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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the diplomatic position. For the thoroughbred racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_(horse)" title="Plenipotentiary (horse)">Plenipotentiary (horse)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plenipotentiary" title="Special:EditPage/Plenipotentiary">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plenipotentiary%22">"Plenipotentiary"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plenipotentiary%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plenipotentiary%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plenipotentiary%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plenipotentiary%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plenipotentiary%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>plenipotentiary</b></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>plenus</i> "full" and <i>potens</i> "powerful") is a <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> who has <b>full powers</b>—authorization to sign a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> or convention on behalf of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used as a noun more generally, the word can also refer to any person who has full powers. As an adjective, it describes something which confers full powers, such as an <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> or an assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomats">Diplomats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diplomats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphy</a> in the mid-19th century and then <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full (plenipotentiary) powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with a plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government. </p><p>Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was <i>minister</i>. It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as <i>minister plenipotentiary</i>. This position was roughly equivalent to the modern <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a>, a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between the great powers and also relating to the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. </p><p>Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>, hardly worth the expense. Diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference" title="Plenipotentiary Conference">conference of plenipotentiaries</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, ending the American Revolution, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively. </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Congress">Vienna Congress</a> (1814–15), which codified diplomatic relations, <i><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a></i> had become a common title, and was established as the only class above minister plenipotentiary. It gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal. </p><p>In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic minister">ministers</a> and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors do not require plenipotentiary powers, even though they are designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when the remoteness of the administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly. </p><p>There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on a more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority. </p><p>In modern times, the plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule. </p><p>Examples of plenipotentiary administration are given below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>From 1879–1884, the explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> (b. 1841–d. 1904) was styled "Plenipotentiary of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Studies_of_Upper_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Studies of Upper Congo">Committee for the Studies of Upper Congo</a>" (CEHC) (from 1882, renamed International Association of the Congo (AIC), a front for the ambitions of Belgian King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II</a>, not supported by the Belgian government. In Equatorial Africa, while military command lay with four consecutive commandants of the (leading) station at <a href="/wiki/Karema,_Tanzania" title="Karema, Tanzania">Karema</a>, on 22 April 1884 the International Association of the Congo became the independent <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> (headed, on a personal basis nit connected to the Belgian state, by Leopold II), with plenipotentiaries styled "administrator-general" at first.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-World_War_II_Europe">Pre-World War II Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-World War II Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>After successfully suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, the leader of the Austrian army <a href="/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau" title="Julius Jacob von Haynau">Julius Jacob von Haynau</a> was appointed plenipotentiary in order to enforce martial law in Hungary.</li> <li>On the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, after the President of the Executive Commission of the Cretan Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Sfakianakis" title="Ioannis Sfakianakis">Ioannis Sfakianakis</a> (b. 1848–d. 1924), had exercised executive power between 20 March and 21 December 1898, having evicting the last Ottoman <i><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a></i> (Ottoman governor), a Supreme Plenipotentiary Commissioner of the (Christian protecting)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Christian-protecting or two adjectives? (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Powers headed the official administration of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> instituted on 20 March 1898 (formally under Ottoman suzerainty until union with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> was unilaterally declared on 6 October 1908): <ul><li>21 December 1898–30 September 1906: <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Greece">Prince George of Greece</a> (b. 1869–d. 1959)</li> <li>1 October 1906–30 September 1911: <a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Zaimis" title="Alexandros Zaimis">Alexandros Zaimis</a> (b. 1855–d. 1936)</li> <li>30 September 1911–30 May 1913: the post remained vacant but was not abolished until the island was officially incorporated into the Greece in December 1913.</li></ul></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, Karl Lander was named Plenipotentiary of the Northern Caucasus and the Don by the Soviet government to exercise this power for prosecution of rebellious Cossacks.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, between 15 January 1927 and 28 June 1928 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_K%C3%A1llay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef Kállay (page does not exist)">Jozef Kállay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef_K%C3%A1llay" class="extiw" title="cs:Jozef Kállay">cs</a>]</span> (b. 1881–d. 1939) was Minister Plenipotentiary and Administrator of the Czechoslovak government.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, in October 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il" title="Second Dáil">revolutionary parliament of Ireland</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barton" title="Robert Barton">Robert Barton</a> positions of plenipotentiary to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> with Britain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Granting absolute power over a particular or general governmental matter to a single individual was a pervasive practice in the Nazi regime. Among the most prominent holders of this title in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, <i>Generalbevollmächtigter der Kriegswirtschaft</i> (General Plenipotentiary for War Economy) from 21 May 1935 until his resignation on 26 November 1937;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, <i>Generalbevollmächtigter für die Wirtschaft</i> (General Plenipotentiary for the Economy) from 5 February 1938 until the end of the regime in 1945;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a>, <i>Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz</i> (General Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation) from 21 March 1942 until the end of the regime;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, <i>Generalbevollmächtigter für Rüstungsaufgaben im Vierjahresplan</i> (General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks in the Four Year Plan) from 1 March 1942 until the end of the regime;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, <i>Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Reich_Plenipotentiary_for_the_Total_War_Effort" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort">Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort</a>) from 25 July 1944 until his suicide on 1 May 1945;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a>, <i>Generalbevollmächtigter für die Reichsverwaltung</i> (General Plenipotentiary for the Reich Administration) from 21 May 1935 to his dismissal on 20 August 1943;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, who succeeded Frick in this position on 24 August 1943 until dismissed from all his offices on 29 April 1945. His aide, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a>, held the title of <i>Sonderbevollmächtigter</i> (Special Plenipotentiary) to Himmler.</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> (14 March 1939–4 April 1945) three consecutive German Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary (the old diplomatic style) formally represented the Reich in the fascist <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>. These were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bernard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bernard (page does not exist)">Hans Bernard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bernard_(Diplomat)" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Bernard (Diplomat)">de</a>]</span> from 30 June 1939 to 29 July 1940; <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Freiherr_von_Killinger" title="Manfred Freiherr von Killinger">Manfred Freiherr von Killinger</a> from 29 July 1940 to 19 January 1941; and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Ludin" title="Hanns Ludin">Hanns Ludin</a> from 19 January 1941 to 4 April 1945.</li> <li>In the occupied <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, under <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> (Reich Commissioner) <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a>, German Plenipotentiaries were appointed from 1940-45 at the provincial level by the side of the regular Dutch Provincial Commissioners in <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, and in 1940–1944 in <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, another country under Nazi-German occupation (9 April 1940–5 May 1945), a German protectorate was established, led by a <i>Reichsbevollmächtigter</i> (Reich Plenipotentiary). This was <a href="/wiki/Cecil_von_Renthe-Fink" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil von Renthe-Fink">Cecil von Renthe-Fink</a> from 9 April 1940 until he was replaced on 5 November 1942 by SS-<a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>. Best remained in this post until the German surrender in Denmark on 5 May 1945, even though on 29 August 1943 the German military commander, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Hanneken_(soldier)" title="Hermann von Hanneken (soldier)">Hermann von Hanneken</a>, took over more direct administration of affairs after declaring a state of military emergency.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Nazi Germany's major European <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> ally, the government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> was overthrown on 25 July 1943. Following occupation by German forces in a <i>de facto</i> military takeover of Italy, Mussolini was installed on 23 September 1943 as Provisional Head of State and Prime Minister of the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>", a fascist <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%B2" title="Salò">Salò</a>. The German administration was headed by <i>Generalbevollmächtigter</i> (General Plenipotentiary) <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rudolf Rahn</a> from 23 September 1943 to 28 April 1945. There were separate military commanders in charge of the occupation forces.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>, after the regime of <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender, German forces occupied the country on 19 March 1944 and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Veesenmayer" title="Edmund Veesenmayer">Edmund Veesenmayer</a> was named <i>Reichsbevollmächtigter</i> (Reich Plenipotentiary). On 15 October 1944, when Horthy tried to sign an armistice with the Soviet Union, Veesenmayer instead forced him to abdicate as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> and name <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a>, as prime minister of a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">puppet regime</a>. Veesenmeyer continued as the real power in Hungary through 4 April 1945, when the German forces were finally expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When the empress of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zauditu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zauditu">Zauditu</a>, succeeded to her throne, her relative Ras <a href="/wiki/Tafari_Makonnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafari Makonnen">Tafari Makonnen</a> was installed as her <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a>. As he subsequently became the effective ruler of the country, his title was seen as being insufficient. As a result, Zauditu then gave him the further position of regent plenipotentiary. By virtue of it, he continued to serve as the most powerful man in Ethiopia until he was given another title, that of <a href="/wiki/Petty_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty king">king-under-the-empress</a>. He held this new title until Zauditu died and he was proclaimed emperor in his own right with the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of Haile Selassie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1945">Since 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It may be impractical to hold a new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_apartheid_referendum,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="South African apartheid referendum, 1992">South African apartheid referendum, 1992</a>. Prior to the referendum, the state president <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the <a href="/wiki/Group_Areas_Act" title="Group Areas Act">Group Areas Act</a>). His right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Andries_Treurnicht" title="Andries Treurnicht">Andries Treurnicht's</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a>), particularly in response to the National Party's <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> by-election defeat in February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask the white South African electorate to give him plenipotentiary powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 May 2000, in the post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> the title Plenipotentiary of the President was established for the appointees of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Russian Federation">President of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, in each of the seven <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts</a> created on 13 May: Dalnevostochny (Far Eastern), Privolzhsky (Volga Region), Severo-Zapadny (North Western), Sibirsky (Siberian), Tsentralny (Central), Uralsky (Ural), and Yuzhny (Southern). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy (title)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_legationis" title="Jus legationis">Jus legationis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_tractatuum" title="Jus tractatuum">Jus tractatuum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_prerogative" title="Managerial prerogative">Managerial prerogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference" title="Plenipotentiary Conference">Plenipotentiary Conference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120215174224/http://fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1044360164016">Explanation of Full Powers on the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plenipotentiary">"Dictionary.com - plenipotentiary"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary.com+-+plenipotentiary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fplenipotentiary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlenipotentiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plenipotentiary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plenipotentiary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org">WorldStatesmen.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomacy" title="Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomacy" title="Template talk:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_diplomats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic<br /> leader titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent representative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-large" title="Ambassador-at-large">Ambassador-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative" title="Resident Representative">Resident representative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">High commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">Chargé d'affaires</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_mission" title="Head of mission">Head of mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission" title="Deputy chief of mission">Deputy chief of mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">Consul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral-insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_minister" title="Resident minister">Resident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">Resident commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(title)" title="Envoy (title)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">Agent-general</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Attach%C3%A9" title="Attaché">Attaché</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Agricultural attaché">Agricultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission" title="Chargé de mission">Chargé de mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements" title="Conseiller chargé des investissements">Conseiller chargé des investissements</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9" title="Science attaché">Science attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_commissioner" title="Trade commissioner">Trade commissioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_courier" title="Diplomatic courier">Diplomatic courier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Messenger" title="King's Messenger">King's Messenger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Foreign minister</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plenipotentiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomats" title="Template:Diplomats">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_corps" title="Consular corps">Consular corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_embassy" title="De facto embassy"><i>De facto</i> embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">Diplomatic corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps" title="African Diplomatic Corps">African Diplomatic Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">Diplomatic mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">Protecting power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">Checkbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compellence" title="Compellence">Coercive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy" title="Culinary diplomacy">Culinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_diplomacy" title="Defence diplomacy">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_diplomacy" title="Digital diplomacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_diplomacy" title="Economic diplomacy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_diplomacy" title="Energy diplomacy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy" title="Freelance diplomacy">Freelance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy" title="Full spectrum diplomacy">Full-spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy" title="Guerrilla diplomacy">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy" title="Hostage diplomacy">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_diplomacy" title="Iron diplomacy">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diplomacy" title="Medical diplomacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_diplomacy" title="New diplomacy">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_diplomacy" title="Bamboo diplomacy">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradiplomacy" title="Paradiplomacy">Paradiplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">Parley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy" title="Pilgrimage diplomacy">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy" title="Preventive diplomacy">Preventive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_assistance" title="Consular assistance">Consular assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consular_immunity" title="Consular immunity">Consular immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_bag" title="Diplomatic bag">Diplomatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">Diplomatic cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Diplomatic credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history" title="Diplomatic history">Diplomatic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_illness" title="Diplomatic illness">Diplomatic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">Diplomatic immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_law" title="Diplomatic law">Diplomatic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_service" title="Diplomatic service">Diplomatic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">Diplomatic uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">Protocol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_credence" title="Letter of credence">Letter of credence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of protest">Letter of protest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">Agencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_delegation" title="Parliamentary delegation">Parliamentary delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_(meeting)" title="Summit (meeting)">Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference" title="Plenipotentiary Conference">Plenipotentiary Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li> 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