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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Before and during the German Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Before_and_during_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soest_programme_and_founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soest_programme_and_founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Soest programme and founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soest_programme_and_founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturkampf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturkampf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Kulturkampf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturkampf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_broaden_appeal_beyond_Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_broaden_appeal_beyond_Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Attempts to broaden appeal beyond Catholics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_broaden_appeal_beyond_Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_war_and_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_war_and_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In war and revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_war_and_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In the Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brüning_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brüning_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brüning administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brüning_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_coup_d'état_and_authoritarian_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_coup_d'état_and_authoritarian_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Between coup d'état and authoritarian democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_coup_d'état_and_authoritarian_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hitler_government_and_new_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitler_government_and_new_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hitler government and new elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitler_government_and_new_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enabling_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enabling_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Enabling Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enabling_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>End of the party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refounding_and_post-war_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refounding_and_post-war_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Refounding and post-war history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Refounding_and_post-war_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Refounding and post-war history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Refounding_and_post-war_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Small_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Small revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideology and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Reichstag/Bundestag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Reichstag/Bundestag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>German Reichstag/Bundestag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Reichstag/Bundestag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volkstag_of_Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkstag_of_Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Volkstag of Danzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkstag_of_Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landesrat_of_the_Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landesrat_of_the_Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Landesrat of the Territory of the Saar Basin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landesrat_of_the_Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Centre Party (Germany)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zentrumspartei" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="حزب الوسط (ألمانيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب الوسط (ألمانيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Партыя Цэнтра (Германія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Партыя Цэнтра (Германія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Германската партия Център – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германската партия Център" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_de_Centre_(Alemanya)" title="Partit de Centre (Alemanya) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit de Centre (Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zentrumspartei" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrum" title="Zentrum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zentrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zentrumspartei" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_(%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κόμμα του Κέντρου (Γερμανία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμμα του Κέντρου (Γερμανία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_Centro_(Alemania)" title="Partido de Centro (Alemania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido de Centro (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrumspartei" title="Zentrumspartei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حزب مرکزی آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب مرکزی آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrum" title="Zentrum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zentrum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EB%8B%B9" title="독일 중앙당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 중앙당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Tengah_(Jerman)" title="Partai Tengah (Jerman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Tengah (Jerman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0flokkurinn_(%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland)" title="Miðflokkurinn (Þýskaland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðflokkurinn (Þýskaland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_di_Centro_Tedesco" title="Partito di Centro Tedesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito di Centro Tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מפלגת המרכז הגרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת המרכז הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანიის ცენტრისტული პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ცენტრისტული პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_(factio)" title="Centrum (factio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Centrum (factio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="حزب الوسط (المانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الوسط (المانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zentrumspartei" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%9A_(%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84)" title="中央党 (ドイツ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中央党 (ドイツ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Zentrumspartei" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecka_Partia_Centrum" title="Niemiecka Partia Centrum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemiecka Partia Centrum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_do_Centro_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Partido do Centro Alemão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido do Centro Alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Партия Центра (Германия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Партия Центра (Германия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskustapuolue_(Saksa)" title="Keskustapuolue (Saksa) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskustapuolue (Saksa)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #004C90; border-bottom:2px solid #004C90; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">German Centre Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Deutsche Zentrumspartei</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg/180px-Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg/270px-Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg/360px-Logo_of_the_German_Centre_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Federal Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Otte_(politician)" title="Christian Otte (politician)">Christian Otte</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>13 December 1870<span class="noprint">; 153 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1870-12-13</span>)</span> (original form)</li> <li>1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1945</span>)</span> (current form)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Straberger Weg 12 41542, <a href="/wiki/Dormagen" title="Dormagen">Dormagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">NRW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Windthorstbund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Windthorstbund (page does not exist)">Windthorstbund</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windthorstbund" class="extiw" title="de:Windthorstbund">de</a>]</span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></i></span> (1924–1930)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 600 (2022 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">Centre-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#004C90; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 736</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 69</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">State parliaments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 1,884</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 96</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister-president#Germany" title="Minister-president">Heads of State Governments</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 16</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zentrumspartei.de">www<wbr />.zentrumspartei<wbr />.de</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157537#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fa7406; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy" title="Category:Christian democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/75px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/113px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Orange_flag_waving.svg/150px-Orange_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">Cultural mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity of labor">Dignity of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">Human dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Thomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Thomism">Neo-Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolarismo" title="Popolarismo">Popularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">Friendly separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">State</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Baader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eivind_Berggrav" title="Eivind Berggrav">Berggrav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd" title="Herman Dooyeweerd">Dooyeweerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Gebhardt" title="Stanisław Gebhardt">Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg" title="Otto von Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Nell-Breuning" title="Oswald von Nell-Breuning">Nell-Breuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Tischner" title="Józef Tischner">Tischner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Buzek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Erhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Frei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer" title="Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer">Groen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz" title="Sebastian Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Letta" title="Enrico Letta">Letta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Mikołajczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana_Arango" title="Andrés Pastrana Arango">Pastrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus" title="Lewi Pethrus">Pethrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Gert_P%C3%B6ttering" title="Hans-Gert Pöttering">Pöttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Söder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo" title="Luigi Sturzo">Sturzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang" title="Karl Freiherr von Vogelsang">Vogelsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">von der Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Windthorst</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party" title="Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Party" title="Christian Social People's Party">Christian Social People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay)" title="National Party (Uruguay)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein)" title="Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)">Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties" title="List of Christian democratic parties">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International" title="Centrist Democrat International">Centrist Democrat International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens_Centre_for_European_Studies" title="Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies">Centre for European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ideas_Network" title="European Ideas Network">European Ideas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Foundation_(European_People%27s_Party)" title="Robert Schuman Foundation (European People's Party)">Schuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice" title="Center for Public Justice">Center for Public Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populorum_progressio" title="Populorum progressio">Populorum progressio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re" title="Graves de communi re">Graves de communi re</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laborem_exercens" title="Laborem exercens">Laborem exercens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_rei_socialis" title="Sollicitudo rei socialis">Sollicitudo rei socialis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centesimus_annus" title="Centesimus annus">Centesimus annus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Catholic Church and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerical_philosophers" title="Clerical philosophers">Clerical philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Centre Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Zentrum</i>), officially the <b>German Centre Party</b> (German: <i lang="de">Deutsche Zentrumspartei</i>) and also known in English as the <b>Catholic Centre Party</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It was most Influential in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i></span> waged by Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>, and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities. The party name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrum</i></span> (Centre) originally came from the fact that Catholic representatives would take up the middle section of seats in parliament between the social democrats and the conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag and a bulwark of the Republic, participating in all governments until 1932. Following <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s rise to power in early 1933, the Centre Party was among the parties who voted for the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, which granted legislative powers to Hitler's government. Nevertheless, the party was pressured into dissolving itself on 5 July, as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> became the only legally permitted party in the country shortly thereafter. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the party was reconstituted, but could not rise again to its former importance, as most of its members joined the new interdenominational <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) and, in Bavaria, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU). The Centre Party continued on as a marginal party and concentrated its efforts on regional politics, mainly based in the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. The party was unrepresented on the German federal level from 1957 to 2022, when Federal representative <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Witt" title="Uwe Witt">Uwe Witt</a> and European representative <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Meuthen" title="Jörg Meuthen">Jörg Meuthen</a> defected from the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> and joined the Centre Party. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_and_during_the_German_Empire">Before and during the German Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before and during the German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Centre Party belongs to the political spectrum of "<a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a>" that, emerging in the early 19th century after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, had changed the political face of Germany. Many Catholics found themselves in Protestant dominated states. </p><p>The first major conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and a Protestant state was the "Colonian Church conflict", when the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> government interfered in the question of <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Christianity" title="Interfaith marriage in Christianity">mixed marriages</a> and the religious affiliation of children resulting from these. This led to serious aggressions against the Catholic population of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and culminated in the arrest of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>. At that time, one of the founding fathers of Political Catholicism was journalist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a>, who called upon Catholics to "stand united" for their common goals, "religious liberty and political and civil equality of the denominations". The conflict relaxed after 1840, with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William IV">Frederick William IV</a>'s accession to the throne. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a> brought new opportunities for German Catholics. In October, the bishops had their first meeting in 40 years in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> and the local "Catholic Federations" assembled in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> to found the "Catholic Federation of Germany". In the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">National Assembly</a>, which was convened to draw up a German constitution, a "Catholic club" was formed. This was not yet a comprehensive party, but a loose union aimed at protecting the Church's liberties in a future Germany, supported by many petitions from the "<a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">[Pope] Pius</a> federations for religious liberty". The later demise of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">National Assembly</a> proved to be a major setback for Political Catholicism. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the revised <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1850)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1850)">constitution of 1850</a> granted liberties, which in parts even exceeded those of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt draft constitution</a>, yet two years later the minister for culture, von Raumer, issued decrees directed mainly against the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>. In reaction this led to a doubling of Catholic representatives in the subsequent elections and the formation of a Catholic club in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag of Prussia</a>. In 1858, when the "New Era" governments of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I">Wilhelm I</a> adopted more lenient policies, the club renamed itself "Fraction of the Centre" in order to open itself up to include non-Catholics. This name stemmed from the fact that in the Landtag the Catholic representatives were seated in the centre, between the Conservatives on the right and the Liberals on the left. Faced with military and constitutional issues, where there was no definite Church position, the group soon disintegrated and disappeared from parliament after 1867. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soest_programme_and_founding">Soest programme and founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soest programme and founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Reichensperger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Reichensperger.jpg/220px-Peter_Reichensperger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Reichensperger.jpg/330px-Peter_Reichensperger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Peter_Reichensperger.jpg/440px-Peter_Reichensperger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reichensperger" title="Peter Reichensperger">Peter Reichensperger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Soest.jpg/220px-Soest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Soest.jpg/330px-Soest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Soest.jpg/440px-Soest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>View of Soest.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg/200px-Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg/300px-Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg/400px-Flag_of_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The official flag of the Centre Party between 1870–1933.</figcaption></figure> <p>Growing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic sentiment</a> and policies, including plans for dissolving all monasteries in Prussia, made it clear that a reorganisation of the group was urgently needed in order to protect Catholic minority rights, enshrined in the 1850 constitution, and to bring them over to the emerging nation state. </p><p>In June 1870, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reichensperger" title="Peter Reichensperger">Peter Reichensperger</a> called on Catholics to unite and, in October, priests, representatives of Catholic federations and the Catholic gentry met at <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a> and drew up an election programme. The main points were: </p> <ul><li>Preservation of the Church's autonomy and rights, as accepted by the constitution. Defense against any attack on the independence of Church bodies, on the development of religious life and on the practice of Christian charity.</li> <li>Effectual implementation of parity for recognised denominations.</li> <li>Rejection of any attempt to de-Christianise marriage.</li> <li>Preservation or founding of <a href="/wiki/Faith_school" title="Faith school">denominational schools</a>.</li></ul> <p>There were also more general demands such as for a more federal, decentralised state, a limitation of state expenditure, a just distribution of taxes, the financial strengthening of the middle classes and the legal "removal of such evil states, that threaten the worker with moral or bodily ruin". With such a manifesto, the number of Catholic representatives in the Prussian Diet rose considerably. In December 1870, they formed a new "Centre" faction, also called the "Constitution Party" to emphasise its adherence to constitutional liberties. </p><p>Three months later, early in 1871, the Catholic representatives to the new national parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>, also formed a "Centre" <i>faction</i>. The party not only defended the Church's liberties, but also supported <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> in general, in particular those of <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">German Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hannoverians</a>. The Centre's main leader was the Hannoverian advocate <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Ludwig Windthorst</a> and other major figures included <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_von_Savigny" title="Karl Friedrich von Savigny">Karl Friedrich von Savigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Mallinckrodt" title="Hermann von Mallinckrodt">Hermann von Mallinckrodt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burghard_Freiherr_von_Schorlemer-Alst" title="Burghard Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst">Burghard Freiherr von Schorlemer-Alst</a>, the brothers <a href="/wiki/August_Reichensperger" title="August Reichensperger">August Reichensperger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reichensperger" title="Peter Reichensperger">Peter Reichensperger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Ballestrem" title="Franz von Ballestrem">Franz von Ballestrem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg Count Hertling</a>. The party was named the Centre Party due to the fact that in Parliament the Catholics sat between the Liberals on the left and the Conservatives on the right as opposed to the party adhering to <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrism</a> in the modern context. </p><p>Also in other German states Catholic parties were formed, cooperating with the Prussian Centre Party in the Reichstag: </p> <ul><li>in Bavaria, the "Bavarian Patriotic Party", with a particularistic-conservative bent, since 1887 called the "Bavarian Centre".</li></ul> <p>The Catholic People's Party was formed in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a> in 1869, and merged into the Centre Party in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201228_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201228-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulturkampf"><i>Kulturkampf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kulturkampf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></div> <p>In the age of nationalism, Protestant Germans, whether Conservative (like <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>) or Liberal, accused the Centre of <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> or having a greater loyalty towards the Pope than to the German nation. After the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, Bismarck launched the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> ("cultural struggle") against the Catholic Church. Catholics fought back vigorously and with near-unanimity. The Centre party gained greater support from the Catholic population. Following Bismarck's <a href="/wiki/German_tariff_of_1879" title="German tariff of 1879">1879</a> turn from <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> to <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> and from the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal party</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a> parties, he also abandoned the unsuccessful <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre party remained a party of opposition to Bismarck, but after his resignation in 1890, it frequently supported the following administrations' policies in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a>, particularly in the field of social security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_broaden_appeal_beyond_Catholics">Attempts to broaden appeal beyond Catholics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attempts to broaden appeal beyond Catholics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg/110px-Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg/165px-Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Windthorst_1872_JS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Ludwig Windthorst</a>, leader of the party 1874-1891.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052,_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_116-121-052%2C_Mitglieder_des_Deutschen_Reichstages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Centre Party Member of Reichstag (First line sitting from left to right: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Letocha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Letocha (page does not exist)">Paul Letocha</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Ludwig Windthorst</a>, Graf v. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Anton_von_Harbuval-Chamar%C3%A9-Stolz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Anton von Harbuval-Chamaré-Stolz (page does not exist)">Johann Anton von Chamaré</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_von_Dejanicz-Gliszczynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski (page does not exist)">Anton von Dejanicz-Gliszczynski</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Horn (page does not exist)">Albert Horn</a> second line-standing-left to right: Graf v. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_von_Praschma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich von Praschma (page does not exist)">Friedrich von Praschma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Schmieder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Schmieder (page does not exist)">Philipp Schmieder</a> (not Centre party), Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Porsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Porsch (page does not exist)">Felix Porsch</a>, Dr. Frhr. <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Heereman_von_Zuydwyck" title="Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck">Clemens Heereman von Zuydwyck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Szmula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Szmula (page does not exist)">Julius Szmula</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kulturkampf had reinforced the Catholic character of the Centre Party, but even during it <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst" title="Ludwig Windthorst">Ludwig Windthorst</a> had defended the party against Bismarck's accusation of being a "denominational party" in describing the Centre as "a political party with a comprehensive political programme and open to anyone, who accepts it". However, few Protestants took up this offer and the Centre remained, by the composition of its members, politicians and voters, an essentially Catholic party. </p><p>Loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in church matters, the Centre party steered a course independent of the Holy See on secular matters. This became apparent in the "septennat dispute" of 1886. Since the Centre Party rejected Bismarck's military budget, the Chancellor negotiated with the Holy See and promised to abolish some <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>-related laws and to support the Pope in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_question" title="Roman question">Roman question</a>, if the Vatican persuaded the Centre Party to accept his bill. Despite this agreement, the Centre Party rejected the budget and Bismarck called new elections. He also published the letters with the Vatican, intending to drive a wedge between Catholic voters loyal to the Pope and the Centre Party with the slogan: "The Pope against the Centre!" Windhorst managed to avert this by reaffirming the Party's autonomy, which the Pope had accepted, and by interpreting the published letters as expressions of papal confidence in the party. </p><p>As the Kulturkampf declined, debates about the character of the party emerged culminating in the Centre dispute, in 1906, after Julius Bachem had published the article "We must get out of the tower!" He called upon Catholic politicians to fulfill Windthorst's word and get out of their perpetual minority position by an effort to increase Protestant numbers among their representatives in parliament. His proposal was met with passionate opposition by the greater part of Catholic public, especially since it also included the <a href="/wiki/Christian_trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian trade unions">Christian trade unions</a> and other Catholic organisations. No side could win the upper hand, when the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> ended the dispute. </p><p>After the war, there were many proposals on how the reform the party. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brauns" title="Heinrich Brauns">Heinrich Brauns</a> published the Cologne Program (Kölner Programm), which proposed the re-formation of the Zentrum under a new name (Christliche Volkspartei, CVP). This proposal was rejected, with only a few regions adopting it for the <a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919 election</a>; the party instead adopted the Berlin Guidelines (Berliner Leitsätze), which were more moderate but failed at making the Zentrum attractive for Protestant voters too.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian trade unions">Christian trade unions</a>, made another attempt at transcending the party's exclusively Catholic character and uniting Germany's fragmented party spectrum. In 1920 he advocated the formation of a broad Christian middle-party, that would transcend denominations and social classes and which could push back the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats'</a> influence. </p><p>The Polish minority in the German Empire formed one of the largest Catholic groups, but the Centre Party pursued an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">anti-Polish</a> course causing enmity between it and Polish minority.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_war_and_revolution">In war and revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In war and revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Georg_von_Hertling_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (1 November 1917-30 September 1918).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733,_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R18733%2C_Constantin_Fehrenbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a>, President of the Reichstag (1918) and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a> (1919-1920), Chancellor of Germany (1920-1921).</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a>, the party also used the debates about <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a> to push for a repeal of the last remnants of anti-Jesuit laws. In 1916, the Reichstag adopted a resolution introduced by the Centre Party, calling on the government to follow the <i><a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a> (OHL)</i>'s recommendation on the use of submarines. The OHL's policy of resuming <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> was supposed to break the deadlock of the war but instead led to the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States entry into the war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war continued, many of the leaders of the Centre's left wing, particularly <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a>, came to support a negotiated settlement, and Erzberger was key in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Peace_Resolution" title="Reichstag Peace Resolution">Reichstag Peace Resolution</a> of 1917. </p><p>The same year, the Centre's <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Hertling" title="Georg von Hertling">Georg von Hertling</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Bavaria">Minister-President</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, was appointed Chancellor, but he could not overcome the dominance of the military leadership of <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a>. When a parliamentary system of government was introduced in October 1918, the new chancellor <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Max von Baden</a> appointed representatives from the Centre party, the Social Democrats and the left-liberals as ministers. </p><p>After the fall of the monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, conflict arose between the party and the new Social Democratic government. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Hoffmann" title="Adolph Hoffmann">Adolf Hofmann</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> minister for culture, attempted to decree a total separation of church and state, forcing religion out of schools. This stirred up a wave of protest among the Catholic population, and bishops, Catholic organisations and the Centre Party itself united to combat the "red danger". This conflict bridged internal tensions within the party and secured its continual existence despite the turmoil of the revolution. The party however was weakened by its Bavarian wing splitting off and forming the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (BVP), which emphasised <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">autonomy of the states</a> and also took a more conservative course.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919 elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a>, the Centre Party gained 91 representatives, being the second largest party after the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD). The Centre's <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a> was elected president of the National Assembly. The party actively cooperated with Social Democrats and left-liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP) in drawing up the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, which guaranteed what the Centre had been fighting for since its founding: equality for Catholics and autonomy for Catholic Church throughout Germany. The party was less successful in the school question. Although religious education remained an ordinary subject in most schools, the comprehensive, inter-denominational schools became default. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany">Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Weimar_Republic">In the Weimar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505,_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei,_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0617-505%2C_Deutsche_Zentrumspartei%2C_Pr%C3%A4sidium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Presidium of the Zentrum, 1920, amongst others <a href="/wiki/Aloysius,_Prince_of_L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg" title="Aloysius, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg">Aloys Löwenstein-Wertheim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helene_Drie%C3%9Fen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helene Drießen (page does not exist)">Helene Drießen</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Porsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Porsch (page does not exist)">Felix Porsch</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Elfes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Elfes (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Elfes</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Bauer_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebastian Bauer (politician) (page does not exist)">Sebastian Bauer</a>;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Blank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Blank (page does not exist)">Lorenz Blank</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Centre Party, whose pragmatic principles generally left it open to supporting either a monarchical or republican form of government, proved one of the mainstays of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, continuing the cooperation with SPD and DDP in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a>. This combination, however, lost its majority in the <a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920 elections</a>. The formation of the new Christian People's Party in Rhineland (May 1920) caused considerable concern among the Centre leadership. Seeing the exodus of conservative Catholics caused by a sharp left turn of the Centre at the end of war, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a> proposed his "Essen program"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (September 1920) that promised Germany to become "Christian, democratic, German, and social" and a plan to form a broad-based Christian party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDill1954101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDill1954101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party was an ideologically diverse coalition of Catholic politicians, comprising republicans like <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a> as well as right-wingers like <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>. As a result of the party's flexibility, it participated in every government between 1919 and 1932, both with parties to their left and to their right. The Centre mainly provided the ministers for finance and labour and, on four occasions, the Chancellor. However, this also damaged the party's prospects because it was increasingly associated with all of the conflicts, problems, and failures of the Republic. The Centre had a share of the odium attached to the so-called "Weimar Establishment" which was blamed, especially on the right, for the German defeat in World War I in the <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a>, as well as for the humiliations of the Versailles Treaty and reparations. Erzberger himself, who had signed the armistice, was assassinated by right-wing extremists in 1921. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Reichskanzler_Wilhelm_Marx_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a>, Chancellor of Germany (1923-1925, 1926-1928).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143,_Berlin,_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2004-0143%2C_Berlin%2C_Kabinett_Marx_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Cabinet with Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a>, 1927.</figcaption></figure> <p>The parties of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democrats, Centre and the left-liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP) were the base of the Weimar Republic but lost their majority in the 1920 elections. After this, majority governments were rare as they required the support of the Weimar Coalition and the national liberal <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> (DVP). Social Democrats and DVP found it hard to agree on economic policy while Social Democrats disagreed with the Centre Party on issues like religious schools or a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a> with the Holy See. </p><p>Following the 1920 elections, the Centre's <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a> formed a minority government in a coalition with the DDP and the DVP. In May 1921 the Weimar Coalition once again joined forces with the Centre's <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a> as Chancellor, but this minority government collapsed again in November 1922. After this, the Centre participated in the non-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a>'s "government of the economy", together with both liberal parties and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> (BVP). </p><p>In August 1923, the DVP's <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">Grand Coalition</a> administration, comprising the Centre, both Liberal parties and the Social Democrats, which lasted until November, when the Social Democrats left the coalition and the Centre's <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a> became chancellor of a cabinet of the remaining parties. In January 1925 the non-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a> was appointed chancellor and formed a coalition between the Centre, both Liberal parties, the BVP and, for the first time, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP). The Centre, the BVP and the DNVP jointly supported legislation to expand religious schools. </p><p>In the same year, Wilhelm Marx was the Centre's candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">presidential elections</a>. In the second round, combining the support of the Weimar coalition parties, he gained 45.3% of the vote and finished a close second to the victorious right-wing candidate <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> with 48.3%. In May 1926 Chancellor Luther resigned and Marx again assumed the chancellorship. In June 1928, the <a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">general elections</a> resulted in losses for the government parties and in gains for the Social Democrats and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communists</a>. The Grand Coalition of 1923 was revived, this time including the BVP and the Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a> became chancellor. </p><p>During the years of the Weimar Republic, debates about the Catholic character of the party, as described above, persisted. The left-wing of the party, led by Erzberger and Wirth, had close ties to the Catholic workers' associations led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joos" title="Joseph Joos">Joseph Joos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some politicians on the right wing of the party, including <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brauns" title="Heinrich Brauns">Heinrich Brauns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, advocated a move towards the right and a closer cooperation with the national movements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle-ground emphasised their loyalty to the Church and rejected both extremes. To mediate the tension between the wings and to strengthen their ties with the Bishops, the party in September 1928 did not elect the two favourites <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joos" title="Joseph Joos">Joseph Joos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a>, but rather the cleric <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a> as chairman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brüning_administration"><span id="Br.C3.BCning_administration"></span>Brüning administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brüning administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504,_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, Chancellor of Germany (1930-1932).</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1930, the <i>Grand Coalition</i> fell apart. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, from the moderate-conservative wing of the party, was appointed as Chancellor with a cabinet that, apart from the missing Social Democrats, was virtually unchanged. Brüning was confronted with economic crises exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and had to tackle the difficult tasks of consolidating both budget and currency when faced with rising unemployment, and of also negotiating changes to the <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> payments. His course of strict budget discipline, with severe cuts in public expenditure, and tax increases made him extremely unpopular among the lower and middle classes as well as among the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Junkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Junkers">Prussian Junkers</a>. </p><p>In 1930, Brüning's failure to gain a majority for his policies in parliament prompted him to call <a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">early elections</a>, in which the four parties of the former Grand coalition lost their majority. After this, Brüning based his administration entirely on the support of the presidential <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decrees</a> ("Notverordnung") through article 48 of the Constitution. This allowed him to circumvent parliament, as long as the Social Democrats - who feared another election - tolerated this practice. For this way of government based on both the President and cooperation of parliament, Brüning coined the term "authoritarian democracy". </p><p>By this time, the party had become increasingly ambivalent toward democracy. Many elements of the party, including Kaas, had come to believe that only an authoritarian regime could protect the position of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Centre consistently supported Brüning's government and in 1932 vigorously campaigned for the re-election of <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, calling him a "venerate historical personality" and "the keeper of the constitution". <a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">Hindenburg was re-elected</a> against <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, but shortly afterwards dismissed Brüning on 30 May 1932. </p><p>President Hindenburg, advised by General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a>, appointed the Catholic nobleman <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> as Chancellor, a member of the Centre's right wing and former cavalry captain. The intention was to break the connection of the Centre with the other republican parties or to split the party and integrate it into a comprehensive conservative movement. However, the Centre refused to support Papen's government in any way and criticised him for "distorting and abusing good old ideals of the Centre, acting as the representative of reactionary circles". Papen forestalled being expelled by leaving the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_coup_d'état_and_authoritarian_democracy"><span id="Between_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_and_authoritarian_democracy"></span>Between coup d'état and authoritarian democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Between coup d'état and authoritarian democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500,_Franz_v._Papen_(cropped)(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0113-500%2C_Franz_v._Papen_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, Chancellor of Germany (1932).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Kaas_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_mini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ludwig_Kaas_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_mini.jpg/110px-Ludwig_Kaas_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_mini.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Ludwig_Kaas_Konkordatsunterzeichnung_mini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a>, leader of the Centre Party</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Brüning's resignation, the Centre Party entered the opposition. Though they also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, their energies were directed mainly against the renegade Papen. Some Centre politicians were soothed by Hitler's strategy of legality into downplaying the Nazi threat.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In regard to the government, the Centre Party rejected a "temporal solution", such as Papen's presidial cabinets, and rather advocated a "total solution", i.e., a government according to the rules of the constitution. Since the Centre considered Papen's administration of being "in a dangerous way dependent on <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">radical right-wing</a> parties", chairman <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a> advised the President to recognise this connection by basing the government on a coalition with the rising right-wing parties, the "logical result of current development". This would force the radicals to "take their share in responsibility" and "acquainting them with international politics". The Centre would then act as the party of opposition to this administration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Papen was faced with almost uniform opposition by the parties, he had the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> dissolved. In the subsequent elections, the Centre Party campaigned on two fronts, against both the Papen government and National Socialists and reaffirmed their stance as the "constitution party" opposed to "any measure contrary to constitution, justice and law" and "unwilling to yield to terror". The <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">July 1932 elections</a> brought further losses to the mainstream parties and gains to the extremist parties. The National Socialists supplanted the Social Democrats as the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communists</a> and National Socialists together had won the majority of seats, no government coalition could be formed without one of them. Papen tried to justify his authoritarian style of government by pointing out that parliament could no longer function properly. Countering this reasoning, the Centre and the BVP tried to re-establish a working parliament by cooperation with the National Socialists, since the three parties together had attained 53% of the seats. When Papen called upon the people to "reject the dictatorship of a single party", the Centre Party agreed "without reservation", but it also stated that "with the same resolution we reject the dictatorship of the nameless party, now in power … even if cloaked with the illusion of non-partisanship". </p><p>After Papen failed to get Hitler's support for his administration, the Centre began their own negotiations with the National Socialists. They started in the state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a> had just lost its majority. An alternative majority could be not found and the Papen administration had seized this opportunity to assume control of Germany's largest state in the "<a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenschlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußenschlag">Prussian coup</a>" via presidential decree. Now, the National Socialists proposed to end this direct rule by forming a coalition with the Centre Party, promising an equal share in government. Since this went too far for the Centre's national leadership, the negotiations were transferred to the national level, where <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> conferred with <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a>. During that period the anti-Nazi polemics ceased in order not to disturb the negotiations. Since the NSDAP was the larger party, the Centre was willing to accept a Nazi as Chancellor, provided he could gain the trust of the President, which at that time seemed quite a difficult task. </p><p>The negotiations were bound for failure, since the aims of the two groups were largely incompatible. The Centre argued that the vote of July had "called Hitler not to dictatorship but to responsibility, to getting in line with law and constitution". They hoped to "build a strong government without touching the substance of the constitution", to create "clear responsibilities" and to "preclude anti-constitutional experiments". The Centre advocated a return to Brüning's "<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian democracy">authoritarian democracy</a>", which they considered up to the times and tested by experience, against Papen's "omnipotent state and independent leadership", while the Nazis would only accept a coalition that would serve their purpose of achieving total dominance. Not expecting a successful conclusion, Hitler used the Centre negotiations in order to put pressure on the Papen administration. </p><p>The negotiations were also met with criticism from within the Centre Party. Some rejected them as "currying favour with the National Socialists" and giving credence to Hitler's strategy of legality. Catholic journalists <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Gerlich" title="Fritz Gerlich">Fritz Gerlich</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingbert_Naab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingbert Naab (page does not exist)">Ingbert Naab</a> dismissed as "illusionary" the attempt to "uphold the constitution and the legal order" with a man such as Hitler with his "unconditional propensity to evil". Instead of "driving out the devil by Belzebub", the Centre should act as the parliament's conscience. The party leadership answered their critics by calling it a "duty of conscience" to try to achieve a constitutional government. Though Papen did not expect the negotiations to succeed, he was nonetheless concerned as a success would have led to a presidential crisis, as Hindenburg was unwilling to have a coalition parties dictate the administration. In September he ended all speculations by dissolving the Reichstag again, almost immediately after its first meeting. </p><p>Papen's act did not end the negotiations between the Centre and the NSDAP. In fact, it made further meetings possible, since the Centre Party's leadership blamed the failure not on the parties' incompatibility but on Papen calling for new elections. Since the NSDAP vote dropped again in the <a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">elections of November 1932</a>, the Centre Party considered their strategy successful and resumed negotiations, this time under the slogan of forming a "Notgemeinschaft" ("community of need"), even though the Centre, BVP, and NSDAP together no longer formed a majority in parliament. </p><p>Kaas advised President Hindenburg not to continue Papen's "administration of conflict"; he advocated "national concentration including the National Socialists", but did not comment on an alternative Chancellor, since he considered that the "personal prerogative of the President". Hindenburg's negotiations with Hitler failed, but so did Kaas's attempt to form a coalition in parliament. By avoiding a clear statement, Hitler managed to pin the blame for this failure on the DNVP's <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a>, who had rejected Kaas's proposals. </p><p>Since the cabinet had refused to support Papen's planned coup d'état by a permanent dissolution of the Reichstag, in December Hindenburg appointed General <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> as Chancellor. Schleicher tried to form a "<a href="/wiki/Querfront" title="Querfront">Querfront</a>" (an alliance involving willing members of both left-wing and right-wing parties), which failed. Schleicher then revived Papen's proposed coup d'état, which the Centre Party refused to condone, as did the other parties. Under these circumstances, Hindenburg refused to back the coup, and Schleicher accordingly resigned on 28 January 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hitler_government_and_new_elections">Hitler government and new elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hitler government and new elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Papen had formed an intrigue to oust his successor. He conferred with Hugenberg and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenish-Westphalian_Industrial_Magnates_and_the_Nazis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates and the Nazis (page does not exist)">industrial magnates</a> and bankers during a feverish night in which the outcome was unclear to all participants. On 30 January 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor with Papen as Vice-Chancellor and Hugenberg as minister for economics. </p><p>Though seeing their adversaries Papen and Hugenberg join forces with Hitler, the Centre Party still did not give up building a broad coalition government. Since the new administration was still lacking a majority in parliament, the Centre was ready to support it, either by toleration or by coalition. Hitler intended to minimise non-Nazi participation, but feigned a willingness to cooperate with the Centre and blamed Papen and Hugenberg for denying cabinet posts to the Centre. When Kaas requested a broad outline of his government's objectives, Hitler used the questionnaire presented by Kaas to declare the talks a failure and obtain the President's approval for calling for new elections for the third time in about half a year. </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">elections in March 1933</a> were already marred by the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a>'s terror, after the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> and civil rights had been suspended by President Hindenburg through the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>. Still the Centre Party campaigned hard against the Hitler administration and managed to preserve their former vote of roughly 11 per cent. The government parties NSDAP and DNVP however jointly won 52 per cent of the vote. This result shattered the Centre Party's hopes of being indispensable for obtaining a majority in parliament. The party was now faced with two alternatives – either to persist in protesting and risk reprisals like Communists and Social Democrats, or to declare their loyal cooperation, in order to protect their members. As shown by subsequent events, though deeply uncomfortable with the new government, the party opted for the latter alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enabling_Act">Enabling Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Enabling Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439,_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14439%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers_zum_Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s Reichstag speech promoting the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a>, delivered at the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_Opera_House" title="Kroll Opera House">Kroll Opera House</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The government confronted the newly elected Reichstag with the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> that would have vested the government with legislative powers for a period of four years. As the bill required a two-thirds majority in order to pass and the coalition parties only controlled 340 of the 647 seats (52.5 percent), the government needed the support of other parties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Centre Party, whose vote was going to be decisive, was split on the issue of the Enabling Act. Chairman Kaas advocated supporting the bill in parliament in return for government guarantees. These mainly included respecting the President's Office retaining veto power, religious liberty, its involvement in culture, schools and education, the <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a> signed by German states and the existence of the Centre Party. Via Papen, Hitler responded positively and personally addressed the issues in his Reichstag speech but he repeatedly put off signing a written letter of agreement. </p><p>Kaas was aware of the doubtful nature of such guarantees but when the Centre Party assembled on 23 March to decide on their vote, Kaas advised his fellow party members to support the bill, given the "precarious state of the party". He described his reasons as follows: "On the one hand we must preserve our soul, but on the other hand a rejection of the Enabling Act would result in unpleasant consequences for fraction and party. What is left is only to guard us against the worst. Were a two-thirds majority not obtained, the government's plans would be carried through by other means. The President has acquiesced in the Enabling Act. From the DNVP no attempt of relieving the situation is to be expected."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to English historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>, the main reason why the Centre Party voted for the Enabling Act despite questioning the sincerity of Hitler's guarantees was because of the intimidation that it was subjected to. The party was further pressured by the fact that on 26 June 1933, all of the Reichstag and Landtg deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> were placed in custody by Heinrich Himmler. This was also followed by the Nazi troops forcefully disbanding the Catholic trade unions, and Catholic civil servants being threatened with dismissals. In light of the increasing oppression, most members of the Centre Party believed that they were powerless to prevent the NSDAP from gaining power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evan wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yet the party wanted a Concordat not least because of the massive intimidation to which it had been subjected since the end of February 1933. This included violent attacks on Centre Party meetings during campaigning for the elections of 5 March 1933, during one of which the Centre Party politician and former government minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a> was severely beaten by Nazi stormtroopers (on 22 February). One after another in the spring and early summer of 1933, Catholic lay organisations were being forcibly closed down or merged with their Nazi counterparts, Catholic journalists and newspaper editors were arrested, especially if they had attacked the Nazi-led coalition government in print, and leading Catholics were brutally mistreated by the SA. (...) Not surprisingly, it was fear of the complete destruction of its lay organisations and the reversal of all the progress that Catholic laymen had made towards gaining equality of status with Protestants that provided the major impetus behind the agreement of the Centre to dissolve itself in return for a Concordat in which the new regime would commit itself – with how little sincerity would soon become apparent – to preserving the integrity of the Catholic community and its institutions.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a>, <i>The Third Reich in History and Memory</i>, (2015), pp. 87-88</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A considerable number of parliamentarians opposed the chairman's course, among these former Chancellors <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a> and former minister <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a>. Brüning called the Act the "most monstrous resolution ever demanded of a parliament" and was sceptical about Kaas's efforts: "The party has difficult years ahead, no matter how it would decide. Sureties for the government fulfilling its promises have not been given. Without a doubt, the future of the Centre Party is in danger and once it is destroyed it cannot be revived again." </p><p>The opponents also argued that <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> ruled out participating in acts of revolution. The proponents argued that a "national revolution" had already occurred with Hitler's appointment and the presidential decree suspending civil rights. The Enabling Act would contain the revolutionary forces and move the government back to a legal order. Both groupings were not unaffected by Hitler's self-portrayal as a moderate seeking cooperation as opposed to the more revolutionary SA led by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>. Even Brüning thought it would be "decisive which groups of the NSDAP will be in power in the future. Will Hitler's power increase or will he fail, that is the question." </p><p>In the end the majority of Centre parliamentarians supported Kaas's proposal. Brüning and his followers agreed to respect party discipline by also voting in favour of the bill. The Reichstag assembled under turbulent circumstances. SA men served as guards and crowded outside the building to intimidate any opposition while the Communist and some Social Democratic members of the Reichstag had been imprisoned and were thus prevented from voting. In the end, the Centre voted as planned in favour of the Enabling Act, as did all the other parties apart from the SPD. The act was passed on 23 March 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_party">End of the party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End of the party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The passing of the Enabling Act did not, as Kaas had suggested, prevent the Centre Party's demise. As promised during the negotiations, a working committee chaired by Hitler and Kaas was supposed to inform about further legislative measures. However, it met only three times (31 March, 2 and 7 April) without any major impact. At that time, the Centre Party was weakened by massive defections by party members. Loyal party members, in particular civil servants, and other Catholic organisations were subject to increasing reprisals, despite Hitler's previous guarantees. The party was also hurt by a declaration of the German bishops that, while maintaining their opposition to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideology</a>, modified the ban on cooperation with the new authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of the concordat prolonged Kaas's stay in Rome, leaving the party without an effective chairman: On 5 May Kaas finally resigned from his post and the party now elected Brüning as his successor. The party adopted a tempered version of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">leadership principle</a>; pro-Centre papers now declared that the party's members, or "retinue", would fully submit itself to Brüning. It was not enough, however, to relieve the growing pressure that it and other parties faced in the wake of the process of <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>. Prominent members were frequently arrested and beaten, and pro-Centre civil servants were fired. As the summer of 1933 wore on, several government officials — including Papen — demanded that the Centre either dissolve or be closed down by the government. </p><p>By July, the Centre was the only non-Nazi party that still even nominally existed; the SPD and KPD had been banned outright, while the others had been browbeaten into dissolving themselves. On 1 July, Papen and Kaas agreed that as part of the concordat, German priests would stay out of politics. As it turned out, the party dissolved on 5 July — much to the dismay of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Cardinal Pacelli</a>, who felt the party should at least have waited until after the conclusion of negotiations. The day after, the government issued a law outlawing the formation of new political parties, thereby making the NSDAP the only legally permitted party in Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refounding_and_post-war_history">Refounding and post-war history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Refounding and post-war history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009,_Berlin,_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009%2C_Berlin%2C_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg/170px-Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009%2C_Berlin%2C_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009%2C_Berlin%2C_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg/255px-Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009%2C_Berlin%2C_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Rudolf_Amelunxen_-_Ausschnitt_aus_Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F001946-0009%2C_Berlin%2C_Bundesversammlung_w%C3%A4hlt_Bundespr%C3%A4sident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Amelunxen" title="Rudolf Amelunxen">Rudolf Amelunxen</a>, Minister-President of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (1945-1947).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004,_Helene_Wessel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a>, leader of the Centre Party (1949-1952).</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, the party was refounded, but it was confronted with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU), a new party formed as a Christian party comprising both Catholics and Protestants. As many former Centre party politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, were founding members or joined the CDU, and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Josef_Frings" title="Josef Frings">Josef Frings</a> of Cologne endorsed the new party, the party lost its position as the party of the Catholic population. For some time, however, the party managed to hold on to regional strongholds in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. In 1945, its <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Amelunxen" title="Rudolf Amelunxen">Rudolf Amelunxen</a> had been the new state's first Minister-President, and it participated in the state government until 1958, when it left the state parliament. Until 1959, the Centre was also represented in the state parliament of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. </p><p>On the national level, in the <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">elections of 1949</a>, it won ten seats in the first <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. However, in <a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a>, the party (with the aid from the regional CDU) only retained three seats. In <a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a>, largely due to the massive CDU landslide that year, the party dropped out of the Bundestag completely and it did not return until 2022. </p><p>This demise is at least partly because of <a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a>. In 1949, she was one of the Centre's representatives in the Bundestag and also was elected chairwoman of the party, the first woman ever to lead a German party. In 1951, she vocally opposed Adenauer's policy of <a href="/wiki/West_German_rearmament" title="West German rearmament">West German rearmament</a> and joined forces with the CDU's <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a>, the former Minister of the Interior. The two formed the <i>Notgemeinschaft zur Rettung des Friedens in Europa</i> ("Emergency Community to Save the Peace in Europe"), an initiative intended to prevent rearmament. Wessel resigned from her post and in November 1952 left the party. Immediately afterwards, Wessel and Heinemann turned the <i>Notgemeinschaft</i> into a political party, the <a href="/wiki/All-German_People%27s_Party" title="All-German People's Party">All-German People's Party</a> (<i>Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei,</i> GVP), that failed badly in the elections of 1953. In 1957, the GVP dissolved, and most members joined the SPD. </p><p>Meanwhile, the survivors of the Centre Party tried to forge an alliance of small parties of Christian persuasion, to offer an alternative to disappointed CDU/CSU voters, but they gained only the support of the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a>. The two parties joined forces under the name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Union_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Union (Germany) (page does not exist)">Federal Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralistische_Union" class="extiw" title="de:Föderalistische Union">de</a>]</span>, first in parliament since 1951 and in the 1957 the general elections, but the results were disappointing. </p><p>In 1988, the right wing of the party split off and formed the "<a href="/wiki/Christian_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Centre Party">Christian Centre Party</a>". In 2003 the evangelical "<a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Party of Germany">Christian Party of Germany</a>" (CPD) joined the Centre Party. </p><p>Since its demise on the national level, the party focuses on local politics, while maintaining the same positions as in the post-war period. The party is represented in some city councils in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>. Despite its marginal numbers, the party emphasises continuity to its history by sometimes referring to itself as the "oldest political party of Germany". According to its statutes the official name of the party is <i>Deutsche Zentrumspartei – Älteste Partei Deutschlands gegründet 1870</i> (German Centre Party – Oldest Party in Germany founded in 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_revival">Small revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Small revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current chairman of the party is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Brall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Brall (page does not exist)">Klaus Brall</a>. The party is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a>. </p><p>In 2022, former <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> member <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Witt" title="Uwe Witt">Uwe Witt</a> joined the party while still holding his seat in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. It is the first time since 1957 that the party has held a seat in the Bundestag.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witt subsequently left in August of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party also got its first representation in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> on 10 June 2022, when the former <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> co-chairman <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Meuthen" title="Jörg Meuthen">Jörg Meuthen</a> joined the party.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Meuthen left the party in September 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_beliefs">Ideology and beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ideology and beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the party's ideology has shifted throughout its existence, it has consistently presented itself through a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democratic">Christian democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">politically Catholic</a> profile. Until the 1920s, it was seen to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Political_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Political centre">political centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before adopting a right-wing identity at the end of the decade and post-World War Two defining itself as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> movement. The party adopted a new program in 2008 in which it stated rejection for the traditional left and right divide of politics and called for a "value-oriented" platform guided by the principles of Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. The party supports the traditional family unit and is generally opposed to <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. It has given support to <i>right to life</i> movements in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Weimar era, the Centre Party was socially and economically heterogenous and included groups of various political views and interests, including republicans and monarchists,<sup id="cite_ref-hinden_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinden-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was considered to represent the entire "political microcosm of Weimar Catholic society". It included industrial workers and smallholders, broad middle class (including both the agrarian and urban middle classes), as well as entrepreneurs, civil servants and clerics, and lastly a small but influential group of Catholic aristocracy. The uniting element of the factions of the Centre Party was commitment to <a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party had a left wing, represented by politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a>, as well as Catholic workers' associations and Catholic trade unions, led by the Centre's laborist politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald" title="Adam Stegerwald">Adam Stegerwald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Left-wing factions of the Centre Party were committed to republicanism and pressured the Zentrum to identify itself as a pro-republican party; however, the party instead adopted a vague label of being a "constitutional party", which was "ready to collaborate with any legal government" of any form of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-hinden_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinden-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leftists of the Centre Party also promoted cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> and advised Weimar Catholics to join the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner</a>; some left-wing Centre factions were also supportive of cooperation with right-wing nationalist trade unions on pragmatic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-knapp_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knapp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with "republican-democratic" wings of the party, the Centre Party also had socialist factions. Catholic socialism was promoted by politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mertens" title="Heinrich Mertens">Heinrich Mertens</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Heller" class="extiw" title="de:Vitus Heller">Vitus Heller</a>, as well as the Catholic priest <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Hohoff" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Hohoff">Wilhelm Hohoff</a>, who argued that Marx's criticism of capitalism is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>, and believed that the atheism of socialism "was not an essential ingredient but only a transient phase". The Catholic socialists of the Centre Party presented various positions, such as promoting a "third way" between capitalism and socialism based on the papal encyclical <a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a>, or advocating economical socialism with a strongly religious character, rejecting the secular currents of socialism and social democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In stark contrast to pro-parliamentary and pro-republican factions of the Centre, there were also anti-republican and anti-democratic factions, which argued that Weimar democracy promoted anti-Catholic values such as secularism, individualism and materialism. The party's right wing was represented by figures such as the cardinal <a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Faulhaber" title="Michael von Faulhaber">Michael von Faulhaber</a> or Hermann Port, who sought cooperation with conservative parties. Because of the extreme ideological heterogeneity of the party, it simultaneously participated in pro- and anti-republican coalitions on the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In attempt to solve internal dissent, the party would increasingly appoint Catholic priests and clerics to leading positions, as opposed to non-clerical politicians associated with certain interest groups witin the party. This practice led to the appointment of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party then became subject to the broader shift to the right of the Weimar society in late 1920s caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and dissatisfaction with the Weimar political system, which also included the Catholic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an updated policy platform in 2022, the Centre Party declares its objective is to protect the "Christian-Jewish roots of Europe and defend the free-democratic basic order of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany." The party supports a <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, keeping national debt low and strong social security systems. The party supports the integration of immigrants residing legally in Germany while protecting German national identity and ensuring compulsory laws for immigrants to learn German, understand German culture and undergo a values test before acquiring citizenship. It also calls for strong <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> and national security policies to combat violent crime and terrorism and supports German membership of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Reichstag/Bundestag"><span id="German_Reichstag.2FBundestag"></span>German Reichstag/Bundestag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: German Reichstag/Bundestag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag (German Empire)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag (Weimar Republic)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election year </th> <th colspan="2">Constituency </th> <th colspan="2">Party list </th> <th rowspan="2">Seats won </th> <th rowspan="2">+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867</a>–<a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a> </th> <td>315,777 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">36 / 382</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 36 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a> </th> <td>724,000 </td> <td>18.6 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">63 / 382</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a> </th> <td>1,446,000 </td> <td>27.9 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a> </th> <td>1,341,300 </td> <td>24.8 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">93 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a> </th> <td>1,328,100 </td> <td>23.1 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">94 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a> </th> <td>1,182,900 </td> <td>23.2 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">100 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a> </th> <td>1,282,000 </td> <td>22.6 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">99 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a> </th> <td>1,516,200 </td> <td>20.1 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">98 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a> </th> <td>1,342,100 </td> <td>18.6 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">106 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a> </th> <td>1,468,500 </td> <td>19.1 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">96 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a> </th> <td>1,455,100 </td> <td>18.8 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">102 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a> </th> <td>1,875,300 </td> <td>19.8 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">100 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a> </th> <td>2,179,800 </td> <td>19.4 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">105 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a> </th> <td>1,996,800 </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 397</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>5,980,216 </td> <td>19.67 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">91 / 423</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 22%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>3,845,001 </td> <td>13.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">64 / 459</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">May 1924</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>3,914,379 </td> <td>13.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">65 / 472</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">December 1924</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>4,118,849 </td> <td>13.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">69 / 493</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>3,712,152 </td> <td>12.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">61 / 491</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>4,127,000 </td> <td>11.81 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">68 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">July 1932</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>4,589,430 </td> <td>12.44 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">75 / 608</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>4,230,545 </td> <td>11.93 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">70 / 584</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>4,424,905 </td> <td>11.25 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">73 / 647</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">November 1933</a> </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><i>Banned. <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> sole legal party.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1936_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 German election and referendum">1936</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1938_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 German election and referendum">1938</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a> </th> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td>727,505 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 402</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 63 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a> </th> <td>55,835 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>217,078 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 509</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0.6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>295,533 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>254,322 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a> </th> <td colspan="6" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>11,978 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>19,832 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a> </th> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="center">— </td> <td>15,933 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 518</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a> </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="4" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a> </th> <td>4,020 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>19,035 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 519</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a> </th> <td colspan="6" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a> </th> <td>1,489 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>3,757 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 672</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a> </th> <td>2,076 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="center">— </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 669</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a> </th> <td>1,823 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>3,127 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 603</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a> </th> <td>1,297 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>4,010 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 614</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a> </th> <td>369 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td>6,087 </td> <td>0.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 622</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #004C90; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_German_federal_election" title="2013 German federal election">2013</a> </th> <td colspan="6" rowspan="3" style="background: #EEE; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-cast"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volkstag_of_Danzig">Volkstag of Danzig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Volkstag of Danzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1920_Free_City_of_Danzig_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1920 Free City of Danzig Constituent Assembly election">1920</a> </th> <td>21,262 </td> <td>13.88 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">17 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1923_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1923 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1923</a> </th> <td>21,114 </td> <td>12.81 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">15 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 13%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1927_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1927</a> </th> <td>26,096 </td> <td>14.27 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">18 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1930_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1930 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1930</a> </th> <td>30,230 </td> <td>15.28 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 15%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1933_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1933 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1933</a> </th> <td>31,336 </td> <td>14.63 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1935_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1935</a> </th> <td>31,522 </td> <td>13.41 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">10 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landesrat_of_the_Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin">Landesrat of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Territory of the Saar Basin</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Landesrat of the Territory of the Saar Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1922_Saar_parliamentary_election" title="1922 Saar parliamentary election">1922</a> </th> <td>92,252 </td> <td>47.7 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">16 / 30</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left">– </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1924_Saar_parliamentary_election" title="1924 Saar parliamentary election">1924</a> </th> <td><i>3,246,511</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>42.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 30</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_Saar_parliamentary_election" title="1928 Saar parliamentary election">1928</a> </th> <td>129,162 </td> <td>46.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 30</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_Saar_parliamentary_election" title="1932 Saar parliamentary election">1932</a> </th> <td>156,615 </td> <td>43.2 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 30</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #000000; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Union_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Union (Germany) (page does not exist)">Federal Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralistische_Union" class="extiw" title="de:Föderalistische Union">de</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_People%27s_Party_(Saarland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian People's Party (Saarland) (page does not exist)">Christian People's Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christliche_Volkspartei_des_Saarlandes" class="extiw" title="de:Christliche Volkspartei des Saarlandes">de</a>]</span> (CVP).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFogarty1957" class="citation book cs1">Fogarty, Michael P. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238"><i>Christian Democracy in Western Europe: 1820–1953</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> Revivals. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38672-2"><bdi>978-1-351-38672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Western+Europe%3A+1820%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Routledge+Revivals&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-1-351-38672-2&rft.aulast=Fogarty&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEpnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenkuchTillmann2017" class="citation journal cs1">Spenkuch, Jorg L.; Tillmann, Philipp (2017). "Elite Influence? Religion and the Electoral Success of the Nazis". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Political_Science" title="American Journal of Political Science">American Journal of Political Science</a></i>. <b>62</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Political_Science_Association" title="Midwest Political Science Association">Midwest Political Science Association</a>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fajps.12328">10.1111/ajps.12328</a>. <q>Promoting the political and cultural ideals of Germany's Catholic minority, the Zentrum had been the spearhead of Political Catholicism ever since its founding in the second half of the nineteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Elite+Influence%3F+Religion+and+the+Electoral+Success+of+the+Nazis&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajps.12328&rft.aulast=Spenkuch&rft.aufirst=Jorg+L.&rft.au=Tillmann%2C+Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1975" class="citation journal cs1">Blackbourn, David (December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3629315">"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg"</a>. <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 821–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00008906">10.1017/S0018246X00008906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638516">2638516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Political+Alignment+of+the+Centre+Party+in+Wilhelmine+Germany%3A+A+Study+of+the+Party%27s+Emergence+in+Nineteenth-Century+W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=821-850&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00008906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A3629315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201228-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidgall201228_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidgall2012">Schmidgall 2012</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Clark, <i>Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947</i> (2006) pp 568-576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald J. Ross, <i>The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871-1887</i> (Washington, D.C., 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorsey,_Rudolf1966" class="citation book cs1">Morsey, Rudolf (1966). <i>Die deutsche Zentrumspartei, 1917-1923</i>. Droste. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963771636">963771636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Zentrumspartei%2C+1917-1923&rft.pub=Droste&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963771636&rft.au=Morsey%2C+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmut Walser Smith, <i>German Nationalism and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870-1914</i> (2014), p. 197-198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1"><i>The First World War</i></a> (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2"><bdi>978-1-4058-2471-2</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.place=Harrow%2C+England&rft.pages=61-62&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2471-2&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldwar0000robs_r5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/bvp.html">"Bayerische Volkspartei (BVP)"</a>. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum</i> (in German). 17 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.atitle=Bayerische+Volkspartei+%28BVP%29&rft.date=2014-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Finnenpolitik%2Fbvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation book cs1">Jones, L.E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dLQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140"><i>The German Right, 1918–1930: Political Parties, Organized Interests, and Patriotic Associations in the Struggle against Weimar Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49407-6"><bdi>978-1-108-49407-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Right%2C+1918%E2%80%931930%3A+Political+Parties%2C+Organized+Interests%2C+and+Patriotic+Associations+in+the+Struggle+against+Weimar+Democracy&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49407-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=L.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dLQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDill1954101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDill1954101_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDill1954">Dill 1954</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffert,_Claus1994" class="citation book cs1">Haffert, Claus (1994). <i>Die katholischen Arbeitervereine Westdeutschlands in der Weimarer Republik</i> (1. 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Essen: Klartext. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/388474187X" title="Special:BookSources/388474187X"><bdi>388474187X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32830554">32830554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+katholischen+Arbeitervereine+Westdeutschlands+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&rft.place=Essen&rft.edition=1.+Aufl&rft.pub=Klartext&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32830554&rft.isbn=388474187X&rft.au=Haffert%2C+Claus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppert,_Karsten1992" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Karsten (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imdienstamstaatv0000rupp"><i>Im Dienst am Staat von Weimar: das Zentrum als regierende Partei in der Weimarer Demokratie: 1923-1930</i></a></span>. Droste. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3770051661" title="Special:BookSources/3770051661"><bdi>3770051661</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797422863">797422863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Im+Dienst+am+Staat+von+Weimar%3A+das+Zentrum+als+regierende+Partei+in+der+Weimarer+Demokratie%3A+1923-1930&rft.pub=Droste&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797422863&rft.isbn=3770051661&rft.au=Ruppert%2C+Karsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimdienstamstaatv0000rupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_Trilogy#The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Third Reich Trilogy"><i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141009759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141009759"><bdi>978-0141009759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0141009759&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patch, William L. Jr. <i>Heinrich Bruning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp 278–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930-May 30, 1932." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> (1941): 1-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patch, pp 278–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, <i>The German Center Party, 1870-1933</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, <i>The German Center Party, 1870-1933</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin R. Menke, "Misunderstood Civic Duty: The Center Party and the Enabling Act." <i>Journal of Church and State</i> 51.2 (2009): 236-264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2015). <i>The Third Reich in History and Memory</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parteisatzung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzentrumspartei.de%2Fpartei%2Fparteisatzung%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zentrumspartei.de/pressemitteilung/beitritt-von-uwe-witt-deutsche-zentrumspartei-wieder-im-bundestag-vertreten/">"Beitritt von Uwe Witt: Deutsche Zentrumspartei wieder im Bundestag vertreten"</a>. <i>zentrumspartei</i>. 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zentrumspartei&rft.atitle=Beitritt+von+Uwe+Witt%3A+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+wieder+im+Bundestag+vertreten&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzentrumspartei.de%2Fpressemitteilung%2Fbeitritt-von-uwe-witt-deutsche-zentrumspartei-wieder-im-bundestag-vertreten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zentrumspartei.de/pressemitteilung/mitteilung-zum-parteiaustritt-von-uwe-witt-mdb/">"Mitteilung zum Parteiaustritt von Uwe Witt, MdB"</a>. 23 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitteilung+zum+Parteiaustritt+von+Uwe+Witt%2C+MdB&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzentrumspartei.de%2Fpressemitteilung%2Fmitteilung-zum-parteiaustritt-von-uwe-witt-mdb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/joerg-meuthen-afd-zentrumspartei-100.html">"Ex-AfD-Chef Meuthen wechselt in neue Partei"</a>. 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-AfD-Chef+Meuthen+wechselt+in+neue+Partei&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdf.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fpolitik%2Fjoerg-meuthen-afd-zentrumspartei-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreib2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Streib, Daniel (8 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnn.de/mittelbaden/ortenau/ex-afd-chef-tritt-schon-wieder-aus-partei-aus-meuthen-verlaesst-zentrum">"Ex-AfD-Chef Jörg Meuthen verlässt Zentrum und räumt Scheitern ein"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Badische_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Badische Neueste Nachrichten">Badische Neueste Nachrichten</a></i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Badische+Neueste+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Ex-AfD-Chef+J%C3%B6rg+Meuthen+verl%C3%A4sst+Zentrum+und+r%C3%A4umt+Scheitern+ein&rft.date=2023-09-08&rft.aulast=Streib&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbnn.de%2Fmittelbaden%2Fortenau%2Fex-afd-chef-tritt-schon-wieder-aus-partei-aus-meuthen-verlaesst-zentrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackbourn1975" class="citation journal cs1">Blackbourn, David (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638516">"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg"</a>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 821–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00008906">10.1017/S0018246X00008906</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638516">2638516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39447688">39447688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Political+Alignment+of+the+Centre+Party+in+Wilhelmine+Germany%3A+A+Study+of+the+Party%27s+Emergence+in+Nineteenth-Century+W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=821-850&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39447688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638516%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00008906&rft.aulast=Blackbourn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zentrumspartei.de/grundsatzprogramm/">"Grundsatzprogramm"</a>. <i>Zentrumspartei.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zentrumspartei.de&rft.atitle=Grundsatzprogramm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zentrumspartei.de%2Fgrundsatzprogramm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.domradio.de/themen/erzbistum-koeln/2018-06-27/erzbistum-koeln-distanziert-sich-von-anti-abtreibungsaktion">"Rechtliche Schritte vorbehalten"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domradio (page does not exist)">domradio.de</a></i>. 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>Über einem Foto einer Abtreibungsklinik ist der Schriftzug „Abtreiben macht frei" zu lesen – in Anlehnung an die Aufschrift „Arbeit macht frei" über dem Tor des Vernichtungslagers Auschwitz-Birkenau.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=domradio.de&rft.atitle=Rechtliche+Schritte+vorbehalten&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.domradio.de%2Fthemen%2Ferzbistum-koeln%2F2018-06-27%2Ferzbistum-koeln-distanziert-sich-von-anti-abtreibungsaktion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hinden-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hinden_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hinden_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorpalen2016" class="citation book cs1">Dorpalen, Andreas (2016). <i>Hindenberg and the Weimar Republic</i>. Princeton Legacy Library. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691651378" title="Special:BookSources/9780691651378"><bdi>9780691651378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindenberg+and+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780691651378&rft.aulast=Dorpalen&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserWohnout2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004). <i>Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45</i>. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-65539-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-65539-7"><bdi>0-203-65539-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Catholicism+in+Europe+1918-45&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-203-65539-7&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft.au=Wohnout%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1988" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Larry Eugene (1988). <i>German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918-1933</i>. 979-8-8908-7883-0. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Liberalism+and+the+Dissolution+of+the+Weimar+Party+System%2C+1918-1933&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=979-8-8908-7883-0&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Larry+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knapp-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knapp_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp1969" class="citation journal cs1">Knapp, Thomas A. (1969). "The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner: A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic". <i>International Review of Social History</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 159–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859000003564">10.1017/S0020859000003564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=The+German+Center+Party+and+the+Reichsbanner%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Political+and+Social+Consensus+in+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-179&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020859000003564&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp1975" class="citation journal cs1">Knapp, Thomas (1975). "The Red and the Black: Catholic Socialists in the Weimar Republic". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>61</b> (3). Catholic University of America Press: 386–408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+the+Black%3A+Catholic+Socialists+in+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=386-408&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Udi (2014). <i>The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15933-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Century%3A+German+Emigres+and+the+Ideological+Foundations+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15933-1&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Udi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiserWohnout2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (2004). <i>Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45</i>. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-65539-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-65539-7"><bdi>0-203-65539-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Catholicism+in+Europe+1918-45&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-203-65539-7&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft.au=Wohnout%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Udi (2014). <i>The Weimar Century: German Emigres and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15933-1"><bdi>978-0-691-15933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Century%3A+German+Emigres+and+the+Ideological+Foundations+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15933-1&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Udi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zentrumspartei.de/grundsatzprogramm/">"policy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzentrumspartei.de%2Fgrundsatzprogramm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">every voter had 30 votes</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidgall2012" class="citation book cs1">Schmidgall, Markus (2012). <i>Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden</i>. <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_Institute_of_Technology" title="Karlsruhe Institute of Technology">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783866447271" title="Special:BookSources/9783866447271"><bdi>9783866447271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Revolution+1918%2F19+in+Baden&rft.pub=Karlsruhe+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783866447271&rft.aulast=Schmidgall&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDill1954" class="citation journal cs1">Dill, Marshall (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/29767502">"The Christian Trade Unions During the Last Years of Imperial Germany and the First Months of the Weimar Republic"</a>. <i>Review of Social Economy</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 89–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00346765400000024">10.1080/00346765400000024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6764">0034-6764</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29767502">29767502</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Social+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Trade+Unions+During+the+Last+Years+of+Imperial+Germany+and+the+First+Months+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-109&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0034-6764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29767502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00346765400000024&rft.aulast=Dill&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29767502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. <i>Windthorst: A Political Biography</i> (Oxford University Press, 1981).</li> <li>Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. <i> Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Practicing-Democracy-Elections-Political-Imperial/dp/0691048541/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 54.4 (1982): 647-686. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906016">online</a></li> <li>Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. <i>Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification</i> (Harvard University Press; 2012)</li> <li>Blackbourn, David. "The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg," <i>Historical Journal</i> Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec. 1975), pp. 821–850 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638516">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Bredohl, Thomas Matthias. <i>Class and Religious Identity: The Rhenish Center Party in Wilhelmine Germany</i> (Marquette University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Cary, Noel D. <i>Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer</i> (1996)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvert2004" class="citation book cs1">Elvert, Jürgen (2004). Kaiser, Wolfram; Wohnout, Helmut (eds.). <i>A Microcosm of Society or the Key to a Majority in the Reichstag? The Centre Party in Germany</i>. Political Catholicism in Europe 1918-45. Routledge. pp. 38–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5650-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5650-X"><bdi>0-7146-5650-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Microcosm+of+Society+or+the+Key+to+a+Majority+in+the+Reichstag%3F+The+Centre+Party+in+Germany&rft.series=Political+Catholicism+in+Europe+1918-45&rft.pages=38-52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5650-X&rft.aulast=Elvert&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentre+Party+%28Germany%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Evans, Ellen Lovell. <i>The German Center Party 1870-1933: A Study in Political Catholicism</i> (1981)</li> <li>Jones, Larry Eugene. "Catholic conservatives in the Weimar Republic: the politics of the Rhenish-Westphalian aristocracy, 1918–1933." <i>German History</i> 18.1 (2000): 60-85.</li> <li>Kohler, Eric D. "The Successful German Center-Left: Joseph Hess and the Prussian Center Party, 1908–32." <i>Central European History</i> 23.4 (1990): 313-348.</li> <li>Lutz, Ralph Haswell. "The Collapse of German Democracy under the Brüning Government March 30, 1930–May 30, 1932." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> (1941) 10#1: 1-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633179">online</a></li> <li>Ross, Ronald J. "Critic of the Bismarckian Constitution: Ludwig Windthorst and the Relationship Between Church and State in Imperial Germany," <i>Journal of Church & State</i> (1979) 21#3 pp 483–506. online</li> <li>Ross, Ronald J. <i>Beleaguered Tower: The Dilemma of Political Catholicism in Wilhelmine Germany</i> (1976),</li> <li>Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891," <i>History</i> (1992) 77#290 pp 237–54 online</li> <li>Zeender, John K. "The German Center Party, 1890-1906." <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i> (1976) 66#1 pp 1–125.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.</li> <li>Drury, Marjule Anne. "Anti-Catholicism in Germany, Britain, and the United States: A review and critique of recent scholarship." <i>Church History</i> 70.1 (2001): 98-131 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654412">online</a></li> <li>Zeender, John K. "Recent Literature on the German Center Party," <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> (1984) 70#3 pp 428–441. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25021868">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Party_(Germany)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zentrumspartei.de">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157537#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecpm.info">Website of the European Christian Political Movement, of which the Zentrumspartei is a member</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16020b.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia article</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association (ADAV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political catholicism">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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(Germany)">Democratic People's Party (DVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(1868)" title="German People's Party (1868)">German People's Party (DtVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Germany)" title="Liberal Union (Germany)">Liberal Union (LV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Free-minded_Party" title="German Free-minded Party">German Free-minded Party (DFsP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Free-minded People's Party (Germany)">Free-minded People's Party (FVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-minded_Union" title="Free-minded Union">Free-minded Union (FV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Social_Association" title="National-Social Association">National-Social Association (NSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Germany)" title="Democratic Union (Germany)">Democratic Union (DV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party (FVP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party (NLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Liberal_Party" title="Imperial Liberal Party">Imperial Liberal Party (LRP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party (FKP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party (DkP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Germany)" title="Christian Social Party (Germany)">Christian Social Party (CSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Fatherland_Party" title="German Fatherland Party">German Fatherland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party (Prussia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Reform_Party" title="German Reform Party">German Reform Party (DRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Party_(German_Empire)" title="German Social Party (German Empire)">German Social Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Reform_Party" title="German Social Reform Party">German Social Reform Party (DSRP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_People%27s_Party" title="Saxon People's Party">Saxon People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Party" title="Polish Party">Polish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Party" title="Danish Party">Danish Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Template talk:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_political_parties" title="Weimar political parties">Political parties</a> in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany (KPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(Opposition)" title="Communist Party of Germany (Opposition)">Communist Party Opposition (KPO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Old Social Democratic Party of Germany">Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Workers' Party of Germany">Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_League" title="Agricultural League">Agricultural League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Farmers_and_Farmworkers_Democracy" title="Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy">Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-National_Peasants%27_and_Farmers%27_Party" title="Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party">Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Farmers%27_Party" title="German Farmers' Party">German Farmers' Party (DBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political catholicism">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party (BVP)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre Party (Zentrum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Germany,_1920)" title="Christian People's Party (Germany, 1920)">Christian People's Party (CVP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party (DDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party (DVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party (DStP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party (DnVp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">Economic Party (WP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Germany)" title="People's Justice Party (Germany)">People's Justice Party (VRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">Conservative People's Party (KVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party (DAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Party_(Weimar_Republic)" title="German Social Party (Weimar Republic)">German Social Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Socialist_Party" title="German Socialist Party">German Socialist Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community (GVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannenbergbund" title="Tannenbergbund">Tannenberg Union (TB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_political_parties" title="Template:German political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_political_parties" title="Template talk:German political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a><br />(733 seats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (206)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (117)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Seidler" title="Stefan Seidler">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a><br />(96 seats for Germany)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Germany" title="Volt Germany">Volt</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">PMUT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Everding" title="Sebastian Everding">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">ÖDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manuela_Ripa" title="Manuela Ripa">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helmut_Geuking" title="Helmut Geuking">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Progress_(Germany)" title="Party of Progress (Germany)">Party of Progress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lukas_Sieper" title="Lukas Sieper">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Represented in the 16 <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">state parliaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (16/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> (15/16; not in Bavaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a> (14/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a> (13/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> (9/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (7/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> (6/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (3/16)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regional parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> (85; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">BD</a> (10; only in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerschaft_of_Bremen" title="Bürgerschaft of Bremen">Bremen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a> (4; only in <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties (without representation<br />above the district level)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">Alliance C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Human_Rights,_Animal_and_Nature_Protection" title="Alliance for Human Rights, Animal and Nature Protection">Animal Protection Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Pogo_Party_of_Germany" title="Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany">APPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%C3%9CberPartei" title="Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei">Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">BüSo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_United_Civic_Movements/Free_Voters" title="Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters">BVB/Free Voters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_Diversity_and_Awakening" title="Democratic Alliance for Diversity and Awakening">DAVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Motion" title="Democracy in Motion">Democracy in Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany">dieBasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_of_Germany" title="Feminist Party of Germany">Feminist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">DSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wir_B%C3%BCrger" title="Wir Bürger">Wir Bürger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Biomedical_Rejuvenation_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Party for Biomedical Rejuvenation Research">Verjüngungsforschung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">The Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reason" title="Party of Reason">Party of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Urbane._Eine_HipHop_Partei" title="Die Urbane. Eine HipHop Partei">The Urbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statt_Party" title="Statt Party">Statt Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Notes: <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>CDU</b>: does not participate in the state election in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>; instead, an associated party CSU is participating here.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Greens</b>: are currently not in the state parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a></span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>FDP</b>: is currently not in state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Brandenburg" title="Landtag of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saxony" title="Landtag of Saxony">Saxony</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>AfD</b>: is currently not in the state parliament of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>The Left</b>: is currently not in the state parliaments of <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Landtag of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Saarland" title="Landtag of Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.</span><br /></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Free Voters</b>: are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria and Rhineland-Palatinate.</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157537#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157537#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157537#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145961713">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2008369-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50005220">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12081858v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12081858v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deutsche Zentrumspartei"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2016914866&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260488005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027505413">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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