation-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.439","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27135763,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAppleby2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Government2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanting2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarberBarnesNigel_Erskine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatesWestawayJackson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont1996a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBender1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerthold2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiggs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshawWilliamsSaltréNorman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandis,_George2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBureau_of_Political-Military_Affairs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCSIRO2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalwell1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapling2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarreraGrimmHalzhausenPelaya2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChichester,_Jo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeClarke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarksonJacobsMarwickFullagar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClean_Energy_Council_Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompagnoni2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContiadesFotiadou2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidMcNivenMitchellOrr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisonHirstMacintyre1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeanMoss2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Immigration_and_Citizenship2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDossor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowning,_Susan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyrenfurth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansWatsonFullerVenter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaganDurrani2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFennaRobbinsSummers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirth2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2019\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFujak2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFundTreasuryTreasurySachs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher,_P._W.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalloway2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGammage2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanghof2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGergis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilligan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGothe-Snape2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoucherWalton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayFoster2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyngell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannaford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarteWhimpress2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkesworth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeggie2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginbotham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgeWhitehurst1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosking2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes-d\u0026#039;Aeth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonGroves2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Standing_Committee_on_Electoral_Matters2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonsen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJozuka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhosa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiddKempKashimaQuinn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorsch_RJ.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrausz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalande2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambertini2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLofflerLofflerA._J._RoseWarner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacknight2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaspinasWestawayMullerSousa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloney,_Shane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMccue2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Greshko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichelle_Starr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinter2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellRobinsonCichockaRitchie2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolony1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Museum_of_Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeubauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donnell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Loughlin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxladeBallheimer,_David2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuls1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyke2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRule_of_Law_Education_Centre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantich2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavolainenLeitnerWiltonMatisoo-Smith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawer1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchooladmin.hal@anu.edu.au\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeabrookaMcAlpineaFenshamb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkinnerZakus_H.Edwards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithBurke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoutherden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSáenzEmbrickRodríguez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._Vigilante2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanAustralian_Associated_Press2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeoWhite2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunizGillespieJones2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNEP_World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Development_Programme2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Driesum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVethO\u0026#039;Connor2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFViegas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahlquist2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSpoonerMcDonnellO\u0026#039;Connell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyrwoll2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhuang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Smith\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Australia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Legislation AU\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 269,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth realms\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of Oceania\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 8,\n [\"Data Australia\"] = 3,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 4,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 22,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities of Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Lower\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 27,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 7,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 15,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"The Commonwealth\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WWF ecoregion\"] = 12,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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