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id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nascita,_nome,_famiglia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nascita,_nome,_famiglia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nascita, nome, famiglia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nascita,_nome,_famiglia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_formazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_formazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>La formazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_formazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_matrimonio_e_i_figli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_matrimonio_e_i_figli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Il matrimonio e i figli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_matrimonio_e_i_figli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Morte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esperanto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esperanto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Esperanto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esperanto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sionismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sionismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sionismo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sionismo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Sionismo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sionismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_grammatica_yiddish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_grammatica_yiddish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>La grammatica yiddish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_grammatica_yiddish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elenco_parziale_delle_opere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elenco_parziale_delle_opere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Elenco parziale delle opere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elenco_parziale_delle_opere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Elenco parziale delle opere</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elenco_parziale_delle_opere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opere_originali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opere_originali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Opere originali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opere_originali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riviste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riviste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Riviste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riviste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poesie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poesie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poesie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poesie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traduzioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traduzioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Traduzioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traduzioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onorificenze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onorificenze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Onorificenze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onorificenze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 113 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودفيك زامنهوف - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لودفيك زامنهوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودڤيك تسامنهوف - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لودڤيك تسامنهوف" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودفيك زامنهوف - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لودفيك زامنهوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdviq_Lazar_Zamenhof" title="Lüdviq Lazar Zamenhof - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüdviq Lazar Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвик Лазарь Заменһоф - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Людвик Лазарь Заменһоф" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвіг Лазар Заменгоф - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людвіг Лазар Заменгоф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвік Замэнгоф - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Людвік Замэнгоф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodew%C3%A8k_Sam%C3%A8nhop" title="Lodewèk Samènhop - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lodewèk Samènhop" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвик Заменхоф - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Людвик Заменхоф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB" title="লুডভিক জামেনহোফ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুডভিক জামেনহোফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Zamenhof" title="Ludvik Zamenhof - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ludvik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%81" title="لودڤیگ زامێنھۆف - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لودڤیگ زامێنھۆف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdvik_Zamenhof" title="Lüdvik Zamenhof - turco crimeo" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lüdvik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turco crimeo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Lazar_Zamenhof" title="Ludvík Lazar Zamenhof - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík Lazar Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A_%EA%99%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8A" title="Людвигъ Ꙁамєнхофъ - slavo ecclesiastico" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Людвигъ Ꙁамєнхофъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavo ecclesiastico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - basso sorabo" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="basso sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Λουδοβίκος Λάζαρος Ζαμένχοφ - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος Λάζαρος Ζαμένχοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودویک زامنهوف - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لودویک زامنهوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Lazare_Zamenhof" title="Louis-Lazare Zamenhof - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis-Lazare Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A3" title="אליעזר לודוויג זמנהוף - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אליעזר לודוויג זמנהוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC" title="लुडविग लाज़र ज़ामेनहोफ़ - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुडविग लाज़र ज़ामेनहोफ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Ludvig_Zamenhof" title="Lazar Ludvig Zamenhof - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lazar Ludvig Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - alto sorabo" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alto sorabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Markovics_Zamenhof" title="Lazar Markovics Zamenhof - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lazar Markovics Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%86" title="Լյուդվիկ Լազարուս Զամենհոֆ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուդվիկ Լազարուս Զամենհոֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L._Zamenhof" title="L.L. Zamenhof - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="L.L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Zamenhof" title="Ludwig Zamenhof - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ludwig Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%95" title="ルドヴィコ・ザメンホフ - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドヴィコ・ザメンホフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლუდვიგ ლაზარ ზამენჰოფი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდვიგ ლაზარ ზამენჰოფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._%EC%9E%90%EB%A9%98%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84" title="L. L. 자멘호프 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="L. L. 자멘호프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - cornico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Lazarus_Zamenhof" title="Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Lazarus Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvikas_Zamenhofas" title="Liudvikas Zamenhofas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudvikas Zamenhofas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludviks_Z%C4%81menhofs" title="Ludviks Zāmenhofs - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ludviks Zāmenhofs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Лудвик Заменхоф - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лудвик Заменхоф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2._%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB" title="एल.एल. झामेनहॉफ - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एल.एल. झामेनहॉफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Zamenhof" title="Ludwig Zamenhof - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ludwig Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودویک لازاروس زامنهوف - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لودویک لازاروس زامنهوف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - basso tedesco" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="basso tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Lejzer Zamenhof - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.L._Zamenhof" title="L.L. Zamenhof - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="L.L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB" title="ਲੁਦਵਿਕ ਜ਼ਾਮੇਨਹੋਫ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁਦਵਿਕ ਜ਼ਾਮੇਨਹੋਫ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - tedesco palatino" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco palatino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - piemontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81%D9%88%D9%81" title="لودویک زامنہوف - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لودویک زامنہوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Zamenhof" title="Ludovic Zamenhof - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Лудвік Лазар Заменгоф - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лудвік Лазар Заменгоф" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Заменгоф Лазарь Маркович - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Заменгоф Лазарь Маркович" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_Lazar_Zamenhof" title="Ludvik Lazar Zamenhof - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ludvik Lazar Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A" title="එල්. එල්. සාමෙන්හොෆ් - singalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එල්. එල්. සාමෙන්හොෆ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Лудвик Лазар Заменхоф - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лудвик Лазар Заменхоф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Zamenhof" title="Ludwig Zamenhof - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludwig Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5._%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5._%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="แอล. แอล. ซาเมนฮอฟ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอล. แอล. ซาเมนฮอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвик Заменһоф - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Людвик Заменһоф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84,_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Заменгоф, Людвик Лазарь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Людвік Заменгоф - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людвік Заменгоф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudvik_Zamengof" title="Lyudvik Zamengof - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyudvik Zamengof" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - veneto" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" title="Ludwik Zamenhof - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ludwik Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E9%96%80%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="柴門霍夫 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柴門霍夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ლუდვიგ ლაზარ ზამენჰოფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუდვიგ ლაზარ ზამენჰოფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A3" title="אליעזר לודוויג זאמענהאף - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אליעזר לודוויג זאמענהאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="L. L. Zamenhof" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%89%8E%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%9F%B4%E9%97%A8%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉扎鲁·柴门霍夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E9%96%80%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="柴門霍夫 - cinese classico" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="柴門霍夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="cinese classico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E9%96%80%E8%B3%80%E5%A4%AB" title="柴門賀夫 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柴門賀夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Vedi la voce [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Voce</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussione:Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" rel="discussion" title="Vedi le discussioni relative a questa pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussione</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambia versione linguistica" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">italiano</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visite"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=history" title="Versioni precedenti di questa pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Strumenti</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Altre opzioni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Azioni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof"><span>Leggi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit" title="Modifica questa pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit" title="Modifica il wikitesto di questa pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica wikitesto</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=history"><span>Cronologia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generale </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PuntanoQui/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine che sono collegate a questa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Puntano qui</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:ModificheCorrelate/Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" rel="nofollow" title="Elenco delle ultime modifiche alle pagine collegate a questa [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Modifiche correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&oldid=141677528" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&id=141677528&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLudwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLudwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ludwik+Lejzer+Zamenhof"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" hreflang="it"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" hreflang="it"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11758" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg/220px-1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg/330px-1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg/440px-1908-kl-t-zamenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Ludwik Lejzer<b> (</b>Łazarz<b>)</b> Zamenhof</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ludwik Lejzer</b> (<b>Łazarz</b>)<b> Zamenhof</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_dicembre" title="15 dicembre">15 dicembre</a> <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> – <a href="/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia">Varsavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_aprile" title="14 aprile">14 aprile</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>) è stato un <a href="/wiki/Medico" title="Medico">medico</a> e <a href="/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica">linguista</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">polacco</a>. In qualità di <a href="/wiki/Glossopoiesi" title="Glossopoiesi">glottoteta</a>, è universalmente noto per aver fondato le basi dell'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua esperanto">esperanto</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Lingua_ausiliaria_internazionale" title="Lingua ausiliaria internazionale">lingua ausiliaria internazionale</a> più parlata al mondo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il suo nome viene a volte italianizzato in <b>Ludovico Lazzaro Zamenhof</b>. </p><p>Il 26 luglio 1887 pubblicò l'<i><a href="/wiki/Unua_Libro" class="mw-redirect" title="Unua Libro">Unua Libro</a></i>, il primo libro in esperanto. Da questo momento la sua attività si divise tra il lavoro di <a href="/wiki/Oculista" title="Oculista">oculista</a>, per mantenere la famiglia, la diffusione dell'esperanto e la costituzione di una "<a href="/wiki/Religione" title="Religione">religione</a> pienamente umana", denominata prima <a href="/wiki/Hilelismo" title="Hilelismo">hilelismo</a>, poi <a href="/wiki/Homaranismo" title="Homaranismo">homaranismo</a>. Zamenhof è stato nominato 12 volte per il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_pace" title="Premio Nobel per la pace">premio Nobel per la pace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il nome "esperanto" deriva da uno dei suoi pseudonimi e significa "colui che spera". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nascita,_nome,_famiglia"><span id="Nascita.2C_nome.2C_famiglia"></span>Nascita, nome, famiglia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Nascita, nome, famiglia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Nascita, nome, famiglia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naskigxdomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naskigxdomo.jpg/220px-Naskigxdomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naskigxdomo.jpg/330px-Naskigxdomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Naskigxdomo.jpg/440px-Naskigxdomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Targa commemorativa presso la casa natale di Zamenhof.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof nacque a <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> il 15 dicembre 1859 (3 dicembre secondo il <a href="/wiki/Calendario_giuliano" title="Calendario giuliano">calendario giuliano</a> e 19 <i><a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">kislev</a></i> secondo il <a href="/wiki/Calendario_ebraico" title="Calendario ebraico">calendario ebraico</a>), figlio dell'insegnante di lingue Mordechai Zamenhof (il quale preferiva la dizione russa <i>Marko</i>). La famiglia Zamenhof (o Samenhof secondo alcune grafie) era una famiglia di ebrei lituani, ma Ludwik Lejzer si definì sempre "ebreo russo". </p><p>Nato Lejzer Zamenhof, scelse successivamente (secondo la moda allora in voga tra alcuni ebrei dell'Europa orientale) anche un altro nome non di origine ebraica, <i>Ludwik</i>, in onore di <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lodwick" title="Francis Lodwick">Francis Lodwick</a>, che nel 1652 pubblicò una <a href="/wiki/Lingua_artificiale" title="Lingua artificiale">lingua artificiale</a>, della quale Zamenhof venne a sapere nelle opere di <a href="/wiki/Comenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comenius">Comenius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_formazione">La formazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione La formazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: La formazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamenhof-1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zamenhof-1879.jpg/220px-Zamenhof-1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zamenhof-1879.jpg/330px-Zamenhof-1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zamenhof-1879.jpg/440px-Zamenhof-1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Zamenhof (1879)</figcaption></figure> <p>La città di <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, oggi in <a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, all'epoca era assoggettata all'<a href="/wiki/Impero_russo" title="Impero russo">Impero russo</a> ed era abitata da diversi gruppi etnici che si differenziavano per le distinte posizioni politiche, sociali, linguistiche e religiose: i russi (<a href="/wiki/Greco-ortodossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-ortodossi">greco-ortodossi</a>), erano per lo più impiegati e militari; gli ebrei (di <a href="/wiki/Lingua_yiddish" title="Lingua yiddish">lingua yiddish</a>) erano commercianti; e i polacchi (cattolici) erano operai. Le tensioni tra le varie etnie erano forti e assumevano a volte forme violente, come racconta lui stesso nell'<i>Originala Verkaro</i>, con l'aggiunta di questo commento: «Questo luogo della mia nascita e degli anni della mia fanciullezza ha impresso il primo corso a tutte le mie aspirazioni successive».<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 1874 la famiglia si trasferì a <a href="/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia">Varsavia</a>, dove il giovane Zamenhof frequentò il ginnasio. Studiò poi <a href="/wiki/Medicina" title="Medicina">medicina</a> prima a <a href="/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia)">Mosca</a> e poi di nuovo a Varsavia, specializzandosi infine in <a href="/wiki/Oftalmologia" title="Oftalmologia">oftalmologia</a> a <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p><p>Per quanto riguarda la formazione religiosa, mentre la madre era un'ebrea osservante, il padre, fortemente influenzato dalla <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> (illuminismo ebraico), si definiva <a href="/wiki/Ateismo" title="Ateismo">ateo</a>; Zamenhof derivò da queste diverse influenze una visione molto personale della religione. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Il_matrimonio_e_i_figli">Il matrimonio e i figli</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Il matrimonio e i figli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Il matrimonio e i figli"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il 9 agosto 1887 Zamenhof sposò <a href="/wiki/Klara_Zamenhof" title="Klara Zamenhof">Klara Silbernik</a>. </p><p>Ludwik e la moglie Klara ebbero tre figli: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamenhof" title="Adam Zamenhof">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Zamenhof" title="Zofia Zamenhof">Zofia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Zamenhof" title="Lidia Zamenhof">Lidia</a> (che si convertì al <a href="/wiki/Bahaismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahaismo">bahaismo</a>). Adam fu ucciso dai <a href="/wiki/Nazismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazismo">nazisti</a>, mentre le due figlie morirono nel <a href="/wiki/Campo_di_sterminio_di_Treblinka" title="Campo di sterminio di Treblinka">campo di sterminio di Treblinka</a>. Il nipote <a href="/wiki/Louis-Christophe_Zaleski-Zamenhof" title="Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof">Louis-Christophe Zaleski-Zamenhof</a> viveva in Francia con la figlia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margareta_Zaleski-Zamenhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margareta Zaleski-Zamenhof (la pagina non esiste)">Margareta Zaleski-Zamenhof</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morte">Morte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Morte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Morte"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zamenhof morì a <a href="/wiki/Varsavia" title="Varsavia">Varsavia</a> il 14 aprile 1917 e vi venne sepolto nel cimitero ebraico. </p><p>Durante la cerimonia funebre aprì il corteo la prima corona, a nome di tutti gli esperantisti della Polonia, portata da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edvardo_Wiesenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edvardo Wiesenfeld (la pagina non esiste)">Edward Wiesenfeld</a>. La seconda, portata da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Oberrotman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Oberrotman (la pagina non esiste)">Adolf Oberrotman</a>, era in nome dell'<a href="/wiki/Associazione_universale_esperanto" title="Associazione universale esperanto">UEA</a>. La terza da parte di tutti gli esperantisti tedeschi, portata dal maggiore von Neubarth. Inoltre accompagnarono il veicolo <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Grabowski" title="Antoni Grabowski">Grabowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Bein" title="Kazimierz Bein">Kabe</a> e <a href="/wiki/Leo_Belmont" title="Leo Belmont">Belmont</a>. Seguirono poi i membri della famiglia: la vedova <a href="/wiki/Klara_Zamenhof" title="Klara Zamenhof">Klara Zamenhof</a>, il figlio <a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamenhof" title="Adam Zamenhof">Adam</a> e la figlia <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Zamenhof" title="Lidia Zamenhof">Lidia</a> (l'altra figlia, <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Zamenhof" title="Zofia Zamenhof">Zofia</a>, si trovava allora in Russia). </p><p>In seguito alle cerimonie religiose, fu eretta una tribuna, sulla quale salutarono il defunto: Neubarth (a nome degli esperantisti tedeschi), <a href="/wiki/Leo_Belmont" title="Leo Belmont">Leo Belmont</a> (per gli esperantisti polacchi) e <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Grabowski" title="Antoni Grabowski">Grabowski</a> (per gli esperantisti di tutto il mondo). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esperanto">Esperanto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Esperanto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Esperanto"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg/220px-Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg/330px-Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg/440px-Unua_libro_per_russi_-_1887_-_1a_edizione_-_copertina_fronte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i>Unua libro. Por Rusoj</i>, un'edizione dell'<i><a href="/wiki/Unua_libro" title="Unua libro">Unua libro</a></i> per parlanti russi, pubblicata a Varsavia nel 1887.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pur avendo coscienza di essere strettamente legato alle proprie origini ebraiche, Zamenhof era deciso a non legarsi con «gli obiettivi e gli ideali di un particolare gruppo o religione»,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> individuando nella diversità linguistica la causa principale «che allontana la famiglia umana e la divide in fazioni nemiche».<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zamenhof conosceva varie lingue oltre al <a href="/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa">russo</a> e al <a href="/wiki/Lingua_polacca" title="Lingua polacca">polacco</a>, quali il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">inglese</a>, un po' d'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingua_yiddish" title="Lingua yiddish">yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingua_ebraica" title="Lingua ebraica">ebraico</a>, e le lingue antiche classiche. Giudicati il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco</a> inadatti per la vita moderna perché troppo difficili e arcaici, Zamenhof contestò anche l'uso di un idioma nazionale in ambito internazionale, e si orientò verso la pianificazione di una lingua nuova, di cui tracciò, già tra il 1875 e il 1878, un suo primo progetto, chiamato <i>Lingwe Universala</i>. </p><p>Dopo la parentesi moscovita, tornato nel 1881 a Varsavia, Zamenhof venne a sapere che i suoi manoscritti erano stati distrutti, ma non s'abbatté e riprese a lavorare al suo progetto. </p><p>Finalmente, il 26 luglio 1887, Zamenhof, con l'aiuto economico del futuro suocero, riuscì a pubblicare un primo manuale in russo della nuova lingua, battezzata Lingua Internazionale. In quell'occasione adottò lo pseudonimo di "Dottor Esperanto", che avrebbe avuto in seguito un'insospettata fortuna. L'opera, menzionata nella Cronologia generale degli eventi più importanti della storia del mondo, fu stampata in 3 000 esemplari. Si tratta di un libro oggi rarissimo. Le copie conosciute sono solo quattro, tre delle quali presenti nelle seguenti istituzioni: <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_austriaca" title="Biblioteca nazionale austriaca">Biblioteca nazionale austriaca</a>, Biblioteca dell'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Varsavia" title="Università di Varsavia">Università di Varsavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Stato_russa" title="Biblioteca di Stato russa">Biblioteca di Stato russa</a>. L'unica copia conosciuta in possesso di un cittadino privato è quella del bibliofilo italiano Paolo Barbieri. </p><p>Una quinta copia, un tempo presente in Germania, venne trasferita durante il periodo nazista dalla <a href="/wiki/SLUB" title="SLUB">Biblioteca di Stato della Sassonia</a> alla <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Stato_di_Berlino" title="Biblioteca di Stato di Berlino">Biblioteca di Stato di Berlino</a>. Nonostante nel catalogo della biblioteca sia menzionata, questa copia di fatto non è disponibile in quanto persa, probabilmente durante la seconda guerra mondiale. </p><p>La nuova lingua ebbe una rapida fortuna. Nel 1905 si tenne, a <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> in Francia, il <a href="/wiki/Congresso_universale_di_esperanto_del_1905" title="Congresso universale di esperanto del 1905">primo congresso internazionale</a>, al quale parteciparono circa 700 persone di 20 paesi. Con il congresso di <a href="/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>, nel 1912, Zamenhof rinunciò ai diritti sulla nuova lingua e la proclamò sottoposta al solo arbitrio dei suoi stessi parlanti. Da allora si dedicò principalmente alle traduzioni, per arricchire l'esperanto e dargli maggiore dignità. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sionismo">Sionismo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Sionismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sionismo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg/220px-ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg/330px-ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg/440px-ZEO-France-Pau-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Monumento commemorativo in suo onore: «Quando i popoli potranno liberamente comprendersi, cesseranno di detestarsi».</figcaption></figure> <p>Quando si trasferì a <a href="/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia)">Mosca</a> per i suoi studi, Lejzer venne a contatto con i primi circoli (pre) sionistici e con gli ambienti letterari russi; collaborò con diversi giornali tra i quali il "Russkij Jevrei" ("Ebreo Russo") e il "Moskovskije Vjedomosti" ("Bollettino moscovita"), sul quale pubblicò dietro compenso alcuni articoli e recensioni di libri tedeschi, firmati con lo pseudonimo "Z.". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamenhof_GE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zamenhof_GE.jpg/220px-Zamenhof_GE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zamenhof_GE.jpg/330px-Zamenhof_GE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Zamenhof_GE.jpg/440px-Zamenhof_GE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Targa commemorativa a Ginevra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Poco dopo il ritorno a Varsavia nel 1881, fondò il primo circolo sionista della sua città, Ibat Sion ("Gli amanti di Sion") e partecipò, dalle colonne del settimanale <i>Rasvjet</i> ("Aurora"), al dibattito sulla "<a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Israele" title="Terra di Israele">Terra promessa</a>" degli ebrei. Le ipotesi allo studio erano principalmente due: la <a href="/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> oppure un qualche territorio dell'America, come auspicava inizialmente lo stesso Lejzer, che pubblicò nel 1882, nei primi fascicoli della testata l'articolo <i>Infine, cosa è necessario fare?</i> sotto lo pseudonimo "Gamzefon". </p><p>Pur rigettando la tesi secondo la quale gli ebrei avrebbero dovuto assimilarsi alle altre popolazioni (in Russia avvenivano frequenti tumulti e non di rado dimostrazioni antisemite), Zamenhof escludeva la Palestina ( Giudea) sia perché ritenuta una terra primitiva, considerata "santa" dai cristiani sia per la sua appartenenza alla <a href="/wiki/Impero_ottomano" title="Impero ottomano">Turchia</a>, che non vi avrebbe mai rinunciato. Pertanto Lejzer concludeva che la migliore soluzione del problema ebraico consistesse nell'acquistare un qualsiasi territorio disabitato degli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti d'America</a> per trasferirvi tutta la comunità nel corso di cinque o sei anni. </p><p>La soluzione "americana" sarà, tuttavia, smentita di lì a poco dallo stesso Zamenhof, il quale, nell'articolo <i>Sotto il comune stendardo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggerirà di evitare inutili divisioni nella comunità e di migrare verso <a href="/wiki/Citt%C3%A0_di_David" title="Città di David">Sion</a>, segnando così l'apogeo della tesi "palestinese"; cambiamento di opinione riconducibile alla convinzione di Lejzer che per una comunità è necessaria una terra e avere con essa un raccordo storico e non un'idea artefatta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_grammatica_yiddish">La grammatica yiddish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione La grammatica yiddish" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: La grammatica yiddish"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nell'ambito del mondo ebreo, Zamenhof tentò anche di trovare una lingua comune per tutti gli ebrei, <a href="/wiki/Aschenazita" class="mw-redirect" title="Aschenazita">aschenaziti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sefardita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefardita">sefarditi</a>, formalizzando lo <a href="/wiki/Lingua_yiddish" title="Lingua yiddish">yiddish</a>, del quale scrisse la prima grammatica in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_russa" title="Lingua russa">russo</a>, pubblicata nel 1909 sotto lo <a href="/wiki/Pseudonimo" title="Pseudonimo">pseudonimo</a> di <i>Dr. X</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elenco_parziale_delle_opere">Elenco parziale delle opere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Elenco parziale delle opere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Elenco parziale delle opere"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opere_originali">Opere originali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Opere originali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Opere originali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unua_libro" title="Unua libro">Unua libro</a></i> (trad. <i>Primo libro</i>) Varsavia, 1887;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dua_Libro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dua Libro (la pagina non esiste)">Dua Libro</a></i> (trad. <i>Secondo libro</i>) Varsavia, 1888;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esperanto.mv.ru/Hilelismo/index_e.html"><i>Hilelismo – propono pri solvo de la hebrea demando</i></a>, 1901 (trad. <i>Hillelismo: un progetto in risposta alla questione ebraica</i>), Varsavia, 1901;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joaojosesantos.net/html/pdf/zamenhofo_esenco_kaj_estonteco_de_la_lingvo_internacia.pdf"><i>Esenco kaj estonteco de la ideo de lingvo internacia</i></a> (trad. <i>Essenza e futuro dell'idea di una lingua internazionale</i>), 1903;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8224/8224-h/8224-h.htm"><i>Fundamenta Krestomatio de la Lingvo Esperanto</i></a> (trad. <i>Antologia di base della lingua Esperanto</i>), 1903;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamento_de_Esperanto" title="Fundamento de Esperanto">Fundamento de Esperanto</a></i> (trad. <i>Fondamenti dell'Esperanto</i>), 1905;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichiarazione_di_Boulogne" title="Dichiarazione di Boulogne">Dichiarazione di Boulogne</a>, 1905;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proverbaro_Esperanta" title="Proverbaro Esperanta">Proverbaro Esperanta</a></i> (trad. <i>Insieme di proverbi</i>), 1910;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homarano.narod.ru/Windows/homar_e.htm"><i>Homaranismo</i></a> (trad. <i>Umanitarismo</i>), 1913.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riviste">Riviste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Riviste" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Riviste"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Esperantisto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Esperantisto (la pagina non esiste)">La Esperantisto</a></i> (trad. <i>L'Esperantista</i>), 1889–1895;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingvo_Internacia_(periodico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingvo Internacia (periodico) (la pagina non esiste)">Lingvo Internacia</a></i> (trad. <i>International Language</i>), 1895–1914;</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Revuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Revuo (la pagina non esiste)">La Revuo</a></i> (trad. <i>La rivista</i>) 1906–1914.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poesie">Poesie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Poesie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Poesie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Al la fratoj" (trad. "Ai fratelli");<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ho,_mia_kor%27" title="Ho, mia kor'">Ho, mia kor'</a>" (trad. "Oh, Mio cuore");</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Espero" title="La Espero">La Espero</a>" (trad. "La speranza");</li> <li>"La vojo" (trad. "La via");<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Mia penso" (trad. "Un mio pensiero").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traduzioni">Traduzioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Traduzioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Traduzioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37279"><i>Hamleto, Reĝido de Danujo</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amleto" title="Amleto">Amleto, Principe di Danimarca</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22592"><i>Ifigenio en Taŭrido</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ifigenia_in_Tauride_(Goethe)" title="Ifigenia in Tauride (Goethe)">Ifigenia in Tauride</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esperanto.davidgsimpson.com/inko/100-3.pdf"><i>La batalo de l' vivo</i></a> (trad. <i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_della_vita" title="La battaglia della vita">La battaglia della vita</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steloj.de/esperanto/rabistoj/index.html"><i>La rabistoj</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/I_rapinatori" title="I rapinatori">I rapinatori</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>;</li> <li><i><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/eo:La_revizoro" class="extiw" title="s:eo:La revizoro">La revizoro</a></i> (trad. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27ispettore_generale" title="L'ispettore generale">L'ispettore generale</a></i>) di <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a>;</li> <li><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/eo:Malnova_Testamento_(Zamenhof)" class="extiw" title="s:eo:Malnova Testamento (Zamenhof)"><i>Malnova Testamento</i></a> (parti del <a href="/wiki/Vecchio_testamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Vecchio testamento">Vecchio testamento</a>);</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipernity.com/doc/esperanto-muzeo-svitavy/40592976"><i>Marta</i></a> di <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Orzeszkowa" title="Eliza Orzeszkowa">Eliza Orzeszkowa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Onorificenze">Onorificenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Onorificenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Onorificenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 4px; padding: 3px"> <div style="width:60px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Legion d'Onore - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria"><img alt="Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Legion d'Onore - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 4px"> <div><a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Onore" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Onore">Cavaliere dell'Ordine della Legion d'Onore</a></div> <div></div> </div> </div> <div style="display: flex; gap: 4px; padding: 3px"> <div style="width:60px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commendatore dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria"><img alt="Commendatore dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica - nastrino per uniforme ordinaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg/60px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg/90px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg/120px-ESP_Isabella_Catholic_Order_COM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 4px"> <div><a href="/wiki/Ordine_di_Isabella_la_Cattolica" title="Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica">Commendatore dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica</a></div> <div></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Michael Byram e Adelheid Hu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=_udVA--sg4kC&pg=PA200&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1&sig=ACfU3U0FGMZE3QExQF-tjpCFEgzaJ7ZFXA"><span style="font-style:italic;">Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning</span></a>, Londra, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-41-533286-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-41-533286-6">978-0-41-533286-6</a>.<br /><div class="cite-q">«L'esperanto è l'unica lingua artificiale ad aver conseguito un uso relativamente ampio; si stima tra cinque e quindici milioni il numero di persone ad averlo studiato, anche se coloro che ne fanno un uso regolare probabilmente non superano l'uno per cento di tale numero.»</div></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) Léo Tescher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.franceinter.fr/societe/esperanto-cent-ans-mort-createur-zamenhof"><span style="font-style:italic;">Espéranto, la langue qui se voulait "universala"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">FranceInter.fr</span>, 14 aprile 2017. <small>URL consultato il 7 settembre 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L. L. Zamenhof, <i>Eltiro el privata letero de s-ro B.</i>, in <i>Originala Verkaro</i>, a cura di J. Dietterle, Ferdinand Hirt & Sohn, Leipzig 1929, pagg. 417-422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L. L. Zamenhof, <i>Respondo de la 30.VI.1914</i>, in <i>Originala Verkaro</i>, cit., pagg. 344–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L. L. Zamenhof, <i>Eltiro el privata letero de s-ro B.</i>, in <i>ibidem</i>, pagg. 417 -422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rasvjet</i>, n. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Dr.X - <i>Vegn a yidisher gramatik un reform in der yidisher shprakh</i> in <i>Lebn un visnshaft</i>, n° 1, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="esperanto">EO</abbr></span>) Edmond Privat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26359/26359-h/26359-h.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Idealista profeto</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Vivo de Zamenhof</span>, 1920.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="esperanto">EO</abbr></span>) Edmond Privat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26359/26359-h/26359-h.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Verkisto</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Vivo de Zamenhof</span>, 1920.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="esperanto">EO</abbr></span>) Edmond Privat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26359/26359-h/26359-h.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Studentaj jaroj</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Vivo de Zamenhof</span>, 1920.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Z. Adam, <i>Historio de Esperanto: 1887 - 1912</i>, L. Boguslawski, Varsavia 1979.</li> <li>M. Boulton, <i>Zamenhof, Stafeto</i>, La Laguna 1962.</li> <li>R. Centassi e H. Masson, <i>L'homme qui a défié Babel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/2841141144" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-84114-114-4</a>.</li> <li>F. Niederhausen: <i>Zamenhof: father of Esperanto</i>, in: <i>The UNESCO Courier</i>, XII, 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Privat" title="Edmond Privat">E. Privat</a>, <i>Vivo de Zamenhof</i>, 5. Auflage, Orelia 1977 (Londra 1920), <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0852302002" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-85230-200-2</a>.</li> <li>N. Z. Maimon, <i>La kaŝita vivo de Zamenhof</i>, Japana Esperanto-Instituto, Tokyo 1978.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_La_Colla" title="Stefano La Colla">Stefano La Colla</a>, <i>L.L. Zamenhof</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Italiana">Enciclopedia Italiana</a></i>, volume 35, Treccani, 1937</li> <li>Vitaliano Lamberti, <i>Una voce per il mondo. Lejzer Zamenhof il creatore dell'esperanto</i>, Milano, Mursia, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9788842510567" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-8842510567</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Grabowski" title="Antoni Grabowski">Antoni Grabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oggetto_Zamenhof-Esperanto" title="Oggetto Zamenhof-Esperanto">Oggetto Zamenhof-Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Beaufront" title="Louis de Beaufront">Louis de Beaufront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1462_Zamenhof" title="1462 Zamenhof">1462 Zamenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1421_Esperanto" title="1421 Esperanto">1421 Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorno_di_Zamenhof" title="Giorno di Zamenhof">Giorno di Zamenhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbaro_Esperanta" title="Proverbaro Esperanta">Proverbaro Esperanta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:Autore:Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof">Wikisource</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/eo:A%C5%ADtoro:L._Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:eo:Aŭtoro:L. Zamenhof">Wikisource</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Autor:Ludwik_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Autor:Ludwik Zamenhof">Wikisource</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Людвик Лазарь Заменгоф">Wikisource</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="q:Ludwik Zamenhof">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Ludwik Zamenhof"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Zamenhof?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikisource"><img alt="Collabora a Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/27px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a> contiene una pagina dedicata a <b><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Autore:Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:Autore:Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikisource"><img alt="Collabora a Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/27px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a> contiene una pagina in lingua esperanto dedicata a <b><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/eo:A%C5%ADtoro:L._Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:eo:Aŭtoro:L. Zamenhof">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikisource"><img alt="Collabora a Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/27px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a> contiene una pagina in lingua polacca dedicata a <b><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/pl:Autor:Ludwik_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="s:pl:Autor:Ludwik Zamenhof">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikisource"><img alt="Collabora a Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/27px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">Wikisource</a> contiene una pagina in lingua russa dedicata a <b><a href="https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Людвик Лазарь Заменгоф">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni di o su <b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ludwik_Zamenhof" class="extiw" title="q:Ludwik Zamenhof">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ludwik_Zamenhof?uselang=it">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lazarus-ludwig-zamenhof"><span style="font-style:italic;">Zamenhof, Lazarus Ludwig</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_Italiana" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Stefano La Colla, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/lejzer-ludovik-zamenhof_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">ZAMENHOF, Lejzer Ludovik</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Enciclopedia Italiana</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 1937.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P4223" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/Zamenhof,+Leizer+Ludovik.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Zamenhof, Leizer Ludovik</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/L-L-Zamenhof"><span style="font-style:italic;">L.L. Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMLOL" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mlol.link/open/author/24677"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere di Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">MLOL</span>, Horizons Unlimited.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P3762" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Library" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL335606A"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere di Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Open_Library" title="Internet Archive">Open Library</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P648" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFProgetto_Gutenberg" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3934"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere di Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Progetto_Gutenberg" title="Progetto Gutenberg">Progetto Gutenberg</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P1938" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLibriVox" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/976"><span style="font-style:italic;">Audiolibri di Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P1899" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoodreads" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/characters/68925"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Goodreads" title="Goodreads">Goodreads</a></span>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P6327" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Zamenhof,_Ludwik"><span style="font-style:italic;">Spartiti o libretti di Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></span>, Project Petrucci LLC.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11758#P839" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="esperanto">EO</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esperanto.cz/eo/aktuality/nova-retligilaro-pri-d-ro-zamenhof.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Elenco di siti che riportano informazioni su Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">esperanto.cz</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207101958/http://erewhon.ticonuno.it/primavera2005/zamenhof.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">La filosofia morale di Zamenhof</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">erewhon.ticonuno.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 26 marzo 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://erewhon.ticonuno.it/primavera2005/zamenhof.htm">url originale</abbr> il 7 dicembre 2006)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicistranieri.com/zamenhof/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere di Zamenhof in versione e-book in Esperanto</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Classici stranieri</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Navigazione_esperanto"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navigazione_esperanto" title="Template:Navigazione esperanto"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Navigazione_esperanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Navigazione esperanto (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navigazione_esperanto&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_ausiliaria_internazionale" title="Lingua ausiliaria internazionale">Lingua ausiliaria internazionale</a> creata da <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Lazzaro_Zamenhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico Lazzaro Zamenhof">Ludovico Lazzaro Zamenhof</a> (1859–1917)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Opere di Zamenhof</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamento_de_Esperanto" title="Fundamento de Esperanto">Fundamento de Esperanto</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Ho,_mia_kor%27" title="Ho, mia kor'">Ho, mia kor'</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/La_Espero" title="La Espero">La Espero</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Proverbaro_Esperanta" title="Proverbaro Esperanta">Proverbaro Esperanta</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Unua_Libro" class="mw-redirect" title="Unua Libro">Unua Libro</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27esperanto" title="Storia dell'esperanto">Storia</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Congresso_universale_di_esperanto_del_1905" title="Congresso universale di esperanto del 1905">Congresso universale di esperanto del 1905</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dichiarazione_di_Boulogne" title="Dichiarazione di Boulogne">Dichiarazione di Boulogne</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_riformato" title="Esperanto riformato">Esperanto riformato</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Lingva_Komitato" title="Lingva Komitato">Lingva Komitato</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_di_Praga" title="Manifesto di Praga">Manifesto di Praga</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></i>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_di_Rauma" title="Manifesto di Rauma">Manifesto di Rauma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raumismo" title="Raumismo">Raumismo</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Protoesperanto" title="Protoesperanto">Protoesperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Scisma_del_movimento_esperantista" title="Scisma del movimento esperantista">Scisma del movimento esperantista</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">La lingua</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Fonologia_della_lingua_esperanto" title="Fonologia della lingua esperanto">Fonologia dell'esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Grammatica_dell%27esperanto" title="Grammatica dell'esperanto">Grammatica dell'esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lessico_dell%27esperanto" title="Lessico dell'esperanto">Lessico dell'esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/16_regole_dell%27esperanto" title="16 regole dell'esperanto">16 regole dell'esperanto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Quadro d'insieme</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Cultura_esperantista" title="Cultura esperantista">Cultura esperantista</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giorno_di_Zamenhof" title="Giorno di Zamenhof">Giorno di Zamenhof</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperantismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Esperantismo">Esperantismo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperantologia" title="Esperantologia">Esperantologia</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Film_in_esperanto" title="Film in esperanto">Cinema in esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Letteratura_in_esperanto" title="Letteratura in esperanto">Letteratura in esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Movimento_esperantista" title="Movimento esperantista">Movimento esperantista</a> (<a href="/wiki/Movimento_esperantista_italiano" title="Movimento esperantista italiano">In Italia</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rivista_esperantista" title="Rivista esperantista">Rivista esperantista</a> (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:Periodici_in_lingua_esperanto" title="Categoria:Periodici in lingua esperanto">Elenco</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27esperanto" title="Storia dell'esperanto">Storia dell'esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Simboli_dell%27esperanto" title="Simboli dell'esperanto">Simboli dell'esperanto</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Relazioni fra<br />l'esperanto<br />e altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_e_Chiesa_cattolica" title="Esperanto e Chiesa cattolica">Esperanto e Chiesa cattolica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_ed_Unione_europea" title="Esperanto ed Unione europea">Esperanto ed Unione europea</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_e_Organizzazione_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Esperanto e Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite">Esperanto e Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Associazioni<br />e istituzioni</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><i><a href="/wiki/Akademio_de_Esperanto" title="Akademio de Esperanto">Akademio de Esperanto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:Membri_della_Akademio_de_Esperanto" title="Categoria:Membri della Akademio de Esperanto">Membri famosi</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Associazione_universale_esperanto" title="Associazione universale esperanto">Associazione universale esperanto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congresso_universale_di_esperanto" title="Congresso universale di esperanto">Congresso universale di esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Congressi_universali_di_esperanto" title="Categoria:Congressi universali di esperanto">Voci dei Congressi universali</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Presidenti_dell%27Associazione_universale_esperanto" title="Presidenti dell'Associazione universale esperanto">Presidenti dell'Associazione universale esperanto</a>)<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Radikala_Asocio" title="Esperanto Radikala Asocio">Esperanto Radikala Asocio</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Europa_Democrazia_Esperanto" title="Europa Democrazia Esperanto">Europa Democrazia Esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Federazione_Esperantista_Italiana" title="Federazione Esperantista Italiana">Federazione Esperantista Italiana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Istituto_italiano_di_esperanto" title="Istituto italiano di esperanto">Istituto italiano di esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Unione_esperantista_cattolica_internazionale" title="Unione esperantista cattolica internazionale">Unione esperantista cattolica internazionale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Unione_Europea_d%27Esperanto" title="Unione Europea d'Esperanto">Unione Europea d'Esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Sennacieca_Asocio_Tutmonda" title="Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda">Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Associazioni_esperantiste" title="Categoria:Associazioni esperantiste"><b>Altre associazioni</b></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Musei e<br /><a href="/wiki/Biblioteche_di_esperanto" title="Biblioteche di esperanto">biblioteche</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Montagu_Christie_Butler" title="Biblioteca Montagu Christie Butler">Biblioteca Montagu Christie Butler</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Hector_Hodler" title="Biblioteca Hector Hodler">Biblioteca Hector Hodler</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nazionale_di_Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nazionale di Esperanto">Biblioteca Nazionale di Esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Casa_museo_Luigi_Capuana" title="Casa museo Luigi Capuana">Casa museo Luigi Capuana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_documentation_et_d%27%C3%A9tude_sur_la_langue_internationale" title="Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale">CDELI</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Germana_Esperanto-Biblioteko" title="Germana Esperanto-Biblioteko">Germana Esperanto-Biblioteko</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Esperanto_a_Svitavy" title="Museo dell'Esperanto a Svitavy">Museo dell'Esperanto a Svitavy</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_esperanto" title="Museo di esperanto">Museo dell'esperanto a Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Personalità</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/William_Auld" title="William Auld">William Auld</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Cart" title="Théophile Cart">Théophile Cart</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Chiti-Batelli" title="Andrea Chiti-Batelli">Andrea Chiti-Batelli</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Renato_Corsetti" title="Renato Corsetti">Renato Corsetti</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Helmar_Frank" title="Helmar Frank">Helmar Frank</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Grabowski" title="Antoni Grabowski">Antoni Grabowski</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Migliorini" title="Bruno Migliorini">Bruno Migliorini</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Minnaja" title="Carlo Minnaja">Carlo Minnaja</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Piron" title="Claude Piron">Claude Piron</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Waringhien" title="Gaston Waringhien">Gaston Waringhien</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bertilo_Wennergren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertilo Wennergren">Bertilo Wennergren</a><b> ·</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Esperantisti" title="Categoria:Esperantisti">Altri esperantisti</a></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Principali<br />vocabolari<br />e grammatiche</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_italiano-esperanto" title="Dizionario italiano-esperanto">Dizionario italiano-esperanto</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Plena_Ilustrita_Vortaro_de_Esperanto" title="Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto">Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Plena_Manlibro_de_Esperanta_Gramatiko" title="Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko">Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Vortaro_de_Esperanto" title="Vortaro de Esperanto">Vortaro de Esperanto</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><i><a href="/wiki/Esperantido" title="Esperantido">Esperantido</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Interlinguistica" title="Interlinguistica">Interlinguistica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isola_delle_Rose" title="Isola delle Rose">Isola delle Rose</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Metodo_Paderborn" title="Metodo Paderborn">Metodo di Paderborn</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rapporto_Grin" title="Rapporto Grin">Rapporto Grin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow"><small><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Esperanto" title="Categoria:Esperanto">Categoria</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Portale:Esperanto" title="Portale:Esperanto">Portale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Esperanto" class="mw-redirect" title="Progetto:Esperanto">Progetto</a></small></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73885295">73885295</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000109153407">0000 0001 0915 3407</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_apostolica_vaticana" title="Biblioteca apostolica vaticana">BAV</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_285848">495/285848</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no90015706">no90015706</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118643495">118643495</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1483890">XX1483890</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1483890">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12115775v">cb12115775v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12115775v">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270242305171">987007270242305171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461727">00461727</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> CONOR.SI <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="sloveno">SL</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/conor/28394851">28394851</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biografie"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_Login_Manager.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Biografie" title="Portale:Biografie">Portale Biografie</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judaism_Symbol.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ebraismo"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/24px-Judaism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/37px-Judaism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Judaism_Symbol.png/48px-Judaism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="275" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Ebraismo" title="Portale:Ebraismo">Portale Ebraismo</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Esperanto.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esperanto"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/25px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/38px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Esperanto.svg/50px-Flag_of_Esperanto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Esperanto" title="Portale:Esperanto">Portale Esperanto</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letteratura"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Letteratura" title="Portale:Letteratura">Portale Letteratura</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&oldid=141677528">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwik_Lejzer_Zamenhof&oldid=141677528</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medici_polacchi" title="Categoria:Medici polacchi">Medici polacchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Linguisti_polacchi" title="Categoria:Linguisti polacchi">Linguisti polacchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medici_del_XX_secolo" title="Categoria:Medici del XX secolo">Medici del XX secolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Medici_del_XXI_secolo" title="Categoria:Medici del XXI secolo">Medici del XXI secolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Polacchi_del_XX_secolo" title="Categoria:Polacchi del XX secolo">Polacchi del XX secolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Polacchi_del_XXI_secolo" title="Categoria:Polacchi del XXI secolo">Polacchi del XXI secolo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nati_nel_1859" title="Categoria:Nati nel 1859">Nati nel 1859</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morti_nel_1917" title="Categoria:Morti nel 1917">Morti nel 1917</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nati_il_15_dicembre" title="Categoria:Nati il 15 dicembre">Nati il 15 dicembre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morti_il_14_aprile" title="Categoria:Morti il 14 aprile">Morti il 14 aprile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nati_a_Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Categoria:Nati a Białystok">Nati a Białystok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Morti_a_Varsavia" title="Categoria:Morti a Varsavia">Morti a Varsavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ebrei_russi" title="Categoria:Ebrei russi">Ebrei russi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Ebrei_polacchi" title="Categoria:Ebrei polacchi">Ebrei polacchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Esperantisti_polacchi" title="Categoria:Esperantisti polacchi">Esperantisti polacchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Grammatici_polacchi" title="Categoria:Grammatici polacchi">Grammatici polacchi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Cavalieri_della_Legion_d%27onore" title="Categoria:Cavalieri della Legion d'onore">Cavalieri della Legion d'onore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Commendatori_dell%27Ordine_di_Isabella_la_Cattolica" title="Categoria:Commendatori dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica">Commendatori dell'Ordine di Isabella la Cattolica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Sionisti" title="Categoria:Sionisti">Sionisti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Candidati_al_premio_Nobel" title="Categoria:Candidati al premio Nobel">Candidati al premio Nobel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:BioBot" title="Categoria:BioBot">BioBot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P3365_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P3365 letta da Wikidata">P3365 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P4223_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P4223 letta da Wikidata">P4223 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P6706_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P6706 letta da Wikidata">P6706 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1417_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata">P1417 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P3762_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P3762 letta da Wikidata">P3762 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P648_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P648 letta da Wikidata">P648 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1938_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1938 letta da Wikidata">P1938 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1899_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1899 letta da Wikidata">P1899 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P6327_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P6327 letta da Wikidata">P6327 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P839_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P839 letta da Wikidata">P839 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_VIAF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice VIAF">Voci con codice VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_ISNI" title="Categoria:Voci con codice ISNI">Voci con codice ISNI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BAV" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BAV">Voci con codice BAV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNE" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNE">Voci con codice BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNF">Voci con codice BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_NDL" title="Categoria:Voci con codice NDL">Voci con codice NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_CONOR.SI" title="Categoria:Voci con codice CONOR.SI">Voci con codice CONOR.SI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pagine_che_utilizzano_collegamenti_magici_ISBN" title="Categoria:Pagine che utilizzano collegamenti magici ISBN">Pagine che utilizzano collegamenti magici ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 17 ott 2024 alle 18:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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