CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>    <html class="no-js" lang="en">  <head>   <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <title>The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner | International Review of Social History | Cambridge Core</title> <script src="/core/vanilla/public/js/sentry.min.js"></script> <script> let isTerminated = false; window.addEventListener('pagehide', (event) => { isTerminated = !event.persisted; }, { capture: true }); const EXTRA_KEY = "ROUTE_TO"; Sentry.init({ dsn: "https://074fed417c764caaafebad958d2c0c95@o1239501.ingest.sentry.io/6395238", release: "www.cambridge.org" + "@" + "unreadable", environment: "prod", ignoreErrors: [], integrations: [Sentry.moduleMetadataIntegration()], transport: Sentry.makeMultiplexedTransport( Sentry.makeFetchTransport, (args) => { const event = args.getEvent(); if ( event && event.extra && EXTRA_KEY in event.extra && Array.isArray(event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]) ) { return event.extra[EXTRA_KEY]; } return []; }, ), beforeSend: (event) => { if (isTerminated || (window.location.protocol !== 'http:' && window.location.protocol !== 'https:')) { return null; } if (event?.exception?.values?.[0].stacktrace?.frames) { const { frames } = event.exception.values[0].stacktrace; const routeTo = frames .filter((frame) => frame.module_metadata && frame.module_metadata.dsn) .map((v) => v.module_metadata) .slice(-1); if (routeTo.length) { event.extra = { ...event.extra, [EXTRA_KEY]: routeTo, }; } } return event; }, }); </script>   <meta property="og:site_name" content="Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333"/> <meta property="og:title" content="The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner | International Review of Social History | Cambridge Core"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner - Volume 14 Issue 2"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/ISH_0_0_0/international_review of social history.jpg?send-full-size-image=true"/> <meta name="description" content="The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner - Volume 14 Issue 2"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333"> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1017/S0020859000003564"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Review of Social History"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Cambridge University Press"> <meta name="citation_title" content="The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner: A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Thomas A. Knapp"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="1969/08"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2008/12/18"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="159"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="179"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1469-512X"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0020-8590"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333/S0020859000003564a.pdf/div-class-title-the-german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner-div.pdf"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Führer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie; citation_author=Brüning, Heinrich; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=Das Junge Zentrum; citation_volume=III; citation_firstpage=180"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1929; citation_journal_title=DR; citation_volume=IV; citation_firstpage=321"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923; citation_author=Morsey, Rudolf; citation_publication_date=1966"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949; citation_author=Köhler, Heinrich; citation_author=Becker, Josef; citation_publication_date=1964"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Zentrumskrise; citation_author=Decker, Georg; citation_publication_date=1925; citation_journal_title=Die Gesellschaft; citation_volume=II; citation_firstpage=410"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Abschied vom Zentrum?”, in: DR, II (07 6, 1928), pp. 1273–78."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Um das neue Kabinett; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=DR, I, Heft; citation_volume=9; citation_firstpage=17; citation_lastpage=21"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Republikanische Union; citation_author=Steinger, Alfons; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=Die Weltbühne; citation_volume=XXII; citation_firstpage=446"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei; citation_author=Schauff, Johannes; citation_publication_date=1928"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Die deutsche Republik und die Zentrumspartei”, in: Deutsche Republik, I, Heft 3 (1926–1927), pp. 3–4 (hereafter cited as DR)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="remarks of Stegerwald in Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (03 29, 1928), p. 13893;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Mein Lebensweg; citation_author=Severing, Carl; citation_publication_date=1950"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Krise des deutschen Reichstags; citation_author=Teipel; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=WAZ"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Können Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?; citation_author=Koch, Walther; citation_publication_date=1928; citation_journal_title=Sozialistische Monatshefte; citation_volume=XXXIV; citation_firstpage=279"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Das Zentrum und die Republik; citation_author=Buchheim, Karl; citation_publication_date=1966; citation_journal_title=Hochland; citation_volume=LIX; citation_firstpage=111"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Geschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei; citation_author=Bachem; citation_publication_date=1927"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=DNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic; citation_author=Hertzman, Lewis; citation_publication_date=1963"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Gau Württemberg” (04 24, 1930), pp. 4–7,"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Republikaner und ihr Staat; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=DR, I, Heft; citation_volume=12; citation_firstpage=1; citation_lastpage=3"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Becker , “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. 450–61)."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Der 11. August; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1924; citation_journal_title=Germania; citation_volume=334"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Vor zehn Jahren und heute; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1929; citation_journal_title=DR; citation_volume=III; citation_firstpage=577"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Joseph Wirth auf der Reichsliste”, in: Die Weltbühne, XXIV (04 24, 1928), pp. 623–24."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Offizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925; citation_author=Stadtarchiv., Köln; citation_publication_date=1925"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Dr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion; citation_author=Joos, Joseph; citation_publication_date=1925; citation_journal_title=WAZ; citation_volume=38"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Das Zentrum zwischen den Fronten”, in: Der Weg in die Diktatur 19188–1933 (Munich, 1962), p. 99."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Wir glauben an unsere Zukunft; citation_author=Drees, Willi; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=All-gemeine Rundschau; citation_volume=XXIII; citation_firstpage=4668"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Konfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925; citation_author=Holl, Karl; citation_publication_date=1969; citation_journal_title=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte; citation_volume=XVII; citation_firstpage=254"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Unser Weg; citation_author=Gross, Nikolaus; citation_publication_date=1930; citation_journal_title=WAZ; citation_volume=19"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik; citation_author=Bracher, Karl Dietrich; citation_publication_date=1960"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 356 (06 25, 1922), p. 8058."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Reichsbanner und Zentrum”, in: Kölnische Volkszeitung, No 546, 07 27, 1927;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Christliche Politik; citation_author=Kunze, Otto; citation_publication_date=1924; citation_journal_title=Allgemeine Rundschau; citation_volume=XXI; citation_firstpage=681"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Bayerische Briefe”, in: Das Junge Zentrum, IV (01, 1927), pp. 4–10;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (03 29, 1928), pp. 1315–19."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums; citation_author=Wirth, Joseph; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=Frankfurter Zeitung; citation_volume=831"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Dirks Walter in Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung, No 183, 08 9, 1926;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Am Ende?; citation_author=Krone, Heinrich; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Das Junge Zentrum; citation_volume=IV; citation_firstpage=1; citation_lastpage=3"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Zurück aus dem Sumpf! Hinein in den Turm!”, in: Allgemeine Rundschau, XXIII (06 26, 1926), p. 402;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning; citation_author=Ferdinand, A.; citation_author=Hermens; citation_author=Schieder, Theodor; citation_publication_date=1967"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="letter of Marx to Dr Stenzel, 05 13, 1930, Marx Papers 265."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die Politik der jungen Generation in Europa; citation_author=Becker, Werner; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=Abend-land; citation_volume=I; citation_firstpage=328"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Wir bleiben!; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Das Reichsbanner; citation_volume=IV"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Wir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!; citation_author=Teipel, Heinrich; citation_publication_date=1925"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928; citation_author=Stürmer, Michael; citation_publication_date=1967"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Arbeitermassen und Staatspolitik; citation_author=Sollmann, Wilhelm; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=DR, I, Heft; citation_volume=2; citation_firstpage=15; citation_lastpage=18"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Als Österreich den Sturm bestand; citation_author=Funder, Friedrich; citation_publication_date=1957"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Koch-Weser Erich , concluded: “Wir hatten gehofft dass wir durch das Reichsbanner weitere Kreise der Sozialdemokraten zu uns herüberziehen würden. Ich halte diese Hoffnung für verfehlt; denn ich sehe immer wieder, wie die radikalen Elemente sich bei diesen gemeinsamen Organisation durchsetzen.” Meeting of the DDP Ausschuss, 11 28, 1926, copy in NSDAP-HA, 37/731."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die ausserparlamentarischen Verbände; citation_author=Berning, A. H.; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Das Junge Zentrum; citation_volume=IV; citation_firstpage=58; citation_lastpage=72"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Hitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz; citation_author=Repgen, Konrad; citation_publication_date=1967"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Quo Vadis, katholische Jugend?; citation_author=Kunze, Otto; citation_publication_date=1926; citation_journal_title=Allgemeine Rundschau; citation_volume=XXIII; citation_firstpage=386"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Becker , “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. 481–82."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Deutscher unter Deutschen; citation_author=Thieme, Karl; citation_publication_date=1968; citation_journal_title=Hochland; citation_volume=LX; citation_firstpage=622"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Katholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land; citation_author=Maier, Hans; citation_publication_date=1965; citation_journal_title=Hochland; citation_volume=LVII; citation_firstpage=318"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Wir bleiben!; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Das Reichsbanner; citation_volume=IV"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik; citation_author=Wirth, Josef; citation_publication_date=1960"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Katholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner; citation_author=Rako, Otto; citation_publication_date=1930"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Zentrum und Reichsbanner; citation_author=Thormann, Werner; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung; citation_volume=169"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Sozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat; citation_author=Wirth; citation_publication_date=1929; citation_journal_title=DR; citation_volume=III; citation_firstpage=515"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Becker Josef , “Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1918–1933. Grundprobleme ihrer Entwicklung”, in: Aus Politik und Zeit-geschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament (03 13, 1968), pp. 3–15."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928); citation_author=Becker, Joseph; citation_publication_date=1961; citation_journal_title=Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins; citation_volume=CIX; citation_firstpage=403; citation_lastpage=404"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Die politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums; citation_author=Joos, Joseph; citation_publication_date=1928"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Bekenntnis zum Reichsbanner”, in: Vorwärts, No 185, 08 3, 1927."> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Rundschreiben”, signed by Heinrich Krone (08 20, 1927),"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933; citation_author=Becker, Josef; citation_publication_date=1961; citation_journal_title=Vierteljahrshefte für Zeit-geschichte; citation_volume=IX; citation_firstpage=208; citation_lastpage=210"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Dr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik; citation_author=Griewank, Karl; citation_publication_date=1951; citation_journal_title=Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena/Gesellschafts- und sprach-wissenschaftliche Reihe; citation_volume=I; citation_firstpage=1; citation_lastpage=10"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 385 (03 18, 1925), pp. 1146–50;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Köhler , one of Wirth's erstwhile Centrist colleagues from Baden and later (1927–1928)"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="“Reichsbanner und christliche Gewerkschaften”, in: Zentralblatt der christlichen Gewerkschaften, XXV (1925), p. 98;"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925; citation_author=Zeender, John K.; citation_publication_date=1963; citation_journal_title=Journal of Modern History; citation_volume=XXXV; citation_firstpage=366; citation_doi=10.1086/243819"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Zentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner; citation_author=Laumann, Kurt; citation_publication_date=1930; citation_journal_title=Der Klassenkampf; citation_volume=IV; citation_firstpage=359"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wirth's statement: “Die [im Reichsbanner] vertretenen Parteien versuche ich zum Staat zu führen, damit sie die politischen Aufgaben des Tages staatspo-litisch sehen lernen. Damit wird selbstverständlich im Politischen der Klassen-kampfgedanke überwunden.” Letter (“Promemoria”) of Wirth to Prälat Dr Schofer, 09 11, 1927,"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Nation und Sozialismus; citation_author=Sollmann; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Das Reichsbanner; citation_volume=IV"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Proletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links; citation_author=Emonds, Josef; citation_publication_date=1928; citation_journal_title=Abendland; citation_volume=III; citation_firstpage=134"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Feuer im Osten; citation_author=Ossietzky, Carl von; citation_publication_date=1927; citation_journal_title=Die Weltbühne; citation_volume=XXIII; citation_firstpage=925"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Der Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik; citation_author=Jasper, Gotthard; citation_publication_date=1963"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Demokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik; citation_author=Lutz, Heinrich; citation_publication_date=1963"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="The problem of paramilitary organizations in Germany after 1918 forms an interesting and crucial chapter in the story of the ill-fated Weimar Republic. The organizations which gained the most notoriety stood on the far political right, unreconciled and unreconcilable both to military defeat and to the republic which was the child of that defeat. But the republic did have its militant defenders, who were recruited on the democratic left and organized in the Reichsbanner. The history of the Reichsbanner not only vividly demonstrated “the sharpness of political antagonisms” in the republic, but also reflected several developments during Germany's so-called golden years after 1924: the balance of political forces, Catholic-socialist and bourgeois-socialist relations, and in no small degree the disintegration of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democratic Party, Democratic Party, and Center Party)."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1017/S0020859000003564"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.337.1-hotfix"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js" onerror="console.error('jQuery failed to load')"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/jquery-migrate-3/jquery-migrate.min.js" onerror="console.error('jQuery migrate failed to load')"></script>      <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/modernizr/modernizr.js"></script>  <script> (function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c; })(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',4000, {'GTM-PWNSR3B':true}); (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-86516288-1', 'auto'); ga('require', 'GTM-PWNSR3B'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NTX72TG');</script>   <script type="text/javascript"> var rumMOKey='bd7888531793d453d3bdf2268eea537b'; (function(){ if(window.performance && window.performance.timing && window.performance.navigation) { var site24x7_rum_beacon=document.createElement('script'); site24x7_rum_beacon.async=true; site24x7_rum_beacon.setAttribute('src','//static.site24x7rum.eu/beacon/site24x7rum-min.js?appKey='+rumMOKey); document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(site24x7_rum_beacon); } })(window) </script>  <script> var AOP = AOP || {}; AOP.uiLanguage = 'en' || 'en'; AOP.uiLanguageSuggested = ''; AOP.leaveTranslationSuggested = ''; AOP.isMultilanguageEnabled = 'true'; AOP.clientSideMultilingualString = '%5B%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Cambridge%20University%20Press%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Cambridge%20University%20Press%20content%20sharing%20policy.%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22la%20politique%20de%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20sur%20le%20partage%20(en%20anglais).%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22reply%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22reply%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9ponse%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca29%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20content%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20content%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20cet%20article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22To%20manage%20your%20alert%20preferences%20and%20update%20your%20details%20go%20to%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22To%20manage%20your%20alert%20preferences%20and%20update%20your%20details%20go%20to%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20g%C3%A9rer%20vos%20pr%C3%A9ferences%20d'alerte%20ou%20mettre%20%C3%A0%20jour%20vos%20details%20veuillez%20svp%20vous%20rendre%20sur%20la%20page%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22replies%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22replies%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9ponses%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez-vous%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22April%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22April%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Avril%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mai%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836aa%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22December%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22December%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9cembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Sep%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Sep%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Sep.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jul%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jul%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juil.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9db%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%20fewer%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%20fewer%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%20moins%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Citation%20Tools%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Citation%20Tools%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Outils%20bibliographiques%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Alternatively%20you%20can%20download%20a%20PDF%20containing%20the%20link%20which%20can%20be%20freely%20shared%20online%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Alternatively%20you%20can%20download%20a%20PDF%20containing%20the%20link%20which%20can%20be%20freely%20shared%20online%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Vous%20pouvez%20aussi%20t%C3%A9l%C3%A9charger%20le%20PDF%20contenant%20ce%20lien%20et%20le%20partager%20librement%20en%20ligne%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22September%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22September%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Septembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Selected%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Selected%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Format%20s%C3%A9lectionn%C3%A9%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2a%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20content%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20content%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez-collez%20ce%20lien%20ou%20cliquez%20le%20bouton%20ci-dessous%20pour%20envoyer%20un%20email%20contenant%20le%20lien%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Delete%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Recommend%20to%20librarian%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Delete%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Supprimer%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cd%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22decline%20option%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22No%20thanks%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Non%20merci%20(view%20site%20in%20English)%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d3%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jun%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jun%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juin%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%20Altmetric%20attention%20score%20details%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22alt%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%20Altmetric%20attention%20score%20details%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%20le%20d%C3%A9tail%20du%20score%20d'attention%20Altmetric%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Nov%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Nov%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Nov.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9dd%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Page%2FArticle%20number%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Page%2FArticle%20number%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Page%2Fnum%C3%A9ro%20d%E2%80%99article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Aug%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Aug%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Ao%C3%BBt%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Collapse%20list%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Collapse%20list%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Replier%20la%20liste%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Online%20publication%20date%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Online%20publication%20date%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Date%20de%20publication%20en%20ligne%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca30%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22The%20content%20link%20has%20been%20copied%20to%20your%20clipboard%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20view%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22The%20content%20link%20has%20been%20copied%20to%20your%20clipboard%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Le%20lien%20a%20%C3%A9t%C3%A9%20copi%C3%A9%20dans%20votre%20presse-papier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%20with%20hyperlink%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20this%20link%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20this%20link%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20ce%20lien%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Expand%20full%20list%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Expand%20full%20list%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9plier%20la%20liste%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9da%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Show%20more%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Show%20more%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Afficher%20plus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68642%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20PDF%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22February%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22February%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22F%C3%A9vrier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20use%20one%20of%20the%20options%20to%20export%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20use%20one%20of%20the%20options%20to%20export%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez-collez%20la%20citation%20ou%20utilisez%20une%20des%20options%20ci-dessous%20pour%20l'exporter%20dans%20le%20format%20de%20votre%20choix%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20to%20clipboard%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20to%20clipboard%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copier%20dans%20le%20presse-papier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9df%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Type%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Type%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Type%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cf%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Feb%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Feb%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22F%C3%A9v.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%20all%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%20All%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Search%20journal%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22contextual%20search%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22searchbox%20placeholder%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Search%20%3CJnlTitle%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Chercher%20dans%20%3CJnlTitle%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863a%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20the%20link%20or%20use%20the%20option%20below%20to%20share%20it%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20cela%2C%20copiez-collez%20ce%20lien%20ou%20bien%20utilisez%20l'option%20ci-dessous%20pour%20le%20partager%20par%20email%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Apr%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Apr%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Avr.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68640%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20email%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d0%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Mar%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Mar%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mars%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cb%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22close%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Close%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Fermer%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ca%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22leaving%20language%20prompt%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EThe%20%3Clang%3E%20version%20of%20Cambridge%20Core%20is%20not%20currently%20available%20through%20the%20entire%20site.%20The%20page%20you%20are%20visiting%20is%20not%20available%20in%20%3Clang%3E%20and%20will%20be%20displayed%20in%20English.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%3Cp%3ELa%20version%20fran%C3%A7aise%20de%20Cambridge%20Core%20n'est%20actuellement%20pas%20disponible%20%C3%A0%20travers%20l'int%C3%A9gralit%C3%A9%20du%20site.%20La%20page%20vers%20laquelle%20vous%20vous%20rendez%20n'est%20pas%20disponible%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%20et%20sera%20affich%C3%A9e%20en%20anglais.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%20all%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%20All%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%20tout%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2b%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content.%20For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20the%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content.%20For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20the%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Tous%20ceux%20avec%20qui%20vous%20partagez%20ce%20lien%20obtiendront%20un%20acc%C3%A8s%20gratuit%20%C3%A0%20cet%20article.%20Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez%20svp%20consulter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Relevance%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Relevance%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pertinence%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a6%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22August%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22August%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Ao%C3%BBt%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d2%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22May%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mai%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9dc%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Sorted%20by%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Sorted%20by%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Tri%20par%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Publication%20date%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Publication%20date%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Date%20de%20publication%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9c9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22language%20prompt%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EWe%20notice%20that%20%3Clang%3E%20is%20the%20default%20language%20in%20your%20browser%20settings.%20Would%20you%20like%20to%20view%20this%20site%20in%20%3Clang%3E%3F%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EVotre%20navigateur%20indique%20le%20fran%C3%A7ais%20comme%20langue%20par%20defaut.%20Souhaitez%20vous%20consulter%20le%20site%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%3F%3C%2Fp%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ea%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Access%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Refine%20listing%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Access%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Acc%C3%A8s%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9f8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20eLetters%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Hide%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Dissimuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863c%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22For%20more%20information%2C%20please%20view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20plus%20d'information%2C%20veuillez-vous%20r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rer%20%C3%A0%20notre%20politique%20de%20partage%20de%20contenus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be6863e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22view%20our%20content%20sharing%20policy%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rer%20%C3%A0%20notre%20politique%20de%20partage%20de%20contenus%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9ce%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Jan%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2e%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Share%20via%20email%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Share%20via%20email%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Partager%20par%20e-mail%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22OU%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94d%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Change%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Change%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Modifier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac94f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Download%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Download%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22T%C3%A9l%C3%A9charger%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063aca2f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Cancel%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Cancel%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Annuler%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22View%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Article%20entry%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%20with%20hyperlink%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22View%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Voir%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68639%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Anyone%20you%20share%20the%20following%20link%20with%20will%20be%20able%20to%20freely%20read%20this%20content%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22%EF%BB%BFToute%20personne%20avec%20qui%20vous%20partagez%20le%20lien%20suivant%20pourra%20acc%C3%A9der%20gratuitement%20%C3%A0%20cet%20article%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b754bedf620e6600be68641%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Share%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Within%20PDF%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Par%20PDF%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a8%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22October%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22October%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Octobre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9cc%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22accept%20option%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Yes%2C%20please%20switch%20to%20%3Clang%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Oui%2C%20voir%20le%20site%20en%20fran%C3%A7ais%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22If%20you%20have%20any%20queries%20about%20this%20please%20contact%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22If%20you%20have%20any%20queries%20about%20this%20please%20contact%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Pour%20toutes%20questions%20veuillez%20svp%20contacter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab50718369f%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22January%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22January%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Janvier%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9de%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Title%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Sorting%20options%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Title%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Titre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Dec%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Dec%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22D%C3%A9c.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225b714525e54e3d290be053d4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22This%20alert%20has%20been%20successfully%20added.%20Our%20records%20show%20that%20there%20is%20an%20error%20with%20the%20email%20address%20you%20have%20provided%20and%20therefore%20we%20are%20currently%20unable%20to%20send%20content%20alerts%20to%20you.%20The%20email%20address%20we%20are%20attempting%20to%20send%20your%20alerts%20to%20is%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22This%20alert%20has%20been%20successfully%20added.%20Our%20records%20show%20that%20there%20is%20an%20error%20with%20the%20email%20address%20you%20have%20provided%20and%20therefore%20we%20are%20currently%20unable%20to%20send%20content%20alerts%20to%20you.%20The%20email%20address%20we%20are%20attempting%20to%20send%20your%20alerts%20to%20is%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Alerte%20ajout%C3%A9e%20avec%20succ%C3%A8s.%20D%C3%BB%20a%20un%20probl%C3%A8me%20avec%20votre%20adresse%20e-mail%20nous%20ne%20sommes%20actuellement%20pas%20en%20mesure%20de%20vous%20envoyer%20des%20alertes%20par%20e-mail.%20L'adresse%20e-mail%20%C3%A0%20laquelle%20nous%20n'arrivons%20pas%20%C3%A0%20envoyer%20les%20alertes%20est%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a9%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22November%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22November%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Novembre%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac950%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Export%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22button%20label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Export%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Exporter%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9d7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Oct%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Metrics%20tab%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22label%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Oct%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Oct.%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225a7c10d5ab0af516063ac9e7%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Search%20society%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22contextual%20search%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22searchbox%20placeholder%20text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Search%20%3CSocietyName%3E%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Rechercher%20dans%20%3CSocietyName%3E%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a1%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22March%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22March%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Mars%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a4%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22June%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22June%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juin%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%225bb361659f569ab5071836a5%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22July%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22dates%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22July%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Juillet%22%7D%2C%7B%22_id%22%3A%226568350e9421515f267b9929%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20download%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22area%22%3A%22Client%20side%22%2C%22element%22%3A%22Export%20citation%20modal%22%2C%22category%22%3A%22text%22%2C%22en%22%3A%22Copy%20and%20paste%20a%20formatted%20citation%20or%20download%20in%20your%20chosen%20format%22%2C%22fr%22%3A%22Copiez%20et%20collez%20la%20citation%20format%C3%A9e%20ou%20t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargez-la%20dans%20le%20format%20de%20votre%20choix%22%7D%5D'; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function handleImageError(element) { const $element = $(element); $element.css('pointer-events', 'none'); $element.attr('tabindex', '-1'); } </script> <meta name="shareaholic:site_id" content="b60ec523a5bee2ad04c630bf0d3aa388" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js" as="script" /> <script data-cfasync="false" async="true" src="https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function () { AOP.loadScript(AOP.baseUrl + '/cambridge-core/public/js/a11y-1.0.40.min.js', function () { if(!window.cambridgeA11y) { console.error('cambridgeA11y not loaded') return } const { ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler, FocusTrapKeydownHandler } = window.cambridgeA11y new ShareaholicAccessibilityHandler(new FocusTrapKeydownHandler()).fixAccessibilityForShareaholicModal(); }) }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var AOP = AOP || {}; AOP.focusTrap = function (modalId, firstFocusableElement) { var modalElement = document.getElementById(modalId) modalElement.removeAttribute('tabindex') if (!modalElement) { return; } // Get all focusable elements inside the modal var focusableElements = Array.from(modalElement.querySelectorAll( 'a[href], area[href], input:not([disabled]):not([type="hidden"]), select:not([disabled]), textarea:not([disabled]), button:not([disabled]), [tabindex="0"]' )) focusableElements = focusableElements.filter(el => { const ancestorElement = el.offsetParent || el.parentElement const visibleElement = el.style.visibility !== 'hidden' return ancestorElement && visibleElement }) if (!focusableElements) { return; } var firstFocusable = firstFocusableElement || focusableElements[0] var lastFocusable = focusableElements[focusableElements.length - 1] var TAB_KEY_CODE = 'Tab' firstFocusable.focus() $(firstFocusable).on('keydown', function (event) { var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE if (!isTabPressed) { return } if (event.shiftKey) { event.preventDefault() lastFocusable.focus() } }) $(`#${modalId}`).on('keydown', function (event) { var isTabPressed = event.key === TAB_KEY_CODE if (!isTabPressed) { return } if (event.shiftKey) { if (document.activeElement === firstFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) { event.preventDefault() lastFocusable.focus() } } else { if (document.activeElement === lastFocusable || document.activeElement === modalElement) { event.preventDefault() firstFocusable.focus() } } }) } </script></head> <body> <header>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NTX72TG" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" sandbox="allow-scripts"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skiptocontent" href="#maincontent"> Skip to main content </a> <a class="skiptocontent" href="/core/accessibility"> Accessibility help </a> <div class="cookie-message"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-11 columns"> <p>We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/cookies-policy/" target="_blank">manage your cookie settings</a>.</p> </div> <div class="small-1 columns"> <a href="#" onclick="closeMessage();" class="cookie-close">   <img alt = "Close cookie message" title = "Close cookie message" src = "/core/cambridge-core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg">  </a> </div> </div> </div> <script> var cookieMessage = $('.cookie-message'); var cookieName = 'EULAW'; var closeMessage = function () { $.cookie(cookieName, true, {expires: 365, path:'/'}); cookieMessage.slideUp().promise().done(function () { cookieMessage.remove(); }); }; $(document).ready(function () { if ($.cookie(cookieName) !== 'true') { cookieMessage.slideDown(); } }); </script> <div id="login-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="loginModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <h2 class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="loginModalHeader">Login Alert</h2> </div> <div class="wrapper large-margin-top-for-small-only"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel callout message"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"><a href="#" onclick="$('#login-modal').foundation('reveal', 'close');return false;" class="right small button radius transparent cancel">Cancel</a></div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <a href="/core/login?ref=/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" class="left small radius button blue confirm login">Log in</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close login notification"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> </div> <div id="multilingual-suggestion-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal> <div class="wrapper large-margin-top-for-small-only"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-message" class="panel callout message"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"><a id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-decline-option" href="#" class="right small button radius transparent cancel"></a></div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <a id="multilingual-suggestion-modal-accept-option" href="#" class="left small radius button blue confirm login"></a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> </div> <div class="global-header-wrapper"> <div class="global-header-spacer"></div> <div id="global-header" class="global-header"> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.BhGMTrWu.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-dtzry6"><div class="shared-elements"><div class="gh-headerContainer"><div class="gh-globalHeader"><div class="gh-logoContainer"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/academic" class="gh-cup-logo"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="149" height="30" viewbox="0 0 149 30" fill="none" aria-label="Homepage Cambridge University Press" class="gh-logo" data-v-7c4b1471><g clip-path="url(#A)" data-v-7c4b1471><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M147.065 1.786l.036 2.785-.445.114c-.1-1.217-.376-2.211-2.324-2.211h-2.618v5.147h2.247c1.103 0 1.402-.616 1.527-1.679h.447v4.304l-.446.007c-.069-1.029-.311-1.829-1.518-1.829h-2.257v4.52c0 1.314 1.133 1.314 2.332 1.314 2.151 0 3.149-.135 3.75-2.31l.441.098-.602 2.901h-9.774v-.482h.186c.75 0 1.443-.14 1.443-1.162V3.43c0-1.022-.693-1.163-1.443-1.163h-.186v-.481h9.204zm-53.267 0h-5.895v.481h.26c.486 0 1.388 0 1.388 1.525v9.569c0 .815-.748 1.104-1.388 1.104h-.26v.482h5.724v-.482h-.261c-.932 0-1.591-.115-1.591-1.6V8.766h1.454l3.918 6.18h3.371v-.492c-.889-.048-1.311-.356-1.828-1.153l-3.23-4.915.085-.035c1.152-.466 2.615-1.414 2.615-3.286 0-2.207-1.447-3.28-4.363-3.28zm-.749.536c1.685 0 2.804 1.123 2.804 2.858 0 2.138-.903 3.051-2.953 3.051h-1.125l.001-5.826a8.87 8.87 0 0 1 1.273-.083zm13.772-.539h-5.501v.481h.186c.751 0 1.443.142 1.443 1.163V13.3c0 1.021-.692 1.162-1.443 1.162h-.186v.481h5.501v-.481h-.186c-.75 0-1.444-.14-1.444-1.162V3.427c0-1.021.694-1.163 1.444-1.163h.186v-.481zM31.488 8.355c0 4.435 2.709 6.939 6.956 6.939 2.089 0 3.924-.818 5.112-2.354l-.345-.644c-1.055 1.355-2.452 2.089-4.412 2.089-3.487 0-4.927-3.074-4.927-6.324 0-3.652 1.781-5.919 4.647-5.919 2.79 0 3.616 1.617 4.112 3.383l.433-.056-.139-3.046c-1.373-.641-2.776-.945-4.46-.945-1.88 0-3.545.638-4.814 1.775-1.367 1.224-2.162 3.146-2.162 5.102zM59.883 4.33l4.761 10.706h.397l4.553-10.921.401 8.416.019.944c0 .893-.643.931-1.533.984l-.036.002v.475h5.464v-.475c-1.008-.038-1.544-.13-1.622-1.151l-.509-8.729c-.112-1.86.151-2.32 1.632-2.32h.07l.001-.485h-3.654l-4.231 9.975-4.472-9.974h-3.727v.479h.152c1.046 0 1.669.644 1.602 1.779l-.516 8.32c-.069 1.215-.161 2.046-1.657 2.106h-.169v.478h4.439v-.478h-.113c-1.21-.045-1.768-.203-1.689-2.003l.437-8.128zm55.196 10.61c1.826 0 3.63-.436 4.919-1.712 1.28-1.27 2.015-3.056 2.015-4.9 0-1.974-.668-3.636-1.93-4.81-1.28-1.191-3.113-1.741-5.301-1.741l-5.887.005v.482h.187c.749 0 1.443.141 1.443 1.162v9.871c0 1.023-.694 1.163-1.443 1.163h-.187v.483l6.184-.004zM114.1 2.349c3.704 0 5.505 1.986 5.505 6.347 0 2.806-1.514 5.669-4.841 5.669-1.413 0-2.003-.225-2.003-1.621l.001-10.334a17.99 17.99 0 0 1 1.338-.062zm19.119 11.918c-.493.224-1.326.347-2.132.33-3.496 0-5.062-3.303-5.062-6.636 0-3.628 1.855-5.882 4.914-5.882 2.267 0 3.277.887 3.823 3.15l.441-.028-.209-3.141c-1.018-.34-2.623-.651-4.184-.651-3.487 0-7.192 2.112-7.192 6.746 0 4.357 2.81 7.173 7.156 7.173 1.801 0 3.422-.307 4.63-.695l.002-3.592c0-.706.374-1.079 1.082-1.079h.153v-.47h-5.062v.47h.154c.973 0 1.487.374 1.487 1.079l-.001 3.226zM80.916 8.129c2.063 0 3.294 1.147 3.294 3.168 0 1.797-1.21 3.117-2.814 3.117-1.336 0-1.746-.368-1.746-1.654V8.129h1.265zm-.073-5.86c1.733 0 2.612.865 2.612 2.723 0 1.682-.999 2.562-2.813 2.562h-.991V2.269h1.192zm1.507 5.51c1.616-.261 3.451-1.032 3.451-3.117 0-1.883-1.511-2.878-4.256-2.878l-5.846.003v.481h.261c.484 0 1.387 0 1.387 1.524v9.548c0 .817-.748 1.121-1.387 1.121h-.261v.477l6.451.001c2.463 0 4.358-1.655 4.358-3.72 0-.866-.303-1.609-.877-2.195-.742-.759-1.624-1.124-3.281-1.245zM50.387 1.784l4.289 11.418c.318.903.783 1.258 1.463 1.258h.04l-.001.486H51.08v-.486h.116c.991 0 1.38-.415 1.082-1.327L51.24 10.24h-4.149l-.956 2.654c-.42 1.245.237 1.553 1.201 1.553h.174l.001.494h-4.008l.002-.494h.045c.811 0 1.358-.498 1.668-1.305 0-.001 4.18-11.36 4.18-11.36l.992.002zm-3.065 7.81h3.684l-1.84-5.127-1.845 5.127zM32.257 20.335c.66 0 .829.18.829.672v4.573c0 1.56 1.153 2.449 3.111 2.449 1.982 0 3.063-1.02 3.063-2.677v-4.141c0-.744.18-.876.793-.876v-.348l-1.093.024a30.18 30.18 0 0 1-1.237-.024v.348c.625.012.925.012.925 1.116v3.997c0 1.272-.757 2.077-2.102 2.077-1.333 0-2.054-.84-2.054-2.089v-4.43c0-.612.264-.672.781-.672h.084v-.348l-1.573.024c-.409 0-.841-.012-1.526-.024v.348zm9.028 0c.829.024 1.237.312 1.237.732v5.33c0 .78-.252 1.056-1.177 1.068v.348l1.429-.024a43.1 43.1 0 0 1 1.453.024v-.348h-.048c-.877 0-1.165-.336-1.165-1.128v-4.982l5.909 6.686h.312v-6.578c0-.6.216-1.128.853-1.128h.264v-.348l-1.429.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.393-.024v.348c.853 0 1.213.192 1.213 1.14v4.189l-5.045-5.678-1.081.024c-.432 0-.877-.012-1.333-.024v.348h0zm13.441 7.13c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.501.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.622-.024a56.45 56.45 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348h0zm1.293-7.13c.601.012.829.072.973.432l2.931 7.238h.372l2.739-6.878c.132-.336.216-.492.288-.588.096-.12.18-.204.444-.204h.072v-.348l-1.057.024c-.325 0-.565-.012-1.057-.024v.348c.517.012.853.012.853.3 0 .144-.06.336-.156.6L60.631 26l-1.886-4.681c-.144-.348-.18-.528-.18-.66 0-.312.324-.312.829-.324v-.348l-1.742.024c-.541 0-.973-.012-1.633-.024v.348h0zm8.959 0c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.774-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.468.924a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.589.312c-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.216-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .829.156.829.816v.192l.3-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.3c0 .708-.192.948-.877.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.829 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.853 0-1.694-.012-2.546-.024v.348h0zm7.686 0h.06c.745 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.144.816-.949.816h-.06v.348a76.17 76.17 0 0 1 1.778-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068a22.31 22.31 0 0 0 .697 1.092l.672 1.032c.264.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .516.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044L77.18 23.9c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.961-1.957-2.895-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084c.192-.06.421-.084.613-.084 1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.961.228h-.661v-3.313zm9.104-.624c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.814 2.341.865.432 1.609.804 1.609 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.057 0-1.501-.684-1.826-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.697.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.694-.936-1.694-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.312-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.391 7.671c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.502.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.621-.024a56.9 56.9 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348zm1.517-5.966c.144-.792.409-1.044 1.333-1.044h1.633v6.002c0 .936-.192 1.008-.901 1.008h-.156v.348l1.79-.024 1.766.024v-.348c-.865-.012-1.105-.156-1.105-.864v-6.146h1.67c.432 0 .721.072.865.216.132.132.204.264.24.9l.276-.108c0-.408 0-.852.144-1.789l-.204-.096c-.18.3-.288.396-.673.396h-5.933c-.348 0-.529-.132-.613-.396h-.252a10.45 10.45 0 0 1-.216 1.921h.336zm8.746-1.164c.433 0 .745.048.913.276l2.558 3.469v2.653c0 .672-.216.72-1.045.732v.348l1.826-.024 1.694.024v-.348c-.853 0-1.057-.144-1.057-.624v-3.085l2.126-2.977c.252-.348.504-.444.828-.444v-.348l-1.045.024c-.252 0-.672-.012-1.213-.024v.348c.493.012.793.024.793.24 0 .12-.144.348-.24.492l-1.477 2.221-1.73-2.329c-.156-.216-.18-.324-.18-.384 0-.204.288-.228.624-.24v-.348l-1.693.024c-.565 0-.889-.012-1.682-.024v.348zm14.689.036c.12-.012.36-.036.636-.036 1.405 0 1.453 1.729 1.453 1.981 0 1.116-.492 1.717-1.465 1.717h-.06v.312h.18c1.393 0 1.874-.408 2.198-.744.264-.276.565-.768.565-1.488 0-1.236-.805-2.125-2.607-2.125l-1.717.024c-.385 0-.985-.012-1.442-.024v.348c.565 0 .853.036.853.708v5.63c0 .672-.24.792-.865.792v.348l1.586-.024 1.838.024v-.348c-.649 0-1.154 0-1.154-.756l.001-6.338zm4.466-.036h.06c.744 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.145.816-.949.816h-.06v.348c.42-.012 1.225-.024 1.777-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068c.216.372.529.84.697 1.092l.672 1.032c.265.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .517.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044l-1.465-2.185c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.96-1.957-2.894-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084a2.15 2.15 0 0 1 .613-.084c1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.96.228h-.661V20.42zm6.516-.084c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.775-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.469.924-.144.144-.3.24-.588.312-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.217-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .828.156.828.816v.192l.301-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.301c0 .708-.192.948-.876.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.828 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.852 0-1.693-.012-2.546-.024v.348zm10.51-.54c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.481-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.233 0c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.493 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zM0 0v15.599c0 7.67 4.03 9.859 5.967 10.911.356.193 6.333 3.162 6.715 3.352l.258.138.257-.137 6.716-3.352C21.85 25.459 25.88 23.27 25.88 15.6V0H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M12.939 29.365l2.633-1.309V15.762h9.746l.001-.163V10.5h-9.747V.559h-5.266V10.5H.559v5.099l.001.163h9.746v12.294l2.633 1.309z" fill="#fff" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M.559.559h9.747V10.5H.559V.559zm15.015 0h9.747V10.5h-9.747V.559zm-5.269 15.205H.559c.056 7.126 3.712 9.191 5.674 10.256.199.108 2.281 1.146 4.073 2.038V15.764zm5.269 0v12.294l4.073-2.038c1.961-1.065 5.618-3.13 5.673-10.256h-9.746z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.073 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.201-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zM3.733 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014 0 0 .049.274.179.588.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm10.844 5.803l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.121.01 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.551zm0 5.387l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.694l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.477-20.59l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.693l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.13 3.13 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm11.221 13.502c.144.19.346.314.512.314a1.06 1.06 0 0 0 .223-.034.43.43 0 0 1 .11-.016c.04 0 .057.015.057.052a.56.56 0 0 1-.043.155c-.026.062-.043.112-.049.148l-.033.173-.083.148-.115.107-.033.034v.074.037c0 .202-.06.316-.223.425-.013.008-.033.022-.058.041l-.017.067-.082.288a1.73 1.73 0 0 1-.157.231c-.1.131-.165.237-.206.338-.034.083-.06.107-.114.107-.081 0-.162-.102-.176-.222a.42.42 0 0 1-.041.05l-.098.066-.158.107-.131.099-.091.091c-.016.016-.033.025-.047.025-.042 0-.085-.071-.126-.207l-.082-.271c-.022-.073-.034-.163-.034-.267 0-.137.009-.185.058-.295-.165.017-.212.027-.297.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.072.016c-.027 0-.044-.019-.044-.051a.51.51 0 0 1 .033-.122l.108-.28a.7.7 0 0 1 .566-.416.72.72 0 0 1 .211.044.45.45 0 0 0 .125.026c.096 0 .172-.07.172-.158 0-.044-.029-.091-.066-.108-.014-.007-.113-.037-.297-.091-.139-.041-.208-.092-.364-.273-.113-.131-.158-.168-.199-.168-.032 0-.049.021-.049.058l.008.11.003.051c0 .229-.068.448-.234.75l-.232.42c-.11.2-.157.352-.157.504 0 .166.072.313.165.339l.124.032a.09.09 0 0 1 .041.026c.011.013.026.034.026.047s-.015.046-.042.076c-.015.016-.064.08-.149.189-.142.186-.232.253-.405.305-.1.242-.263.383-.554.479l-.033.057c-.098.174-.317.331-.456.331h-.032c-.018.151-.126.308-.289.421l-.19.139a.34.34 0 0 0-.041.075c-.037.082-.072.116-.118.116-.088 0-.161-.082-.212-.24l-.075.049-.157.107c-.038.018-.135.047-.289.083-.203.047-.378.133-.422.207l-.074.123-.034.014c-.04 0-.087-.057-.107-.13a2.03 2.03 0 0 1-.075-.464c0-.293.097-.484.397-.783l-.001-.071c0-.456.348-.765.86-.765l.083.002.281.017.026.001c.152 0 .292-.058.444-.183.202-.165.261-.266.261-.451 0-.059-.016-.126-.079-.333a1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.061-.388c0-.341.25-.765.59-.999.087-.061.152-.141.152-.187 0-.019-.01-.034-.023-.034-.022 0-.059.023-.105.064-.04.036-.107.078-.198.125l-.132.066-.149.058c-.046.017-.069.042-.069.073 0 .018.007.044.019.075s.016.047.016.061-.014.052-.042.096l-.115.19c-.113.186-.195.266-.339.33-.093.272-.226.41-.421.438-.156.314-.294.423-.57.454-.038.121-.105.221-.248.38-.059.064-.095.109-.107.132-.065.116-.07.123-.1.123-.038 0-.124-.057-.189-.123a.5.5 0 0 1-.074-.1l-.075-.132c-.024-.043-.049-.062-.08-.062l-.053.003-.182.025a.58.58 0 0 0-.331.19l-.099.149c-.01.015-.025.024-.039.024-.074 0-.119-.163-.119-.433 0-.237.036-.395.118-.508l.231-.322c.032-.045.05-.089.05-.126a.17.17 0 0 0-.041-.106c-.049-.058-.096-.093-.132-.099l-.174-.024c-.031-.005-.044-.012-.044-.026s.009-.034.027-.057a.79.79 0 0 1 .207-.182c.205-.125.339-.174.477-.174a.81.81 0 0 1 .432.142l.239.157c.034.023.074.034.115.034.111 0 .194-.066.272-.215.076-.144.109-.26.109-.383a.51.51 0 0 0-.53-.534c-.143 0-.29.056-.43.165-.042.033-.07.064-.083.091l-.066.149c-.015.036-.039.057-.059.057-.042 0-.135-.119-.213-.272-.041-.08-.08-.179-.115-.298-.049-.161-.071-.282-.071-.412l.012-.224a.83.83 0 0 1-.149-.511.92.92 0 0 1 .059-.29.61.61 0 0 1-.091-.368l.008-.103.025-.115.017-.099c-.08-.104-.102-.174-.182-.536-.044-.205-.071-.294-.106-.347-.017-.023-.025-.041-.025-.05 0-.048.115-.092.247-.092l.116.009c-.029-.076-.035-.106-.035-.166a1.03 1.03 0 0 1 .06-.329c.044-.126.053-.161.053-.202 0-.098-.015-.197-.036-.252l-.066-.165a.23.23 0 0 1-.021-.085c0-.017.011-.023.041-.023.162 0 .472.175.715.405s.32.413.32.752l-.014.181c.225.197.323.36.323.537 0 .129-.042.215-.166.337-.223.222-.273.337-.273.622 0 .438.131.675.373.675.213 0 .377-.231.404-.57l.025-.314a3.22 3.22 0 0 1 .041-.297c.014-.075.025-.174.025-.215 0-.111-.073-.252-.29-.504-.232-.271-.31-.417-.31-.629 0-.254.176-.44.414-.44.059 0 .089.009.16.045.003-.144.01-.17.091-.372.064-.159.133-.272.165-.272.011 0 .028.012.049.033a.86.86 0 0 0 .108.09l.083.058a.75.75 0 0 1 .074.075c.051-.185.104-.272.256-.421.116-.113.159-.148.181-.148s.038.015.059.041l.099.131.14.158c.054.059.073.111.099.255l.082-.049.132-.074a.97.97 0 0 0 .1-.066c.022-.016.041-.026.052-.026s.029.024.039.059l.049.19.108.215c.032.064.042.114.042.212v.052l.055-.002c.163 0 .303.192.303.414 0 .294-.235.674-.54.876-.028.099-.035.139-.035.219 0 .657.173.794 1.183.945a5.56 5.56 0 0 1 .677.14l.653.215c.223.074.373.107.489.107.123 0 .191-.035.191-.1 0-.113-.165-.214-.672-.412l-.719-.28c-.731-.286-1.076-.731-1.076-1.388 0-.764.574-1.338 1.34-1.338.289 0 .57.06.976.207l.605.198c.101 0 .156-.069.171-.214.013-.124.047-.174.115-.174.101 0 .212.094.29.248.068.134.107.291.107.428a.47.47 0 0 1-.405.504.8.8 0 0 1-.665.342c-.329 0-.492-.065-1.054-.416-.201-.126-.287-.157-.434-.157-.197 0-.343.122-.343.287 0 .151.122.251.397.324.164.043.188.055.273.14.066-.016.096-.02.137-.02.268 0 .599.145.879.384.509.157.962.706.962 1.167 0 .509-.441.965-.935.965a3.37 3.37 0 0 1-.639-.102z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M22.437 23.219l.033-.091.033-.116c.006-.021.037-.068.091-.139.084-.11.126-.249.126-.411 0-.051-.013-.098-.044-.16-.016-.032-.025-.058-.025-.076 0-.011.006-.024.017-.038s.022-.023.033-.025l.005-.001c.021 0 .057.024.085.058.035.043.066.066.084.066.037 0 .076-.063.098-.157l.017-.083c0-.04-.033-.144-.074-.231-.016-.033-.024-.061-.024-.084 0-.029.019-.053.046-.053s.063.026.11.07c.023.022.045.034.063.034.052 0 .089-.053.128-.182l.033-.129c0-.024-.01-.038-.029-.038l-.029.002-.098.01c-.151 0-.364-.104-.464-.224l-.231-.281-.206-.273-.19-.124c-.031-.02-.049-.045-.049-.067 0-.031.031-.052.079-.052s.179.048.425.152a2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .837.183c.395 0 .721-.319.721-.707 0-.212-.095-.408-.327-.681-.043-.051-.118-.101-.153-.101-.027 0-.046.02-.046.049a.26.26 0 0 0 .025.093c.01.026.016.052.016.076 0 .038-.014.06-.039.06-.052 0-.106-.085-.151-.234-.055-.184-.162-.294-.414-.421a.89.89 0 0 0-.261-.093c-.016 0-.027.014-.027.036 0 .031.012.065.033.098a.41.41 0 0 1 .067.158v.008c0 .032-.016.05-.046.05-.053 0-.065-.014-.186-.199-.062-.095-.228-.22-.372-.281-.045-.019-.093-.031-.14-.033h-.005c-.03 0-.053.014-.053.032 0 .007.013.033.037.076l.012.047c0 .025-.017.045-.039.045-.05 0-.203-.126-.324-.265-.131-.151-.215-.343-.215-.494 0-.316.302-.596.64-.596.085 0 .157.015.212.042l.289.149.339.224c.195.127.462.223.624.223.06 0 .106-.008.26-.051.081-.022.131-.054.131-.084l-.003-.007-.029-.017-.182-.016c-.101-.01-.33-.113-.512-.232l-.38-.247-.338-.141c-.026-.01-.042-.027-.042-.043s.018-.031.039-.031c0 0 .032.006.094.017l.314.091c.079.022.206.081.38.173.344.183.569.264.734.264.191 0 .331-.131.331-.309 0-.06-.013-.157-.032-.236a.33.33 0 0 0-.05-.107c-.014-.021-.03-.032-.041-.032-.024 0-.037.025-.037.067l.004.057.003.048c0 .152-.059.206-.228.206-.137 0-.322-.055-.742-.222-.394-.155-.64-.214-.884-.214-.622 0-1.167.507-1.167 1.085 0 .499.332.882 1.011 1.161l.702.289c.581.239.794.41.794.636 0 .188-.175.309-.448.309-.118 0-.265-.032-.536-.119-.657-.209-1.085-.296-1.461-.296-.613 0-1.049.168-1.398.536-.046.049-.073.063-.114.063-.028 0-.056-.011-.118-.047a.4.4 0 0 0-.181-.059c-.06 0-.154.052-.198.109l-.082.107c-.024.031-.051.05-.073.05-.06 0-.166-.102-.232-.224-.041-.074-.069-.147-.082-.215-.011-.052-.017-.137-.017-.226l.008-.153.025-.165.025-.141c.006-.02.022-.033.04-.033.043 0 .062.039.062.129l-.002.052-.002.037c0 .235.093.45.196.45.081 0 .152-.144.211-.43.012-.057.035-.09.063-.09s.053.042.078.165c.015.08.068.191.124.264.032.042.066.067.094.067.068 0 .111-.101.145-.339.014-.092.041-.15.073-.15.014 0 .026.007.035.018a1.3 1.3 0 0 1 .058.091c.02.034.052.062.091.082s.074.033.096.033a.12.12 0 0 0 .077-.033c.037-.033.058-.058.058-.068s-.017-.038-.049-.073c-.054-.058-.096-.136-.149-.273L20 19.462c-.013-.03-.027-.05-.042-.058l-.026-.007-.049.007-.173.049-.054.009c-.023 0-.039-.015-.039-.039s.03-.062.068-.092c.209-.166.333-.445.38-.851.028-.247.06-.34.165-.487.022-.031.041-.049.052-.049.032 0 .05.025.05.073 0 .032-.009.072-.027.117a.29.29 0 0 0-.018.1l.001.031.017.05.091-.033.099-.115a.61.61 0 0 0 .109-.338c0-.079-.019-.134-.066-.19-.052-.062-.088-.087-.126-.087l-.056.004-.059.004c-.053 0-.08-.016-.08-.049l.014-.063.009-.091-.049-.206-.041-.1-.025-.083-.058.041-.124.074c-.032.019-.066.05-.1.091-.117.142-.125.149-.172.149-.03 0-.047-.011-.047-.031l.005-.035a.85.85 0 0 0 .025-.171c0-.144-.105-.361-.231-.481-.173.165-.265.346-.265.521v.099c0 .038-.012.057-.038.057h-.003c-.021-.003-.041-.019-.058-.041l-.099-.132a1.33 1.33 0 0 0-.133-.108l-.066-.057-.033.066c-.082.164-.11.262-.115.397-.004.11-.013.142-.039.142-.013 0-.03-.006-.052-.019-.125-.07-.137-.075-.191-.075-.149 0-.25.106-.25.263 0 .061.035.154.103.275.076.135.189.258.239.258.014 0 .017-.01.017-.051v-.017l-.008-.14-.017-.108-.001-.014c0-.032.012-.046.037-.046.075 0 .14.219.195.655.048.384.154.648.322.801.043.039.067.071.067.089s-.015.026-.033.026c-.024 0-.062-.015-.108-.041a.18.18 0 0 0-.09-.026c-.083 0-.175.096-.191.2l-.075.47-.058.661c-.011.125.006.293.05.495.038.178.058.309.058.391 0 .495-.308.886-.818 1.037l-.529.156c-.329.098-.491.315-.537.718.085-.067.111-.078.24-.098l.156-.025a.43.43 0 0 0 .141-.041c.015-.009.045-.04.091-.091l.14-.156c.053-.06.101-.094.13-.094.02 0 .035.022.035.048s-.02.078-.058.136-.06.135-.06.213c0 .105.028.172.135.324.013-.05.024-.083.033-.099a1.69 1.69 0 0 1 .124-.173c.114-.148.197-.302.198-.372.002-.128.014-.169.046-.169s.033.006.045.079c.003.018.012.035.025.05.019.021.038.033.05.033s.033-.012.066-.033c.057-.038.101-.077.132-.116s.062-.093.082-.149c.028-.072.042-.125.042-.156l-.001-.107c0-.028.012-.051.027-.051s.062.043.089.091c.018.032.03.042.053.042h.005c.03-.003.056-.015.074-.034.101-.098.166-.219.166-.31l-.009-.152-.033-.125-.002-.011c0-.026.019-.048.04-.048.037 0 .078.053.135.174.026.057.051.084.075.084.039 0 .07-.029.148-.142l.074-.107c.016-.024.025-.052.025-.083s-.009-.057-.025-.081l-.067-.099c-.011-.017-.016-.045-.016-.083a.81.81 0 0 1 .124-.388l.107-.207c.013-.034.027-.05.046-.05s.028.02.028.041l-.008.091v.066.066c.011.03.031.042.071.042.025 0 .054-.006.086-.017l.206-.075a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .19-.091c.324-.179.424-.216.583-.216.095 0 .218.037.392.117.036.017.065.026.085.026s.05-.015.072-.042c.016-.019.024-.042.024-.063 0-.03-.011-.066-.033-.102-.026-.046-.051-.103-.051-.123s.014-.036.038-.036.047.02.062.044l.19.33c.154.274.354.464.529.504l.363.083c.113.025.141.069.141.209a.72.72 0 0 1-.331.616l-.298.191c-.108.068-.198.259-.198.416 0 .102.025.282.058.425l.058-.057.141-.083.124-.124.066-.182.066-.165c.032-.08.07-.132.096-.132s.045.045.045.126l-.001.023v.031c0 .118.015.17.107.348z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.543 25.575c0-.393.143-.564.712-.853 1.123-.569 1.728-1.091 1.728-1.488 0-.08-.026-.197-.1-.445a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.071-.358c0-.183.151-.46.344-.632l.157-.14c.086-.077.15-.188.15-.261l-.001-.037-.002-.049c0-.082.032-.112.117-.116l.075-.008.064-.017c.027 0 .053.015.069.041l.041.066.058.066c.019.021.038.034.053.034s.033-.008.063-.024c.04-.022.071-.031.1-.031.043 0 .065.023.065.071 0 .166-.107.406-.298.661-.317.429-.421.66-.421.934 0 .215.062.404.182.56.021.028.033.05.033.061 0 .022-.021.059-.058.104l-.05.067c-.066.095-.11.132-.153.132-.032 0-.063-.027-.078-.067l-.033-.09c-.01-.026-.028-.043-.047-.043-.006 0-.02.014-.036.034-.021.027-.032.059-.032.091v.14c0 .056-.02.114-.058.165a.69.69 0 0 1-.116.123c-.031.027-.054.042-.065.042-.024 0-.047-.026-.059-.066l-.05-.165c-.007-.024-.024-.041-.041-.041-.028 0-.051.046-.058.116-.017.187-.049.301-.098.347l-.116.106c-.037.036-.081.061-.105.061s-.045-.011-.052-.027l-.058-.124c-.007-.015-.021-.025-.037-.025-.033 0-.058.066-.07.191-.03.297-.092.43-.256.545a.45.45 0 0 0-.206.231c-.072-.106-.1-.196-.1-.329a.3.3 0 0 1 .034-.157c.034-.062.053-.109.053-.137 0-.02-.013-.036-.03-.036-.008 0-.022.012-.041.032-.023.027-.059.055-.107.083-.149.085-.171.116-.207.281a.42.42 0 0 1-.38.371c-.28.057-.297.064-.397.158l-.01-.147zm-.534-8.514v.083l.001.122a.51.51 0 0 1-.018.134c-.027.115-.033.154-.033.187 0 .158.022.236.115.399.052.09.085.199.085.277 0 .033-.014.053-.036.053-.014 0-.029-.008-.04-.024l-.066-.091c-.053-.072-.103-.091-.237-.091l-.143.009a1.79 1.79 0 0 1 .099.289c.067.27.076.289.223.421s.161.15.161.198c0 .037-.026.067-.057.067l-.055-.008-.033-.003c-.045 0-.086.083-.086.175a.59.59 0 0 0 .053.208c.02.049.04.082.058.1l.083.082a.12.12 0 0 1 .033.085c0 .04-.023.074-.05.074a.19.19 0 0 1-.074-.027c-.021-.01-.04-.016-.058-.016-.037 0-.055.023-.055.068l.013.123.05.214c.011.048.042.102.091.158a.39.39 0 0 0 .124.099l.166.075c.016.012.024.036.024.066s-.024.058-.055.058a.7.7 0 0 1-.086-.017l-.084-.008c-.084 0-.09.005-.09.069a.52.52 0 0 0 .017.128l.033.132c.035.14.08.215.13.215.011 0 .032-.012.06-.033a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .511-.173c.155 0 .332.019.399.041.038.013.065.02.079.02.02 0 .027-.02.028-.094l.017-.149.033-.256.024-.19v-.108l-.067.058c-.14.132-.229.173-.374.173-.38 0-.598-.427-.598-1.171 0-.307.045-.742.13-1.24.018-.105.026-.178.026-.229 0-.272-.172-.537-.472-.729z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.57 18.91l.074-.074.074-.067c.062-.054.111-.169.111-.254 0-.039-.008-.075-.028-.118-.029-.062-.084-.117-.117-.117-.028 0-.053.068-.064.175l-.017.124-.024.124-.009.124v.082zm-.726 3.377c.085.031.102.045.19.149.115.133.178.165.33.165a.42.42 0 0 0 .117-.016l.107-.033.083-.025c.04-.011.066-.028.066-.042s-.065-.072-.165-.139a1.59 1.59 0 0 0-.198-.116c-.071-.035-.131-.051-.189-.051-.116 0-.228.036-.339.109zm1.113 2.323c0-.266.262-.485.582-.485.16 0 .253.032.253.086 0 .042-.07.1-.223.181l-.24.132-.364.181-.008-.096zm3.363-2.003c.117-.024.157-.054.215-.057l.149.008a.48.48 0 0 0 .099-.066l.116-.082c.165-.113.174-.12.174-.156 0-.046-.067-.068-.206-.068-.26 0-.419.122-.546.422z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M18.827 17.58l.116.074c.066.042.121.073.165.09.128.053.174.071.174.12a.35.35 0 0 1-.017.094.51.51 0 0 0-.025.116c-.012.112-.08.141-.125.141-.056 0-.114-.086-.206-.248a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.132-.33l-.005-.032c0-.02.012-.032.036-.032l.018.006z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.942 17.868l-.19.191c-.067.089-.067.167-.083.182s-.032.021-.058.025l-.012.001c-.048 0-.084-.035-.087-.083l-.008-.14-.009-.141v-.008c0-.054.03-.083.073-.092l.176-.049.181-.091c.053-.026.069-.033.078-.033.021 0 .039.022.039.048 0 .012-.006.03-.018.052l-.083.139z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.105 18.431l.124.092a.22.22 0 0 0 .111.028.51.51 0 0 0 .195-.053l.108-.049c.025-.011.047-.018.064-.018.066 0 .118.07.118.157 0 .122-.088.247-.216.429l-.09.191c-.072.103-.12.14-.179.14-.098 0-.146-.056-.293-.348-.106-.208-.149-.336-.149-.438 0-.087.045-.148.111-.148.027 0 .06-.006.096.016z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.216 18.884l.008.157c.004.071.063.142.12.142.076 0 .131-.115.16-.29l.019-.115c0-.061-.02-.077-.098-.077l-.044.002h-.058l-.037-.002c-.052 0-.072.04-.072.145l.002.038z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.359 21.057c.072.182.097.272.107.389l.016.346c.013.347.128.52.347.52.079 0 .145-.021.182-.058l.091-.091.036-.011c.058 0 .09.038.09.107l-.01.134c-.007.06.004.188.033.379a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 .025.333c0 .176-.013.244-.075.402.058.162.091.345.091.499 0 .18-.029.3-.099.402.033.142.041.199.041.28s-.011.187-.033.314c-.029.172-.041.305-.033.395l.001.021c0 .052-.016.078-.048.078s-.069-.024-.102-.066c-.05-.065-.083-.088-.121-.088-.057 0-.075.03-.16.278-.026.077-.093.18-.198.306-.082.098-.133.179-.149.24l-.049.173c-.01.022-.029.039-.05.041h-.01c-.136 0-.292-.292-.452-.842-.045-.156-.103-.225-.187-.225-.06 0-.121.04-.144.093l-.05.116c-.009.02-.026.033-.043.033-.066 0-.167-.121-.229-.273-.051-.126-.081-.263-.081-.38 0-.259.191-.452.766-.776.251-.141.348-.32.348-.643 0-.256-.077-.403-.297-.57-.175-.132-.275-.182-.368-.182-.078 0-.14.052-.14.118 0 .078.045.125.153.162.127.046.182.09.182.147s-.054.165-.141.299a.76.76 0 0 1-.264.273c-.039.227-.146.372-.397.537-.05.142-.078.193-.165.305l-.174.223a.72.72 0 0 0-.124.256c-.018.126-.03.148-.078.148-.066 0-.2-.116-.335-.289a.4.4 0 0 1-.107-.273c-.086.068-.113.077-.281.099-.101.014-.176.033-.223.059-.127.066-.168.084-.191.084-.034 0-.046-.018-.049-.076l-.008-.182c0-.249.098-.54.248-.734-.145-.125-.289-.202-.405-.215-.049-.005-.062-.011-.062-.029 0-.03.032-.095.078-.152.062-.078.111-.133.149-.165a.82.82 0 0 1 .479-.174c.107 0 .266.039.471.116.074.028.14.041.197.041.091 0 .142-.059.142-.163 0-.15-.074-.385-.241-.762-.112-.255-.163-.427-.163-.545 0-.286.135-.583.304-.668-.08-.04-.115-.05-.184-.05-.083 0-.148.021-.254.083-.122.071-.19.134-.19.176 0 .016.025.042.067.072.064.045.075.061.075.122 0 .204-.169.477-.405.654-.052.289-.185.464-.446.586-.034.157-.056.203-.182.38-.216.302-.266.399-.305.57-.02.089-.041.125-.068.125-.035 0-.108-.055-.188-.142l-.132-.158c-.035-.054-.053-.107-.091-.263-.06.017-.076.02-.118.02l-.121-.003-.083-.002c-.181 0-.373.041-.471.101-.036.022-.06.033-.072.033-.053 0-.097-.112-.097-.25 0-.298.083-.545.276-.814-.071-.059-.094-.081-.157-.148-.027-.03-.05-.05-.066-.058l-.091-.05c-.031-.017-.05-.037-.05-.054 0-.044.121-.159.264-.252.159-.102.285-.149.4-.149.135 0 .207.035.376.182.117.102.197.149.254.149.04 0 .084-.028.118-.075.028-.038.043-.08.043-.123 0-.158-.189-.424-.398-.562-.156-.102-.326-.157-.492-.157-.23 0-.428.114-.515.297l-.091.19c-.021.044-.048.067-.079.067-.053 0-.081-.024-.268-.241l-.214-.248a.66.66 0 0 1-.133-.214.49.49 0 0 0-.041-.107c-.007-.011-.036-.033-.082-.067-.166-.117-.287-.349-.356-.685l-.025-.107c-.202-.248-.323-.555-.323-.821a.36.36 0 0 1 .018-.113c-.118-.118-.131-.147-.224-.463-.066-.224-.108-.32-.19-.428-.022-.029-.033-.052-.033-.064 0-.045.069-.081.19-.101l.166-.019.165.011-.01-.226c0-.133.01-.219.044-.377a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 .025-.172 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.017-.142.73.73 0 0 0-.024-.124c-.012-.031-.018-.055-.018-.07 0-.027.018-.041.049-.041.024 0 .058.012.109.036.144.071.263.143.355.215.285.223.509.566.509.779l-.004.065-.017.121c0 .036.02.084.058.134l.091.125c.081.11.133.238.133.324 0 .077-.016.111-.149.304-.1.144-.141.252-.141.369 0 .149.059.337.166.522.097.171.21.265.317.265.184 0 .265-.163.294-.604l.066-.627.008-.113c0-.052-.016-.082-.082-.161l-.249-.288c-.236-.276-.307-.418-.307-.616 0-.227.149-.384.365-.384l.099.009-.001-.064a.87.87 0 0 1 .042-.224c.052-.177.117-.314.151-.314.011 0 .038.013.08.041a1.22 1.22 0 0 0 .149.057.99.99 0 0 1 .164.082.73.73 0 0 1 .133-.289c.107-.138.228-.247.271-.247.026 0 .074.035.134.099l.157.165c.026.027.057.081.091.157l.033.074.099-.057.132-.075.157-.075c.042-.028.072-.043.085-.043.028 0 .043.05.105.323a1.9 1.9 0 0 1 .058.364c.264.037.388.188.388.471 0 .266-.131.531-.413.832-.077.083-.096.122-.096.199 0 .73.254.96 1.17 1.057a5.83 5.83 0 0 1 1.404.298c.355.106.559.15.691.15.156 0 .243-.057.243-.157 0-.153-.111-.201-.769-.34-1.531-.322-2.132-.845-2.132-1.854 0-.719.538-1.259 1.257-1.259.317 0 .6.097 1.048.355.416.241.502.282.597.282.111 0 .155-.071.155-.25 0-.116.035-.172.107-.172.066 0 .166.068.256.174.137.162.19.245.19.469 0 .299-.159.494-.471.58l-.074.082c-.17.192-.32.256-.59.256-.235 0-.53-.096-.732-.24l-.397-.28c-.171-.121-.296-.173-.416-.173-.169 0-.27.101-.27.27s.11.301.29.357l.372.116c.132.041.194.067.355.148l.185-.018a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .699.174l.149.067.207.058c.469.131.851.656.851 1.168 0 .584-.379.946-.991.946l-.191-.009z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M8.218 25.961l.049-.1.116-.124a.61.61 0 0 0 .15-.427c0-.085-.015-.177-.043-.267a.67.67 0 0 1-.034-.146c0-.052.039-.102.079-.102.016 0 .039.015.062.042l.124.14c.077.087.103.103.199.124l.008-.115.008-.136a.96.96 0 0 0-.182-.558c-.066-.084-.096-.135-.096-.164s.022-.059.045-.059c.008 0 .02.006.034.017.08.059.121.084.143.084.04 0 .076-.1.076-.208a.77.77 0 0 0-.169-.461l-.099-.123c-.011-.016-.017-.032-.017-.047 0-.035.029-.061.072-.061.031 0 .05.008.102.041.024.016.047.025.063.025.064 0 .088-.09.088-.336l-.003-.102-.008-.149c-.009-.175-.025-.206-.099-.206H8.82c-.403 0-.591-.255-.695-.942-.075-.496-.26-.849-.487-.925-.136-.045-.184-.075-.184-.111 0-.023.038-.045.079-.045.03 0 .099.018.156.041.329.133.607.198.849.198.396 0 .708-.291.708-.66 0-.282-.134-.569-.376-.801a.47.47 0 0 0-.206-.124l-.016-.001-.042.014.017.119.032.083.009.034c0 .018-.017.032-.039.032s-.047-.013-.061-.034l-.149-.223c-.118-.176-.376-.323-.568-.323-.068 0-.111.03-.111.078 0 .023.022.066.05.097.042.048.075.105.075.132l-.009.033c-.009.019-.021.031-.033.033l-.008.001c-.04 0-.06-.018-.24-.223-.147-.168-.448-.332-.609-.332-.023 0-.044.01-.061.026-.01.011-.017.023-.017.032 0 .025.022.058.058.092.051.047.092.103.092.127 0 .016-.022.031-.046.031-.047 0-.153-.068-.351-.224-.308-.242-.446-.47-.446-.735 0-.319.228-.57.52-.57.171 0 .398.082.554.199l.405.305a1.07 1.07 0 0 0 .65.215c.052 0 .1-.012.143-.033.036-.018.058-.04.058-.055s-.031-.024-.075-.036c-.146-.035-.264-.085-.347-.148l-.413-.313-.323-.223c-.218-.114-.26-.141-.26-.167 0-.013.021-.024.047-.024s.047.006.073.017l.215.091a2.47 2.47 0 0 1 .347.206c.442.295.667.39.927.39.247 0 .429-.175.429-.413 0-.047-.012-.098-.034-.143l-.041-.082c-.014-.029-.041-.052-.049-.041l-.025.033-.025.174c-.001.007-.01.027-.025.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.057.082c-.045.044-.083.058-.152.058-.128 0-.271-.068-.658-.315s-.744-.379-1.024-.379A1.07 1.07 0 0 0 5.977 18c0 .827.505 1.2 2.09 1.546.603.131.868.308.868.576 0 .245-.198.399-.512.399a1.19 1.19 0 0 1-.224-.016 30.59 30.59 0 0 1-.851-.232c-.354-.098-.752-.154-1.103-.154-.622 0-1.041.185-1.326.584-.033.047-.066.075-.088.075s-.042-.012-.069-.033l-.115-.091a.56.56 0 0 0-.297-.113.26.26 0 0 0-.175.072c-.041.037-.072.057-.084.057-.046 0-.131-.104-.196-.239-.093-.193-.141-.386-.141-.562 0-.082.026-.14.062-.14.029 0 .05.022.062.066l.066.239c.037.134.112.239.169.239.025 0 .07-.036.12-.099.031-.038.053-.077.067-.116.052-.151.064-.173.105-.173.048 0 .073.03.106.181.007.028.016.07.054.142.033.062.067.113.099.149.025.027.056.042.085.042.073 0 .139-.121.139-.255l-.002-.035-.01-.153c0-.059.009-.077.043-.077.019 0 .034.01.058.04.035.046.083.085.141.115.05.027.091.041.118.041s.053-.015.08-.041.035-.044.035-.065-.03-.062-.117-.15c-.047-.048-.103-.16-.165-.33-.023-.065-.054-.109-.078-.109a.24.24 0 0 0-.054.018l-.107.041-.074.033-.028.006c-.035 0-.063-.025-.063-.057s.075-.121.166-.196c.065-.055.105-.136.107-.223.005-.139.031-.248.058-.248l.025-.289a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 .124-.569c.01-.03.023-.051.033-.051.023 0 .044.062.044.131l-.003.043-.005.084c0 .105.017.159.049.159s.077-.052.113-.143l.074-.19c.022-.056.033-.108.033-.154 0-.161-.096-.277-.23-.277l-.06.01-.058.017c-.043 0-.08-.048-.08-.104l.006-.119-.008-.165-.033-.173-.009-.083-.074.041-.091.075-.132.107-.108.091c-.019.016-.04.025-.061.025-.063 0-.071-.017-.071-.146v-.032c0-.104-.045-.185-.214-.384l-.042-.05-.032.058-.091.149-.091.231-.017.148c-.004.043-.021.076-.037.076s-.046-.022-.078-.059a.64.64 0 0 0-.355-.239l-.016.057-.05.174-.009.156v.066.053c0 .046-.017.073-.045.073l-.005-.001c-.003-.001-.019-.015-.049-.041-.019-.017-.054-.026-.1-.026-.154 0-.252.083-.252.215 0 .099.034.173.186.404.068.103.146.184.176.184.02 0 .037-.054.037-.117l-.015-.099a.41.41 0 0 1-.024-.126c0-.046.013-.071.039-.071.074 0 .151.214.183.512l.033.305a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .099.33c.075.154.149.259.215.305.079.056.128.111.128.141s-.021.05-.044.05a5.64 5.64 0 0 1-.167-.059l-.069-.01c-.165 0-.22.094-.22.378a1.58 1.58 0 0 0 .488 1.044l.38.306c.193.154.339.411.339.595 0 .242-.265.479-.719.644l-.273.098c-.212.077-.297.214-.38.611a.68.68 0 0 1 .228-.042l.037.001.123.003c.111 0 .191-.067.191-.16v-.075c0-.022.031-.053.074-.075l.115-.058.091-.074c.014-.012.03-.019.046-.019.025 0 .045.024.045.051 0 .02-.006.046-.017.075-.028.073-.044.173-.044.284 0 .202.032.311.135.459.009-.055.018-.09.025-.107.017-.042.064-.117.141-.223.125-.175.217-.388.217-.503l-.003-.035-.025-.189c0-.034.015-.067.041-.091.018-.016.038-.024.057-.024.035 0 .057.021.085.082.019.046.043.074.059.074.029 0 .086-.076.122-.165.028-.066.041-.125.041-.175a.29.29 0 0 0-.025-.106.29.29 0 0 1-.026-.094c0-.021.007-.031.034-.055.014-.01.028-.017.042-.017s.033.007.049.017l.074.05c.025.017.048.025.066.025.033 0 .081-.037.116-.092.072-.11.117-.201.117-.235 0-.022-.014-.038-.059-.07-.164-.116-.273-.292-.273-.442 0-.035.008-.074.025-.119l.082-.223.066-.174.024-.009c.028 0 .045.023.045.064a.28.28 0 0 1-.019.094.54.54 0 0 0-.035.157c0 .059.03.091.086.091a.35.35 0 0 0 .138-.033c.25-.108.448-.166.567-.166.112 0 .182.025.3.108.031.022.058.034.076.034s.032-.013.048-.034c.01-.014.017-.029.017-.041 0-.03-.018-.069-.05-.107-.042-.052-.059-.085-.059-.117 0-.026.017-.043.044-.043.13 0 .333.41.527 1.059.152.513.195.565.685.843.415.234.573.466.573.843 0 .371-.103.846-.317 1.469-.067.197-.097.33-.097.44 0 .087.017.172.081.394l.057.19a.98.98 0 0 0 .065.124zm-1.916-1.156a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .157-.281c.134-.201.182-.308.182-.404v-.133c0-.124.022-.182.072-.182a.05.05 0 0 1 .044.025l.042.066c.013.021.035.033.058.033s.069-.032.093-.069a.58.58 0 0 0 .096-.295l-.009-.091-.008-.093c0-.05.02-.072.068-.072.032 0 .046.013.073.075.017.04.042.066.062.066s.049-.018.069-.05l.066-.099.05-.075.012-.04c0-.023-.018-.044-.062-.076-.153-.11-.22-.28-.231-.587a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-.041-.454c-.005-.016-.054-.134-.149-.355a2.15 2.15 0 0 1-.099-.297c-.019-.076-.043-.1-.103-.1-.225 0-.394.192-.394.445 0 .149.062.384.175.67.159.401.201.544.201.686 0 .303-.121.435-.54.586-.473.169-.695.413-.777.85l.083-.033.115-.041.132-.033c.114-.028.205-.092.223-.157l.033-.115c.008-.028.024-.047.05-.058l.074-.033.074-.033.016.033-.033.107a.74.74 0 0 0-.017.192c0 .181.036.287.141.418zm-4.437-7.639l.017.093c0 .026-.011.097-.033.213l-.015.168a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .072.435c.042.119.053.156.053.188l-.003.035c-.008.034-.02.059-.032.059s-.046-.018-.084-.052c-.095-.082-.198-.125-.305-.125a.81.81 0 0 0-.141.017l.041.091.124.306.174.264.181.125a.2.2 0 0 1 .05.049c.017.023.025.042.025.055s-.014.027-.033.028l-.166.008c-.025.001-.045.017-.045.035 0 .028.024.111.071.246l.083.24.14.132.148.108c.044.031.07.067.07.093s-.014.046-.029.047l-.082.008c-.027.003-.042.026-.042.066 0 .062.058.174.166.322.128.174.218.232.364.232h.124c.059 0 .095.029.095.076 0 .039-.025.061-.079.073-.114.024-.149.047-.149.1 0 .021.015.053.042.09l.067.091c.055.075.117.125.157.125.022 0 .074-.023.121-.076.074-.085.159-.154.268-.181.287-.073.347-.103.347-.169 0-.023-.011-.056-.033-.095-.091-.164-.124-.27-.124-.404 0-.103-.027-.175-.064-.175-.015 0-.041.025-.068.067-.068.104-.184.174-.289.174-.286 0-.631-.448-.801-1.041a1.65 1.65 0 0 1-.061-.445 2.32 2.32 0 0 1 .061-.504l.091-.405.011-.112c0-.205-.189-.468-.481-.673z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.46 18.315c-.061.115-.117.374-.117.538 0 .096.031.173.072.173.013 0 .03-.016.045-.041l.091-.166.059-.101c.033-.049.057-.097.057-.123 0-.098-.091-.219-.207-.28zm.907 3.723l.041.041.066.066c.161.167.185.183.263.183.072 0 .222-.041.307-.084.036-.018.058-.04.058-.057 0-.011-.03-.044-.082-.091l-.091-.083c-.069-.062-.171-.12-.22-.12-.095 0-.192.042-.342.145zm1.918 1.495a.82.82 0 0 1 .165.083l.132.082c.025.011.07.017.131.017.038 0 .072-.006.1-.017l.174-.066.165-.058c.044-.016.075-.041.075-.064 0-.012-.037-.03-.091-.043-.037-.01-.079-.023-.124-.041-.203-.082-.233-.094-.305-.094a.55.55 0 0 0-.422.201zm2.092 1.66c.055-.133.093-.155.281-.166.212-.012.414-.391.414-.648 0-.025-.009-.047-.019-.047s-.03.01-.056.027l-.123.074-.24.107c-.16.071-.301.285-.301.453a.57.57 0 0 0 .045.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M3.807 18.018l.082.116a.78.78 0 0 0 .179.129c.025 0 .038-.018.053-.071l.033-.125.009-.138c0-.109-.048-.15-.273-.208-.056-.015-.079-.013-.115-.042s-.079-.05-.099-.05-.034.01-.034.023l.009.037.041.123.116.207zm.883-.001l-.108.191-.041.045-.008.001c-.044 0-.088-.1-.091-.204l-.016-.164c.013-.068.053-.098.156-.116.084-.015.14-.031.166-.049l.132-.091.014-.003c.022 0 .038.015.038.04l-.003.011-.058.141-.182.197z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.474 18.579l.132-.066c.024-.012.045-.018.063-.018.064 0 .112.048.112.134 0 .094-.074.221-.175.403-.109.197-.191.331-.276.331-.119 0-.287-.189-.451-.505a.54.54 0 0 1-.063-.23c0-.104.046-.159.133-.159.036 0 .07.008.095.026l.074.05a.39.39 0 0 0 .21.066c.052 0 .101-.011.145-.033z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.384 18.761s.076.016.076.067l-.002.024-.025.123c-.027.165-.065.267-.119.267a.08.08 0 0 1-.063-.035c-.085-.12-.15-.274-.15-.358 0-.059.026-.089.079-.089l.014.001.091.016.099-.016z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M23.617 5.468l.033.124.067.264c.104.472.191.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.049-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.09 0 .138.099.145.299.002.076.019.211.049.404.023.139.033.267.033.382 0 .084-.01.133-.049.237l.016.099c.028.163.035.227.035.303 0 .354-.017.459-.101.597.034.135.044.199.044.296a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.027.291l-.033.248.008.148c.022.055.033.089.033.099 0 .023-.015.041-.033.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.1-.064-.19-.148-.16.141-.183.154-.373.206-.274.076-.375.11-.429.149s-.093.057-.114.057c-.064 0-.109-.124-.109-.306 0-.264.015-.401.058-.504-.161-.054-.242-.074-.3-.074a.69.69 0 0 0-.121.016l-.037.004c-.024 0-.038-.029-.038-.079 0-.081.057-.242.133-.378.103-.184.274-.338.405-.364l.297-.057c.176-.034.281-.128.281-.251s-.077-.197-.257-.261l-.347-.124c-.117-.042-.227-.094-.331-.157l-.181-.108c-.03-.016-.062-.024-.09-.024-.073 0-.118.054-.118.141 0 .14.108.255.24.255.03 0 .058-.006.084-.017a.27.27 0 0 1 .076-.025c.038 0 .065.036.065.089a1.04 1.04 0 0 1-.19.522l-.099.124-.075.099c-.027.213-.236.517-.446.652-.051.032-.082.054-.091.066s-.029.047-.066.116c-.017.032-.073.098-.166.198a1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.206.19c-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.017.029-.038.043-.065.043-.074 0-.142-.077-.183-.207-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125a.64.64 0 0 0-.145.025l-.115.016h-.29c-.156 0-.365.038-.463.084-.037.018-.066.026-.085.026-.043 0-.064-.043-.064-.126 0-.262.202-.659.464-.916-.039-.152-.119-.254-.223-.28l-.149-.041c-.015-.008-.025-.023-.025-.039 0-.053.059-.105.19-.167.235-.111.303-.132.434-.132.15 0 .276.051.433.174.224.174.285.207.393.207.176 0 .345-.161.345-.331 0-.114-.063-.241-.218-.438-.22-.281-.298-.464-.298-.702 0-.16.032-.247.174-.478.022-.037.035-.068.035-.089 0-.045-.075-.086-.159-.086-.088 0-.198.032-.347.1-.249.114-.397.22-.397.285 0 .026.015.052.041.07l.083.058c.01.007.017.02.017.034s-.016.043-.034.064-.072.09-.165.215a1.89 1.89 0 0 1-.346.363c-.045.034-.072.062-.084.083l-.066.124c-.055.103-.218.274-.356.371l-.115.091a.75.75 0 0 0-.075.115c-.084.151-.217.338-.305.429l-.223.231c-.064.066-.154.257-.24.511-.068.2-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.064-.05-.16-.183-.305-.298-.375-.298-.018 0-.051.015-.096.042-.063.038-.138.067-.223.083l-.297.057c-.249.049-.348.102-.463.248-.029.036-.053.057-.066.057-.029 0-.051-.043-.051-.1l.008-.072c.002-.008.016-.082.042-.223.043-.235.103-.43.165-.537l.149-.256c.026-.046.041-.093.041-.133 0-.19-.178-.345-.447-.387-.055-.008-.083-.028-.083-.06 0-.038.065-.111.166-.188.175-.132.368-.215.505-.215.092 0 .215.032.379.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.18.149-.308.149-.425 0-.209-.097-.335-.26-.335-.128 0-.25.054-.351.156-.09.091-.137.182-.137.264l.005.084.003.044c0 .067-.023.097-.072.097-.062 0-.135-.061-.278-.232l-.232-.272c-.251-.294-.303-.411-.314-.711-.28-.357-.35-.555-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.201-.241-.24-.334-.24-.572 0-.107.006-.135.05-.221-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174a.9.9 0 0 0-.132-.305c-.074-.106-.083-.122-.083-.153 0-.086.083-.142.29-.193l.066-.017-.017-.183c0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.022-.119.034-.21.034-.271 0-.07-.011-.127-.05-.257-.025-.084-.054-.148-.082-.19s-.05-.084-.05-.109.028-.05.066-.05c.02 0 .055.01.083.027.279.152.584.393.801.636.187.208.247.381.289.843.253.188.348.358.348.626 0 .159-.052.313-.166.488l-.165.256c-.049.083-.075.179-.075.279 0 .149.045.289.157.488.123.219.234.314.365.314.217 0 .413-.374.413-.786l-.002-.081v-.223l.025-.198.016-.24.016-.199.006-.11c0-.081-.017-.105-.271-.376-.28-.3-.413-.554-.413-.789 0-.222.191-.408.42-.408a.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.099l.009-.174.049-.214c.04-.171.058-.203.117-.203l.041.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c.012-.103.021-.124.107-.232l.115-.157.083-.124.05-.074c.033-.05.047-.063.069-.063s.038.029.064.121c.011.037.036.075.074.107l.108.091c.087.074.145.183.181.339a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.149l.133-.074c.049-.028.079-.042.088-.042s.023.02.037.05c.019.043.041.085.066.124.106.171.116.196.116.311v.069.099c.268.074.372.218.372.514 0 .222-.102.451-.315.707-.141.17-.165.222-.165.35 0 .582.439.935 1.181.946l.545.008a2.67 2.67 0 0 1 .901.148c.382.125.507.158.623.158.084 0 .154-.047.154-.103 0-.119-.2-.212-.868-.401-1.361-.384-1.942-.935-1.942-1.836 0-.698.583-1.237 1.336-1.237a2.88 2.88 0 0 1 .82.141l.338.124a.52.52 0 0 0 .178.035c.117 0 .161-.073.178-.291.008-.097.039-.14.101-.14.087 0 .256.136.378.306s.215.404.215.554c0 .176-.092.31-.29.421-.185.282-.413.412-.72.412-.235 0-.635-.159-1.139-.454-.198-.116-.285-.148-.395-.148-.149 0-.244.083-.244.214 0 .119.088.194.334.28.391.139.475.185.587.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.754.242 1.174.707 1.174 1.303 0 .543-.368.935-.88.935a1.59 1.59 0 0 1-.402-.049z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M24.436 9.084a.58.58 0 0 1-.026-.152l.009-.112.026-.321c0-.061-.018-.109-.06-.166l-.099-.132c-.064-.087-.09-.151-.09-.225 0-.048.011-.064.044-.064l.038.008.074.041c.034.019.062.028.083.028.05 0 .075-.077.075-.232 0-.215-.04-.318-.165-.415l-.115-.091c-.02-.016-.034-.043-.034-.067 0-.04.023-.065.061-.065.023 0 .056.007.096.017l.091.025.035.008c.028 0 .041-.022.041-.07l-.002-.029-.025-.174c-.026-.18-.056-.249-.109-.249l-.015.002-.215.041-.036.003c-.258 0-.562-.245-.641-.515l-.157-.537c-.047-.161-.187-.338-.397-.504-.069-.053-.129-.085-.173-.09l-.148-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.04 0-.034.029-.05.09-.05a2.35 2.35 0 0 1 .732.14c.271.089.419.121.552.121.414 0 .663-.216.663-.573 0-.179-.065-.404-.157-.548-.081-.124-.216-.251-.389-.363-.025-.017-.048-.026-.065-.026-.023 0-.042.018-.042.042l.008.107v.01c0 .04-.023.073-.053.073-.046 0-.093-.054-.146-.165-.152-.323-.398-.517-.65-.517-.055 0-.087.019-.087.053 0 .025.015.063.043.109a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .074.148c.013.032.02.056.02.071s-.013.024-.038.024c-.037 0-.098-.034-.139-.077l-.124-.132-.107-.166a.79.79 0 0 0-.33-.289l-.207-.107c-.041-.022-.078-.033-.105-.033s-.039.013-.039.038.013.059.037.095a.42.42 0 0 1 .076.165c0 .028-.018.05-.041.05-.058 0-.162-.104-.307-.305a.78.78 0 0 1-.158-.464c0-.348.268-.619.613-.619.177 0 .399.074.618.207l.397.24c.142.086.334.149.453.149.066 0 .085-.004.233-.042a.4.4 0 0 0 .107-.041.06.06 0 0 0 .03-.049c0-.032-.02-.047-.072-.05-.184-.014-.566-.164-.817-.323l-.273-.156c-.068-.024-.114-.059-.114-.088 0-.013.014-.02.036-.02l.048.008.36.132.347.124a2.18 2.18 0 0 0 .555.116c.157 0 .265-.108.265-.265 0-.079-.02-.168-.052-.23-.05-.099-.116-.182-.143-.182s-.05.033-.05.088l.004.044.01.106c0 .111-.061.184-.156.184a.46.46 0 0 1-.135-.026l-.537-.173c-.467-.151-.648-.19-.878-.19-.649 0-1.139.438-1.139 1.022 0 .658.452 1.071 1.612 1.472 1.125.39 1.272.479 1.272.775 0 .17-.16.307-.359.307a1 1 0 0 1-.194-.017l-.562-.132c-.345-.084-.637-.116-1.027-.116-.819 0-1.214.125-1.642.521-.099.092-.139.109-.249.109l-.056-.002-.13-.008c-.099 0-.174.047-.234.149l-.132.223c-.018.031-.054.049-.095.049-.086 0-.131-.057-.212-.256a.64.64 0 0 0-.165-.249l-.174-.149c-.026-.023-.041-.044-.041-.06s.015-.044.041-.08a.84.84 0 0 0 .075-.115c.026-.047.039-.081.041-.1l.008-.074c.006-.024.03-.041.059-.041.055 0 .064.036.066.24a.59.59 0 0 0 .066.223l.091.198c.012.026.041.042.075.042.086 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.176.043-.232.079-.232s.049.021.119.166c.022.044.056.087.099.124s.075.054.099.058h.009c.068 0 .091-.043.107-.199l.008-.082-.016-.116-.011-.08c0-.053.018-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.082.083c.055.055.111.083.166.083.071 0 .115-.031.115-.081 0-.041-.009-.061-.082-.183a2.51 2.51 0 0 1-.058-.107c-.073-.139-.108-.174-.173-.174l-.084.008-.107.041c-.032.012-.054.019-.066.019s-.025-.014-.025-.033c0-.074.049-.192.141-.336.057-.09.104-.311.14-.649l.042-.388c.025-.238.051-.323.099-.323.017 0 .031.007.033.017l.024.124v.099c0 .12.013.218.028.218.035 0 .087-.041.137-.111.036-.05.063-.106.083-.165.027-.089.042-.161.042-.217 0-.191-.081-.273-.339-.345-.026-.007-.043-.016-.049-.025l-.009-.074v-.14l-.017-.1-.032-.083-.042-.091-.066.041c-.169.106-.21.138-.265.206-.075.095-.101.119-.132.119-.023 0-.041-.016-.041-.036l.033-.141.003-.024c0-.181-.102-.356-.284-.487l-.058.066-.058.083-.099.116a.39.39 0 0 0-.092.245l.001.027.001.028c0 .065-.01.088-.041.088l-.018-.008-.066-.082-.082-.099-.149-.091-.074-.058c-.08.173-.083.191-.083.414v.069c0 .074-.024.119-.064.119-.019 0-.054-.014-.101-.041-.037-.021-.082-.034-.123-.034-.12 0-.209.102-.209.241 0 .151.032.255.133.42.065.107.15.194.19.194.005 0 .015-.076.025-.177l-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.019-.086.05-.086.046 0 .075.051.104.19l.066.306.066.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 .14.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.036.038s-.043-.009-.075-.025a.32.32 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.06-.009c-.137 0-.165.11-.165.658 0 .342.071.798.159 1.019l.174.438a.56.56 0 0 1 .042.205c0 .604-.817 1.569-1.678 1.983-.335.161-.434.328-.463.784a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .289-.116c.244-.068.296-.103.33-.215l.033-.107c.015-.046.045-.068.215-.157.064-.033.109-.07.132-.107.043-.071.076-.106.098-.106s.036.016.036.043l-.002.013-.091.236-.01.058c0 .173.097.317.275.408l.024-.099c.029-.126.058-.209.083-.248l.158-.231c.057-.084.067-.139.067-.352l-.009-.26-.005-.066c0-.043.02-.066.058-.066.029 0 .053.011.055.025l.024.157c.006.033.04.058.081.058.08 0 .182-.102.291-.289.042-.073.059-.13.059-.197a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-.026-.257l-.003-.049c0-.041.024-.067.063-.067.021 0 .037.007.04.016l.058.191c.019.063.063.107.108.107.127 0 .258-.259.272-.537.008-.174.03-.235.083-.235.021 0 .036.008.041.02l.033.107c.012.039.036.065.059.065s.063-.037.115-.099a.83.83 0 0 0 .074-.107c.016-.029.024-.059.024-.087 0-.042-.009-.053-.074-.103s-.091-.104-.091-.173c0-.12.051-.248.198-.504.135-.232.153-.259.186-.259s.055.031.055.07c0 .024-.006.049-.017.072-.022.048-.034.081-.034.099 0 .032.029.059.066.059a.34.34 0 0 0 .15-.05 1.66 1.66 0 0 1 .223-.091l.281-.099c.052-.016.111-.025.17-.025.048 0 .096.006.144.017.094.022.158.034.19.034a.13.13 0 0 0 .133-.131.35.35 0 0 0-.051-.143l-.074-.115c-.036-.038-.051-.059-.051-.074l.009-.033c.01-.02.028-.033.047-.033.065 0 .193.133.308.323.648 1.057.962 1.391 1.438 1.535.496.15.613.255.613.551 0 .157-.083.346-.258.588-.33.458-.447.726-.447 1.031l.001.068.091-.042c.068-.034.112-.054.133-.058l.206-.041c.065-.013.117-.09.117-.173l-.001-.016-.016-.182-.002-.029c0-.102.05-.187.112-.187.023 0 .049.021.063.05l.132.28c.053.115.116.17.288.248zM17.663 3.42l-.008.132-.002.081c0 .134.021.192.071.192s.141-.102.179-.215a.84.84 0 0 0 .042-.224.41.41 0 0 0-.042-.156c-.037-.09-.075-.132-.121-.132-.071 0-.104.091-.118.322z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.089 1.893l.116.115c.169.169.285.513.285.846l-.004.137-.025.388-.008.325c0 1.079.314 1.815.776 1.815.116 0 .258-.107.356-.265.021-.034.049-.06.066-.06.026 0 .039.022.041.068l.017.182.016.156.025.174.025.162c0 .083-.017.092-.215.119a.55.55 0 0 0-.231.091c-.128.082-.203.139-.215.165l-.091.19c-.012.024-.032.041-.053.041-.048 0-.113-.073-.204-.231-.084-.146-.121-.23-.121-.269 0-.026.021-.037.072-.037h.017l.099.008.074-.008.067-.008c.028-.007.049-.031.049-.061 0-.02-.013-.038-.033-.046l-.372-.158c-.089-.038-.185-.134-.272-.272-.095-.152-.151-.285-.151-.36 0-.059.025-.097.065-.097.016 0 .037.006.061.019a.31.31 0 0 0 .097.033c.014 0 .03-.006.044-.017s.025-.027.025-.04c0-.024-.025-.055-.066-.085-.309-.219-.497-.485-.497-.704 0-.064.015-.094.047-.094l.061.006c.045.009.099.017.116.017.045 0 .076-.025.076-.064 0-.024-.03-.054-.076-.076-.206-.103-.257-.162-.388-.455-.101-.224-.153-.318-.24-.429.108-.052.166-.067.257-.067.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.137.211.015 0 .021-.026.021-.095a.96.96 0 0 0-.034-.248c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.024-.182l-.017-.116-.091-.05c-.084-.045-.141-.154-.141-.271a.61.61 0 0 1 .017-.15l.05-.191a1.6 1.6 0 0 0 .059-.349v-.071l.074.082zm.992 5.953a1.22 1.22 0 0 1-.396-.123.75.75 0 0 0-.31-.084c-.131 0-.231.041-.351.141l.074.057.166.116.158.124c.04.032.089.05.139.05.162 0 .299-.074.522-.281zm3.182 1.502a.47.47 0 0 1 .165-.215c.231-.198.339-.345.339-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.017-.141.073-.141.025 0 .045.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.036.037.07.037.059 0 .101-.042.203-.21.043-.071.061-.117.061-.164 0-.029-.006-.061-.02-.093l-.058-.131a.4.4 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.025 0 .047.01.06.026l.065.082c.015.018.019.029.044.029s.085-.029.106-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.025-.059.025-.075 0-.028-.026-.056-.067-.073l-.116-.05c-.135-.058-.248-.291-.248-.512 0-.025.009-.061.025-.107l.05-.141a.41.41 0 0 0 .025-.137c0-.081-.025-.159-.082-.251l-.099-.173c-.048-.123-.076-.164-.117-.164-.029 0-.057.011-.106.039l-.083.05-.116.133-.116.057c-.069.035-.135.184-.135.309 0 .178.039.275.309.757.114.204.168.355.168.47 0 .336-.343.613-.903.727-.669.137-.815.248-.892.678.116-.06.162-.068.366-.068l.121.002h.019c.111 0 .125-.008.196-.107a.62.62 0 0 1 .273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.035 0 .028-.027.076-.079.139-.08.097-.126.196-.126.272 0 .11.018.166.085.265z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M20.223 8.069c.095.059.191.145.248.223.079.108.09.116.169.116a.52.52 0 0 0 .12-.017l.074-.016c.141-.027.183-.047.183-.085 0-.023-.013-.046-.035-.064l-.099-.082-.091-.083a.44.44 0 0 0-.261-.092c-.103 0-.186.027-.309.1zm2.675.446l.049-.009.083-.008.066.008.045.003c.084 0 .127-.009.162-.036.051-.039.104-.101.157-.19.021-.035.032-.068.032-.094 0-.056-.051-.088-.141-.088-.227 0-.366.126-.454.413z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.816 2.81c.009.077.049.14.09.14.035 0 .09-.118.176-.263.117-.199.214-.365.214-.471 0-.035-.018-.062-.041-.062l-.009.003-.091.084a.94.94 0 0 1-.273.148c-.106.038-.136.07-.136.14l.012.067.069.143-.011.072zm-.724-.611c-.029-.024-.07-.042-.092-.042-.035 0-.05.018-.05.06l.002.024c.006.045.018.092.032.14a.72.72 0 0 0 .109.231l.125.209a.43.43 0 0 0 .18.114l.006.001c.022 0 .041-.014.043-.034l.026-.165.041-.149.005-.035c0-.04-.023-.076-.062-.096l-.141-.075-.222-.181z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.637 3.248h-.044l-.096-.009c-.003-.001-.037-.021-.1-.059-.037-.022-.077-.033-.116-.033-.076 0-.121.047-.121.126 0 .062.037.182.105.344l.108.264c.091.231.185.33.31.33.107 0 .193-.088.26-.263l.091-.372c.044-.116.153-.164.153-.245 0-.095-.106-.186-.196-.186l-.048.009-.124.084-.182.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.627 3.477h-.099c-.015 0-.03.009-.041.025-.016.023-.025.038-.025.041l.041.198.033.173c.019.095.034.133.105.133.081 0 .15-.055.159-.157l.017-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.024-.051s-.027-.018-.043-.018l-.007.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.2 5.467l.033.124.066.264c.104.472.192.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.05-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.089 0 .131.093.135.3.002.059.021.194.059.404.022.124.032.245.032.36a.59.59 0 0 1-.049.259c.028.162.05.38.05.506 0 .204-.038.394-.099.493a1.04 1.04 0 0 1 .042.311 1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.026.275l-.044.285a.35.35 0 0 0 .019.111c.016.047.025.081.025.099 0 .023-.011.041-.025.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.099-.064-.19-.148-.161.144-.208.166-.628.281-.084.022-.146.048-.182.074-.052.037-.09.057-.11.057-.071 0-.105-.114-.105-.35 0-.175.018-.337.05-.46a.94.94 0 0 0-.295-.074 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.126.016l-.031.003c-.024 0-.044-.036-.044-.079 0-.032.022-.112.051-.179l.082-.198c.03-.072.098-.154.198-.239a.53.53 0 0 1 .215-.125l.297-.057c.177-.034.282-.128.282-.251s-.08-.199-.257-.261l-.356-.124a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.323-.157c-.197-.117-.23-.132-.277-.132-.071 0-.112.054-.112.147 0 .147.096.25.232.25.028 0 .056-.006.083-.017.04-.016.069-.025.085-.025.037 0 .058.022.058.063l-.002.036-.017.14c-.014.12-.092.265-.264.496l-.074.099a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.446.652l-.091.066c-.007.008-.029.047-.066.116-.017.032-.072.098-.165.198-.07.076-.139.139-.207.19-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.015.025-.04.041-.067.041-.073 0-.14-.076-.182-.206-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125-.032 0-.081.009-.144.025l-.116.016h-.298c-.148 0-.358.039-.454.084-.038.018-.067.026-.085.026s-.033-.011-.055-.051c-.015-.028-.018-.041-.018-.066 0-.151.108-.435.249-.661.09-.143.119-.176.223-.264-.033-.14-.123-.249-.231-.28l-.141-.041c-.019-.006-.033-.022-.033-.04 0-.043.067-.102.191-.167.161-.085.324-.132.454-.132.137 0 .27.054.422.174.224.175.284.207.393.207.177 0 .345-.162.345-.331 0-.113-.06-.234-.218-.438-.23-.298-.299-.452-.299-.671 0-.136.042-.309.093-.386l.083-.123c.017-.028.028-.055.028-.08 0-.055-.064-.095-.149-.095-.13 0-.381.093-.581.215-.099.061-.166.132-.166.176 0 .026.013.05.034.064l.091.058c.011.007.018.02.018.034s-.014.038-.034.064l-.165.215a2.76 2.76 0 0 1-.347.363.57.57 0 0 0-.083.083c-.001.001-.023.042-.066.124a1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.364.371c-.061.042-.099.072-.115.091s-.034.053-.066.115c-.021.04-.057.098-.108.173-.081.12-.148.205-.198.256L3.4 8.67c-.071.071-.133.209-.231.511-.058.183-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.065-.051-.164-.187-.305-.298-.379-.298-.017 0-.048.014-.092.042-.061.038-.136.067-.223.083l-.305.057c-.231.044-.322.094-.455.248-.032.036-.058.057-.072.057-.025 0-.044-.041-.044-.096l.008-.077.042-.223c.044-.239.098-.416.165-.537l.14-.256c.028-.05.042-.095.042-.134 0-.19-.197-.365-.437-.387-.061-.005-.084-.02-.084-.054 0-.042.067-.125.159-.193.165-.126.382-.215.52-.215.084 0 .213.035.371.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.179.149-.308.149-.424 0-.208-.099-.336-.262-.336a.53.53 0 0 0-.357.156c-.083.084-.127.172-.127.256l.003.092.001.02c0 .077-.026.12-.072.12-.078 0-.191-.111-.516-.504-.242-.293-.296-.418-.306-.711-.28-.357-.35-.508-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.194-.233-.249-.36-.249-.574 0-.078.013-.124.059-.218-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174c-.028-.118-.073-.22-.132-.305-.075-.107-.083-.121-.083-.158 0-.096.066-.134.356-.205-.012-.08-.017-.142-.017-.183 0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.023-.123.035-.211.035-.264s-.009-.098-.06-.263a.9.9 0 0 0-.074-.19c-.027-.042-.05-.094-.05-.113 0-.029.02-.045.057-.045.082 0 .298.131.522.316.474.392.572.549.637 1.023l.025.166c.227.167.347.369.347.585a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.165.529l-.166.256a.5.5 0 0 0-.074.273c0 .155.045.298.157.494.127.223.235.314.368.314.218 0 .409-.379.409-.81v-.058l-.001-.149c0-.084.005-.167.018-.272l.024-.24.009-.199.003-.13c0-.046-.024-.093-.086-.158l-.181-.198c-.263-.287-.407-.556-.407-.757a.42.42 0 0 1 .422-.439.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.056c0-.364.075-.633.175-.633l.04.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c0-.102.005-.113.108-.232.025-.028.063-.081.115-.157l.082-.124.042-.074c.022-.042.044-.062.068-.062s.042.03.072.12c.019.056.032.071.174.198.049.044.083.081.098.108s.036.078.067.164l.025.067a.5.5 0 0 1 .165-.149l.124-.074c.046-.028.078-.043.092-.043s.026.02.041.05.035.07.066.124c.088.153.117.227.117.299l-.002.081V1.9c.271.085.373.225.373.517 0 .21-.11.451-.323.705-.142.169-.158.202-.158.32 0 .611.426.965 1.175.976l.553.008c.356.006.569.041.9.148.393.128.507.158.621.158.038 0 .076-.012.107-.034s.049-.049.049-.073c0-.116-.203-.209-.867-.397-1.363-.386-1.941-.934-1.941-1.836 0-.697.58-1.237 1.33-1.237a2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .826.141l.338.124c.062.023.122.035.178.035.115 0 .174-.096.177-.291.003-.104.026-.14.094-.14.095 0 .242.119.377.306s.224.401.224.542c0 .188-.088.319-.29.432-.185.282-.414.412-.72.412-.239 0-.578-.135-1.139-.454-.196-.111-.295-.148-.398-.148-.146 0-.241.084-.241.214 0 .119.092.196.334.28.357.125.445.174.586.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.725.23 1.175.724 1.175 1.291 0 .551-.373.947-.892.947a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-.391-.05z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M9.021 9.083a.91.91 0 0 1-.03-.199l.006-.065.025-.132.009-.107c0-.115-.019-.196-.058-.248L8.872 8.2c-.032-.044-.061-.097-.082-.158-.011-.03-.017-.054-.017-.069 0-.037.023-.061.06-.061.022 0 .031.004.106.048.032.019.06.028.081.028.049 0 .076-.08.076-.22 0-.159-.015-.248-.05-.288l-.124-.14-.107-.091c-.026-.022-.044-.05-.044-.072 0-.035.027-.06.067-.06s.117.018.183.042l.038.008c.034 0 .047-.02.047-.068l-.002-.03-.025-.174-.049-.181c-.016-.059-.025-.068-.063-.068l-.021.003-.206.041-.033.003c-.271 0-.557-.228-.644-.515l-.165-.537c-.051-.166-.175-.323-.397-.504-.067-.055-.124-.086-.165-.09l-.149-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.041 0-.034.032-.049.103-.049l.272.024a2.14 2.14 0 0 1 .446.116c.247.085.414.121.554.121.413 0 .661-.223.661-.597 0-.256-.134-.545-.338-.731-.117-.104-.233-.182-.273-.182-.023 0-.042.019-.042.044l.008.105v.01c0 .041-.024.073-.057.073-.042 0-.089-.054-.143-.165-.156-.325-.404-.518-.661-.518-.043 0-.074.018-.074.044 0 .017.013.057.041.119l.066.148a.28.28 0 0 1 .027.076c0 .009-.016.018-.035.018-.038 0-.098-.034-.14-.078l-.123-.132-.108-.166c-.086-.132-.155-.192-.339-.289l-.198-.107c-.038-.022-.073-.033-.103-.033s-.044.014-.044.043.011.058.032.09c.061.094.085.141.085.166s-.019.049-.043.049c-.064 0-.197-.13-.315-.305-.097-.145-.149-.307-.149-.464 0-.355.259-.619.61-.619.181 0 .41.077.621.207l.388.24a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .452.149 1.11 1.11 0 0 0 .242-.042c.036-.01.07-.023.099-.041.023-.014.039-.032.039-.046s-.009-.032-.023-.036l-.049-.016-.182-.034c-.047-.008-.122-.036-.223-.083l-.414-.206a1.61 1.61 0 0 0-.272-.156c-.067-.023-.109-.053-.109-.079s.013-.036.037-.036.054.011.088.032c.122.076.228.116.306.116l.355.124c.176.062.433.116.549.116.15 0 .271-.122.271-.273a.72.72 0 0 0-.143-.362c-.019-.027-.039-.042-.056-.042-.033 0-.051.024-.051.066l.008.067.013.098c0 .107-.072.191-.164.191a.44.44 0 0 1-.13-.026l-.537-.173c-.45-.145-.658-.19-.884-.19-.642.001-1.132.442-1.132 1.022 0 .657.462 1.081 1.603 1.472 1.123.385 1.281.479 1.281.768 0 .166-.168.314-.356.314a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.198-.017l-.562-.132a4.18 4.18 0 0 0-1.028-.116c-.81 0-1.26.142-1.649.521-.097.095-.129.109-.241.109l-.056-.002-.116-.008h-.015c-.097 0-.169.045-.233.149l-.141.223c-.023.031-.058.049-.094.049-.074 0-.119-.056-.203-.256a.7.7 0 0 0-.173-.249l-.165-.149c-.027-.024-.042-.046-.042-.063s.012-.045.033-.077c.079-.115.107-.166.116-.215.022-.11.025-.115.071-.115s.066.051.07.24a.6.6 0 0 0 .067.223l.091.198c.011.026.041.042.074.042.085 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.177.042-.232.079-.232.015 0 .029.006.036.017s.034.061.074.148a.33.33 0 0 0 .108.124.34.34 0 0 0 .099.058l.01.001c.067 0 .09-.044.106-.2l.008-.082-.017-.116-.012-.08c0-.053.019-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.083.083c.055.054.11.082.163.082.069 0 .111-.028.111-.073 0-.04-.015-.079-.076-.191l-.058-.107c-.066-.125-.119-.174-.181-.174l-.083.008-.099.041c-.03.012-.052.019-.065.019s-.026-.014-.026-.033c0-.074.048-.191.14-.336.065-.105.11-.328.132-.649.028-.431.086-.711.146-.711.041 0 .057.035.057.127l-.004.113-.003.079c0 .077.017.139.037.139.071 0 .155-.105.222-.276.028-.072.043-.128.043-.168l-.009-.038-.165-.306-.165-.049c-.031-.009-.051-.023-.058-.037V1.9v-.09l-.016-.1-.033-.083-.041-.091c-.181.098-.267.163-.331.247s-.101.12-.133.12c-.021 0-.04-.02-.04-.044s.008-.065.025-.134l.005-.046c0-.178-.108-.352-.286-.465l-.05.066-.058.083-.099.116a.48.48 0 0 0-.083.165.32.32 0 0 0-.017.094v.013l.001.03c0 .069-.007.086-.038.086l-.02-.009-.058-.082-.09-.099-.14-.091-.074-.058-.033.074c-.026.058-.04.102-.041.133l-.009.132-.008.14.001.024c0 .072-.017.1-.061.1-.015 0-.057-.018-.097-.041a.24.24 0 0 0-.12-.034c-.129 0-.211.089-.211.228 0 .165.049.323.133.433l.107.14c.03.037.084.07.087.049l.02-.173-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.018-.086.049-.086.047 0 .075.051.105.19l.066.306.067.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.71 1.71 0 0 0 .141.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.035.038s-.043-.009-.074-.025a.34.34 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.065-.009c-.133 0-.16.114-.16.665a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 .159 1.012l.173.438a.54.54 0 0 1 .041.205c0 .602-.799 1.547-1.677 1.983-.327.161-.431.317-.454.676l-.008.108a1.15 1.15 0 0 1 .28-.116c.246-.064.294-.095.331-.215l.032-.107c.013-.04.033-.055.223-.157.065-.034.111-.072.133-.107.041-.07.076-.107.098-.107s.032.01.032.027l-.007.029-.082.236-.01.058c0 .175.096.317.274.408.029-.191.049-.256.108-.346l.148-.231c.055-.086.078-.19.078-.353a1.53 1.53 0 0 0-.02-.258l-.006-.065c0-.042.022-.066.058-.066.029 0 .052.01.055.024l.033.157c.006.034.041.058.08.058.08 0 .183-.103.291-.289a.44.44 0 0 0 .061-.219l-.012-.112-.025-.123-.002-.024c0-.054.03-.092.073-.092.019 0 .034.007.037.016l.049.191c.017.063.061.107.107.107.056 0 .151-.096.207-.207a.73.73 0 0 0 .075-.338c0-.176.018-.227.083-.227.021 0 .037.007.041.02l.033.107c.013.039.036.065.059.065.034 0 .127-.1.189-.206.017-.027.025-.055.025-.077 0-.035-.024-.071-.075-.113-.086-.071-.091-.082-.091-.19s.017-.158.091-.289l.107-.198c.104-.204.142-.257.18-.257.032 0 .06.034.06.073 0 .022-.006.045-.017.068a.28.28 0 0 0-.033.098c0 .032.027.059.061.059s.088-.017.146-.05c.022-.013.099-.042.231-.091l.273-.099a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.025.66.66 0 0 1 .148.017l.191.034c.075 0 .141-.064.141-.138 0-.055-.057-.163-.133-.251-.028-.033-.042-.058-.042-.075l.01-.033c.011-.02.028-.033.044-.033.056 0 .186.139.303.323.711 1.119.966 1.39 1.446 1.535.486.148.613.261.613.55 0 .158-.081.341-.258.589-.36.503-.447.706-.447 1.038v.061l.091-.042c.067-.034.112-.054.132-.058l.206-.041c.062-.013.117-.092.117-.169l-.001-.021-.025-.182-.002-.024c0-.064.032-.138.076-.174.014-.01.028-.018.043-.018.023 0 .051.022.065.051l.132.28c.054.115.117.169.288.248zm-6.66-5.985c-.06 0-.091.052-.097.165l-.016.156-.02.2c0 .118.035.205.083.205s.135-.101.177-.216c.025-.07.037-.13.037-.193 0-.055-.013-.121-.037-.187-.03-.084-.076-.132-.126-.132zm-.685-1.205l.116.115c.189.188.282.501.282.945 0 .098-.005.163-.026.425l-.017.34c0 1.024.333 1.798.774 1.798.139 0 .229-.066.359-.264.021-.032.054-.06.075-.06s.039.021.041.068l.017.182.017.156.016.174.025.157.002.02c0 .046-.02.072-.059.079l-.149.025c-.074.012-.152.043-.231.091-.125.075-.199.132-.215.165l-.091.19c-.013.024-.032.041-.052.041-.048 0-.125-.084-.213-.231-.075-.126-.121-.228-.121-.27 0-.026.02-.036.073-.036h.016l.107.008.066-.008.075-.008c.028-.004.05-.028.05-.058 0-.022-.014-.041-.033-.049l-.371-.158a.58.58 0 0 1-.281-.272c-.102-.196-.15-.313-.15-.371 0-.051.027-.085.067-.085.014 0 .034.006.058.018a.33.33 0 0 0 .105.033c.032 0 .061-.025.061-.052s-.03-.062-.066-.089c-.31-.225-.488-.484-.488-.707 0-.062.015-.092.048-.092l.06.007.107.016h.005c.04 0 .071-.026.071-.064 0-.023-.028-.054-.068-.076l-.132-.074c-.046-.029-.085-.068-.115-.116a7.22 7.22 0 0 1-.14-.264l-.116-.223-.075-.14a.75.75 0 0 0-.05-.066.52.52 0 0 1 .257-.067c.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.136.211.016 0 .021-.027.021-.097a.94.94 0 0 0-.034-.246c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.025-.182l-.016-.116-.099-.05c-.022-.01-.048-.04-.075-.082-.046-.072-.066-.133-.066-.188 0-.035.009-.092.025-.15.084-.315.108-.438.108-.54l-.001-.071.075.082z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.666 7.846c-.115-.017-.169-.03-.24-.058l-.157-.065c-.133-.057-.233-.084-.316-.084-.125 0-.227.042-.344.141l.074.057.165.116.157.124a.22.22 0 0 0 .136.05c.162 0 .303-.076.525-.281zm3.179 1.503c.045-.103.067-.131.165-.215.231-.198.338-.345.338-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.018-.141.073-.141.025 0 .044.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.037.038.07.038s.079-.038.121-.096l.083-.115c.041-.058.06-.107.06-.161a.27.27 0 0 0-.018-.095l-.058-.132a.39.39 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.024 0 .046.01.059.026l.066.082c.014.018.038.029.063.029.03 0 .065-.029.086-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.026-.059.026-.074 0-.026-.027-.052-.075-.075l-.107-.05c-.142-.065-.249-.292-.249-.529a.24.24 0 0 1 .017-.09l.058-.141a.33.33 0 0 0 .025-.132c0-.086-.028-.172-.083-.256l-.108-.173c-.049-.13-.074-.167-.114-.167l-.042.01-.058.033-.091.05-.107.133-.115.057c-.069.035-.135.182-.135.303 0 .215.024.274.307.762.11.188.168.352.168.472 0 .338-.303.579-.911.725l-.38.091c-.28.067-.445.259-.504.587.116-.06.161-.068.366-.068l.122.002h.019c.11 0 .125-.008.195-.107.082-.114.162-.182.273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.034 0 .032-.03.086-.078.14-.095.106-.132.194-.132.32 0 .08.019.126.091.217z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.805 8.068a.95.95 0 0 1 .248.223c.079.108.09.116.168.116.033 0 .074-.006.121-.017l.074-.016c.136-.026.183-.046.183-.08 0-.02-.015-.045-.042-.069l-.091-.082-.091-.083a.45.45 0 0 0-.273-.093c-.099 0-.157.02-.298.101zm2.679.447l.049-.009.075-.008.074.008.036.003c.183 0 .36-.155.36-.319 0-.057-.052-.088-.146-.088-.223 0-.362.128-.449.414z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M4.402 2.81c.009.076.049.14.089.14.035 0 .075-.091.161-.237.117-.198.229-.392.229-.497 0-.035-.017-.062-.041-.062l-.008.003-.091.083c-.066.06-.118.088-.281.148-.093.036-.127.073-.127.141l.012.066.041.116.017.099z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M3.896 2.379l.14.075c.039.02.06.047.06.08l-.01.052c-.02.07-.004.147-.005.176-.007.148-.119.146-.165.146-.027 0-.013-.017-.078-.091l-.182-.206c-.056-.063-.105-.208-.124-.371l-.001-.021c0-.045.014-.062.05-.062.022 0 .063.018.091.042l.223.181zm.323.867h-.045l-.095-.009a3.81 3.81 0 0 1-.099-.059c-.037-.022-.078-.033-.118-.033-.075 0-.123.041-.123.104s.033.181.109.367l.108.264c.094.232.186.331.307.331.108 0 .123-.106.196-.289.165-.415.257-.476.257-.623 0-.1-.022-.127-.113-.127l-.077-.018-.132.084-.174.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.212 3.477h-.107c-.016 0-.032.009-.041.025l-.016.041.041.198.033.173c.018.095.053.133.124.133.081 0 .131-.055.14-.157l.016-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.025-.051s-.027-.018-.041-.018l-.008.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M14.987 10.884c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3H9.98v4.28h.81v1.641h.95v-1.64h2.399v1.64h.949v-1.64h.809v-4.28h-.911z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.965 15.539h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2zm3.351-.774h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.309 11.234h5.256v.195h-5.256v-.195zm.002 3.599h5.254v-3.22h-5.256l.002 3.22z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><use xlink:href="#B" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M12.715 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm1.598 0c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm-2.633 2.158c.339.424.766.633 1.294.633.489 0 .826-.175 1.222-.633-.395-.405-.763-.575-1.246-.575-.508 0-.966.207-1.27.575z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M12.938 12.873c-.364 0-.659.113-1.008.383.289.286.629.433 1.002.433.42 0 .694-.116 1.006-.425-.358-.284-.633-.391-1-.391zm-.014.483c-.195 0-.36-.052-.569-.183.174-.094.37-.142.578-.142a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .597.142 1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.605.183zm2.079 1.191c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284-.127.283-.284.283z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M15.002 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.215.216.215.216-.097.216-.215-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.887 14.547c-.161 0-.293-.127-.293-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284a.28.28 0 0 1-.275.283z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.876 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.101.215.225.215c.114 0 .208-.097.208-.215s-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.877 12.593c-.156 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.128.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><use xlink:href="#C" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M15.003 12.593c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.127.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M15.002 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><defs data-v-7c4b1471><clipPath id="A" data-v-7c4b1471><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h148.235v30H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></clipPath><path id="B" d="M11.113 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path id="C" d="M10.876 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></defs></svg></a></div><div class="gh-navAndProfile"><nav class="gh-nav"><div class="gh-accordion gh-mobile-nav"><div class="gh-menu-layer"><div class="gh-logo-mobile-container"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/academic"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="149" height="30" viewbox="0 0 149 30" fill="none" aria-label="Homepage Cambridge University Press" class="gh-logo" data-v-7c4b1471><g clip-path="url(#A)" data-v-7c4b1471><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M147.065 1.786l.036 2.785-.445.114c-.1-1.217-.376-2.211-2.324-2.211h-2.618v5.147h2.247c1.103 0 1.402-.616 1.527-1.679h.447v4.304l-.446.007c-.069-1.029-.311-1.829-1.518-1.829h-2.257v4.52c0 1.314 1.133 1.314 2.332 1.314 2.151 0 3.149-.135 3.75-2.31l.441.098-.602 2.901h-9.774v-.482h.186c.75 0 1.443-.14 1.443-1.162V3.43c0-1.022-.693-1.163-1.443-1.163h-.186v-.481h9.204zm-53.267 0h-5.895v.481h.26c.486 0 1.388 0 1.388 1.525v9.569c0 .815-.748 1.104-1.388 1.104h-.26v.482h5.724v-.482h-.261c-.932 0-1.591-.115-1.591-1.6V8.766h1.454l3.918 6.18h3.371v-.492c-.889-.048-1.311-.356-1.828-1.153l-3.23-4.915.085-.035c1.152-.466 2.615-1.414 2.615-3.286 0-2.207-1.447-3.28-4.363-3.28zm-.749.536c1.685 0 2.804 1.123 2.804 2.858 0 2.138-.903 3.051-2.953 3.051h-1.125l.001-5.826a8.87 8.87 0 0 1 1.273-.083zm13.772-.539h-5.501v.481h.186c.751 0 1.443.142 1.443 1.163V13.3c0 1.021-.692 1.162-1.443 1.162h-.186v.481h5.501v-.481h-.186c-.75 0-1.444-.14-1.444-1.162V3.427c0-1.021.694-1.163 1.444-1.163h.186v-.481zM31.488 8.355c0 4.435 2.709 6.939 6.956 6.939 2.089 0 3.924-.818 5.112-2.354l-.345-.644c-1.055 1.355-2.452 2.089-4.412 2.089-3.487 0-4.927-3.074-4.927-6.324 0-3.652 1.781-5.919 4.647-5.919 2.79 0 3.616 1.617 4.112 3.383l.433-.056-.139-3.046c-1.373-.641-2.776-.945-4.46-.945-1.88 0-3.545.638-4.814 1.775-1.367 1.224-2.162 3.146-2.162 5.102zM59.883 4.33l4.761 10.706h.397l4.553-10.921.401 8.416.019.944c0 .893-.643.931-1.533.984l-.036.002v.475h5.464v-.475c-1.008-.038-1.544-.13-1.622-1.151l-.509-8.729c-.112-1.86.151-2.32 1.632-2.32h.07l.001-.485h-3.654l-4.231 9.975-4.472-9.974h-3.727v.479h.152c1.046 0 1.669.644 1.602 1.779l-.516 8.32c-.069 1.215-.161 2.046-1.657 2.106h-.169v.478h4.439v-.478h-.113c-1.21-.045-1.768-.203-1.689-2.003l.437-8.128zm55.196 10.61c1.826 0 3.63-.436 4.919-1.712 1.28-1.27 2.015-3.056 2.015-4.9 0-1.974-.668-3.636-1.93-4.81-1.28-1.191-3.113-1.741-5.301-1.741l-5.887.005v.482h.187c.749 0 1.443.141 1.443 1.162v9.871c0 1.023-.694 1.163-1.443 1.163h-.187v.483l6.184-.004zM114.1 2.349c3.704 0 5.505 1.986 5.505 6.347 0 2.806-1.514 5.669-4.841 5.669-1.413 0-2.003-.225-2.003-1.621l.001-10.334a17.99 17.99 0 0 1 1.338-.062zm19.119 11.918c-.493.224-1.326.347-2.132.33-3.496 0-5.062-3.303-5.062-6.636 0-3.628 1.855-5.882 4.914-5.882 2.267 0 3.277.887 3.823 3.15l.441-.028-.209-3.141c-1.018-.34-2.623-.651-4.184-.651-3.487 0-7.192 2.112-7.192 6.746 0 4.357 2.81 7.173 7.156 7.173 1.801 0 3.422-.307 4.63-.695l.002-3.592c0-.706.374-1.079 1.082-1.079h.153v-.47h-5.062v.47h.154c.973 0 1.487.374 1.487 1.079l-.001 3.226zM80.916 8.129c2.063 0 3.294 1.147 3.294 3.168 0 1.797-1.21 3.117-2.814 3.117-1.336 0-1.746-.368-1.746-1.654V8.129h1.265zm-.073-5.86c1.733 0 2.612.865 2.612 2.723 0 1.682-.999 2.562-2.813 2.562h-.991V2.269h1.192zm1.507 5.51c1.616-.261 3.451-1.032 3.451-3.117 0-1.883-1.511-2.878-4.256-2.878l-5.846.003v.481h.261c.484 0 1.387 0 1.387 1.524v9.548c0 .817-.748 1.121-1.387 1.121h-.261v.477l6.451.001c2.463 0 4.358-1.655 4.358-3.72 0-.866-.303-1.609-.877-2.195-.742-.759-1.624-1.124-3.281-1.245zM50.387 1.784l4.289 11.418c.318.903.783 1.258 1.463 1.258h.04l-.001.486H51.08v-.486h.116c.991 0 1.38-.415 1.082-1.327L51.24 10.24h-4.149l-.956 2.654c-.42 1.245.237 1.553 1.201 1.553h.174l.001.494h-4.008l.002-.494h.045c.811 0 1.358-.498 1.668-1.305 0-.001 4.18-11.36 4.18-11.36l.992.002zm-3.065 7.81h3.684l-1.84-5.127-1.845 5.127zM32.257 20.335c.66 0 .829.18.829.672v4.573c0 1.56 1.153 2.449 3.111 2.449 1.982 0 3.063-1.02 3.063-2.677v-4.141c0-.744.18-.876.793-.876v-.348l-1.093.024a30.18 30.18 0 0 1-1.237-.024v.348c.625.012.925.012.925 1.116v3.997c0 1.272-.757 2.077-2.102 2.077-1.333 0-2.054-.84-2.054-2.089v-4.43c0-.612.264-.672.781-.672h.084v-.348l-1.573.024c-.409 0-.841-.012-1.526-.024v.348zm9.028 0c.829.024 1.237.312 1.237.732v5.33c0 .78-.252 1.056-1.177 1.068v.348l1.429-.024a43.1 43.1 0 0 1 1.453.024v-.348h-.048c-.877 0-1.165-.336-1.165-1.128v-4.982l5.909 6.686h.312v-6.578c0-.6.216-1.128.853-1.128h.264v-.348l-1.429.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.393-.024v.348c.853 0 1.213.192 1.213 1.14v4.189l-5.045-5.678-1.081.024c-.432 0-.877-.012-1.333-.024v.348h0zm13.441 7.13c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.501.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.622-.024a56.45 56.45 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348h0zm1.293-7.13c.601.012.829.072.973.432l2.931 7.238h.372l2.739-6.878c.132-.336.216-.492.288-.588.096-.12.18-.204.444-.204h.072v-.348l-1.057.024c-.325 0-.565-.012-1.057-.024v.348c.517.012.853.012.853.3 0 .144-.06.336-.156.6L60.631 26l-1.886-4.681c-.144-.348-.18-.528-.18-.66 0-.312.324-.312.829-.324v-.348l-1.742.024c-.541 0-.973-.012-1.633-.024v.348h0zm8.959 0c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.774-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.468.924a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.589.312c-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.216-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .829.156.829.816v.192l.3-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.3c0 .708-.192.948-.877.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.829 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.853 0-1.694-.012-2.546-.024v.348h0zm7.686 0h.06c.745 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.144.816-.949.816h-.06v.348a76.17 76.17 0 0 1 1.778-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068a22.31 22.31 0 0 0 .697 1.092l.672 1.032c.264.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .516.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044L77.18 23.9c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.961-1.957-2.895-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084c.192-.06.421-.084.613-.084 1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.961.228h-.661v-3.313zm9.104-.624c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.814 2.341.865.432 1.609.804 1.609 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.057 0-1.501-.684-1.826-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.697.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.694-.936-1.694-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.312-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.391 7.671c-.685-.012-.853-.12-.853-.66v-5.678c0-.672.168-.792.877-.792v-.348l-1.502.024c-.564 0-1.177-.012-1.633-.024v.348c.673 0 .865.18.865.696v5.462c0 .78-.168.972-.901.972v.348c.36-.012.709-.024 1.621-.024a56.9 56.9 0 0 1 1.525.024v-.348zm1.517-5.966c.144-.792.409-1.044 1.333-1.044h1.633v6.002c0 .936-.192 1.008-.901 1.008h-.156v.348l1.79-.024 1.766.024v-.348c-.865-.012-1.105-.156-1.105-.864v-6.146h1.67c.432 0 .721.072.865.216.132.132.204.264.24.9l.276-.108c0-.408 0-.852.144-1.789l-.204-.096c-.18.3-.288.396-.673.396h-5.933c-.348 0-.529-.132-.613-.396h-.252a10.45 10.45 0 0 1-.216 1.921h.336zm8.746-1.164c.433 0 .745.048.913.276l2.558 3.469v2.653c0 .672-.216.72-1.045.732v.348l1.826-.024 1.694.024v-.348c-.853 0-1.057-.144-1.057-.624v-3.085l2.126-2.977c.252-.348.504-.444.828-.444v-.348l-1.045.024c-.252 0-.672-.012-1.213-.024v.348c.493.012.793.024.793.24 0 .12-.144.348-.24.492l-1.477 2.221-1.73-2.329c-.156-.216-.18-.324-.18-.384 0-.204.288-.228.624-.24v-.348l-1.693.024c-.565 0-.889-.012-1.682-.024v.348zm14.689.036c.12-.012.36-.036.636-.036 1.405 0 1.453 1.729 1.453 1.981 0 1.116-.492 1.717-1.465 1.717h-.06v.312h.18c1.393 0 1.874-.408 2.198-.744.264-.276.565-.768.565-1.488 0-1.236-.805-2.125-2.607-2.125l-1.717.024c-.385 0-.985-.012-1.442-.024v.348c.565 0 .853.036.853.708v5.63c0 .672-.24.792-.865.792v.348l1.586-.024 1.838.024v-.348c-.649 0-1.154 0-1.154-.756l.001-6.338zm4.466-.036h.06c.744 0 .937.108.937.792v5.522c0 .612-.145.816-.949.816h-.06v.348c.42-.012 1.225-.024 1.777-.024l1.682.024v-.348h-.084c-.757 0-.961-.192-.961-.624V24.14h.757l.588 1.068c.216.372.529.84.697 1.092l.672 1.032c.265.408.409.48.613.48.252 0 .793-.024 1.189-.024.276 0 .517.012.817.024v-.348a1.26 1.26 0 0 1-.913-.336c-.228-.204-.516-.552-.841-1.044l-1.465-2.185c1.057-.396 1.621-1.044 1.621-1.957 0-1.26-.96-1.957-2.894-1.957l-1.982.024c-.288 0-.757-.012-1.261-.024v.348h0zm2.402.084a2.15 2.15 0 0 1 .613-.084c1.057 0 1.681.6 1.681 1.753 0 .828-.36 1.224-.673 1.416-.24.144-.516.228-.96.228h-.661V20.42zm6.516-.084c.877 0 1.009.084 1.009.744v5.642c0 .54-.132.732-1.009.744v.348l2.775-.024 3.375.012.42-1.789h-.312c-.204.552-.336.78-.469.924-.144.144-.3.24-.588.312-.252.06-.709.096-1.381.096-.541 0-.865-.048-1.069-.156-.217-.108-.325-.312-.325-.732V23.96h1.55c.492 0 .828.156.828.816v.192l.301-.06c-.012-.324-.036-.648-.036-1.428l.012-.996h-.301c0 .708-.192.948-.876.948h-1.478v-2.977l1.502-.036c.828 0 1.021.084 1.201.24.168.156.288.348.372 1.02l.312-.12c-.036-.456-.048-.9-.048-1.116 0-.156.012-.348.012-.456l-3.231.024c-.852 0-1.693-.012-2.546-.024v.348zm10.51-.54c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.492 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.481-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zm6.233 0c-1.501 0-2.534.888-2.534 2.317 0 1.188.757 1.813 1.813 2.341.865.432 1.61.804 1.61 1.693 0 .66-.493 1.404-1.526 1.404-1.056 0-1.501-.684-1.825-1.765l-.3.048c.036.156.096.648.168 1.62.696.324 1.297.504 1.994.504 1.417 0 2.654-.876 2.654-2.317 0-.936-.48-1.704-1.802-2.389-1.153-.6-1.693-.936-1.693-1.68 0-.6.444-1.369 1.465-1.369.757 0 1.177.42 1.369 1.332l.313-.036c-.06-.504-.12-1.092-.12-1.549l-.757-.084c-.432-.048-.697-.072-.829-.072zM0 0v15.599c0 7.67 4.03 9.859 5.967 10.911.356.193 6.333 3.162 6.715 3.352l.258.138.257-.137 6.716-3.352C21.85 25.459 25.88 23.27 25.88 15.6V0H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M12.939 29.365l2.633-1.309V15.762h9.746l.001-.163V10.5h-9.747V.559h-5.266V10.5H.559v5.099l.001.163h9.746v12.294l2.633 1.309z" fill="#fff" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M.559.559h9.747V10.5H.559V.559zm15.015 0h9.747V10.5h-9.747V.559zm-5.269 15.205H.559c.056 7.126 3.712 9.191 5.674 10.256.199.108 2.281 1.146 4.073 2.038V15.764zm5.269 0v12.294l4.073-2.038c1.961-1.065 5.618-3.13 5.673-10.256h-9.746z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.073 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.201-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zM3.733 13.234l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.59-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586 1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.255.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.485-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.313.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.586-1.791l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.485-.014 0 0 .049.274.179.588.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.053.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm-6.348 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.551zm10.844 5.803l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.121.01 1.175-.612 1.551 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.551zm0 5.387l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.694l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.09 3.09 0 0 0 .179.589c.131-.314.179-.589.179-.589.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.11 3.11 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.121.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.477-20.59l.201-.239-.254-.302-.254.302.202.239c.003.12.01 1.175-.612 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.12 3.12 0 0 0 .179.588c.13-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.615-1.431-.611-1.552zm1.48-2.693l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014 0 0 .048.275.178.588.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.13 3.13 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm2.957 5.387l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.1 3.1 0 0 0 .178.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.485.014.485.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm-2.957 0l.202-.239-.255-.302-.254.302.201.239c.003.12.011 1.175-.611 1.552 0 0 .207.04.486-.014a3.07 3.07 0 0 0 .179.588c.131-.314.179-.588.179-.588.278.054.486.014.486.014-.622-.377-.614-1.431-.611-1.552zm11.221 13.502c.144.19.346.314.512.314a1.06 1.06 0 0 0 .223-.034.43.43 0 0 1 .11-.016c.04 0 .057.015.057.052a.56.56 0 0 1-.043.155c-.026.062-.043.112-.049.148l-.033.173-.083.148-.115.107-.033.034v.074.037c0 .202-.06.316-.223.425-.013.008-.033.022-.058.041l-.017.067-.082.288a1.73 1.73 0 0 1-.157.231c-.1.131-.165.237-.206.338-.034.083-.06.107-.114.107-.081 0-.162-.102-.176-.222a.42.42 0 0 1-.041.05l-.098.066-.158.107-.131.099-.091.091c-.016.016-.033.025-.047.025-.042 0-.085-.071-.126-.207l-.082-.271c-.022-.073-.034-.163-.034-.267 0-.137.009-.185.058-.295-.165.017-.212.027-.297.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.072.016c-.027 0-.044-.019-.044-.051a.51.51 0 0 1 .033-.122l.108-.28a.7.7 0 0 1 .566-.416.72.72 0 0 1 .211.044.45.45 0 0 0 .125.026c.096 0 .172-.07.172-.158 0-.044-.029-.091-.066-.108-.014-.007-.113-.037-.297-.091-.139-.041-.208-.092-.364-.273-.113-.131-.158-.168-.199-.168-.032 0-.049.021-.049.058l.008.11.003.051c0 .229-.068.448-.234.75l-.232.42c-.11.2-.157.352-.157.504 0 .166.072.313.165.339l.124.032a.09.09 0 0 1 .041.026c.011.013.026.034.026.047s-.015.046-.042.076c-.015.016-.064.08-.149.189-.142.186-.232.253-.405.305-.1.242-.263.383-.554.479l-.033.057c-.098.174-.317.331-.456.331h-.032c-.018.151-.126.308-.289.421l-.19.139a.34.34 0 0 0-.041.075c-.037.082-.072.116-.118.116-.088 0-.161-.082-.212-.24l-.075.049-.157.107c-.038.018-.135.047-.289.083-.203.047-.378.133-.422.207l-.074.123-.034.014c-.04 0-.087-.057-.107-.13a2.03 2.03 0 0 1-.075-.464c0-.293.097-.484.397-.783l-.001-.071c0-.456.348-.765.86-.765l.083.002.281.017.026.001c.152 0 .292-.058.444-.183.202-.165.261-.266.261-.451 0-.059-.016-.126-.079-.333a1.34 1.34 0 0 1-.061-.388c0-.341.25-.765.59-.999.087-.061.152-.141.152-.187 0-.019-.01-.034-.023-.034-.022 0-.059.023-.105.064-.04.036-.107.078-.198.125l-.132.066-.149.058c-.046.017-.069.042-.069.073 0 .018.007.044.019.075s.016.047.016.061-.014.052-.042.096l-.115.19c-.113.186-.195.266-.339.33-.093.272-.226.41-.421.438-.156.314-.294.423-.57.454-.038.121-.105.221-.248.38-.059.064-.095.109-.107.132-.065.116-.07.123-.1.123-.038 0-.124-.057-.189-.123a.5.5 0 0 1-.074-.1l-.075-.132c-.024-.043-.049-.062-.08-.062l-.053.003-.182.025a.58.58 0 0 0-.331.19l-.099.149c-.01.015-.025.024-.039.024-.074 0-.119-.163-.119-.433 0-.237.036-.395.118-.508l.231-.322c.032-.045.05-.089.05-.126a.17.17 0 0 0-.041-.106c-.049-.058-.096-.093-.132-.099l-.174-.024c-.031-.005-.044-.012-.044-.026s.009-.034.027-.057a.79.79 0 0 1 .207-.182c.205-.125.339-.174.477-.174a.81.81 0 0 1 .432.142l.239.157c.034.023.074.034.115.034.111 0 .194-.066.272-.215.076-.144.109-.26.109-.383a.51.51 0 0 0-.53-.534c-.143 0-.29.056-.43.165-.042.033-.07.064-.083.091l-.066.149c-.015.036-.039.057-.059.057-.042 0-.135-.119-.213-.272-.041-.08-.08-.179-.115-.298-.049-.161-.071-.282-.071-.412l.012-.224a.83.83 0 0 1-.149-.511.92.92 0 0 1 .059-.29.61.61 0 0 1-.091-.368l.008-.103.025-.115.017-.099c-.08-.104-.102-.174-.182-.536-.044-.205-.071-.294-.106-.347-.017-.023-.025-.041-.025-.05 0-.048.115-.092.247-.092l.116.009c-.029-.076-.035-.106-.035-.166a1.03 1.03 0 0 1 .06-.329c.044-.126.053-.161.053-.202 0-.098-.015-.197-.036-.252l-.066-.165a.23.23 0 0 1-.021-.085c0-.017.011-.023.041-.023.162 0 .472.175.715.405s.32.413.32.752l-.014.181c.225.197.323.36.323.537 0 .129-.042.215-.166.337-.223.222-.273.337-.273.622 0 .438.131.675.373.675.213 0 .377-.231.404-.57l.025-.314a3.22 3.22 0 0 1 .041-.297c.014-.075.025-.174.025-.215 0-.111-.073-.252-.29-.504-.232-.271-.31-.417-.31-.629 0-.254.176-.44.414-.44.059 0 .089.009.16.045.003-.144.01-.17.091-.372.064-.159.133-.272.165-.272.011 0 .028.012.049.033a.86.86 0 0 0 .108.09l.083.058a.75.75 0 0 1 .074.075c.051-.185.104-.272.256-.421.116-.113.159-.148.181-.148s.038.015.059.041l.099.131.14.158c.054.059.073.111.099.255l.082-.049.132-.074a.97.97 0 0 0 .1-.066c.022-.016.041-.026.052-.026s.029.024.039.059l.049.19.108.215c.032.064.042.114.042.212v.052l.055-.002c.163 0 .303.192.303.414 0 .294-.235.674-.54.876-.028.099-.035.139-.035.219 0 .657.173.794 1.183.945a5.56 5.56 0 0 1 .677.14l.653.215c.223.074.373.107.489.107.123 0 .191-.035.191-.1 0-.113-.165-.214-.672-.412l-.719-.28c-.731-.286-1.076-.731-1.076-1.388 0-.764.574-1.338 1.34-1.338.289 0 .57.06.976.207l.605.198c.101 0 .156-.069.171-.214.013-.124.047-.174.115-.174.101 0 .212.094.29.248.068.134.107.291.107.428a.47.47 0 0 1-.405.504.8.8 0 0 1-.665.342c-.329 0-.492-.065-1.054-.416-.201-.126-.287-.157-.434-.157-.197 0-.343.122-.343.287 0 .151.122.251.397.324.164.043.188.055.273.14.066-.016.096-.02.137-.02.268 0 .599.145.879.384.509.157.962.706.962 1.167 0 .509-.441.965-.935.965a3.37 3.37 0 0 1-.639-.102z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M22.437 23.219l.033-.091.033-.116c.006-.021.037-.068.091-.139.084-.11.126-.249.126-.411 0-.051-.013-.098-.044-.16-.016-.032-.025-.058-.025-.076 0-.011.006-.024.017-.038s.022-.023.033-.025l.005-.001c.021 0 .057.024.085.058.035.043.066.066.084.066.037 0 .076-.063.098-.157l.017-.083c0-.04-.033-.144-.074-.231-.016-.033-.024-.061-.024-.084 0-.029.019-.053.046-.053s.063.026.11.07c.023.022.045.034.063.034.052 0 .089-.053.128-.182l.033-.129c0-.024-.01-.038-.029-.038l-.029.002-.098.01c-.151 0-.364-.104-.464-.224l-.231-.281-.206-.273-.19-.124c-.031-.02-.049-.045-.049-.067 0-.031.031-.052.079-.052s.179.048.425.152a2.58 2.58 0 0 0 .837.183c.395 0 .721-.319.721-.707 0-.212-.095-.408-.327-.681-.043-.051-.118-.101-.153-.101-.027 0-.046.02-.046.049a.26.26 0 0 0 .025.093c.01.026.016.052.016.076 0 .038-.014.06-.039.06-.052 0-.106-.085-.151-.234-.055-.184-.162-.294-.414-.421a.89.89 0 0 0-.261-.093c-.016 0-.027.014-.027.036 0 .031.012.065.033.098a.41.41 0 0 1 .067.158v.008c0 .032-.016.05-.046.05-.053 0-.065-.014-.186-.199-.062-.095-.228-.22-.372-.281-.045-.019-.093-.031-.14-.033h-.005c-.03 0-.053.014-.053.032 0 .007.013.033.037.076l.012.047c0 .025-.017.045-.039.045-.05 0-.203-.126-.324-.265-.131-.151-.215-.343-.215-.494 0-.316.302-.596.64-.596.085 0 .157.015.212.042l.289.149.339.224c.195.127.462.223.624.223.06 0 .106-.008.26-.051.081-.022.131-.054.131-.084l-.003-.007-.029-.017-.182-.016c-.101-.01-.33-.113-.512-.232l-.38-.247-.338-.141c-.026-.01-.042-.027-.042-.043s.018-.031.039-.031c0 0 .032.006.094.017l.314.091c.079.022.206.081.38.173.344.183.569.264.734.264.191 0 .331-.131.331-.309 0-.06-.013-.157-.032-.236a.33.33 0 0 0-.05-.107c-.014-.021-.03-.032-.041-.032-.024 0-.037.025-.037.067l.004.057.003.048c0 .152-.059.206-.228.206-.137 0-.322-.055-.742-.222-.394-.155-.64-.214-.884-.214-.622 0-1.167.507-1.167 1.085 0 .499.332.882 1.011 1.161l.702.289c.581.239.794.41.794.636 0 .188-.175.309-.448.309-.118 0-.265-.032-.536-.119-.657-.209-1.085-.296-1.461-.296-.613 0-1.049.168-1.398.536-.046.049-.073.063-.114.063-.028 0-.056-.011-.118-.047a.4.4 0 0 0-.181-.059c-.06 0-.154.052-.198.109l-.082.107c-.024.031-.051.05-.073.05-.06 0-.166-.102-.232-.224-.041-.074-.069-.147-.082-.215-.011-.052-.017-.137-.017-.226l.008-.153.025-.165.025-.141c.006-.02.022-.033.04-.033.043 0 .062.039.062.129l-.002.052-.002.037c0 .235.093.45.196.45.081 0 .152-.144.211-.43.012-.057.035-.09.063-.09s.053.042.078.165c.015.08.068.191.124.264.032.042.066.067.094.067.068 0 .111-.101.145-.339.014-.092.041-.15.073-.15.014 0 .026.007.035.018a1.3 1.3 0 0 1 .058.091c.02.034.052.062.091.082s.074.033.096.033a.12.12 0 0 0 .077-.033c.037-.033.058-.058.058-.068s-.017-.038-.049-.073c-.054-.058-.096-.136-.149-.273L20 19.462c-.013-.03-.027-.05-.042-.058l-.026-.007-.049.007-.173.049-.054.009c-.023 0-.039-.015-.039-.039s.03-.062.068-.092c.209-.166.333-.445.38-.851.028-.247.06-.34.165-.487.022-.031.041-.049.052-.049.032 0 .05.025.05.073 0 .032-.009.072-.027.117a.29.29 0 0 0-.018.1l.001.031.017.05.091-.033.099-.115a.61.61 0 0 0 .109-.338c0-.079-.019-.134-.066-.19-.052-.062-.088-.087-.126-.087l-.056.004-.059.004c-.053 0-.08-.016-.08-.049l.014-.063.009-.091-.049-.206-.041-.1-.025-.083-.058.041-.124.074c-.032.019-.066.05-.1.091-.117.142-.125.149-.172.149-.03 0-.047-.011-.047-.031l.005-.035a.85.85 0 0 0 .025-.171c0-.144-.105-.361-.231-.481-.173.165-.265.346-.265.521v.099c0 .038-.012.057-.038.057h-.003c-.021-.003-.041-.019-.058-.041l-.099-.132a1.33 1.33 0 0 0-.133-.108l-.066-.057-.033.066c-.082.164-.11.262-.115.397-.004.11-.013.142-.039.142-.013 0-.03-.006-.052-.019-.125-.07-.137-.075-.191-.075-.149 0-.25.106-.25.263 0 .061.035.154.103.275.076.135.189.258.239.258.014 0 .017-.01.017-.051v-.017l-.008-.14-.017-.108-.001-.014c0-.032.012-.046.037-.046.075 0 .14.219.195.655.048.384.154.648.322.801.043.039.067.071.067.089s-.015.026-.033.026c-.024 0-.062-.015-.108-.041a.18.18 0 0 0-.09-.026c-.083 0-.175.096-.191.2l-.075.47-.058.661c-.011.125.006.293.05.495.038.178.058.309.058.391 0 .495-.308.886-.818 1.037l-.529.156c-.329.098-.491.315-.537.718.085-.067.111-.078.24-.098l.156-.025a.43.43 0 0 0 .141-.041c.015-.009.045-.04.091-.091l.14-.156c.053-.06.101-.094.13-.094.02 0 .035.022.035.048s-.02.078-.058.136-.06.135-.06.213c0 .105.028.172.135.324.013-.05.024-.083.033-.099a1.69 1.69 0 0 1 .124-.173c.114-.148.197-.302.198-.372.002-.128.014-.169.046-.169s.033.006.045.079c.003.018.012.035.025.05.019.021.038.033.05.033s.033-.012.066-.033c.057-.038.101-.077.132-.116s.062-.093.082-.149c.028-.072.042-.125.042-.156l-.001-.107c0-.028.012-.051.027-.051s.062.043.089.091c.018.032.03.042.053.042h.005c.03-.003.056-.015.074-.034.101-.098.166-.219.166-.31l-.009-.152-.033-.125-.002-.011c0-.026.019-.048.04-.048.037 0 .078.053.135.174.026.057.051.084.075.084.039 0 .07-.029.148-.142l.074-.107c.016-.024.025-.052.025-.083s-.009-.057-.025-.081l-.067-.099c-.011-.017-.016-.045-.016-.083a.81.81 0 0 1 .124-.388l.107-.207c.013-.034.027-.05.046-.05s.028.02.028.041l-.008.091v.066.066c.011.03.031.042.071.042.025 0 .054-.006.086-.017l.206-.075a1.42 1.42 0 0 0 .19-.091c.324-.179.424-.216.583-.216.095 0 .218.037.392.117.036.017.065.026.085.026s.05-.015.072-.042c.016-.019.024-.042.024-.063 0-.03-.011-.066-.033-.102-.026-.046-.051-.103-.051-.123s.014-.036.038-.036.047.02.062.044l.19.33c.154.274.354.464.529.504l.363.083c.113.025.141.069.141.209a.72.72 0 0 1-.331.616l-.298.191c-.108.068-.198.259-.198.416 0 .102.025.282.058.425l.058-.057.141-.083.124-.124.066-.182.066-.165c.032-.08.07-.132.096-.132s.045.045.045.126l-.001.023v.031c0 .118.015.17.107.348z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.543 25.575c0-.393.143-.564.712-.853 1.123-.569 1.728-1.091 1.728-1.488 0-.08-.026-.197-.1-.445a1.41 1.41 0 0 1-.071-.358c0-.183.151-.46.344-.632l.157-.14c.086-.077.15-.188.15-.261l-.001-.037-.002-.049c0-.082.032-.112.117-.116l.075-.008.064-.017c.027 0 .053.015.069.041l.041.066.058.066c.019.021.038.034.053.034s.033-.008.063-.024c.04-.022.071-.031.1-.031.043 0 .065.023.065.071 0 .166-.107.406-.298.661-.317.429-.421.66-.421.934 0 .215.062.404.182.56.021.028.033.05.033.061 0 .022-.021.059-.058.104l-.05.067c-.066.095-.11.132-.153.132-.032 0-.063-.027-.078-.067l-.033-.09c-.01-.026-.028-.043-.047-.043-.006 0-.02.014-.036.034-.021.027-.032.059-.032.091v.14c0 .056-.02.114-.058.165a.69.69 0 0 1-.116.123c-.031.027-.054.042-.065.042-.024 0-.047-.026-.059-.066l-.05-.165c-.007-.024-.024-.041-.041-.041-.028 0-.051.046-.058.116-.017.187-.049.301-.098.347l-.116.106c-.037.036-.081.061-.105.061s-.045-.011-.052-.027l-.058-.124c-.007-.015-.021-.025-.037-.025-.033 0-.058.066-.07.191-.03.297-.092.43-.256.545a.45.45 0 0 0-.206.231c-.072-.106-.1-.196-.1-.329a.3.3 0 0 1 .034-.157c.034-.062.053-.109.053-.137 0-.02-.013-.036-.03-.036-.008 0-.022.012-.041.032-.023.027-.059.055-.107.083-.149.085-.171.116-.207.281a.42.42 0 0 1-.38.371c-.28.057-.297.064-.397.158l-.01-.147zm-.534-8.514v.083l.001.122a.51.51 0 0 1-.018.134c-.027.115-.033.154-.033.187 0 .158.022.236.115.399.052.09.085.199.085.277 0 .033-.014.053-.036.053-.014 0-.029-.008-.04-.024l-.066-.091c-.053-.072-.103-.091-.237-.091l-.143.009a1.79 1.79 0 0 1 .099.289c.067.27.076.289.223.421s.161.15.161.198c0 .037-.026.067-.057.067l-.055-.008-.033-.003c-.045 0-.086.083-.086.175a.59.59 0 0 0 .053.208c.02.049.04.082.058.1l.083.082a.12.12 0 0 1 .033.085c0 .04-.023.074-.05.074a.19.19 0 0 1-.074-.027c-.021-.01-.04-.016-.058-.016-.037 0-.055.023-.055.068l.013.123.05.214c.011.048.042.102.091.158a.39.39 0 0 0 .124.099l.166.075c.016.012.024.036.024.066s-.024.058-.055.058a.7.7 0 0 1-.086-.017l-.084-.008c-.084 0-.09.005-.09.069a.52.52 0 0 0 .017.128l.033.132c.035.14.08.215.13.215.011 0 .032-.012.06-.033a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .511-.173c.155 0 .332.019.399.041.038.013.065.02.079.02.02 0 .027-.02.028-.094l.017-.149.033-.256.024-.19v-.108l-.067.058c-.14.132-.229.173-.374.173-.38 0-.598-.427-.598-1.171 0-.307.045-.742.13-1.24.018-.105.026-.178.026-.229 0-.272-.172-.537-.472-.729z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.57 18.91l.074-.074.074-.067c.062-.054.111-.169.111-.254 0-.039-.008-.075-.028-.118-.029-.062-.084-.117-.117-.117-.028 0-.053.068-.064.175l-.017.124-.024.124-.009.124v.082zm-.726 3.377c.085.031.102.045.19.149.115.133.178.165.33.165a.42.42 0 0 0 .117-.016l.107-.033.083-.025c.04-.011.066-.028.066-.042s-.065-.072-.165-.139a1.59 1.59 0 0 0-.198-.116c-.071-.035-.131-.051-.189-.051-.116 0-.228.036-.339.109zm1.113 2.323c0-.266.262-.485.582-.485.16 0 .253.032.253.086 0 .042-.07.1-.223.181l-.24.132-.364.181-.008-.096zm3.363-2.003c.117-.024.157-.054.215-.057l.149.008a.48.48 0 0 0 .099-.066l.116-.082c.165-.113.174-.12.174-.156 0-.046-.067-.068-.206-.068-.26 0-.419.122-.546.422z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M18.827 17.58l.116.074c.066.042.121.073.165.09.128.053.174.071.174.12a.35.35 0 0 1-.017.094.51.51 0 0 0-.025.116c-.012.112-.08.141-.125.141-.056 0-.114-.086-.206-.248a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.132-.33l-.005-.032c0-.02.012-.032.036-.032l.018.006z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.942 17.868l-.19.191c-.067.089-.067.167-.083.182s-.032.021-.058.025l-.012.001c-.048 0-.084-.035-.087-.083l-.008-.14-.009-.141v-.008c0-.054.03-.083.073-.092l.176-.049.181-.091c.053-.026.069-.033.078-.033.021 0 .039.022.039.048 0 .012-.006.03-.018.052l-.083.139z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.105 18.431l.124.092a.22.22 0 0 0 .111.028.51.51 0 0 0 .195-.053l.108-.049c.025-.011.047-.018.064-.018.066 0 .118.07.118.157 0 .122-.088.247-.216.429l-.09.191c-.072.103-.12.14-.179.14-.098 0-.146-.056-.293-.348-.106-.208-.149-.336-.149-.438 0-.087.045-.148.111-.148.027 0 .06-.006.096.016z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.216 18.884l.008.157c.004.071.063.142.12.142.076 0 .131-.115.16-.29l.019-.115c0-.061-.02-.077-.098-.077l-.044.002h-.058l-.037-.002c-.052 0-.072.04-.072.145l.002.038z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.359 21.057c.072.182.097.272.107.389l.016.346c.013.347.128.52.347.52.079 0 .145-.021.182-.058l.091-.091.036-.011c.058 0 .09.038.09.107l-.01.134c-.007.06.004.188.033.379a2.25 2.25 0 0 1 .025.333c0 .176-.013.244-.075.402.058.162.091.345.091.499 0 .18-.029.3-.099.402.033.142.041.199.041.28s-.011.187-.033.314c-.029.172-.041.305-.033.395l.001.021c0 .052-.016.078-.048.078s-.069-.024-.102-.066c-.05-.065-.083-.088-.121-.088-.057 0-.075.03-.16.278-.026.077-.093.18-.198.306-.082.098-.133.179-.149.24l-.049.173c-.01.022-.029.039-.05.041h-.01c-.136 0-.292-.292-.452-.842-.045-.156-.103-.225-.187-.225-.06 0-.121.04-.144.093l-.05.116c-.009.02-.026.033-.043.033-.066 0-.167-.121-.229-.273-.051-.126-.081-.263-.081-.38 0-.259.191-.452.766-.776.251-.141.348-.32.348-.643 0-.256-.077-.403-.297-.57-.175-.132-.275-.182-.368-.182-.078 0-.14.052-.14.118 0 .078.045.125.153.162.127.046.182.09.182.147s-.054.165-.141.299a.76.76 0 0 1-.264.273c-.039.227-.146.372-.397.537-.05.142-.078.193-.165.305l-.174.223a.72.72 0 0 0-.124.256c-.018.126-.03.148-.078.148-.066 0-.2-.116-.335-.289a.4.4 0 0 1-.107-.273c-.086.068-.113.077-.281.099-.101.014-.176.033-.223.059-.127.066-.168.084-.191.084-.034 0-.046-.018-.049-.076l-.008-.182c0-.249.098-.54.248-.734-.145-.125-.289-.202-.405-.215-.049-.005-.062-.011-.062-.029 0-.03.032-.095.078-.152.062-.078.111-.133.149-.165a.82.82 0 0 1 .479-.174c.107 0 .266.039.471.116.074.028.14.041.197.041.091 0 .142-.059.142-.163 0-.15-.074-.385-.241-.762-.112-.255-.163-.427-.163-.545 0-.286.135-.583.304-.668-.08-.04-.115-.05-.184-.05-.083 0-.148.021-.254.083-.122.071-.19.134-.19.176 0 .016.025.042.067.072.064.045.075.061.075.122 0 .204-.169.477-.405.654-.052.289-.185.464-.446.586-.034.157-.056.203-.182.38-.216.302-.266.399-.305.57-.02.089-.041.125-.068.125-.035 0-.108-.055-.188-.142l-.132-.158c-.035-.054-.053-.107-.091-.263-.06.017-.076.02-.118.02l-.121-.003-.083-.002c-.181 0-.373.041-.471.101-.036.022-.06.033-.072.033-.053 0-.097-.112-.097-.25 0-.298.083-.545.276-.814-.071-.059-.094-.081-.157-.148-.027-.03-.05-.05-.066-.058l-.091-.05c-.031-.017-.05-.037-.05-.054 0-.044.121-.159.264-.252.159-.102.285-.149.4-.149.135 0 .207.035.376.182.117.102.197.149.254.149.04 0 .084-.028.118-.075.028-.038.043-.08.043-.123 0-.158-.189-.424-.398-.562-.156-.102-.326-.157-.492-.157-.23 0-.428.114-.515.297l-.091.19c-.021.044-.048.067-.079.067-.053 0-.081-.024-.268-.241l-.214-.248a.66.66 0 0 1-.133-.214.49.49 0 0 0-.041-.107c-.007-.011-.036-.033-.082-.067-.166-.117-.287-.349-.356-.685l-.025-.107c-.202-.248-.323-.555-.323-.821a.36.36 0 0 1 .018-.113c-.118-.118-.131-.147-.224-.463-.066-.224-.108-.32-.19-.428-.022-.029-.033-.052-.033-.064 0-.045.069-.081.19-.101l.166-.019.165.011-.01-.226c0-.133.01-.219.044-.377a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 .025-.172 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.017-.142.73.73 0 0 0-.024-.124c-.012-.031-.018-.055-.018-.07 0-.027.018-.041.049-.041.024 0 .058.012.109.036.144.071.263.143.355.215.285.223.509.566.509.779l-.004.065-.017.121c0 .036.02.084.058.134l.091.125c.081.11.133.238.133.324 0 .077-.016.111-.149.304-.1.144-.141.252-.141.369 0 .149.059.337.166.522.097.171.21.265.317.265.184 0 .265-.163.294-.604l.066-.627.008-.113c0-.052-.016-.082-.082-.161l-.249-.288c-.236-.276-.307-.418-.307-.616 0-.227.149-.384.365-.384l.099.009-.001-.064a.87.87 0 0 1 .042-.224c.052-.177.117-.314.151-.314.011 0 .038.013.08.041a1.22 1.22 0 0 0 .149.057.99.99 0 0 1 .164.082.73.73 0 0 1 .133-.289c.107-.138.228-.247.271-.247.026 0 .074.035.134.099l.157.165c.026.027.057.081.091.157l.033.074.099-.057.132-.075.157-.075c.042-.028.072-.043.085-.043.028 0 .043.05.105.323a1.9 1.9 0 0 1 .058.364c.264.037.388.188.388.471 0 .266-.131.531-.413.832-.077.083-.096.122-.096.199 0 .73.254.96 1.17 1.057a5.83 5.83 0 0 1 1.404.298c.355.106.559.15.691.15.156 0 .243-.057.243-.157 0-.153-.111-.201-.769-.34-1.531-.322-2.132-.845-2.132-1.854 0-.719.538-1.259 1.257-1.259.317 0 .6.097 1.048.355.416.241.502.282.597.282.111 0 .155-.071.155-.25 0-.116.035-.172.107-.172.066 0 .166.068.256.174.137.162.19.245.19.469 0 .299-.159.494-.471.58l-.074.082c-.17.192-.32.256-.59.256-.235 0-.53-.096-.732-.24l-.397-.28c-.171-.121-.296-.173-.416-.173-.169 0-.27.101-.27.27s.11.301.29.357l.372.116c.132.041.194.067.355.148l.185-.018a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .699.174l.149.067.207.058c.469.131.851.656.851 1.168 0 .584-.379.946-.991.946l-.191-.009z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M8.218 25.961l.049-.1.116-.124a.61.61 0 0 0 .15-.427c0-.085-.015-.177-.043-.267a.67.67 0 0 1-.034-.146c0-.052.039-.102.079-.102.016 0 .039.015.062.042l.124.14c.077.087.103.103.199.124l.008-.115.008-.136a.96.96 0 0 0-.182-.558c-.066-.084-.096-.135-.096-.164s.022-.059.045-.059c.008 0 .02.006.034.017.08.059.121.084.143.084.04 0 .076-.1.076-.208a.77.77 0 0 0-.169-.461l-.099-.123c-.011-.016-.017-.032-.017-.047 0-.035.029-.061.072-.061.031 0 .05.008.102.041.024.016.047.025.063.025.064 0 .088-.09.088-.336l-.003-.102-.008-.149c-.009-.175-.025-.206-.099-.206H8.82c-.403 0-.591-.255-.695-.942-.075-.496-.26-.849-.487-.925-.136-.045-.184-.075-.184-.111 0-.023.038-.045.079-.045.03 0 .099.018.156.041.329.133.607.198.849.198.396 0 .708-.291.708-.66 0-.282-.134-.569-.376-.801a.47.47 0 0 0-.206-.124l-.016-.001-.042.014.017.119.032.083.009.034c0 .018-.017.032-.039.032s-.047-.013-.061-.034l-.149-.223c-.118-.176-.376-.323-.568-.323-.068 0-.111.03-.111.078 0 .023.022.066.05.097.042.048.075.105.075.132l-.009.033c-.009.019-.021.031-.033.033l-.008.001c-.04 0-.06-.018-.24-.223-.147-.168-.448-.332-.609-.332-.023 0-.044.01-.061.026-.01.011-.017.023-.017.032 0 .025.022.058.058.092.051.047.092.103.092.127 0 .016-.022.031-.046.031-.047 0-.153-.068-.351-.224-.308-.242-.446-.47-.446-.735 0-.319.228-.57.52-.57.171 0 .398.082.554.199l.405.305a1.07 1.07 0 0 0 .65.215c.052 0 .1-.012.143-.033.036-.018.058-.04.058-.055s-.031-.024-.075-.036c-.146-.035-.264-.085-.347-.148l-.413-.313-.323-.223c-.218-.114-.26-.141-.26-.167 0-.013.021-.024.047-.024s.047.006.073.017l.215.091a2.47 2.47 0 0 1 .347.206c.442.295.667.39.927.39.247 0 .429-.175.429-.413 0-.047-.012-.098-.034-.143l-.041-.082c-.014-.029-.041-.052-.049-.041l-.025.033-.025.174c-.001.007-.01.027-.025.058a.29.29 0 0 1-.057.082c-.045.044-.083.058-.152.058-.128 0-.271-.068-.658-.315s-.744-.379-1.024-.379A1.07 1.07 0 0 0 5.977 18c0 .827.505 1.2 2.09 1.546.603.131.868.308.868.576 0 .245-.198.399-.512.399a1.19 1.19 0 0 1-.224-.016 30.59 30.59 0 0 1-.851-.232c-.354-.098-.752-.154-1.103-.154-.622 0-1.041.185-1.326.584-.033.047-.066.075-.088.075s-.042-.012-.069-.033l-.115-.091a.56.56 0 0 0-.297-.113.26.26 0 0 0-.175.072c-.041.037-.072.057-.084.057-.046 0-.131-.104-.196-.239-.093-.193-.141-.386-.141-.562 0-.082.026-.14.062-.14.029 0 .05.022.062.066l.066.239c.037.134.112.239.169.239.025 0 .07-.036.12-.099.031-.038.053-.077.067-.116.052-.151.064-.173.105-.173.048 0 .073.03.106.181.007.028.016.07.054.142.033.062.067.113.099.149.025.027.056.042.085.042.073 0 .139-.121.139-.255l-.002-.035-.01-.153c0-.059.009-.077.043-.077.019 0 .034.01.058.04.035.046.083.085.141.115.05.027.091.041.118.041s.053-.015.08-.041.035-.044.035-.065-.03-.062-.117-.15c-.047-.048-.103-.16-.165-.33-.023-.065-.054-.109-.078-.109a.24.24 0 0 0-.054.018l-.107.041-.074.033-.028.006c-.035 0-.063-.025-.063-.057s.075-.121.166-.196c.065-.055.105-.136.107-.223.005-.139.031-.248.058-.248l.025-.289a2.98 2.98 0 0 1 .124-.569c.01-.03.023-.051.033-.051.023 0 .044.062.044.131l-.003.043-.005.084c0 .105.017.159.049.159s.077-.052.113-.143l.074-.19c.022-.056.033-.108.033-.154 0-.161-.096-.277-.23-.277l-.06.01-.058.017c-.043 0-.08-.048-.08-.104l.006-.119-.008-.165-.033-.173-.009-.083-.074.041-.091.075-.132.107-.108.091c-.019.016-.04.025-.061.025-.063 0-.071-.017-.071-.146v-.032c0-.104-.045-.185-.214-.384l-.042-.05-.032.058-.091.149-.091.231-.017.148c-.004.043-.021.076-.037.076s-.046-.022-.078-.059a.64.64 0 0 0-.355-.239l-.016.057-.05.174-.009.156v.066.053c0 .046-.017.073-.045.073l-.005-.001c-.003-.001-.019-.015-.049-.041-.019-.017-.054-.026-.1-.026-.154 0-.252.083-.252.215 0 .099.034.173.186.404.068.103.146.184.176.184.02 0 .037-.054.037-.117l-.015-.099a.41.41 0 0 1-.024-.126c0-.046.013-.071.039-.071.074 0 .151.214.183.512l.033.305a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .099.33c.075.154.149.259.215.305.079.056.128.111.128.141s-.021.05-.044.05a5.64 5.64 0 0 1-.167-.059l-.069-.01c-.165 0-.22.094-.22.378a1.58 1.58 0 0 0 .488 1.044l.38.306c.193.154.339.411.339.595 0 .242-.265.479-.719.644l-.273.098c-.212.077-.297.214-.38.611a.68.68 0 0 1 .228-.042l.037.001.123.003c.111 0 .191-.067.191-.16v-.075c0-.022.031-.053.074-.075l.115-.058.091-.074c.014-.012.03-.019.046-.019.025 0 .045.024.045.051 0 .02-.006.046-.017.075-.028.073-.044.173-.044.284 0 .202.032.311.135.459.009-.055.018-.09.025-.107.017-.042.064-.117.141-.223.125-.175.217-.388.217-.503l-.003-.035-.025-.189c0-.034.015-.067.041-.091.018-.016.038-.024.057-.024.035 0 .057.021.085.082.019.046.043.074.059.074.029 0 .086-.076.122-.165.028-.066.041-.125.041-.175a.29.29 0 0 0-.025-.106.29.29 0 0 1-.026-.094c0-.021.007-.031.034-.055.014-.01.028-.017.042-.017s.033.007.049.017l.074.05c.025.017.048.025.066.025.033 0 .081-.037.116-.092.072-.11.117-.201.117-.235 0-.022-.014-.038-.059-.07-.164-.116-.273-.292-.273-.442 0-.035.008-.074.025-.119l.082-.223.066-.174.024-.009c.028 0 .045.023.045.064a.28.28 0 0 1-.019.094.54.54 0 0 0-.035.157c0 .059.03.091.086.091a.35.35 0 0 0 .138-.033c.25-.108.448-.166.567-.166.112 0 .182.025.3.108.031.022.058.034.076.034s.032-.013.048-.034c.01-.014.017-.029.017-.041 0-.03-.018-.069-.05-.107-.042-.052-.059-.085-.059-.117 0-.026.017-.043.044-.043.13 0 .333.41.527 1.059.152.513.195.565.685.843.415.234.573.466.573.843 0 .371-.103.846-.317 1.469-.067.197-.097.33-.097.44 0 .087.017.172.081.394l.057.19a.98.98 0 0 0 .065.124zm-1.916-1.156a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .157-.281c.134-.201.182-.308.182-.404v-.133c0-.124.022-.182.072-.182a.05.05 0 0 1 .044.025l.042.066c.013.021.035.033.058.033s.069-.032.093-.069a.58.58 0 0 0 .096-.295l-.009-.091-.008-.093c0-.05.02-.072.068-.072.032 0 .046.013.073.075.017.04.042.066.062.066s.049-.018.069-.05l.066-.099.05-.075.012-.04c0-.023-.018-.044-.062-.076-.153-.11-.22-.28-.231-.587a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-.041-.454c-.005-.016-.054-.134-.149-.355a2.15 2.15 0 0 1-.099-.297c-.019-.076-.043-.1-.103-.1-.225 0-.394.192-.394.445 0 .149.062.384.175.67.159.401.201.544.201.686 0 .303-.121.435-.54.586-.473.169-.695.413-.777.85l.083-.033.115-.041.132-.033c.114-.028.205-.092.223-.157l.033-.115c.008-.028.024-.047.05-.058l.074-.033.074-.033.016.033-.033.107a.74.74 0 0 0-.017.192c0 .181.036.287.141.418zm-4.437-7.639l.017.093c0 .026-.011.097-.033.213l-.015.168a1.35 1.35 0 0 0 .072.435c.042.119.053.156.053.188l-.003.035c-.008.034-.02.059-.032.059s-.046-.018-.084-.052c-.095-.082-.198-.125-.305-.125a.81.81 0 0 0-.141.017l.041.091.124.306.174.264.181.125a.2.2 0 0 1 .05.049c.017.023.025.042.025.055s-.014.027-.033.028l-.166.008c-.025.001-.045.017-.045.035 0 .028.024.111.071.246l.083.24.14.132.148.108c.044.031.07.067.07.093s-.014.046-.029.047l-.082.008c-.027.003-.042.026-.042.066 0 .062.058.174.166.322.128.174.218.232.364.232h.124c.059 0 .095.029.095.076 0 .039-.025.061-.079.073-.114.024-.149.047-.149.1 0 .021.015.053.042.09l.067.091c.055.075.117.125.157.125.022 0 .074-.023.121-.076.074-.085.159-.154.268-.181.287-.073.347-.103.347-.169 0-.023-.011-.056-.033-.095-.091-.164-.124-.27-.124-.404 0-.103-.027-.175-.064-.175-.015 0-.041.025-.068.067-.068.104-.184.174-.289.174-.286 0-.631-.448-.801-1.041a1.65 1.65 0 0 1-.061-.445 2.32 2.32 0 0 1 .061-.504l.091-.405.011-.112c0-.205-.189-.468-.481-.673z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.46 18.315c-.061.115-.117.374-.117.538 0 .096.031.173.072.173.013 0 .03-.016.045-.041l.091-.166.059-.101c.033-.049.057-.097.057-.123 0-.098-.091-.219-.207-.28zm.907 3.723l.041.041.066.066c.161.167.185.183.263.183.072 0 .222-.041.307-.084.036-.018.058-.04.058-.057 0-.011-.03-.044-.082-.091l-.091-.083c-.069-.062-.171-.12-.22-.12-.095 0-.192.042-.342.145zm1.918 1.495a.82.82 0 0 1 .165.083l.132.082c.025.011.07.017.131.017.038 0 .072-.006.1-.017l.174-.066.165-.058c.044-.016.075-.041.075-.064 0-.012-.037-.03-.091-.043-.037-.01-.079-.023-.124-.041-.203-.082-.233-.094-.305-.094a.55.55 0 0 0-.422.201zm2.092 1.66c.055-.133.093-.155.281-.166.212-.012.414-.391.414-.648 0-.025-.009-.047-.019-.047s-.03.01-.056.027l-.123.074-.24.107c-.16.071-.301.285-.301.453a.57.57 0 0 0 .045.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M3.807 18.018l.082.116a.78.78 0 0 0 .179.129c.025 0 .038-.018.053-.071l.033-.125.009-.138c0-.109-.048-.15-.273-.208-.056-.015-.079-.013-.115-.042s-.079-.05-.099-.05-.034.01-.034.023l.009.037.041.123.116.207zm.883-.001l-.108.191-.041.045-.008.001c-.044 0-.088-.1-.091-.204l-.016-.164c.013-.068.053-.098.156-.116.084-.015.14-.031.166-.049l.132-.091.014-.003c.022 0 .038.015.038.04l-.003.011-.058.141-.182.197z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.474 18.579l.132-.066c.024-.012.045-.018.063-.018.064 0 .112.048.112.134 0 .094-.074.221-.175.403-.109.197-.191.331-.276.331-.119 0-.287-.189-.451-.505a.54.54 0 0 1-.063-.23c0-.104.046-.159.133-.159.036 0 .07.008.095.026l.074.05a.39.39 0 0 0 .21.066c.052 0 .101-.011.145-.033z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.384 18.761s.076.016.076.067l-.002.024-.025.123c-.027.165-.065.267-.119.267a.08.08 0 0 1-.063-.035c-.085-.12-.15-.274-.15-.358 0-.059.026-.089.079-.089l.014.001.091.016.099-.016z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M23.617 5.468l.033.124.067.264c.104.472.191.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.049-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.09 0 .138.099.145.299.002.076.019.211.049.404.023.139.033.267.033.382 0 .084-.01.133-.049.237l.016.099c.028.163.035.227.035.303 0 .354-.017.459-.101.597.034.135.044.199.044.296a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.027.291l-.033.248.008.148c.022.055.033.089.033.099 0 .023-.015.041-.033.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.1-.064-.19-.148-.16.141-.183.154-.373.206-.274.076-.375.11-.429.149s-.093.057-.114.057c-.064 0-.109-.124-.109-.306 0-.264.015-.401.058-.504-.161-.054-.242-.074-.3-.074a.69.69 0 0 0-.121.016l-.037.004c-.024 0-.038-.029-.038-.079 0-.081.057-.242.133-.378.103-.184.274-.338.405-.364l.297-.057c.176-.034.281-.128.281-.251s-.077-.197-.257-.261l-.347-.124c-.117-.042-.227-.094-.331-.157l-.181-.108c-.03-.016-.062-.024-.09-.024-.073 0-.118.054-.118.141 0 .14.108.255.24.255.03 0 .058-.006.084-.017a.27.27 0 0 1 .076-.025c.038 0 .065.036.065.089a1.04 1.04 0 0 1-.19.522l-.099.124-.075.099c-.027.213-.236.517-.446.652-.051.032-.082.054-.091.066s-.029.047-.066.116c-.017.032-.073.098-.166.198a1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.206.19c-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.017.029-.038.043-.065.043-.074 0-.142-.077-.183-.207-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125a.64.64 0 0 0-.145.025l-.115.016h-.29c-.156 0-.365.038-.463.084-.037.018-.066.026-.085.026-.043 0-.064-.043-.064-.126 0-.262.202-.659.464-.916-.039-.152-.119-.254-.223-.28l-.149-.041c-.015-.008-.025-.023-.025-.039 0-.053.059-.105.19-.167.235-.111.303-.132.434-.132.15 0 .276.051.433.174.224.174.285.207.393.207.176 0 .345-.161.345-.331 0-.114-.063-.241-.218-.438-.22-.281-.298-.464-.298-.702 0-.16.032-.247.174-.478.022-.037.035-.068.035-.089 0-.045-.075-.086-.159-.086-.088 0-.198.032-.347.1-.249.114-.397.22-.397.285 0 .026.015.052.041.07l.083.058c.01.007.017.02.017.034s-.016.043-.034.064-.072.09-.165.215a1.89 1.89 0 0 1-.346.363c-.045.034-.072.062-.084.083l-.066.124c-.055.103-.218.274-.356.371l-.115.091a.75.75 0 0 0-.075.115c-.084.151-.217.338-.305.429l-.223.231c-.064.066-.154.257-.24.511-.068.2-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.064-.05-.16-.183-.305-.298-.375-.298-.018 0-.051.015-.096.042-.063.038-.138.067-.223.083l-.297.057c-.249.049-.348.102-.463.248-.029.036-.053.057-.066.057-.029 0-.051-.043-.051-.1l.008-.072c.002-.008.016-.082.042-.223.043-.235.103-.43.165-.537l.149-.256c.026-.046.041-.093.041-.133 0-.19-.178-.345-.447-.387-.055-.008-.083-.028-.083-.06 0-.038.065-.111.166-.188.175-.132.368-.215.505-.215.092 0 .215.032.379.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.18.149-.308.149-.425 0-.209-.097-.335-.26-.335-.128 0-.25.054-.351.156-.09.091-.137.182-.137.264l.005.084.003.044c0 .067-.023.097-.072.097-.062 0-.135-.061-.278-.232l-.232-.272c-.251-.294-.303-.411-.314-.711-.28-.357-.35-.555-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.201-.241-.24-.334-.24-.572 0-.107.006-.135.05-.221-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174a.9.9 0 0 0-.132-.305c-.074-.106-.083-.122-.083-.153 0-.086.083-.142.29-.193l.066-.017-.017-.183c0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.022-.119.034-.21.034-.271 0-.07-.011-.127-.05-.257-.025-.084-.054-.148-.082-.19s-.05-.084-.05-.109.028-.05.066-.05c.02 0 .055.01.083.027.279.152.584.393.801.636.187.208.247.381.289.843.253.188.348.358.348.626 0 .159-.052.313-.166.488l-.165.256c-.049.083-.075.179-.075.279 0 .149.045.289.157.488.123.219.234.314.365.314.217 0 .413-.374.413-.786l-.002-.081v-.223l.025-.198.016-.24.016-.199.006-.11c0-.081-.017-.105-.271-.376-.28-.3-.413-.554-.413-.789 0-.222.191-.408.42-.408a.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.099l.009-.174.049-.214c.04-.171.058-.203.117-.203l.041.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c.012-.103.021-.124.107-.232l.115-.157.083-.124.05-.074c.033-.05.047-.063.069-.063s.038.029.064.121c.011.037.036.075.074.107l.108.091c.087.074.145.183.181.339a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.149l.133-.074c.049-.028.079-.042.088-.042s.023.02.037.05c.019.043.041.085.066.124.106.171.116.196.116.311v.069.099c.268.074.372.218.372.514 0 .222-.102.451-.315.707-.141.17-.165.222-.165.35 0 .582.439.935 1.181.946l.545.008a2.67 2.67 0 0 1 .901.148c.382.125.507.158.623.158.084 0 .154-.047.154-.103 0-.119-.2-.212-.868-.401-1.361-.384-1.942-.935-1.942-1.836 0-.698.583-1.237 1.336-1.237a2.88 2.88 0 0 1 .82.141l.338.124a.52.52 0 0 0 .178.035c.117 0 .161-.073.178-.291.008-.097.039-.14.101-.14.087 0 .256.136.378.306s.215.404.215.554c0 .176-.092.31-.29.421-.185.282-.413.412-.72.412-.235 0-.635-.159-1.139-.454-.198-.116-.285-.148-.395-.148-.149 0-.244.083-.244.214 0 .119.088.194.334.28.391.139.475.185.587.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.754.242 1.174.707 1.174 1.303 0 .543-.368.935-.88.935a1.59 1.59 0 0 1-.402-.049z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M24.436 9.084a.58.58 0 0 1-.026-.152l.009-.112.026-.321c0-.061-.018-.109-.06-.166l-.099-.132c-.064-.087-.09-.151-.09-.225 0-.048.011-.064.044-.064l.038.008.074.041c.034.019.062.028.083.028.05 0 .075-.077.075-.232 0-.215-.04-.318-.165-.415l-.115-.091c-.02-.016-.034-.043-.034-.067 0-.04.023-.065.061-.065.023 0 .056.007.096.017l.091.025.035.008c.028 0 .041-.022.041-.07l-.002-.029-.025-.174c-.026-.18-.056-.249-.109-.249l-.015.002-.215.041-.036.003c-.258 0-.562-.245-.641-.515l-.157-.537c-.047-.161-.187-.338-.397-.504-.069-.053-.129-.085-.173-.09l-.148-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.04 0-.034.029-.05.09-.05a2.35 2.35 0 0 1 .732.14c.271.089.419.121.552.121.414 0 .663-.216.663-.573 0-.179-.065-.404-.157-.548-.081-.124-.216-.251-.389-.363-.025-.017-.048-.026-.065-.026-.023 0-.042.018-.042.042l.008.107v.01c0 .04-.023.073-.053.073-.046 0-.093-.054-.146-.165-.152-.323-.398-.517-.65-.517-.055 0-.087.019-.087.053 0 .025.015.063.043.109a1.02 1.02 0 0 1 .074.148c.013.032.02.056.02.071s-.013.024-.038.024c-.037 0-.098-.034-.139-.077l-.124-.132-.107-.166a.79.79 0 0 0-.33-.289l-.207-.107c-.041-.022-.078-.033-.105-.033s-.039.013-.039.038.013.059.037.095a.42.42 0 0 1 .076.165c0 .028-.018.05-.041.05-.058 0-.162-.104-.307-.305a.78.78 0 0 1-.158-.464c0-.348.268-.619.613-.619.177 0 .399.074.618.207l.397.24c.142.086.334.149.453.149.066 0 .085-.004.233-.042a.4.4 0 0 0 .107-.041.06.06 0 0 0 .03-.049c0-.032-.02-.047-.072-.05-.184-.014-.566-.164-.817-.323l-.273-.156c-.068-.024-.114-.059-.114-.088 0-.013.014-.02.036-.02l.048.008.36.132.347.124a2.18 2.18 0 0 0 .555.116c.157 0 .265-.108.265-.265 0-.079-.02-.168-.052-.23-.05-.099-.116-.182-.143-.182s-.05.033-.05.088l.004.044.01.106c0 .111-.061.184-.156.184a.46.46 0 0 1-.135-.026l-.537-.173c-.467-.151-.648-.19-.878-.19-.649 0-1.139.438-1.139 1.022 0 .658.452 1.071 1.612 1.472 1.125.39 1.272.479 1.272.775 0 .17-.16.307-.359.307a1 1 0 0 1-.194-.017l-.562-.132c-.345-.084-.637-.116-1.027-.116-.819 0-1.214.125-1.642.521-.099.092-.139.109-.249.109l-.056-.002-.13-.008c-.099 0-.174.047-.234.149l-.132.223c-.018.031-.054.049-.095.049-.086 0-.131-.057-.212-.256a.64.64 0 0 0-.165-.249l-.174-.149c-.026-.023-.041-.044-.041-.06s.015-.044.041-.08a.84.84 0 0 0 .075-.115c.026-.047.039-.081.041-.1l.008-.074c.006-.024.03-.041.059-.041.055 0 .064.036.066.24a.59.59 0 0 0 .066.223l.091.198c.012.026.041.042.075.042.086 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.176.043-.232.079-.232s.049.021.119.166c.022.044.056.087.099.124s.075.054.099.058h.009c.068 0 .091-.043.107-.199l.008-.082-.016-.116-.011-.08c0-.053.018-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.082.083c.055.055.111.083.166.083.071 0 .115-.031.115-.081 0-.041-.009-.061-.082-.183a2.51 2.51 0 0 1-.058-.107c-.073-.139-.108-.174-.173-.174l-.084.008-.107.041c-.032.012-.054.019-.066.019s-.025-.014-.025-.033c0-.074.049-.192.141-.336.057-.09.104-.311.14-.649l.042-.388c.025-.238.051-.323.099-.323.017 0 .031.007.033.017l.024.124v.099c0 .12.013.218.028.218.035 0 .087-.041.137-.111.036-.05.063-.106.083-.165.027-.089.042-.161.042-.217 0-.191-.081-.273-.339-.345-.026-.007-.043-.016-.049-.025l-.009-.074v-.14l-.017-.1-.032-.083-.042-.091-.066.041c-.169.106-.21.138-.265.206-.075.095-.101.119-.132.119-.023 0-.041-.016-.041-.036l.033-.141.003-.024c0-.181-.102-.356-.284-.487l-.058.066-.058.083-.099.116a.39.39 0 0 0-.092.245l.001.027.001.028c0 .065-.01.088-.041.088l-.018-.008-.066-.082-.082-.099-.149-.091-.074-.058c-.08.173-.083.191-.083.414v.069c0 .074-.024.119-.064.119-.019 0-.054-.014-.101-.041-.037-.021-.082-.034-.123-.034-.12 0-.209.102-.209.241 0 .151.032.255.133.42.065.107.15.194.19.194.005 0 .015-.076.025-.177l-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.019-.086.05-.086.046 0 .075.051.104.19l.066.306.066.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.66 1.66 0 0 0 .14.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.036.038s-.043-.009-.075-.025a.32.32 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.06-.009c-.137 0-.165.11-.165.658 0 .342.071.798.159 1.019l.174.438a.56.56 0 0 1 .042.205c0 .604-.817 1.569-1.678 1.983-.335.161-.434.328-.463.784a1.57 1.57 0 0 1 .289-.116c.244-.068.296-.103.33-.215l.033-.107c.015-.046.045-.068.215-.157.064-.033.109-.07.132-.107.043-.071.076-.106.098-.106s.036.016.036.043l-.002.013-.091.236-.01.058c0 .173.097.317.275.408l.024-.099c.029-.126.058-.209.083-.248l.158-.231c.057-.084.067-.139.067-.352l-.009-.26-.005-.066c0-.043.02-.066.058-.066.029 0 .053.011.055.025l.024.157c.006.033.04.058.081.058.08 0 .182-.102.291-.289.042-.073.059-.13.059-.197a1.9 1.9 0 0 0-.026-.257l-.003-.049c0-.041.024-.067.063-.067.021 0 .037.007.04.016l.058.191c.019.063.063.107.108.107.127 0 .258-.259.272-.537.008-.174.03-.235.083-.235.021 0 .036.008.041.02l.033.107c.012.039.036.065.059.065s.063-.037.115-.099a.83.83 0 0 0 .074-.107c.016-.029.024-.059.024-.087 0-.042-.009-.053-.074-.103s-.091-.104-.091-.173c0-.12.051-.248.198-.504.135-.232.153-.259.186-.259s.055.031.055.07c0 .024-.006.049-.017.072-.022.048-.034.081-.034.099 0 .032.029.059.066.059a.34.34 0 0 0 .15-.05 1.66 1.66 0 0 1 .223-.091l.281-.099c.052-.016.111-.025.17-.025.048 0 .096.006.144.017.094.022.158.034.19.034a.13.13 0 0 0 .133-.131.35.35 0 0 0-.051-.143l-.074-.115c-.036-.038-.051-.059-.051-.074l.009-.033c.01-.02.028-.033.047-.033.065 0 .193.133.308.323.648 1.057.962 1.391 1.438 1.535.496.15.613.255.613.551 0 .157-.083.346-.258.588-.33.458-.447.726-.447 1.031l.001.068.091-.042c.068-.034.112-.054.133-.058l.206-.041c.065-.013.117-.09.117-.173l-.001-.016-.016-.182-.002-.029c0-.102.05-.187.112-.187.023 0 .049.021.063.05l.132.28c.053.115.116.17.288.248zM17.663 3.42l-.008.132-.002.081c0 .134.021.192.071.192s.141-.102.179-.215a.84.84 0 0 0 .042-.224.41.41 0 0 0-.042-.156c-.037-.09-.075-.132-.121-.132-.071 0-.104.091-.118.322z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M17.089 1.893l.116.115c.169.169.285.513.285.846l-.004.137-.025.388-.008.325c0 1.079.314 1.815.776 1.815.116 0 .258-.107.356-.265.021-.034.049-.06.066-.06.026 0 .039.022.041.068l.017.182.016.156.025.174.025.162c0 .083-.017.092-.215.119a.55.55 0 0 0-.231.091c-.128.082-.203.139-.215.165l-.091.19c-.012.024-.032.041-.053.041-.048 0-.113-.073-.204-.231-.084-.146-.121-.23-.121-.269 0-.026.021-.037.072-.037h.017l.099.008.074-.008.067-.008c.028-.007.049-.031.049-.061 0-.02-.013-.038-.033-.046l-.372-.158c-.089-.038-.185-.134-.272-.272-.095-.152-.151-.285-.151-.36 0-.059.025-.097.065-.097.016 0 .037.006.061.019a.31.31 0 0 0 .097.033c.014 0 .03-.006.044-.017s.025-.027.025-.04c0-.024-.025-.055-.066-.085-.309-.219-.497-.485-.497-.704 0-.064.015-.094.047-.094l.061.006c.045.009.099.017.116.017.045 0 .076-.025.076-.064 0-.024-.03-.054-.076-.076-.206-.103-.257-.162-.388-.455-.101-.224-.153-.318-.24-.429.108-.052.166-.067.257-.067.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.137.211.015 0 .021-.026.021-.095a.96.96 0 0 0-.034-.248c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.024-.182l-.017-.116-.091-.05c-.084-.045-.141-.154-.141-.271a.61.61 0 0 1 .017-.15l.05-.191a1.6 1.6 0 0 0 .059-.349v-.071l.074.082zm.992 5.953a1.22 1.22 0 0 1-.396-.123.75.75 0 0 0-.31-.084c-.131 0-.231.041-.351.141l.074.057.166.116.158.124c.04.032.089.05.139.05.162 0 .299-.074.522-.281zm3.182 1.502a.47.47 0 0 1 .165-.215c.231-.198.339-.345.339-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.017-.141.073-.141.025 0 .045.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.036.037.07.037.059 0 .101-.042.203-.21.043-.071.061-.117.061-.164 0-.029-.006-.061-.02-.093l-.058-.131a.4.4 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.025 0 .047.01.06.026l.065.082c.015.018.019.029.044.029s.085-.029.106-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.025-.059.025-.075 0-.028-.026-.056-.067-.073l-.116-.05c-.135-.058-.248-.291-.248-.512 0-.025.009-.061.025-.107l.05-.141a.41.41 0 0 0 .025-.137c0-.081-.025-.159-.082-.251l-.099-.173c-.048-.123-.076-.164-.117-.164-.029 0-.057.011-.106.039l-.083.05-.116.133-.116.057c-.069.035-.135.184-.135.309 0 .178.039.275.309.757.114.204.168.355.168.47 0 .336-.343.613-.903.727-.669.137-.815.248-.892.678.116-.06.162-.068.366-.068l.121.002h.019c.111 0 .125-.008.196-.107a.62.62 0 0 1 .273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.035 0 .028-.027.076-.079.139-.08.097-.126.196-.126.272 0 .11.018.166.085.265z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M20.223 8.069c.095.059.191.145.248.223.079.108.09.116.169.116a.52.52 0 0 0 .12-.017l.074-.016c.141-.027.183-.047.183-.085 0-.023-.013-.046-.035-.064l-.099-.082-.091-.083a.44.44 0 0 0-.261-.092c-.103 0-.186.027-.309.1zm2.675.446l.049-.009.083-.008.066.008.045.003c.084 0 .127-.009.162-.036.051-.039.104-.101.157-.19.021-.035.032-.068.032-.094 0-.056-.051-.088-.141-.088-.227 0-.366.126-.454.413z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M19.816 2.81c.009.077.049.14.09.14.035 0 .09-.118.176-.263.117-.199.214-.365.214-.471 0-.035-.018-.062-.041-.062l-.009.003-.091.084a.94.94 0 0 1-.273.148c-.106.038-.136.07-.136.14l.012.067.069.143-.011.072zm-.724-.611c-.029-.024-.07-.042-.092-.042-.035 0-.05.018-.05.06l.002.024c.006.045.018.092.032.14a.72.72 0 0 0 .109.231l.125.209a.43.43 0 0 0 .18.114l.006.001c.022 0 .041-.014.043-.034l.026-.165.041-.149.005-.035c0-.04-.023-.076-.062-.096l-.141-.075-.222-.181z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M19.637 3.248h-.044l-.096-.009c-.003-.001-.037-.021-.1-.059-.037-.022-.077-.033-.116-.033-.076 0-.121.047-.121.126 0 .062.037.182.105.344l.108.264c.091.231.185.33.31.33.107 0 .193-.088.26-.263l.091-.372c.044-.116.153-.164.153-.245 0-.095-.106-.186-.196-.186l-.048.009-.124.084-.182.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M19.627 3.477h-.099c-.015 0-.03.009-.041.025-.016.023-.025.038-.025.041l.041.198.033.173c.019.095.034.133.105.133.081 0 .15-.055.159-.157l.017-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.024-.051s-.027-.018-.043-.018l-.007.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M8.2 5.467l.033.124.066.264c.104.472.192.595.421.595.131 0 .24-.073.273-.182l.05-.166c.011-.038.04-.06.079-.06.089 0 .131.093.135.3.002.059.021.194.059.404.022.124.032.245.032.36a.59.59 0 0 1-.049.259c.028.162.05.38.05.506 0 .204-.038.394-.099.493a1.04 1.04 0 0 1 .042.311 1.55 1.55 0 0 1-.026.275l-.044.285a.35.35 0 0 0 .019.111c.016.047.025.081.025.099 0 .023-.011.041-.025.041l-.165-.066-.182-.099c-.059-.032-.099-.064-.19-.148-.161.144-.208.166-.628.281-.084.022-.146.048-.182.074-.052.037-.09.057-.11.057-.071 0-.105-.114-.105-.35 0-.175.018-.337.05-.46a.94.94 0 0 0-.295-.074 1.68 1.68 0 0 0-.126.016l-.031.003c-.024 0-.044-.036-.044-.079 0-.032.022-.112.051-.179l.082-.198c.03-.072.098-.154.198-.239a.53.53 0 0 1 .215-.125l.297-.057c.177-.034.282-.128.282-.251s-.08-.199-.257-.261l-.356-.124a1.91 1.91 0 0 1-.323-.157c-.197-.117-.23-.132-.277-.132-.071 0-.112.054-.112.147 0 .147.096.25.232.25.028 0 .056-.006.083-.017.04-.016.069-.025.085-.025.037 0 .058.022.058.063l-.002.036-.017.14c-.014.12-.092.265-.264.496l-.074.099a1.14 1.14 0 0 1-.446.652l-.091.066c-.007.008-.029.047-.066.116-.017.032-.072.098-.165.198-.07.076-.139.139-.207.19-.092.07-.148.121-.165.149l-.083.141c-.015.025-.04.041-.067.041-.073 0-.14-.076-.182-.206-.03-.097-.057-.125-.12-.125-.032 0-.081.009-.144.025l-.116.016h-.298c-.148 0-.358.039-.454.084-.038.018-.067.026-.085.026s-.033-.011-.055-.051c-.015-.028-.018-.041-.018-.066 0-.151.108-.435.249-.661.09-.143.119-.176.223-.264-.033-.14-.123-.249-.231-.28l-.141-.041c-.019-.006-.033-.022-.033-.04 0-.043.067-.102.191-.167.161-.085.324-.132.454-.132.137 0 .27.054.422.174.224.175.284.207.393.207.177 0 .345-.162.345-.331 0-.113-.06-.234-.218-.438-.23-.298-.299-.452-.299-.671 0-.136.042-.309.093-.386l.083-.123c.017-.028.028-.055.028-.08 0-.055-.064-.095-.149-.095-.13 0-.381.093-.581.215-.099.061-.166.132-.166.176 0 .026.013.05.034.064l.091.058c.011.007.018.02.018.034s-.014.038-.034.064l-.165.215a2.76 2.76 0 0 1-.347.363.57.57 0 0 0-.083.083c-.001.001-.023.042-.066.124a1.3 1.3 0 0 1-.364.371c-.061.042-.099.072-.115.091s-.034.053-.066.115c-.021.04-.057.098-.108.173-.081.12-.148.205-.198.256L3.4 8.67c-.071.071-.133.209-.231.511-.058.183-.111.29-.142.29-.014 0-.037-.018-.065-.051-.164-.187-.305-.298-.379-.298-.017 0-.048.014-.092.042-.061.038-.136.067-.223.083l-.305.057c-.231.044-.322.094-.455.248-.032.036-.058.057-.072.057-.025 0-.044-.041-.044-.096l.008-.077.042-.223c.044-.239.098-.416.165-.537l.14-.256c.028-.05.042-.095.042-.134 0-.19-.197-.365-.437-.387-.061-.005-.084-.02-.084-.054 0-.042.067-.125.159-.193.165-.126.382-.215.52-.215.084 0 .213.035.371.099l.182.074a.49.49 0 0 0 .184.043c.192 0 .379-.175.609-.57.104-.179.149-.308.149-.424 0-.208-.099-.336-.262-.336a.53.53 0 0 0-.357.156c-.083.084-.127.172-.127.256l.003.092.001.02c0 .077-.026.12-.072.12-.078 0-.191-.111-.516-.504-.242-.293-.296-.418-.306-.711-.28-.357-.35-.508-.35-.762l.011-.17c-.194-.233-.249-.36-.249-.574 0-.078.013-.124.059-.218-.099-.145-.13-.21-.157-.322l-.041-.174c-.028-.118-.073-.22-.132-.305-.075-.107-.083-.121-.083-.158 0-.096.066-.134.356-.205-.012-.08-.017-.142-.017-.183 0-.048.006-.094.025-.197l.058-.306c.023-.123.035-.211.035-.264s-.009-.098-.06-.263a.9.9 0 0 0-.074-.19c-.027-.042-.05-.094-.05-.113 0-.029.02-.045.057-.045.082 0 .298.131.522.316.474.392.572.549.637 1.023l.025.166c.227.167.347.369.347.585a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.165.529l-.166.256a.5.5 0 0 0-.074.273c0 .155.045.298.157.494.127.223.235.314.368.314.218 0 .409-.379.409-.81v-.058l-.001-.149c0-.084.005-.167.018-.272l.024-.24.009-.199.003-.13c0-.046-.024-.093-.086-.158l-.181-.198c-.263-.287-.407-.556-.407-.757a.42.42 0 0 1 .422-.439.6.6 0 0 1 .175.032v-.056c0-.364.075-.633.175-.633l.04.013.149.132.181.116.05.049c0-.102.005-.113.108-.232.025-.028.063-.081.115-.157l.082-.124.042-.074c.022-.042.044-.062.068-.062s.042.03.072.12c.019.056.032.071.174.198.049.044.083.081.098.108s.036.078.067.164l.025.067a.5.5 0 0 1 .165-.149l.124-.074c.046-.028.078-.043.092-.043s.026.02.041.05.035.07.066.124c.088.153.117.227.117.299l-.002.081V1.9c.271.085.373.225.373.517 0 .21-.11.451-.323.705-.142.169-.158.202-.158.32 0 .611.426.965 1.175.976l.553.008c.356.006.569.041.9.148.393.128.507.158.621.158.038 0 .076-.012.107-.034s.049-.049.049-.073c0-.116-.203-.209-.867-.397-1.363-.386-1.941-.934-1.941-1.836 0-.697.58-1.237 1.33-1.237a2.89 2.89 0 0 1 .826.141l.338.124c.062.023.122.035.178.035.115 0 .174-.096.177-.291.003-.104.026-.14.094-.14.095 0 .242.119.377.306s.224.401.224.542c0 .188-.088.319-.29.432-.185.282-.414.412-.72.412-.239 0-.578-.135-1.139-.454-.196-.111-.295-.148-.398-.148-.146 0-.241.084-.241.214 0 .119.092.196.334.28.357.125.445.174.586.323.421.073.604.146.868.346.725.23 1.175.724 1.175 1.291 0 .551-.373.947-.892.947a1.6 1.6 0 0 1-.391-.05z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M9.021 9.083a.91.91 0 0 1-.03-.199l.006-.065.025-.132.009-.107c0-.115-.019-.196-.058-.248L8.872 8.2c-.032-.044-.061-.097-.082-.158-.011-.03-.017-.054-.017-.069 0-.037.023-.061.06-.061.022 0 .031.004.106.048.032.019.06.028.081.028.049 0 .076-.08.076-.22 0-.159-.015-.248-.05-.288l-.124-.14-.107-.091c-.026-.022-.044-.05-.044-.072 0-.035.027-.06.067-.06s.117.018.183.042l.038.008c.034 0 .047-.02.047-.068l-.002-.03-.025-.174-.049-.181c-.016-.059-.025-.068-.063-.068l-.021.003-.206.041-.033.003c-.271 0-.557-.228-.644-.515l-.165-.537c-.051-.166-.175-.323-.397-.504-.067-.055-.124-.086-.165-.09l-.149-.017c-.027-.003-.045-.019-.045-.041 0-.034.032-.049.103-.049l.272.024a2.14 2.14 0 0 1 .446.116c.247.085.414.121.554.121.413 0 .661-.223.661-.597 0-.256-.134-.545-.338-.731-.117-.104-.233-.182-.273-.182-.023 0-.042.019-.042.044l.008.105v.01c0 .041-.024.073-.057.073-.042 0-.089-.054-.143-.165-.156-.325-.404-.518-.661-.518-.043 0-.074.018-.074.044 0 .017.013.057.041.119l.066.148a.28.28 0 0 1 .027.076c0 .009-.016.018-.035.018-.038 0-.098-.034-.14-.078l-.123-.132-.108-.166c-.086-.132-.155-.192-.339-.289l-.198-.107c-.038-.022-.073-.033-.103-.033s-.044.014-.044.043.011.058.032.09c.061.094.085.141.085.166s-.019.049-.043.049c-.064 0-.197-.13-.315-.305-.097-.145-.149-.307-.149-.464 0-.355.259-.619.61-.619.181 0 .41.077.621.207l.388.24a1.02 1.02 0 0 0 .452.149 1.11 1.11 0 0 0 .242-.042c.036-.01.07-.023.099-.041.023-.014.039-.032.039-.046s-.009-.032-.023-.036l-.049-.016-.182-.034c-.047-.008-.122-.036-.223-.083l-.414-.206a1.61 1.61 0 0 0-.272-.156c-.067-.023-.109-.053-.109-.079s.013-.036.037-.036.054.011.088.032c.122.076.228.116.306.116l.355.124c.176.062.433.116.549.116.15 0 .271-.122.271-.273a.72.72 0 0 0-.143-.362c-.019-.027-.039-.042-.056-.042-.033 0-.051.024-.051.066l.008.067.013.098c0 .107-.072.191-.164.191a.44.44 0 0 1-.13-.026l-.537-.173c-.45-.145-.658-.19-.884-.19-.642.001-1.132.442-1.132 1.022 0 .657.462 1.081 1.603 1.472 1.123.385 1.281.479 1.281.768 0 .166-.168.314-.356.314a1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.198-.017l-.562-.132a4.18 4.18 0 0 0-1.028-.116c-.81 0-1.26.142-1.649.521-.097.095-.129.109-.241.109l-.056-.002-.116-.008h-.015c-.097 0-.169.045-.233.149l-.141.223c-.023.031-.058.049-.094.049-.074 0-.119-.056-.203-.256a.7.7 0 0 0-.173-.249l-.165-.149c-.027-.024-.042-.046-.042-.063s.012-.045.033-.077c.079-.115.107-.166.116-.215.022-.11.025-.115.071-.115s.066.051.07.24a.6.6 0 0 0 .067.223l.091.198c.011.026.041.042.074.042.085 0 .194-.201.223-.413.024-.177.042-.232.079-.232.015 0 .029.006.036.017s.034.061.074.148a.33.33 0 0 0 .108.124.34.34 0 0 0 .099.058l.01.001c.067 0 .09-.044.106-.2l.008-.082-.017-.116-.012-.08c0-.053.019-.085.049-.085.018 0 .04.012.062.033l.083.083c.055.054.11.082.163.082.069 0 .111-.028.111-.073 0-.04-.015-.079-.076-.191l-.058-.107c-.066-.125-.119-.174-.181-.174l-.083.008-.099.041c-.03.012-.052.019-.065.019s-.026-.014-.026-.033c0-.074.048-.191.14-.336.065-.105.11-.328.132-.649.028-.431.086-.711.146-.711.041 0 .057.035.057.127l-.004.113-.003.079c0 .077.017.139.037.139.071 0 .155-.105.222-.276.028-.072.043-.128.043-.168l-.009-.038-.165-.306-.165-.049c-.031-.009-.051-.023-.058-.037V1.9v-.09l-.016-.1-.033-.083-.041-.091c-.181.098-.267.163-.331.247s-.101.12-.133.12c-.021 0-.04-.02-.04-.044s.008-.065.025-.134l.005-.046c0-.178-.108-.352-.286-.465l-.05.066-.058.083-.099.116a.48.48 0 0 0-.083.165.32.32 0 0 0-.017.094v.013l.001.03c0 .069-.007.086-.038.086l-.02-.009-.058-.082-.09-.099-.14-.091-.074-.058-.033.074c-.026.058-.04.102-.041.133l-.009.132-.008.14.001.024c0 .072-.017.1-.061.1-.015 0-.057-.018-.097-.041a.24.24 0 0 0-.12-.034c-.129 0-.211.089-.211.228 0 .165.049.323.133.433l.107.14c.03.037.084.07.087.049l.02-.173-.025-.14-.005-.063c0-.053.018-.086.049-.086.047 0 .075.051.105.19l.066.306.067.388a1.54 1.54 0 0 0 .099.33 1.71 1.71 0 0 0 .141.289c.092.118.102.134.102.16 0 .02-.017.038-.035.038s-.043-.009-.074-.025a.34.34 0 0 0-.099-.033l-.065-.009c-.133 0-.16.114-.16.665a3.35 3.35 0 0 0 .159 1.012l.173.438a.54.54 0 0 1 .041.205c0 .602-.799 1.547-1.677 1.983-.327.161-.431.317-.454.676l-.008.108a1.15 1.15 0 0 1 .28-.116c.246-.064.294-.095.331-.215l.032-.107c.013-.04.033-.055.223-.157.065-.034.111-.072.133-.107.041-.07.076-.107.098-.107s.032.01.032.027l-.007.029-.082.236-.01.058c0 .175.096.317.274.408.029-.191.049-.256.108-.346l.148-.231c.055-.086.078-.19.078-.353a1.53 1.53 0 0 0-.02-.258l-.006-.065c0-.042.022-.066.058-.066.029 0 .052.01.055.024l.033.157c.006.034.041.058.08.058.08 0 .183-.103.291-.289a.44.44 0 0 0 .061-.219l-.012-.112-.025-.123-.002-.024c0-.054.03-.092.073-.092.019 0 .034.007.037.016l.049.191c.017.063.061.107.107.107.056 0 .151-.096.207-.207a.73.73 0 0 0 .075-.338c0-.176.018-.227.083-.227.021 0 .037.007.041.02l.033.107c.013.039.036.065.059.065.034 0 .127-.1.189-.206.017-.027.025-.055.025-.077 0-.035-.024-.071-.075-.113-.086-.071-.091-.082-.091-.19s.017-.158.091-.289l.107-.198c.104-.204.142-.257.18-.257.032 0 .06.034.06.073 0 .022-.006.045-.017.068a.28.28 0 0 0-.033.098c0 .032.027.059.061.059s.088-.017.146-.05c.022-.013.099-.042.231-.091l.273-.099a.49.49 0 0 1 .165-.025.66.66 0 0 1 .148.017l.191.034c.075 0 .141-.064.141-.138 0-.055-.057-.163-.133-.251-.028-.033-.042-.058-.042-.075l.01-.033c.011-.02.028-.033.044-.033.056 0 .186.139.303.323.711 1.119.966 1.39 1.446 1.535.486.148.613.261.613.55 0 .158-.081.341-.258.589-.36.503-.447.706-.447 1.038v.061l.091-.042c.067-.034.112-.054.132-.058l.206-.041c.062-.013.117-.092.117-.169l-.001-.021-.025-.182-.002-.024c0-.064.032-.138.076-.174.014-.01.028-.018.043-.018.023 0 .051.022.065.051l.132.28c.054.115.117.169.288.248zm-6.66-5.985c-.06 0-.091.052-.097.165l-.016.156-.02.2c0 .118.035.205.083.205s.135-.101.177-.216c.025-.07.037-.13.037-.193 0-.055-.013-.121-.037-.187-.03-.084-.076-.132-.126-.132zm-.685-1.205l.116.115c.189.188.282.501.282.945 0 .098-.005.163-.026.425l-.017.34c0 1.024.333 1.798.774 1.798.139 0 .229-.066.359-.264.021-.032.054-.06.075-.06s.039.021.041.068l.017.182.017.156.016.174.025.157.002.02c0 .046-.02.072-.059.079l-.149.025c-.074.012-.152.043-.231.091-.125.075-.199.132-.215.165l-.091.19c-.013.024-.032.041-.052.041-.048 0-.125-.084-.213-.231-.075-.126-.121-.228-.121-.27 0-.026.02-.036.073-.036h.016l.107.008.066-.008.075-.008c.028-.004.05-.028.05-.058 0-.022-.014-.041-.033-.049l-.371-.158a.58.58 0 0 1-.281-.272c-.102-.196-.15-.313-.15-.371 0-.051.027-.085.067-.085.014 0 .034.006.058.018a.33.33 0 0 0 .105.033c.032 0 .061-.025.061-.052s-.03-.062-.066-.089c-.31-.225-.488-.484-.488-.707 0-.062.015-.092.048-.092l.06.007.107.016h.005c.04 0 .071-.026.071-.064 0-.023-.028-.054-.068-.076l-.132-.074c-.046-.029-.085-.068-.115-.116a7.22 7.22 0 0 1-.14-.264l-.116-.223-.075-.14a.75.75 0 0 0-.05-.066.52.52 0 0 1 .257-.067c.113 0 .184.074.264.273.05.126.105.211.136.211.016 0 .021-.027.021-.097a.94.94 0 0 0-.034-.246c-.02-.075-.029-.137-.025-.182l-.016-.116-.099-.05c-.022-.01-.048-.04-.075-.082-.046-.072-.066-.133-.066-.188 0-.035.009-.092.025-.15.084-.315.108-.438.108-.54l-.001-.071.075.082z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M2.666 7.846c-.115-.017-.169-.03-.24-.058l-.157-.065c-.133-.057-.233-.084-.316-.084-.125 0-.227.042-.344.141l.074.057.165.116.157.124a.22.22 0 0 0 .136.05c.162 0 .303-.076.525-.281zm3.179 1.503c.045-.103.067-.131.165-.215.231-.198.338-.345.338-.462v-.083-.099c0-.106.018-.141.073-.141.025 0 .044.01.051.025l.041.098c.01.023.037.038.07.038s.079-.038.121-.096l.083-.115c.041-.058.06-.107.06-.161a.27.27 0 0 0-.018-.095l-.058-.132a.39.39 0 0 1-.034-.129c0-.054.027-.086.074-.086.024 0 .046.01.059.026l.066.082c.014.018.038.029.063.029.03 0 .065-.029.086-.07l.066-.132c.017-.033.026-.059.026-.074 0-.026-.027-.052-.075-.075l-.107-.05c-.142-.065-.249-.292-.249-.529a.24.24 0 0 1 .017-.09l.058-.141a.33.33 0 0 0 .025-.132c0-.086-.028-.172-.083-.256l-.108-.173c-.049-.13-.074-.167-.114-.167l-.042.01-.058.033-.091.05-.107.133-.115.057c-.069.035-.135.182-.135.303 0 .215.024.274.307.762.11.188.168.352.168.472 0 .338-.303.579-.911.725l-.38.091c-.28.067-.445.259-.504.587.116-.06.161-.068.366-.068l.122.002h.019c.11 0 .125-.008.195-.107.082-.114.162-.182.273-.23l.132-.058.107-.058.033-.009c.03 0 .046.012.046.034 0 .032-.03.086-.078.14-.095.106-.132.194-.132.32 0 .08.019.126.091.217z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M4.805 8.068a.95.95 0 0 1 .248.223c.079.108.09.116.168.116.033 0 .074-.006.121-.017l.074-.016c.136-.026.183-.046.183-.08 0-.02-.015-.045-.042-.069l-.091-.082-.091-.083a.45.45 0 0 0-.273-.093c-.099 0-.157.02-.298.101zm2.679.447l.049-.009.075-.008.074.008.036.003c.183 0 .36-.155.36-.319 0-.057-.052-.088-.146-.088-.223 0-.362.128-.449.414z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M4.402 2.81c.009.076.049.14.089.14.035 0 .075-.091.161-.237.117-.198.229-.392.229-.497 0-.035-.017-.062-.041-.062l-.008.003-.091.083c-.066.06-.118.088-.281.148-.093.036-.127.073-.127.141l.012.066.041.116.017.099z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M3.896 2.379l.14.075c.039.02.06.047.06.08l-.01.052c-.02.07-.004.147-.005.176-.007.148-.119.146-.165.146-.027 0-.013-.017-.078-.091l-.182-.206c-.056-.063-.105-.208-.124-.371l-.001-.021c0-.045.014-.062.05-.062.022 0 .063.018.091.042l.223.181zm.323.867h-.045l-.095-.009a3.81 3.81 0 0 1-.099-.059c-.037-.022-.078-.033-.118-.033-.075 0-.123.041-.123.104s.033.181.109.367l.108.264c.094.232.186.331.307.331.108 0 .123-.106.196-.289.165-.415.257-.476.257-.623 0-.1-.022-.127-.113-.127l-.077-.018-.132.084-.174.008z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M4.212 3.477h-.107c-.016 0-.032.009-.041.025l-.016.041.041.198.033.173c.018.095.053.133.124.133.081 0 .131-.055.14-.157l.016-.182.016-.188c0-.018-.009-.036-.025-.051s-.027-.018-.041-.018l-.008.001-.132.025z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M14.987 10.884c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3h-.705c-.072-.176-.245-.3-.447-.3s-.375.124-.447.3H9.98v4.28h.81v1.641h.95v-1.64h2.399v1.64h.949v-1.64h.809v-4.28h-.911z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.965 15.539h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2zm3.351-.774h.492v.632h-.492v-.632zm0 .774h.492v.2h-.492v-.2z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g fill="#e73337" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M10.309 11.234h5.256v.195h-5.256v-.195zm.002 3.599h5.254v-3.22h-5.256l.002 3.22z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="C" data-v-7c4b1471><use xlink:href="#B" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M12.715 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm1.598 0c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1zm-2.633 2.158c.339.424.766.633 1.294.633.489 0 .826-.175 1.222-.633-.395-.405-.763-.575-1.246-.575-.508 0-.966.207-1.27.575z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><g class="B" data-v-7c4b1471><path d="M12.938 12.873c-.364 0-.659.113-1.008.383.289.286.629.433 1.002.433.42 0 .694-.116 1.006-.425-.358-.284-.633-.391-1-.391zm-.014.483c-.195 0-.36-.052-.569-.183.174-.094.37-.142.578-.142a1.38 1.38 0 0 1 .597.142 1.03 1.03 0 0 1-.605.183zm2.079 1.191c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284-.127.283-.284.283z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><path d="M15.002 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.215.216.215.216-.097.216-.215-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.887 14.547c-.161 0-.293-.127-.293-.283s.127-.284.284-.284.284.127.284.284a.28.28 0 0 1-.275.283z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.876 14.049c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.101.215.225.215c.114 0 .208-.097.208-.215s-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M10.877 12.593c-.156 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.128.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><use xlink:href="#C" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></use><path d="M15.003 12.593c-.157 0-.284-.127-.284-.284s.127-.283.284-.283.284.127.284.283-.127.284-.284.284z" class="B" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path d="M15.002 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" class="C" data-v-7c4b1471></path></g><defs data-v-7c4b1471><clipPath id="A" data-v-7c4b1471><path fill="#fff" d="M0 0h148.235v30H0z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></clipPath><path id="B" d="M11.113 11.1c0-.124.101-.225.225-.225s.225.101.225.225v.591c0 .124-.101.225-.225.225s-.225-.101-.225-.225V11.1z" data-v-7c4b1471></path><path id="C" d="M10.876 12.092c-.119 0-.216.097-.216.216s.097.216.216.216.216-.097.216-.216-.097-.216-.216-.216z" data-v-7c4b1471></path></defs></svg></a></div><div class="gh-mobile-menu-options"><div class="gh-menu-option"><button aria-expanded="false"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--profile" style="color:;" title="Login and registration" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/shopping-cart" rel="nofollow"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--shopping-cart" style="color:;" title="Shopping cart" data-v-27c0a44c></div></a></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="AdditionalMenuOptions"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down" style="color:;" title="Additional menu options" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="gh-popovers gh-desktop-nav"><div class="gh-popoverContainer gh-popoverContainer-productsAndServicesPopover" id="gh-productsAndServicesPopover"><button class="gh-popoverTrigger gh-popoverHeader" aria-expanded="false"><div class="gh-menu-option"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--grid" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div> Products and Services </div><svg width="12" height="7" viewbox="0 0 12 7" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="gh-icon gh-chevron"><path d="M1.28033 0.21967C0.987436 -0.0732233 0.512564 -0.0732233 0.21967 0.21967C-0.0732231 0.512563 -0.0732231 0.987437 0.21967 1.28033L5.21967 6.28033C5.51256 6.57322 5.98744 6.57322 6.28033 6.28033L11.2803 1.28033C11.5732 0.987437 11.5732 0.512563 11.2803 0.21967C10.9874 -0.0732233 10.5126 -0.0732233 10.2197 0.21967L5.75 4.68934L1.28033 0.21967Z" class="fill-current" stroke="none"></path></svg></button></div><div class="gh-profile"><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/register"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--register" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div>Register</a></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/login"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--sign-in" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div>Log In</a></div></div><div class="gh-menu-option"><a href="/core/shopping-cart" rel="nofollow"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--shopping-cart" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c></div> (0) Cart</a></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><script></script> </div> <global-header id="global-header-wc" class="global-header" environment="prod" show-discovery-tool="false" register-url="/core/register?ref=/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" login-url="/core/login?ref=/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" logout-url="/core/logout?ref=/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" my-account-url="/core/my-core" basket-url="/core/shopping-cart" basket-items-count="0" style="display:none" ></global-header> </div> <script> const globalHeader = $('#global-header'); const globalHeaderWc = $('#global-header-wc'); const maintenanceMessage = $('#maintenance-message'); const maintenanceMessageWc = $('#maintenance-message-wc'); globalHeaderWc.on('initialized', function () { globalHeader.hide(); globalHeaderWc.show(); }); maintenanceMessageWc.on('initialized', function () { maintenanceMessage.hide(); maintenanceMessageWc.show(); }); </script> </header> <div class="off-canvas-wrap desktop overflow-visible"> <div class="inner-wrap"> </div> </div> <div id='platform-header'> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.BhGMTrWu.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-9ijnzt"><div class="apl"><section class="apl-platform-header apl-theme--core" data-v-cabeb8f7><div tabindex="0" data-v-cabeb8f7><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-container--full-width apl-platform-header__container--full-width" data-v-cabeb8f7><div class="apl-container apl-platform-header__container apl-platform-header__container--mobile" data-v-5f67d08b data-v-cabeb8f7><div class="apl-platform-header__branding" data-v-5f67d08b><a href="/core/" class="platform-logo" title="Cambridge Core homepage"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 209 20" fill="none" role="img" width="140" height="30"><title> Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. </title><path d="M173.541 7.465c-4.172 0-7.648 3.521-7.648 7.747s3.476 7.746 7.648 7.746 7.648-3.521 7.648-7.746-3.337-7.747-7.648-7.747zm0 11.408c-2.086 0-3.616-1.69-3.616-3.662s1.669-3.662 3.616-3.662c2.086 0 3.615 1.69 3.615 3.662.139 2.113-1.529 3.662-3.615 3.662zm-159.357.704c-.973.563-1.947.704-3.198.704a8.31 8.31 0 0 1-3.337-.704c-.973-.423-1.808-.986-2.503-1.831-.695-.704-1.112-1.69-1.53-2.676s-.556-1.972-.556-3.099.139-2.253.556-3.38.834-1.972 1.53-2.676 1.53-1.408 2.503-1.831 2.086-.704 3.198-.704c.973 0 1.947.141 2.781.563.973.423 1.669.986 2.225 1.831l2.364-1.831c-.834-1.127-1.947-1.972-3.198-2.394-1.391-.563-2.642-.845-4.033-.845-1.669 0-3.059.282-4.45.845S4.033 2.817 3.059 3.944C2.086 4.93 1.391 6.197.834 7.465.278 8.873 0 10.282 0 11.972c0 1.268.278 2.676.695 3.944.556 1.268 1.251 2.394 2.086 3.521.973.986 2.086 1.831 3.337 2.535 1.391.563 2.781.986 4.45.986 1.252 0 2.225-.141 3.198-.422s1.669-.704 2.364-1.127 1.112-.845 1.53-1.268.695-.704.834-.986l-2.364-1.831c-.278.986-.973 1.69-1.947 2.254zm18.773.282v-7.183c0-.563-.139-1.268-.278-1.831-.278-.563-.556-1.127-1.112-1.549-.417-.423-1.112-.845-1.808-.986-.695-.282-1.669-.423-2.642-.423s-1.947.141-2.92.563c-.973.282-1.808.845-2.642 1.549l1.53 1.69c.278-.141.417-.422.695-.563s.556-.423.834-.563.695-.282 1.112-.423S26.56 10 27.116 10s1.112.141 1.53.282.695.422.973.704.417.563.556.986.139.704.139 1.127v.563h-1.947c-1.113 0-2.086.141-3.059.282s-1.808.422-2.503.845-1.251.845-1.669 1.549c-.417.563-.556 1.409-.556 2.254 0 .704.139 1.268.417 1.831s.556.986 1.113 1.268c.417.423.973.563 1.53.845.556.141 1.252.282 1.808.282 1.112 0 1.947-.141 2.781-.563s1.53-.986 2.086-1.972c0 .704 0 1.408.139 2.113h2.364c0-.423 0-.704-.139-1.127.417-.423.278-.845.278-1.408zm-2.364-3.239c0 .423 0 .986-.139 1.408s-.417.986-.695 1.268c-.278.422-.695.704-1.251.986s-1.112.422-1.808.422c-.973 0-1.669-.141-2.225-.563s-.834-.986-.834-1.69c0-.563.139-.986.556-1.408.278-.423.834-.563 1.391-.845.556-.141 1.112-.282 1.808-.423.695 0 1.252-.141 1.947-.141h1.391v.986h-.139zM56.039 10c-.417-.563-.973-.986-1.669-1.408s-1.53-.563-2.642-.563c-.834 0-1.669.282-2.503.704s-1.53 1.127-1.947 1.972c-.417-.845-.973-1.549-1.808-1.972-.695-.423-1.53-.704-2.642-.704-.695 0-1.251.141-1.669.282-.556.141-.973.423-1.391.704s-.695.563-.973.845-.417.563-.417.704V8.31h-2.503v14.085h2.642V15.07c0-.845.139-1.549.278-2.113s.417-1.127.834-1.408c.278-.423.695-.704 1.113-.845s.834-.282 1.39-.282c.695 0 1.113.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.834.986s.278.845.417 1.409c0 .563.139 1.127.139 1.831v7.324h2.642v-7.746c0-1.268.278-2.253.834-3.098s1.53-1.127 2.781-1.127c.695 0 1.112.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.973.845.278.422.417.845.417 1.268 0 .563.139.986.139 1.549v7.887h2.642v-8.169c0-.845-.139-1.549-.278-2.254 0-.422-.278-1.127-.695-1.69zm16.826.141c-.556-.704-1.391-1.127-2.225-1.549s-1.808-.563-2.92-.563c-.973 0-1.947.282-2.781.704s-1.53.986-2.086 1.69V0h-2.642v22.394h2.642v-1.972a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.086 1.69c.834.422 1.808.563 2.781.563 1.112 0 2.086-.141 2.92-.563s1.669-.845 2.225-1.549 1.112-1.408 1.391-2.394c.278-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958 0-.986-.139-1.972-.556-2.958-.278-.704-.695-1.408-1.391-2.113zm-1.252 7.183c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.947.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.391-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.391-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zM82.46 8.169c-.417.141-.834.282-1.112.563-.417.282-.695.423-.973.845-.278.282-.556.704-.695.986V8.451h-2.642v14.085h2.642v-7.042c0-1.549.278-2.676.973-3.38s1.669-1.127 2.92-1.127h.695c.278 0 .417.141.695.141l.139-2.817c-.417-.141-.695-.141-1.112-.141a2.82 2.82 0 0 0-1.53 0zm5.145 14.225h2.642V8.31h-2.642v14.085zm1.252-20.986a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.391.563c-.278.423-.556.845-.556 1.408s.139.986.556 1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.391.563 1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.39-.563c.417-.423.556-.845.556-1.408s-.139-.986-.556-1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.39-.563zm15.574 9.014a6.17 6.17 0 0 0-2.085-1.69c-.835-.423-1.808-.704-2.781-.704-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.409-1.391 2.394c-.278.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.834 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.391 1.268 2.225 1.549c.834.422 1.808.563 2.92.563.974 0 1.807-.141 2.781-.563a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.085-1.69v1.972h2.643V0h-2.643v10.423zm-.417 6.901c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.946.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.39-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.39.141 1.946.423 1.113.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zm17.104-6.901c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.225-1.69-.834-.423-1.808-.563-2.781-.563-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.408-1.39 2.394c-.279.845-.557 1.831-.557 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.557 2.817s.834 1.69 1.529 2.253c.695.704 1.391 1.127 2.225 1.549s1.808.563 2.781.563 1.947-.141 2.781-.563a5.21 5.21 0 0 0 2.086-1.831h.139v2.113c0 .563-.139 1.127-.278 1.831-.139.563-.417 1.127-.834 1.549s-.835.845-1.53 1.127-1.53.422-2.503.422-1.947-.141-2.781-.563-1.53-.986-2.225-1.69l-1.808 2.253c.974.986 2.086 1.549 3.199 1.972s2.364.563 3.615.563c1.112 0 2.225-.141 3.059-.563.974-.422 1.808-.845 2.364-1.549.695-.704 1.252-1.408 1.53-2.253.417-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958V8.732h-2.642v1.69h.278zm-1.251 8.451c-.835.845-1.947 1.268-3.338 1.268s-2.503-.422-3.337-1.268-1.252-1.972-1.252-3.38c0-.704.139-1.408.279-1.972.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c0 1.408-.417 2.535-1.251 3.38zm18.633-8.451c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.086-1.69s-1.947-.704-3.198-.704c-1.113 0-1.947.141-2.92.563-.835.423-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-.695.704-1.113 1.409-1.53 2.394-.417.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.835 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.39 1.127 2.225 1.549 1.946.563 3.059.563c2.642 0 4.728-.986 6.257-2.817l-2.085-1.831c-.557.704-1.113 1.127-1.669 1.549s-1.391.563-2.086.563c-.556 0-1.251-.141-1.808-.282s-1.112-.422-1.529-.845-.835-.845-1.113-1.268a3.79 3.79 0 0 1-.417-1.69h11.264v-.845c0-.845-.139-1.831-.418-2.676-.139-.986-.556-1.69-1.112-2.394zm-9.734 3.803c0-.423.139-.986.278-1.408s.556-.986.835-1.268c.417-.423.834-.704 1.39-.986a3.81 3.81 0 0 1 1.808-.423c.695 0 1.251.141 1.808.282s.973.563 1.251.845c.278.422.556.845.695 1.268.139.563.278.986.278 1.69h-8.343zm30.592 3.944c-.695.422-1.529.563-2.503.563-.834 0-1.529-.141-2.364-.563-.695-.282-1.39-.845-1.807-1.408-.557-.563-.974-1.268-1.252-2.113a8.3 8.3 0 0 1-.417-2.676 8.3 8.3 0 0 1 .417-2.676c.278-.845.695-1.549 1.252-2.113s1.112-1.127 1.946-1.408c.696-.282 1.53-.563 2.364-.563s1.669.141 2.225.423c.695.282 1.252.704 1.669 1.268l3.476-2.958c-.417-.563-.973-1.127-1.529-1.408-.557-.423-1.113-.704-1.808-.986-.556-.282-1.252-.423-1.947-.563s-1.251-.141-1.808-.141c-1.668 0-3.198.282-4.449.704a12.06 12.06 0 0 0-3.616 2.254c-.973.986-1.807 2.113-2.364 3.521s-.834 2.958-.834 4.507c0 1.69.278 3.239.834 4.507.557 1.409 1.391 2.535 2.364 3.521s2.225 1.69 3.616 2.253 2.92.704 4.449.704c1.391 0 2.782-.282 4.172-.845s2.503-1.549 3.337-2.817l-3.893-2.817c-.139.845-.834 1.409-1.53 1.831zm32.539-10.563c-.973 0-1.808.282-2.503.704s-1.251 1.127-1.668 1.972V8.028h-4.45v14.366h4.45v-6.056c0-.704 0-1.408.139-1.972s.278-1.127.556-1.549.695-.704 1.112-.986c.556-.282 1.113-.422 1.947-.422.278 0 .695 0 .973.141.279 0 .557.141.974.282V7.746c-.278 0-.417-.141-.695-.141h-.835zm16.965 7.606c0-1.127-.139-2.254-.417-3.099a5.18 5.18 0 0 0-1.391-2.394c-.556-.704-1.251-1.127-2.086-1.549s-1.807-.563-2.781-.563c-1.112 0-2.086.141-3.059.563s-1.808.845-2.503 1.549-1.251 1.408-1.669 2.394-.556 1.972-.556 3.099.139 2.254.556 3.099c.418.986.974 1.69 1.669 2.394s1.53 1.127 2.503 1.549 1.947.563 3.059.563 2.225-.282 3.338-.704A8.03 8.03 0 0 0 208.166 20l-3.06-2.253c-.417.563-.834.986-1.251 1.268-.556.282-1.112.422-1.808.422-.834 0-1.529-.282-2.225-.704-.556-.563-.973-1.127-1.112-1.972H209v-1.549h-.139zm-10.29-1.549c0-.423.139-.704.278-.986s.417-.563.556-.845c.278-.282.556-.422.974-.563s.834-.282 1.251-.282c.834 0 1.53.282 1.947.845.556.563.695 1.127.695 1.972h-5.701v-.141z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__navigation-mobile-container" data-v-5f67d08b><div data-v-5f67d08b><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-platform-header__button apl-platform-header__button--icon" aria-label="Log in by institution"><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--institution apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div><div class="apl-search apl-search--collapse apl-search--md apl-platform-header__search" data-v-aec9f5e2 data-v-5f67d08b><input class="apl-search__input" type="search" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" value data-v-aec9f5e2><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--mobile" aria-label="Search" data-v-3dc43ba0 data-v-aec9f5e2><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--desktop" aria-label="Search" data-v-28a98aec data-v-aec9f5e2><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--left" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div><span>Search</span></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-platform-header__button apl-platform-header__button--icon apl-menu__options--mobile" aria-label="Expand menu options" aria-expanded="false" id="apl-menu__mobile-menu-toggle" data-v-b4a8da84 data-v-5f67d08b><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--menu apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></div></div><div class="apl-container apl-platform-header__container apl-platform-header__container--desktop" data-v-b46fab2c data-v-cabeb8f7><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__logo-and-menu-container" data-v-b46fab2c><div class="apl-platform-header__branding" data-v-b46fab2c><a href="/core/" class="platform-logo" title="Cambridge Core homepage"><div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 209 20" fill="none" role="img" width="140" height="30"><title> Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. </title><path d="M173.541 7.465c-4.172 0-7.648 3.521-7.648 7.747s3.476 7.746 7.648 7.746 7.648-3.521 7.648-7.746-3.337-7.747-7.648-7.747zm0 11.408c-2.086 0-3.616-1.69-3.616-3.662s1.669-3.662 3.616-3.662c2.086 0 3.615 1.69 3.615 3.662.139 2.113-1.529 3.662-3.615 3.662zm-159.357.704c-.973.563-1.947.704-3.198.704a8.31 8.31 0 0 1-3.337-.704c-.973-.423-1.808-.986-2.503-1.831-.695-.704-1.112-1.69-1.53-2.676s-.556-1.972-.556-3.099.139-2.253.556-3.38.834-1.972 1.53-2.676 1.53-1.408 2.503-1.831 2.086-.704 3.198-.704c.973 0 1.947.141 2.781.563.973.423 1.669.986 2.225 1.831l2.364-1.831c-.834-1.127-1.947-1.972-3.198-2.394-1.391-.563-2.642-.845-4.033-.845-1.669 0-3.059.282-4.45.845S4.033 2.817 3.059 3.944C2.086 4.93 1.391 6.197.834 7.465.278 8.873 0 10.282 0 11.972c0 1.268.278 2.676.695 3.944.556 1.268 1.251 2.394 2.086 3.521.973.986 2.086 1.831 3.337 2.535 1.391.563 2.781.986 4.45.986 1.252 0 2.225-.141 3.198-.422s1.669-.704 2.364-1.127 1.112-.845 1.53-1.268.695-.704.834-.986l-2.364-1.831c-.278.986-.973 1.69-1.947 2.254zm18.773.282v-7.183c0-.563-.139-1.268-.278-1.831-.278-.563-.556-1.127-1.112-1.549-.417-.423-1.112-.845-1.808-.986-.695-.282-1.669-.423-2.642-.423s-1.947.141-2.92.563c-.973.282-1.808.845-2.642 1.549l1.53 1.69c.278-.141.417-.422.695-.563s.556-.423.834-.563.695-.282 1.112-.423S26.56 10 27.116 10s1.112.141 1.53.282.695.422.973.704.417.563.556.986.139.704.139 1.127v.563h-1.947c-1.113 0-2.086.141-3.059.282s-1.808.422-2.503.845-1.251.845-1.669 1.549c-.417.563-.556 1.409-.556 2.254 0 .704.139 1.268.417 1.831s.556.986 1.113 1.268c.417.423.973.563 1.53.845.556.141 1.252.282 1.808.282 1.112 0 1.947-.141 2.781-.563s1.53-.986 2.086-1.972c0 .704 0 1.408.139 2.113h2.364c0-.423 0-.704-.139-1.127.417-.423.278-.845.278-1.408zm-2.364-3.239c0 .423 0 .986-.139 1.408s-.417.986-.695 1.268c-.278.422-.695.704-1.251.986s-1.112.422-1.808.422c-.973 0-1.669-.141-2.225-.563s-.834-.986-.834-1.69c0-.563.139-.986.556-1.408.278-.423.834-.563 1.391-.845.556-.141 1.112-.282 1.808-.423.695 0 1.252-.141 1.947-.141h1.391v.986h-.139zM56.039 10c-.417-.563-.973-.986-1.669-1.408s-1.53-.563-2.642-.563c-.834 0-1.669.282-2.503.704s-1.53 1.127-1.947 1.972c-.417-.845-.973-1.549-1.808-1.972-.695-.423-1.53-.704-2.642-.704-.695 0-1.251.141-1.669.282-.556.141-.973.423-1.391.704s-.695.563-.973.845-.417.563-.417.704V8.31h-2.503v14.085h2.642V15.07c0-.845.139-1.549.278-2.113s.417-1.127.834-1.408c.278-.423.695-.704 1.113-.845s.834-.282 1.39-.282c.695 0 1.113.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.834.986s.278.845.417 1.409c0 .563.139 1.127.139 1.831v7.324h2.642v-7.746c0-1.268.278-2.253.834-3.098s1.53-1.127 2.781-1.127c.695 0 1.112.141 1.53.282.417.282.695.563.973.845.278.422.417.845.417 1.268 0 .563.139.986.139 1.549v7.887h2.642v-8.169c0-.845-.139-1.549-.278-2.254 0-.422-.278-1.127-.695-1.69zm16.826.141c-.556-.704-1.391-1.127-2.225-1.549s-1.808-.563-2.92-.563c-.973 0-1.947.282-2.781.704s-1.53.986-2.086 1.69V0h-2.642v22.394h2.642v-1.972a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.086 1.69c.834.422 1.808.563 2.781.563 1.112 0 2.086-.141 2.92-.563s1.669-.845 2.225-1.549 1.112-1.408 1.391-2.394c.278-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958 0-.986-.139-1.972-.556-2.958-.278-.704-.695-1.408-1.391-2.113zm-1.252 7.183c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.947.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.391-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.391-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zM82.46 8.169c-.417.141-.834.282-1.112.563-.417.282-.695.423-.973.845-.278.282-.556.704-.695.986V8.451h-2.642v14.085h2.642v-7.042c0-1.549.278-2.676.973-3.38s1.669-1.127 2.92-1.127h.695c.278 0 .417.141.695.141l.139-2.817c-.417-.141-.695-.141-1.112-.141a2.82 2.82 0 0 0-1.53 0zm5.145 14.225h2.642V8.31h-2.642v14.085zm1.252-20.986a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.391.563c-.278.423-.556.845-.556 1.408s.139.986.556 1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.391.563 1.77 1.77 0 0 0 1.39-.563c.417-.423.556-.845.556-1.408s-.139-.986-.556-1.408a1.77 1.77 0 0 0-1.39-.563zm15.574 9.014a6.17 6.17 0 0 0-2.085-1.69c-.835-.423-1.808-.704-2.781-.704-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.409-1.391 2.394c-.278.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.834 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.391 1.268 2.225 1.549c.834.422 1.808.563 2.92.563.974 0 1.807-.141 2.781-.563a6.17 6.17 0 0 0 2.085-1.69v1.972h2.643V0h-2.643v10.423zm-.417 6.901c-.278.563-.556 1.127-.973 1.549s-.834.704-1.391.986-1.251.422-1.946.422-1.391-.141-1.947-.422-1.112-.563-1.39-.986c-.417-.422-.695-.986-.973-1.549s-.278-1.268-.278-1.972.139-1.408.278-1.972c.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.39.141 1.946.423 1.113.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c.139.704 0 1.409-.278 1.972zm17.104-6.901c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.225-1.69-.834-.423-1.808-.563-2.781-.563-1.112 0-2.086.141-2.92.563s-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-1.112 1.408-1.39 2.394c-.279.845-.557 1.831-.557 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.557 2.817s.834 1.69 1.529 2.253c.695.704 1.391 1.127 2.225 1.549s1.808.563 2.781.563 1.947-.141 2.781-.563a5.21 5.21 0 0 0 2.086-1.831h.139v2.113c0 .563-.139 1.127-.278 1.831-.139.563-.417 1.127-.834 1.549s-.835.845-1.53 1.127-1.53.422-2.503.422-1.947-.141-2.781-.563-1.53-.986-2.225-1.69l-1.808 2.253c.974.986 2.086 1.549 3.199 1.972s2.364.563 3.615.563c1.112 0 2.225-.141 3.059-.563.974-.422 1.808-.845 2.364-1.549.695-.704 1.252-1.408 1.53-2.253.417-.845.556-1.831.556-2.958V8.732h-2.642v1.69h.278zm-1.251 8.451c-.835.845-1.947 1.268-3.338 1.268s-2.503-.422-3.337-1.268-1.252-1.972-1.252-3.38c0-.704.139-1.408.279-1.972.278-.563.556-1.127.973-1.549s.834-.704 1.39-.986 1.252-.423 1.947-.423 1.391.141 1.947.423 1.112.563 1.391.986c.417.423.695.986.973 1.549s.278 1.268.278 1.972c0 1.408-.417 2.535-1.251 3.38zm18.633-8.451c-.556-.704-1.251-1.268-2.086-1.69s-1.947-.704-3.198-.704c-1.113 0-1.947.141-2.92.563-.835.423-1.669.845-2.225 1.549-.695.704-1.113 1.409-1.53 2.394-.417.845-.556 1.831-.556 2.958 0 .986.139 1.972.556 2.958.278.845.835 1.69 1.391 2.394s1.39 1.127 2.225 1.549 1.946.563 3.059.563c2.642 0 4.728-.986 6.257-2.817l-2.085-1.831c-.557.704-1.113 1.127-1.669 1.549s-1.391.563-2.086.563c-.556 0-1.251-.141-1.808-.282s-1.112-.422-1.529-.845-.835-.845-1.113-1.268a3.79 3.79 0 0 1-.417-1.69h11.264v-.845c0-.845-.139-1.831-.418-2.676-.139-.986-.556-1.69-1.112-2.394zm-9.734 3.803c0-.423.139-.986.278-1.408s.556-.986.835-1.268c.417-.423.834-.704 1.39-.986a3.81 3.81 0 0 1 1.808-.423c.695 0 1.251.141 1.808.282s.973.563 1.251.845c.278.422.556.845.695 1.268.139.563.278.986.278 1.69h-8.343zm30.592 3.944c-.695.422-1.529.563-2.503.563-.834 0-1.529-.141-2.364-.563-.695-.282-1.39-.845-1.807-1.408-.557-.563-.974-1.268-1.252-2.113a8.3 8.3 0 0 1-.417-2.676 8.3 8.3 0 0 1 .417-2.676c.278-.845.695-1.549 1.252-2.113s1.112-1.127 1.946-1.408c.696-.282 1.53-.563 2.364-.563s1.669.141 2.225.423c.695.282 1.252.704 1.669 1.268l3.476-2.958c-.417-.563-.973-1.127-1.529-1.408-.557-.423-1.113-.704-1.808-.986-.556-.282-1.252-.423-1.947-.563s-1.251-.141-1.808-.141c-1.668 0-3.198.282-4.449.704a12.06 12.06 0 0 0-3.616 2.254c-.973.986-1.807 2.113-2.364 3.521s-.834 2.958-.834 4.507c0 1.69.278 3.239.834 4.507.557 1.409 1.391 2.535 2.364 3.521s2.225 1.69 3.616 2.253 2.92.704 4.449.704c1.391 0 2.782-.282 4.172-.845s2.503-1.549 3.337-2.817l-3.893-2.817c-.139.845-.834 1.409-1.53 1.831zm32.539-10.563c-.973 0-1.808.282-2.503.704s-1.251 1.127-1.668 1.972V8.028h-4.45v14.366h4.45v-6.056c0-.704 0-1.408.139-1.972s.278-1.127.556-1.549.695-.704 1.112-.986c.556-.282 1.113-.422 1.947-.422.278 0 .695 0 .973.141.279 0 .557.141.974.282V7.746c-.278 0-.417-.141-.695-.141h-.835zm16.965 7.606c0-1.127-.139-2.254-.417-3.099a5.18 5.18 0 0 0-1.391-2.394c-.556-.704-1.251-1.127-2.086-1.549s-1.807-.563-2.781-.563c-1.112 0-2.086.141-3.059.563s-1.808.845-2.503 1.549-1.251 1.408-1.669 2.394-.556 1.972-.556 3.099.139 2.254.556 3.099c.418.986.974 1.69 1.669 2.394s1.53 1.127 2.503 1.549 1.947.563 3.059.563 2.225-.282 3.338-.704A8.03 8.03 0 0 0 208.166 20l-3.06-2.253c-.417.563-.834.986-1.251 1.268-.556.282-1.112.422-1.808.422-.834 0-1.529-.282-2.225-.704-.556-.563-.973-1.127-1.112-1.972H209v-1.549h-.139zm-10.29-1.549c0-.423.139-.704.278-.986s.417-.563.556-.845c.278-.282.556-.422.974-.563s.834-.282 1.251-.282c.834 0 1.53.282 1.947.845.556.563.695 1.127.695 1.972h-5.701v-.141z" fill="#fff"></path></svg></div></a></div><hr class="apl-platform-header__logo-and-menu-divider" data-v-b46fab2c><nav data-v-b46fab2c><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-menu__options--desktop" data-v-1e1e1426 data-v-b46fab2c><ul class="apl-menu__list" data-v-1e1e1426><li id="menu_item-0" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Browse</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li><li id="menu_item-1" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Services</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li><li id="menu_item-2" class="apl-menu__list-item" data-v-1e1e1426><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button apl-menu__item"><span>Open research</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button></li></ul></div></nav></div><div class="apl-container apl-container--no-padding apl-platform-header__account-and-search-container" data-v-b46fab2c><div class="apl-platform-header__authenticated-by" data-v-b46fab2c><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--md apl-button--text apl-platform-header__button"><span>Institution Login</span></button></div><div class="apl-search apl-search--collapse apl-search--md apl-platform-header__search" data-v-aec9f5e2 data-v-b46fab2c><input class="apl-search__input" type="search" placeholder="Search..." autocomplete="off" value data-v-aec9f5e2><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-button--icon-only apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--mobile" aria-label="Search" data-v-3dc43ba0 data-v-aec9f5e2><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--md apl-search__btn-search apl-search__btn-search--desktop" aria-label="Search" data-v-28a98aec data-v-aec9f5e2><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--search apl-button__icon--left" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div><span>Search</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div> </div></div><script>window.__PLATFORM_HEADER_DATA__ = {"megaMenuData":{"menuItems":[{"id":"menu_item-0","label":"Browse","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0","label":"Subjects","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/browse-subjects","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0","label":" Subjects (A-D)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Anthropology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/anthropology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Archaeology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/archaeology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Area Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/area-studies"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Art","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/art"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Chemistry","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/chemistry"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Classical Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/classical-studies"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Computer Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/computer-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/drama-and-theatre"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1","label":" Subjects (E-K)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Earth and Environmental Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/earth-and-environmental-sciences"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Economics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/economics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/education"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Engineering","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/engineering"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-4","label":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/english-language-teaching-resources-for-teachers"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/film-media-mass-ommunication"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-6","label":"General Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/general-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Geography","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/geography"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-1_link-8","label":"History","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/history"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2","label":" Subjects (L-O)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Language and Linguistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/language-and-linguistics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Law","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/law"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Life Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/life-sciences"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Literature","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/literature"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Management","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/management"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Materials Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/materials-science"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-6","label":"Mathematics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/mathematics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-7","label":"Medicine","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/medicine"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-8","label":"Music","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/music"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-2_link-9","label":"Nutrition","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/nutrition"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3","label":" Subjects (P-Z)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Philosophy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/philosophy"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Physics and Astronomy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/physics"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Politics and International Relations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/politics-and-international-relations"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Psychiatry","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychiatry"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Psychology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Religion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/religion"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Social Science Research Methods","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/social-science-research-methods"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-7","label":"Sociology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/sociology"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-0_subCat-3_link-8","label":"Statistics and Probability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/browse-subjects/statistics-and-probability"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1","label":"Open access","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/open-access","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"All open access publishing","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Research open journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Journals containing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Open access articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-1_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/journals","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"All journal subjects","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/journals"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Search journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Open access","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Research open journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Journals containing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Open access articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Cambridge Forum","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Cambridge Prisms","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-2_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Research Directions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/books","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/books"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-2","label":"New books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/books/listing?aggs[productDate][filters]=Last+3+months&aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Cambridge Companions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Cambridge Editions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Cambridge Histories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Cambridge Library Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Cambridge Shakespeare","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Cambridge Handbooks","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2","label":" Collections (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Hemingway Letters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Shakespeare Survey","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Stahl Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-3_subCat-2_link-5","label":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4","label":"Elements","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/elements","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"About Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Elements series","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/cambridge-elements-series"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"New Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&aggs%5BproductDate%5D%5Bfilters%5D=Last%203%20months&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1","label":"Subjects (A-E)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Anthropology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Anthropology/2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Archaeology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Archaeology/63A50B5368A9F97F8AA2D6AB965B5F4C"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Classical Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Classical%20Studies/DDC63B7F5792FE2A95D1FB15F76E3F42"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Computer Science","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Computer%20Science/A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Drama,%20Theatre,%20Performance%20Studies/2825E4E39F2D641B36543EE80FB1DEA3"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Earth and Environmental Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences/F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Economics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Economics/FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Education/550D00F8DF590F2598CF7CC0038E24D1"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-1_link-8","label":"Engineering","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Engineering/CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2","label":" Subjects (F-O)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Film,%20Media,%20Mass%20Communication/4B91F10E834814A90CE718E7831E492F"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-1","label":"History","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/History/66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Language and Linguistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Language%20and%20Linguistics/140D314098408C26BDF3009F7FF858E9"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Law","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Law/7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Life Sciences","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Life%20Sciences/E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Literature","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Literature/F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-6","label":"Management","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Management/0EDCC0540639B06A5669BDEEF50C4CBE"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-7","label":"Mathematics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Mathematics/FA1467C44B5BD46BB8AA6E58C2252153"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-8","label":"Medicine","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Medicine/66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-2_link-9","label":"Music","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Music/A370B5604591CB3C7F9AFD892DDF7BD1"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3","label":" Subjects (P-Z)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Philosophy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Philosophy/2D1AC3C0E174F1F1A93F8C7DE19E0FAB"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Physics and Astronomy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Physics%20and%20Astronomy/DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Politics and International Relations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Politics%20and%20International%20Relations/3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Psychology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Psychology/21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Religion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Religion/53E51D24FB488962B9364A2C4B45D1C3"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Sociology","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Sociology/0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-4_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Statistics and Probability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/elements/subject/Statistics%20and%20Probability/3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5","label":"Textbooks","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/textbooks","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0","label":"Explore","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Higher Education","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Title list","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/services/librarians/title-list"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-5_subCat-0_link-2","label":"New titles","openExternal":false,"url":"/highereducation/search?sortBy=publication_date&aggs=%24productDate%24Last%25206%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%252012%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%25203%2520years%3Atrue%26Over%25203%2520years%3Atrue%3B%3B&event=SE-AU_PREF"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6","label":"Collections","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/collections","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0","label":"Book collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Companions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Cambridge Editions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Cambridge Histories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Cambridge Library Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Cambridge Shakespeare","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Cambridge Handbooks","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1","label":" Book collections (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Hemingway Letters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Shakespeare Survey","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Stahl Online","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-1_link-5","label":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2","label":"Journal collections","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Cambridge Forum","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Cambridge Prisms","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Research Directions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-3","label":"Series","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-6_subCat-3_link-0","label":"All series","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/collections/series"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7","label":"Partners","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0","label":"Partners","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Agenda Publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/agenda-publishing"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Amsterdam University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/amsterdam-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Anthem Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/anthem-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Boydell & Brewer","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/boydell-brewer"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Bristol University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/bristol-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Edinburgh University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/edinburgh-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/emirates-center"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Facet Publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/facet-publishing"}]},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1","label":" Partners (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Foundation Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/foundation-books"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Intersentia","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/intersentia"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-2","label":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/iseas"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Jagiellonian University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/jagiellonian-university-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Royal Economic Society","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/royal-economic-society"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Unisa Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/unisa-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-6","label":"The University of Adelaide Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/university-adelaide-press"},{"id":"menu_item-0_cat-7_subCat-1_link-7","label":"Wits University Press","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/wits-university-press"}]}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1","label":"Services","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0","label":"About","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/about/about","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0","label":"About Cambridge Core","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"About","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/about"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Accessibility","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/accessibility"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"CrossMark policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/crossmark-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Ethical Standards","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/ethical-standards"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1","label":"Environment and sustainability","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Environment and sustainability","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/environment-and-sustainability"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Reducing print","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/reducing-print"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Journals moving to online only","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/journals-moving-to-online-only"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2","label":"Guides","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"User guides","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/user-guides"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"User Guides and Videos","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/user-guides-and-videos"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Support Videos","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/support-videos"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Training","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/about/training"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3","label":"Help","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Cambridge Core help","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Contact us","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/p/contact-information"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-0_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Technical support","openExternal":false,"url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/requests/new"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1","label":"Agents","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/agents/services-for-agents","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"Services for agents","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Services for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/services-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Journals for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/journals-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Books for agents","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/books-for-agents"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Price list","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/agents/price-list"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2","label":"Authors","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/authors/authors","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Journal publishing statistics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journal-publishing-statistics"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Corresponding author","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/corresponding-author"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/seeking-permission-to-use-copyrighted-material"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Publishing supplementary material","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-supplementary-material"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Writing an effective abstract","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/writing-an-effective-abstract"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Journal production - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journal-production-faqs"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Author affiliations","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/author-affiliations"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Co-reviewing policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/co-reviewing-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/digital-author-publishing-agreement-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Anonymising your manuscript","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/anonymising-your-manuscript"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Publishing open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Converting your article to open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/converting-your-article-to-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-open-access-webinars"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Preparing and submitting your paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/preparing-and-submitting-your-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Publishing an accepted paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/publishing-an-accepted-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Promoting your published paper","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/promoting-your-published-paper"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Measuring impact","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/measuring-impact"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Journals artwork guide","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/journals-artwork-guide"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Using ORCID","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/using-orcid"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Marketing your book","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/marketing-your-book"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-2_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Author guides for Cambridge Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/authors/elements-user-guides"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3","label":"Corporates","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/corporates/services-for-corporates","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Corporates","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Commercial reprints","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/commercial-reprints"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Advertising","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/advertising"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Sponsorship","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/sponsorship"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Book special sales","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/book-special-sales"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-3_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Contact us","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/corporates/contact-us"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4","label":"Editors","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/editors/editors","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0","label":"Information","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Journal development","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/journal-development"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Peer review for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/peer-review-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Open access for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/open-access-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Policies and guidelines","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/policies-and-guidelines"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1","label":"Resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-0","label":"The editor's role","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/the-editors-role"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Open research for editors","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/open-research-for-editors"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Engagement and promotion","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/engagement-and-promotion"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Blogging","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/blogging"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-4_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Social media","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/editors/social-media"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5","label":"Librarians","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/librarians/librarians","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0","label":"Information","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open Access for Librarians","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/open-access-for-librarians"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Transformative agreements","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/transformative-agreements-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Evidence based acquisition","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/evidence-based-acquisition"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-4","label":"ebook news & updates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/ebook-news-and-updates"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-libraries-of-the-world-podcast"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Purchasing models","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/purchasing-models"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-0_link-7","label":"Journals Publishing Updates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/journals-publishing-updates"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1","label":"Products","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Cambridge frontlist","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-frontlist"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Cambridge journals digital archive","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/cambridge-journals-digital-archive"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Hot topics","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/hot-topics"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Other digital products","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/other-digital-products"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Perpetual access products","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/perpetual-access-products"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Price list","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/price-list"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Developing country programme","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/developing-country-programme"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-1_link-7","label":"New content","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/new-content"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2","label":"Tools","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Eligibility checker","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/eligibility-checker"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Transformative agreements","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-2","label":"KBART","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/kbart"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-3","label":"MARC records","openExternal":false,"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/marc-records"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/using-marcedit-for-marc-records"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/inbound-openurl-specifications"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-2_link-6","label":"COUNTER report types","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/counter-report-types"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3","label":"Resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Catalogues and resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/catalogues-and-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Making the most of your EBA","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/making-the-most-of-your-eba"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Posters","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/posters"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Leaflets and brochures","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/leaflets-and-brochures"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Additional resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/additional-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Find my sales contact","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/find-my-sales-contact"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-6","label":"Webinars","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/webinars"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-5_subCat-3_link-7","label":"Read and publish resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/librarians/read-and-publish-resources"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6","label":"Peer review","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/peer-review","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0","label":"Peer review","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-0","label":"How to peer review journal articles","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-journal-articles"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-1","label":"How to peer review book proposals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-book-proposals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-2","label":"How to peer review Registered Reports","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/how-to-peer-review-registered-reports"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Peer review FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/peer-review-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Ethics in peer review","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/ethics-in-peer-review"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Online peer review systems","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/online-peer-review-systems"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-6_subCat-0_link-6","label":"A guide to Publons","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/peer-review/a-guide-to-publons"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7","label":"Publishing ethics","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0","label":"Journals ","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Core editorial policies for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Affiliations for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Research ethics for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Competing interests and funding for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1","label":"Journals (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-for-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Misconduct for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Versions and adaptations for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Business ethics journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2","label":"Books","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/publishing-ethics-guidelines-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Core editorial policies for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/core-editorial-policies-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Authorship and contributorship for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Affiliations for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/affiliations-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-4","label":"Research ethics for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/research-ethics-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-2_link-5","label":"Competing interests and funding for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/competing-interests-and-funding-books"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3","label":"Books (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-0","label":"Data and supporting evidence for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/data-and-supporting-evidence-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-1","label":"Misconduct for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/misconduct-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-2","label":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/corrections-retractions-and-removals-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-3","label":"Versions and adaptations for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/versions-and-adaptations-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-4","label":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-7_subCat-3_link-5","label":"Business ethics books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-ethics/business-ethics-books"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8","label":"Publishing partners","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/publishing-partnerships","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0","label":"Publishing partners","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/publishing-partnerships"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Partner books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/partner-books"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-2","label":"eBook publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/ebook-publishing-partnerships"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Journal publishing partnerships","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/journal-publishing-partnerships"}]},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1","label":"Publishing partners (cont.)","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Journals publishing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/journals-publishing"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Customer support","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/customer-support"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Membership Services","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/membership-services"},{"id":"menu_item-1_cat-8_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Our Team","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/publishing-partners/our-team"}]}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2","label":"Open research","openExternal":null,"url":"","isMegaMenu":true,"menuCats":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-policies","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-research"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open access policies","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-policies"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/cambridge-university-press-and-plan-s"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Text and data mining","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/text-and-data-mining"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Preprint policy","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/preprint-policy"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Social sharing","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/social-sharing"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1","label":"Journals","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Gold open access journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Transformative journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/transformative-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Green Open Access policy for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-journals"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/transparent-pricing-policy-for-journals"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2","label":"Books and Elements","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Gold open access books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/gold-open-access-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-2","label":"Green Open Access policy for books","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/green-open-access-policy-for-books"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-0_subCat-2_link-3","label":"Open access Elements","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-policies/open-access-elements"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1","label":"Open access publishing","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0","label":"About open access","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Open research","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-research"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open Access Week","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-week"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-2","label":"What is open access?","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Open access glossary","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-glossary"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Open access myths","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-myths"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-5","label":"Hybrid Open Access FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/hybrid-open-access-faqs"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-0_link-6","label":"Eligibility checker","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/eligibility-checker"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1","label":"Open access resources","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-1","label":"Benefits of open access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/benefits-of-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-2","label":"Creative commons licenses","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/creative-commons-licenses"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-3","label":"Funder policies and mandates","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/funder-policies-and-mandates"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-4","label":"Article type definitions","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/article-type-definitions"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-5","label":"Convert your article to Open Access","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/convert-your-article-to-open-access"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-1_subCat-1_link-6","label":"Open access video resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-publishing/open-access-video-resources"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2","label":"Open research initiatives","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0","label":"Research transparency","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Transparency and openness","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/transparency-and-openness"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Open Practice Badges","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-practice-badges"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-2","label":"OA organisations, initiatives & directories","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-organisations-initiatives-and-directories"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Registered Reports","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/registered-reports"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/annotation-for-transparent-inquiry-ati"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1","label":"Journal flips","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1_link-0","label":"Open access journal flips","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/open-access-journal-flips"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-1_link-1","label":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/oa-journal-flip-faqs"}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2_link-0","label":"Flip it Open","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-2_subCat-2_link-1","label":"Flip it Open FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-research-initiatives/flip-it-open-faqs"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3","label":"Open access funding","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/funding-open-access-publication","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0","label":"Open access funding","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Funding open access publication","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/funding-open-access-publication"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-3_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/open-access-funding/cambridge-open-equity-initiative"}]}]},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4","label":" Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":null,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/cambridge-open-engage","menuTopics":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0","label":" Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":null,"url":"","menuLinks":[{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-0","label":"Cambridge Open Engage","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/cambridge-open-engage"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-1","label":"Partner With Us","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-with-us"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-2","label":"Branded Hubs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-branded-hubs"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-3","label":"Event Workspaces","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-event-workspaces"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-4","label":"Partner Resources","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-partner-resources"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-5","label":"APSA Preprints","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints"},{"id":"menu_item-2_cat-4_subCat-0_link-6","label":"APSA Preprints FAQs","openExternal":false,"url":"/core/services/cambridge-open-engage/engage-apsa-preprints-faqs"}]}]}]}]}}</script> </div> <platform-header id='platform-header-wc' platform='core' env='prod' institution-log-in-url='https://shibboleth.cambridge.org/CJOShibb2/index?app=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fshibboleth%3Fref%3D%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-review-of-social-history%2Farticle%2Fgerman-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner%2FC15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333' manage-account-url='/core/login' base-url='/core/services/' class='platform-header-wc' search-phrase='' is-preview='false' hide-search='false' style="display: none" ></platform-header> <script> const platformHeader = $('#platform-header'); const platformHeaderWc = $('#platform-header-wc'); platformHeaderWc.prop('initialData', window.__PLATFORM_HEADER_DATA__); platformHeaderWc.on('initialized', function () { platformHeader.hide(); platformHeaderWc.show(); }); const createForm = function (searchPhrase) { const form = document.createElement('form'); form.style.display = 'none'; form.method = 'GET'; form.action = '/core/search'; const input = document.createElement('input'); input.type = 'hidden'; input.name = 'q'; input.value = searchPhrase; form.appendChild(input); return form; }; platformHeaderWc.on('search', function (e) { const searchPhrase = e?.originalEvent?.detail[0]?.phrase; if (!searchPhrase) { return; } const form = createForm(searchPhrase); document.body.appendChild(form); $('form').submit(); document.body.removeChild(form); }); </script><div class="flash-message-container" role="alert"> <div class="flash-message"> <script> var AOP = AOP || {}; $( document ).ready(function() { if (AOP.onLoadfocusTriggered !== true) { if($(".alert-box").length) { AOP.enableKeyboardAccess($(".alert-box")); } AOP.onLoadfocusTriggered = true; } }); </script> <div id="ajaxMessages" class="ajaxMessages"></div> </div> </div> <div class="article-wrapper"> <link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/css/styles.css?hash=44de98b" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/css/app.css?hash=f1e6144" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" as="script"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/page-component/css/styles.css?hash=44de98b"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/page-component/css/app.css?hash=f1e6144"> <div role="main" class="page-component"> <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><div id="__layout"><div><div data-v-01274b1d><div style="display: none;" data-v-01274b1d> Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T04:11:13.377Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false </div> <div class="container-fluid breadcrumbs-wrapper" data-v-3692cf84 data-v-01274b1d><div class="row crumbs-row" data-v-3692cf84><div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list" data-v-3692cf84><div class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list__wrapper" data-v-3692cf84> <div role="navigation" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__list__wrapper__crumbs" data-v-3692cf84><ul data-test-id="breadcrumbs" class="page-breadcrumbs" data-v-3692cf84><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><a href="/core" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Home</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/publications/journals" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Journals</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>International Review of Social History</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/issue/49BE8005214F1048A5BDC3511108A802" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-3692cf84><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 14 Issue 2</span> </a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img src="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/ISH_0_0_0/international-review-of-social-history.jpg" alt="" class="journal__image" data-v-146270e8> <a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history" class="app-link journal__title app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-146270e8><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>International Review of Social History </span> </a> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Extract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner</h1> <p class="subtitle" data-v-862424e6>A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic</p></hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>18 December 2008</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas%20A.%20Knapp&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Thomas A. Knapp</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> </div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" data-v-1d90c6ce></span></a> <ul id="appTabs" role="tablist" class="nav nav-tabs tabs__list collapse show" data-v-1d90c6ce><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a aria-selected="true" href="#article-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="article-tab" tabindex="-1" class="active" data-v-1d90c6ce>Article </a></li><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a href="#metrics-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="metrics-tab" tabindex="-1" data-v-1d90c6ce>Metrics </a></li></ul></div></div> <div tabindex="0" role="region" aria-label="Tab content" class="tab-content" data-v-1d90c6ce><div id="article-tab" class="tab-pane active" data-v-43a4d572><div id="toc-mobile" class="table-of-content-mobile d-sm-none" data-v-43a4d572><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#toc-list-mobile" role="button" aria-expanded="false" class="toc-collapse-switch collapsed"><span class="default-heading">Article contents</span>  <span class="toc-arrow-up"></span> <span class="toc-arrow-down"></span></a> <ul id="toc-list-mobile" class="list collapse"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Extract</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="action-bar" data-v-43a4d572><div class="row items"> <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-113567da data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonSavePDFOptions" id="save-pdf-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon save-pdf" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save PDF</span></button> <div aria-labelledby="save-pdf-dropdown" class="app-dropdown__menu" style="display:none;" data-v-fab090b8><div class="pdf-buttons" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-113567da><a href="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333/S0020859000003564a.pdf/the-german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner-a-case-study-in-political-and-social-consensus-in-the-weimar-republic.pdf" download="" role="link" class="app-link dropdown-item app-link__text-icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon pdf-download" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Save PDF (1 mb) </span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333/S0020859000003564a.pdf/the-german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner-a-case-study-in-political-and-social-consensus-in-the-weimar-republic.pdf" role="link" class="app-link dropdown-item app-link__text-icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon pdf-download" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>View PDF </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a>   <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="dropboxModal" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon dropbox" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Dropbox</span></button> <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="googleDriveModal" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon google-drive" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Google Drive</span></button> <button aria-expanded="false" data-reveal-id="kindleModal" data-location="landingPage" role="button" class="app-button dropdown-item app-button__text-icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-113567da><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon kindle" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Save to Kindle</span></button> </div> <button aria-label="Close Save PDF dropdown" aria-expanded="false" class="app-button close-icon app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon close" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div> <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none share-dropdown" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonShareOptions" id="share-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon share" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Share</span></button> <div aria-labelledby="share-dropdown" class="app-dropdown__menu" style="display:none;" data-v-fab090b8><div aria-labelledby="dropdown-share-button" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c> <div class="social-share-container" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-beffd87c></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Share dropdown" aria-expanded="false" class="app-button close-icon app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-fab090b8><img src="/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon close" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div> <button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonCiteOptions" data-prod-id="C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" data-toggle="modal" href="#cite-modal" class="app-button cite-button d-print-none app-button__text-icon app-button--secondary export-citation-product" data-v-2a038744 data-v-2ce5f61d data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon cite" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> <span class="text" data-v-2a038744>Cite</span></button>  <a target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=ISH&title=The%20German%20Center%20Party%20and%20the%20Reichsbanner%3A%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Political%20and%20Social%20Consensus%20in%20the%20Weimar%20Republic&publicationDate=18%20December%202008&author=Thomas%20A.%20Knapp©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20Internationaal%20Instituut%20voor%20Sociale%20Geschiedenis%201969&contentID=10.1017%2FS0020859000003564&startPage=159&endPage=179&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=14&issueNum=2&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Extract</h2> <div class="no-content" data-v-6723a3bd> Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button. </div> <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="text-abstract"><p>The problem of paramilitary organizations in Germany after 1918 forms an interesting and crucial chapter in the story of the ill-fated Weimar Republic. The organizations which gained the most notoriety stood on the far political right, unreconciled and unreconcilable both to military defeat and to the republic which was the child of that defeat. But the republic did have its militant defenders, who were recruited on the democratic left and organized in the Reichsbanner. The history of the Reichsbanner not only vividly demonstrated “the sharpness of political antagonisms” in the republic, but also reflected several developments during Germany's so-called golden years after 1924: the balance of political forces, Catholic-socialist and bourgeois-socialist relations, and in no small degree the disintegration of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democratic Party, Democratic Party, and Center Party).</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Research Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>International Review of Social History </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/volume/83C50DF97037AF2DFEF29A4B31B89BD3" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 14 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/issue/49BE8005214F1048A5BDC3511108A802" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 2 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, August 1969</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 159 - 179</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1969 </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="fn01" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 159 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 159 note 1</sup></span> On the history of the Reichsbanner, see the recent study by Karl Rohe, Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Struktur der politischen Kampfverbände zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1966). The present article approaches the Reichsbanner from a different perspective (since it is concerned essentially with the problems of the Center) and utilizes different sources from those used by Rohe.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn02" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 159 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 159 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref001" id="ref001"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Bracher</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl Dietrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik</span> (<span class="edition">3rd ed.</span>; <span class="publisher-loc">Villingen/Schwarzwald</span>, <span class="year">1960</span>), p. <span class="fpage">144</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Aufl%C3%B6sung+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Bracher+Karl+Dietrich&publication+year=1960>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn03" aria-flowto="reference-3-content reference-3-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 160 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-3-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 160 note 1</sup></span> Letter of Hörsing to Wilhelm Marx, Oct. 11, 1926, in Wilhelm Marx Papers 265, Kö;ln Stadtarchiv.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn04" aria-flowto="reference-4-content reference-4-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 160 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-4-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 160 note 2</sup></span> On these problems, and on the founding of the Reichsbanner, see the discussion in Rohe, pp. 44–55. The author (p. 52) refers to the Reichsbanner as “dieses ideologisch wenig artikulierten Verbandes”.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn05" aria-flowto="reference-5-content reference-5-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 161 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-5-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 161 note 1</sup></span> The title of a book by the chairman of the Baden Center, Josef Schofer, Mit der alten Fahne in die neue Zeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1926). On the Center in the early years of the republic see <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref002" id="ref002"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Morsey</span>, <span class="given-names">Rudolf</span></span>, <span class="source">Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Düsseldorf</span>, <span class="year">1966</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1917%E2%80%931923&author=Morsey+Rudolf&publication+year=1966>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn06" aria-flowto="reference-6-content reference-6-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 161 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-6-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 161 note 2</sup></span> Most of the recent literature on the Center makes this rather clear. See in particular the excellent brief survey of <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref003" id="ref003"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, <span class="given-names">Josef</span></span>, “Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1918–1933. Grundprobleme ihrer Entwicklung”, in: Aus Politik und Zeit-geschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament (<span class="month">03</span> 13, <span class="year">1968</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">3</span>–<span class="lpage">15</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Becker,+Josef,+“Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1918–1933.+Grundprobleme+ihrer+Entwicklung”,+in:+Aus+Politik+und+Zeit-geschichte.+Beilage+zur+Wochenzeitung+Das+Parlament+(03+13,+1968),+pp.+3–15.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn07" aria-flowto="reference-7-content reference-7-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 162 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-7-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 162 note 1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref004" id="ref004"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, <span class="given-names">Joseph</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums</span>”, in: <span class="source">Frankfurter Zeitung</span>, No <span class="volume">831</span>, <span class="month">11</span> 7, <span class="year">1926</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Erfurter+Tagung+des+Zentrums&author=Wirth+Joseph&publication+year=1926&journal=Frankfurter+Zeitung&volume=831>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref005" id="ref005">“Die deutsche Republik und die Zentrumspartei”, in: Deutsche Republik, I, Heft 3 (<span class="year">1926</span>–<span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">3</span>–<span class="lpage">4</span> (hereafter cited as DR).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Die+deutsche+Republik+und+die+Zentrumspartei”,+in:+Deutsche+Republik,+I,+Heft+3+(1926–1927),+pp.+3–4+(hereafter+cited+as+DR).>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn08" aria-flowto="reference-8-content reference-8-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 162 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-8-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 162 note 2</sup></span> Letter of Wilhelm Marx to Carl Bachem, Jan. 11, 1928 in Carl Bachem Papers 923, <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref006" id="ref006"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Stadtarchiv.</span>, <span class="given-names">Köln</span></span> Cf. <span class="source">Offizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>, n.d. [<span class="year">1925</span>]), p. <span class="fpage">112</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Offizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Offizieller+Bericht+des+Vierten+Reichsparteitages+der+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei.+Tagung+zu+Cassel+am+16.+und+17.+November+1925&author=Stadtarchiv.+K%C3%B6ln&publication+year=1925>Google Scholar</a></span> (hereafter cited as Off. Ber. 1925). It can also be argued that the Center historically embodied both a “democratic” southwest German tradition and a “constitutional” Rhenish-Prussian tradition, and that the “constitutional party” formula represented a victory of the latter over the former. See *<span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref007" id="ref007"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Buchheim</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Das Zentrum und die Republik</span>”, in: <span class="source">Hochland</span>, <span class="volume">LIX</span> (<span class="month">12</span> <span class="year">1966</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">111</span>–28.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Das Zentrum und die Republik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Das+Zentrum+und+die+Republik&author=Buchheim+Karl&publication+year=1966&journal=Hochland&volume=LIX>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn09" aria-flowto="reference-9-content reference-9-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 162 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-9-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 162 note 3</sup></span> Undated ms. “Warum das Zentrum mit dem Soz. Dem. zusammengegangen ist”, Bachem Papers 923. The same argument was used by <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref008" id="ref008"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Bachem</span>, </span> in his Vorgeschichte, <span class="source">Geschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei</span> (9 vols; <span class="publisher-loc">Köln</span>, <span class="year">1927</span>–<span class="year">1932</span>), <span class="volume">VIII</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">274</span>–77.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Geschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Geschichte+und+Politik+des+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei&author=Bachem+&publication+year=1927>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn10" aria-flowto="reference-10-content reference-10-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 162 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-10-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 162 note 4</sup></span> See Morsey, pp. 555, 577–78, 614. Morsey also points out (p. 610) that as early as 1919 the Center's relations with the SPD had “noticeably cooled”. The Volks-gemeinschaft idea was widely championed in Catholic workers' circles, although labor spokesmen were careful to emphasize that it could not be realized through a reactionary rightwing government, or “Bürgerblock”. See Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung, No 37, Sept. 13, 1924 (hereafter cited as WAZ).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn11" aria-flowto="reference-11-content reference-11-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 163 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-11-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 163 note 1</sup></span> “Things go with Wirth in large assemblies”, wrote Carl Bachem pessimistically, “just as they used to with Erzberger, only much worse … I do not think it is possible to control Wirth's madness, and thereby he will destroy the party.” Letter to Gustav Trunk, Dec. 17, 1925, Bachem Papers 828. Too close a comparison between Wirth and Erzberger can be misleading, however. Both men played the role of <em class="italic">Aussensetter</em> in the Center, but they were not close associates and had Erzberger lived after 1921 it is not at all certain he would have supported Wirth. The author is presently completing a political biography of Wirth.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn12" aria-flowto="reference-12-content reference-12-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 163 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-12-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 163 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref009" id="ref009">Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 356 (<span class="month">06</span> 25, <span class="year">1922</span>), p. <span class="fpage">8058</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+356+(06+25,+1922),+p.+8058.>Google Scholar</a></span> Morsey's assertion (op. cit., pp. 491–92) that Wirth's speech “imprisoned” him may be basically correct, but needs further explanation and some modification. Cf. Wirth's remarks during his exile in the 1930's: <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref010" id="ref010"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, <span class="given-names">Josef</span></span>, “Die deutsche Neutralitätspolitik der Jahre 1922–1932. Erstveröffentlichung einer in Luzern im Jahre 1936 gehaltenen Rede”, in: <span class="source">Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik</span>, <span class="volume">V</span> (<span class="year">1960</span>), p. <span class="fpage">1017</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+und+internationale+Politik&author=Wirth+Josef&publication+year=1960>Google Scholar</a></span> undated report [Nov., 1937] of a meeting between Wirth and Alsatian politicians, in Auswärtiges Amt: Abt. Inland II geheim (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial 2378, roll 1317, frame D497549.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn13" aria-flowto="reference-13-content reference-13-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 163 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-13-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 163 note 3</sup></span> Cf. debates over continuation of the Republikschutzgesetz in 1925, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref011" id="ref011">Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 385 (<span class="month">03</span> 18, <span class="year">1925</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1146</span>–50;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+385+(03+18,+1925),+pp.+1146–50;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref012" id="ref012"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Hertzman</span>, <span class="given-names">Lewis</span></span>, <span class="source">DNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Lincoln</span>, Neb., <span class="year">1963</span>) p. <span class="fpage">233</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for DNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=DNVP.+Right-Wing+Opposition+in+the+Weimar+Republic&author=Hertzman+Lewis&publication+year=1963>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn14" aria-flowto="reference-14-content reference-14-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 164 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-14-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 164 note 1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref013" id="ref013"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Joos</span>, <span class="given-names">Joseph</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Dr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion</span>”, in: <span class="source">WAZ</span>, No <span class="volume">38</span>, <span class="month">09</span> 19, <span class="year">1925</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Reichstagfraktion&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1925&journal=WAZ&volume=38>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref014" id="ref014"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, <span class="given-names">Joseph</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928)</span>”, in: <span class="source">Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins</span>, <span class="volume">CIX</span> (<span class="year">1961</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">403</span>–<span class="lpage">404</span>, <span class="fpage">469</span>–71.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928)' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Joseph+Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums+w%C3%A4hrend+des+IV.+Kabinettes+Marx+(1927%E2%80%931928)&author=Becker+Joseph&publication+year=1961&journal=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+des+Oberrheins&volume=CIX&pages=403-404>Google Scholar</a></span> See also the portrait by <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref015" id="ref015"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Köhler</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949</span>, ed. by <span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, <span class="given-names">Josef</span></span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Stuttgart</span>, <span class="year">1964</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1698</span>–88.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Lebenserinnerungen+des+Politikers+und+Staatsmannes+1878%E2%80%931949&author=K%C3%B6hler+Heinrich&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1964>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref016" id="ref016"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Köhler</span>, </span>, one of Wirth's erstwhile Centrist colleagues from Baden and later (<span class="year">1927</span>–<span class="year">1928</span>)<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Köhler,+,+one+of+Wirth's+erstwhile+Centrist+colleagues+from+Baden+and+later+(1927–1928)>Google Scholar</a></span> Reich finance minister, recognized Wirth's political talents but bitterly condemned him as a demagogue and “the greatest egoist in the post-war Center”.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn15" aria-flowto="reference-15-content reference-15-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 164 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-15-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 164 note 2</sup></span> Letter of Wirth to Hörsing, July 30, 1924, cited in Rohe, p. 280.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn16" aria-flowto="reference-16-content reference-16-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 164 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-16-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 164 note 3</sup></span> Morsey refers to Wirth's “Extratouren”. See <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref017" id="ref017">“Das Zentrum zwischen den Fronten”, in: Der Weg in die Diktatur 19188–1933 (Munich, <span class="year">1962</span>), p. <span class="fpage">99</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Das+Zentrum+zwischen+den+Fronten”,+in:+Der+Weg+in+die+Diktatur+19188–1933+(Munich,+1962),+p.+99.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn17" aria-flowto="reference-17-content reference-17-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 164 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-17-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 164 note 4</sup></span> The <em class="italic">Katholische Arbeitervereine</em> were not trade unions, but rather cultural organizations under episcopal jurisdiction. Joos was a personal friend of Wirth and generally acted in his behalf as a go-between with party leaders. But Wirth received more consistent support from local Catholic labor leaders.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn18" aria-flowto="reference-18-content reference-18-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 165 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-18-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 165 note 1</sup></span> Letter of Adolf Kalesse to Marx, June 1, 1927, Marx Papers 239. Cf. also WAZ, No 47, Nov. 22, 1924; <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref018" id="ref018"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Drees</span>, <span class="given-names">Willi</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Wir glauben an unsere Zukunft</span>”, in: <span class="source">All-gemeine Rundschau</span>, <span class="volume">XXIII</span> (<span class="month">07</span> 3, <span class="year">1926</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">4668</span>–67;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir glauben an unsere Zukunft' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wir+glauben+an+unsere+Zukunft&author=Drees+Willi&publication+year=1926&journal=All-gemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII>Google Scholar</a></span> Das Junge Zentrum, IV (June/July, 1927), p. 35, and <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref018">ibid.</a> (Aug., 1927), pp. 1538–54.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn19" aria-flowto="reference-19-content reference-19-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 165 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-19-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 165 note 2</sup></span> At the Center's party congress in 1925, Wirth and Stegerwald clashed head-on over the issue of political direction for the party and Center participation in the Reichsbanner. Cf. Off. Ber. 1925, pp. 308–38, 708–78. Stegerwald's penchant for a right-wing political course was tactical as much as anything else. The non-socialist federation of trade unions, which included the Christian Trade Unions, the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (founded in 1919 as a counterpoise to the socialist Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), included important contingents from the Nationalist party. As chairman of the DGB, Stegerwald was constantly preoccupied with problems of organizational unity. On the Christian Trade Unions and the Reichsbanner see <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref019" id="ref019">“Reichsbanner und christliche Gewerkschaften”, in: Zentralblatt der christlichen Gewerkschaften, XXV (<span class="year">1925</span>), p. <span class="fpage">98</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+christliche+Gewerkschaften”,+in:+Zentralblatt+der+christlichen+Gewerkschaften,+XXV+(1925),+p.+98;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref020" id="ref020">“Reichsbanner und Zentrum”, in: Kölnische Volkszeitung, No 546, <span class="month">07</span> 27, <span class="year">1927</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+Zentrum”,+in:+Kölnische+Volkszeitung,+No+546,+07+27,+1927;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref021" id="ref021">remarks of Stegerwald in Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (<span class="month">03</span> 29, <span class="year">1928</span>), p. <span class="fpage">13893</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=remarks+of+Stegerwald+in+Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+p.+13893;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref022" id="ref022">letter of Marx to Dr Stenzel, <span class="month">05</span> 13, <span class="year">1930</span>, Marx Papers <span class="fpage">265</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=letter+of+Marx+to+Dr+Stenzel,+05+13,+1930,+Marx+Papers+265.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn20" aria-flowto="reference-20-content reference-20-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 165 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-20-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 165 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref023" id="ref023"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Joos</span>, <span class="given-names">Joseph</span></span>, <span class="source">Die politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Karlsruhe</span>, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">328</span>–39;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+politische+Ideenwelt+des+Zentrums&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1928>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref024" id="ref024"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Dirks</span>, <span class="given-names">Walter</span></span><span class="source">in Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung</span>, No <span class="volume">183</span>, <span class="month">08</span> 9, <span class="year">1926</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dirks,+Walterin+Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung,+No+183,+08+9,+1926;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref025" id="ref025"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Krone</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Am Ende?</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Junge Zentrum</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">01</span>, <span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">3</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Am Ende?' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Am+Ende%3F&author=Krone+Heinrich&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=1-3>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref026" id="ref026"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, <span class="given-names">Werner</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Politik der jungen Generation in Europa</span>”, in: <span class="source">Abend-land</span>, <span class="volume">I</span> (<span class="month">08</span>, <span class="year">1926</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">328</span>–30.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Politik der jungen Generation in Europa' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Politik+der+jungen+Generation+in+Europa&author=Becker+Werner&publication+year=1926&journal=Abend-land&volume=I>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn21" aria-flowto="reference-21-content reference-21-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 165 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-21-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 165 note 4</sup></span> Germania, No 307, Nov. 5, 1923.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn22" aria-flowto="reference-22-content reference-22-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 166 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-22-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 166 note 1</sup></span> Joos to Julius Stocky, Jan. 8, 1926, Marx Papers 238; <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref027" id="ref027"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Brüning</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Führer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Junge Zentrum</span>, <span class="volume">III</span> (<span class="month">08</span>, <span class="year">1926</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">180</span>–84.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Führer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=F%C3%BChrer+und+Gefolgschaft+in+der+modernen+Demokratie&author=Br%C3%BCning+Heinrich&publication+year=1926&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=III>Google Scholar</a></span> Cf. Brüning's comments twenty years later on Center-socialist cooperation, and the possibility of forming a united “labor party” out of members of the Center and the SPD: Brüning to Wilhelm Sollmann, Aug. 20, 1946, in Wilhelm Sollmann Papers (Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pa.), DG 45, Box 1.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn23" aria-flowto="reference-23-content reference-23-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 166 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-23-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 166 note 2</sup></span> Off. Ber. 1925, p. 78; <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref028" id="ref028"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Wir bleiben!</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Reichsbanner</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">09</span> 1, <span class="year">1927</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir bleiben!' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wir+bleiben!&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn24" aria-flowto="reference-24-content reference-24-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 166 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-24-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 166 note 3</sup></span> Ms. “Reichsbanner”, Marx Papers 265; Rohe, p. 291.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn25" aria-flowto="reference-25-content reference-25-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 166 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-25-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 166 note 4</sup></span> Cf. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref029" id="ref029"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Zeender</span>, <span class="given-names">John K.</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925</span>”, in: <span class="source">Journal of Modern History</span>, <span class="volume">XXXV</span> (<span class="month">12</span>, <span class="year">1963</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">366</span>–84.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925' href=https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/243819>CrossRef</a><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+German+Catholics+and+the+Presidential+Election+of+1925&author=Zeender+John+K.&publication+year=1963&journal=Journal+of+Modern+History&volume=XXXV&doi=10.1086%2F243819>Google Scholar</a></span> See also <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref030" id="ref030"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Holl</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Konfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925</span>”, in: <span class="source">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</span>, <span class="volume">XVII</span> (<span class="month">07</span>, <span class="year">1969</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">254</span>–75.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Konfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Konfessionalit%C3%A4t%2C+Konfessionalismus+und+demokratische+Republik+%E2%80%93+Zu+einigen+Aspekten+der+Reichspr%C3%A4sidentenwahl+von+1925&author=Holl+Karl&publication+year=1969&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&volume=XVII>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn26" aria-flowto="reference-26-content reference-26-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 167 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-26-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 167 note 1</sup></span> Report of Hermann Pünder, Sept. 9, 1925, in Alte Reichskanzlei: Partei 4, Zentrumspartei 1919–1926 (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial L1833, reel 5713, frames L530127–9; Ms. “Der Austritt Dr. Wirths aus der Fraktion im Jahre 1925”, Marx Papers 236. Cf. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref031" id="ref031"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Decker</span>, <span class="given-names">Georg</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Zentrumskrise</span>”, in: <span class="source">Die Gesellschaft</span>, <span class="volume">II</span>, <span class="issue">2</span> (<span class="year">1925</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">410</span>–28.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Zentrumskrise' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Zentrumskrise&author=Decker+Georg&publication+year=1925&journal=Die+Gesellschaft&volume=II>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn27" aria-flowto="reference-27-content reference-27-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 167 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-27-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 167 note 2</sup></span> Munich police report, March 1, 1926 on Wirth's appearance before a capacity Reichsbanner rally, in NSDAP Hauptarchiv (Hoover Institution Microfilm Copy), reel 93, folder 1902; Marx to the secretary of the Düsseldorf Catholic Workers' Association, Drösser, Dec. 10, 1925, Marx Papers 237.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn28" aria-flowto="reference-28-content reference-28-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 167 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-28-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 167 note 3</sup></span> Letters to Marx from Heinrich Vockel, Sept. 18, 1925 and Geheimrat Bürger, Dec. 16, 1925, Marx Papers 237. Rudolf ten Hompel to Marx, Jan. 14, 1926, <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref031">ibid.</a> 238. Carl Bachem complained that Wirth should not be allowed to address Center assemblies, particularly working-class audiences, “solange er in Ver-sammlungen des ‘Banner schwarz-rot-gold’ auftrete und dort Stimmung gegen die Zentrumsfraktion mache… [M]it den Arbeitern und den so wenig verstands-fähigen grossstädtischen Massen allein können wirs nicht machen.” Bachem to Gustav Trunk, Dec. 17, 1925, Bachem Papers 828.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn29" aria-flowto="reference-29-content reference-29-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 167 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-29-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 167 note 4</sup></span> “Have you forgotten”, one rightist complained to Marx, “who was the chief power in the Center in the years 1870–90? And which class in the future it must be again?” – a clear reference to the Catholic upper middle class and aristocratic <em class="italic">Honoratioren</em> in the pre-war Center. Th. Hebring to Marx, Nov. 2, 1926, Marx Papers 238.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn30" aria-flowto="reference-30-content reference-30-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 168 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-30-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 168 note 1</sup></span> Marx dated the beginning of his later troubles with Catholic trade unionists from the events of late 1924. See Ms. “Meinungsverschiedenheiten mit den christlichen Arbeitern”, Marx Papers 241.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn31" aria-flowto="reference-31-content reference-31-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 168 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-31-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 168 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref032" id="ref032"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Kunze</span>, <span class="given-names">Otto</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Christliche Politik</span>”, in: <span class="source">Allgemeine Rundschau</span>, <span class="volume">XXI</span> (<span class="month">10</span> 23, <span class="year">1924</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">681</span>–82;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christliche Politik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Christliche+Politik&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1924&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXI>Google Scholar</a></span> Bayerischer Kurier, No 219, Aug. 9, 1926 and No 253, Sept. 10, 1927; <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref033" id="ref033">“Bayerische Briefe”, in: Das Junge Zentrum, IV (<span class="month">01</span>, <span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">4</span>–<span class="lpage">10</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Bayerische+Briefe”,+in:+Das+Junge+Zentrum,+IV+(01,+1927),+pp.+4–10;>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref034" id="ref034"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Funder</span>, <span class="given-names">Friedrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Als Österreich den Sturm bestand</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Vienna</span>, <span class="year">1957</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">119</span>–20.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Als Österreich den Sturm bestand' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Als+%C3%96sterreich+den+Sturm+bestand&author=Funder+Friedrich&publication+year=1957>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn32" aria-flowto="reference-32-content reference-32-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 168 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-32-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 168 note 3</sup></span> Nationalrat Heinrich Mataja to Marx, July 22, 1926 and Aug. 17, 1926; F. Krauss to Marx, Oct. 6, 1926; Hugo Graf von Lerchenfeld to Marx, Oct. 23, 1926, all in Marx Papers 265. Cf. Julius Deutsch (chairman of the Schutzbund) to Hörsing, Oct. 18, 1926, copy in <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref034">ibid.</a></p></div></div></div><div id="fn33" aria-flowto="reference-33-content reference-33-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 168 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-33-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 168 note 4</sup></span> Marx to Mataja, Aug. 3 and Sept. 14, 1926, and Hörsing to Marx, Oct. 11, 1926, Marx Papers 265. Marx was not the only one to have serious reservations about participation in the Reichsbanner in 1926; the middle-class leaders of the DDP felt the same way. The chairman of that party, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref035" id="ref035"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Koch-Weser</span>, <span class="given-names">Erich</span></span>, concluded: “Wir hatten gehofft dass wir durch das Reichsbanner weitere Kreise der Sozialdemokraten zu uns herüberziehen würden. Ich halte diese Hoffnung für verfehlt; denn ich sehe immer wieder, wie die radikalen Elemente sich bei diesen gemeinsamen Organisation durchsetzen.” Meeting of the DDP Ausschuss, <span class="month">11</span> 28, <span class="year">1926</span>, copy in NSDAP-HA, 37/731.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Koch-Weser,+Erich,+concluded:+“Wir+hatten+gehofft+dass+wir+durch+das+Reichsbanner+weitere+Kreise+der+Sozialdemokraten+zu+uns+herüberziehen+würden.+Ich+halte+diese+Hoffnung+für+verfehlt;+denn+ich+sehe+immer+wieder,+wie+die+radikalen+Elemente+sich+bei+diesen+gemeinsamen+Organisation+durchsetzen.”+Meeting+of+the+DDP+Ausschuss,+11+28,+1926,+copy+in+NSDAP-HA,+37/731.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn34" aria-flowto="reference-34-content reference-34-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 169 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-34-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 169 note 1</sup></span> Archbishop cardinal Bertram of Breslau to Marx, Nov. 24, 1925, and Heinrich Vockel to Marx, Sept. 14, 1926, Marx Papers 265; <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref036" id="ref036">“Zurück aus dem Sumpf! Hinein in den Turm!”, in: Allgemeine Rundschau, XXIII (<span class="month">06</span> 26, <span class="year">1926</span>), p. <span class="fpage">402</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Zurück+aus+dem+Sumpf!+Hinein+in+den+Turm!”,+in:+Allgemeine+Rundschau,+XXIII+(06+26,+1926),+p.+402;>Google Scholar</a></span> remarks of Prälat Linneborn in Off. Ber. 1925, p. 106.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn35" aria-flowto="reference-35-content reference-35-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 169 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-35-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 169 note 2</sup></span> Das Junge Zentrum, III (July, 1926), pp. 137–38.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn36" aria-flowto="reference-36-content reference-36-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 169 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-36-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 169 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref037" id="ref037"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Kunze</span>, <span class="given-names">Otto</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Quo Vadis, katholische Jugend?</span>”, in: <span class="source">Allgemeine Rundschau</span>, <span class="volume">XXIII</span> (<span class="month">06</span> 19, <span class="year">1926</span>), p. <span class="fpage">386</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Quo Vadis, katholische Jugend?' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Quo+Vadis%2C+katholische+Jugend%3F&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1926&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII>Google Scholar</a></span> materials in NSDAP-HA, 94/1906, folder marked “Reichsbanner und Zentrum”.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn37" aria-flowto="reference-37-content reference-37-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 170 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-37-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 170 note 1</sup></span> Ms. “Dr. Wirth und die Republikanische Union”, Marx Papers 236.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn38" aria-flowto="reference-38-content reference-38-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 170 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-38-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 170 note 2</sup></span> Cf. <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref038" id="ref038"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Rako</span>, <span class="given-names">Otto</span></span>, <span class="source">Katholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>, <span class="year">1930</span>), p. <span class="fpage">29</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Katholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus+und+Zentrumspolitik+zu+Sozialismus+und+Reichsbanner&author=Rako+Otto&publication+year=1930>Google Scholar</a></span> Carl Bachem to Felix Porsch, Dec. 16, 1925, Bachem Papers 828.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn39" aria-flowto="reference-39-content reference-39-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 170 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-39-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 170 note 3</sup></span> Off. Ber. 1925, pp. 30–38; Frankfurter Zeitung, No 397, May 31, 1927 and No 414, June 7, 1927.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn40" aria-flowto="reference-40-content reference-40-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-40-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 1</sup></span> See the exchange of letters relating to this incident in Marx Papers 238: H. Rademacher [secretary of the Thuringian Center] to Wirth, Nov. 18, 1926; Wirth to Rademacher, Nov. 23, 1926; Dr Schomberg to Wirth, Nov. 29, 1926; Rademacher to Marx, Dec. 28, 1926.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn41" aria-flowto="reference-41-content reference-41-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-41-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 2</sup></span> On the Center's crisis in 1927 see Becker, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, passim.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn42" aria-flowto="reference-42-content reference-42-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-42-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 3</sup></span> DR, I, Heft 16 (1926–27), p. 8.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn43" aria-flowto="reference-43-content reference-43-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-43-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 4</sup></span> Cf. the issues of DR, I (1926–27): Heft 26, pp. 98–103; Heft 30, pp. 225–29; Heft 32, pp. 289–93. Letter of Marx to Wirth, May 20, 1927, Marx Papers 239.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn44" aria-flowto="reference-44-content reference-44-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-44-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 5</sup></span> Vorwärts, No 172, July 19, 1927.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn45" aria-flowto="reference-45-content reference-45-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 171 note 6 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-45-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 171 note 6</sup></span> Ms. “Reichsbanner”, Marx Papers 265.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn46" aria-flowto="reference-46-content reference-46-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 172 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-46-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 172 note 1</sup></span> Heinrich Vockel to Marx, July 23, 25 and 29, 1927, Marx Papers 265.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn47" aria-flowto="reference-47-content reference-47-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 172 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-47-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 172 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref039" id="ref039">“Bekenntnis zum Reichsbanner”, in: Vorwärts, No 185, <span class="month">08</span> 3, <span class="year">1927</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Bekenntnis+zum+Reichsbanner”,+in:+Vorwärts,+No+185,+08+3,+1927.>Google Scholar</a></span> Cf. Münchener Post, July 27, 1927; <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref040" id="ref040"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Thormann</span>, <span class="given-names">Werner</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Zentrum und Reichsbanner</span>”, in: <span class="source">Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung</span>, No <span class="volume">169</span>, <span class="month">07</span> 26, <span class="year">1927</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum und Reichsbanner' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Reichsbanner&author=Thormann+Werner&publication+year=1927&journal=Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung&volume=169>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn48" aria-flowto="reference-48-content reference-48-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 172 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-48-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 172 note 3</sup></span> DR, I, Heft 41 (1926–27), pp. 581–83; Berliner Tageblatt, No 358, July 31, 1927.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn49" aria-flowto="reference-49-content reference-49-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 172 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-49-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 172 note 4</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref041" id="ref041">“Rundschreiben”, signed by Heinrich Krone (<span class="month">08</span> 20, <span class="year">1927</span>),<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Rundschreiben”,+signed+by+Heinrich+Krone+(08+20,+1927),>Google Scholar</a></span> Marx Papers 265; Vockel to Marx, July 29, 1927, <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref041">ibid.</a>; Kölnische Volkszeitung, No 552, July 29, 1927.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn50" aria-flowto="reference-50-content reference-50-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 173 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-50-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 173 note 1</sup></span> Report of a meeting of Center leaders in the Reichsbanner, July 29, 1927 in Marx Papers 265; <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref042" id="ref042"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Severing</span>, <span class="given-names">Carl</span></span>, <span class="source">Mein Lebensweg</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Köln</span>, <span class="year">1950</span>), <span class="volume">II</span>, pp. <span class="fpage">93</span>–<span class="lpage">94</span>; Rohe, pp. <span class="fpage">379</span>–81.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mein Lebensweg' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mein+Lebensweg&author=Severing+Carl&publication+year=1950&pages=93-94>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn51" aria-flowto="reference-51-content reference-51-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 173 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-51-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 173 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref043" id="ref043">“Abschied vom Zentrum?”, in: DR, II (<span class="month">07</span> 6, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1273</span>–78.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Abschied+vom+Zentrum?”,+in:+DR,+II+(07+6,+1928),+pp.+1273–78.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn52" aria-flowto="reference-52-content reference-52-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 173 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-52-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 173 note 3</sup></span> Germania, No 173, April 12, 1930; <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref044" id="ref044"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Gross</span>, <span class="given-names">Nikolaus</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Unser Weg</span>”, in: <span class="source">WAZ</span>, No <span class="volume">19</span>, <span class="month">05</span> 10, <span class="year">1930</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Unser Weg' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Unser+Weg&author=Gross+Nikolaus&publication+year=1930&journal=WAZ&volume=19>Google Scholar</a></span> police report, <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref045" id="ref045">“Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Gau Württemberg” (<span class="month">04</span> 24, <span class="year">1930</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">4</span>–<span class="lpage">7</span>,<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Reichsbanner+Schwarz-Rot-Gold,+Gau+Württemberg”+(04+24,+1930),+pp.+4–7,>Google Scholar</a></span> copy in NSDAP-HA, 58/1403; Marx to Dr Stenzel, May 13, 1930, Marx Papers 265.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn53" aria-flowto="reference-53-content reference-53-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 173 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-53-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 173 note 4</sup></span> Leading to complaints, not entirely without foundation, that the Center simply “used” the Reichsbanner. While the left wing of the SPD hotly criticized Hörsing's renewed call for “Überparteilichkeit” in the Reichsbanner after the formation of the Brüning government, Center supporters of the Reichsbanner praised that same position. Cf. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref046" id="ref046"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Laumann</span>, <span class="given-names">Kurt</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Zentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner</span>”, in: <span class="source">Der Klassenkampf</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span>, No <span class="issue">12</span> (<span class="year">1930</span>), <span class="fpage">359</span>–64;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Zentrum%2C+Sozialdemokratie%2C+und+Reichsbanner&author=Laumann+Kurt&publication+year=1930&journal=Der+Klassenkampf&volume=IV>Google Scholar</a></span> DR, IV (April 19, 1930), p. 868.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn54" aria-flowto="reference-54-content reference-54-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 173 note 5 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-54-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 173 note 5</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref047" id="ref047"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Republikaner und ihr Staat</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR, I, Heft</span> <span class="volume">12</span> (<span class="year">1926</span>–<span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">3</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Republikaner und ihr Staat' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Republikaner+und+ihr+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=12&pages=1-3>Google Scholar</a></span> Cf. Wirth's similar statements on the Center workers in 1933: <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref048" id="ref048"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, <span class="given-names">Josef</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933</span>”, in: <span class="source">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeit-geschichte</span>, <span class="volume">IX</span> (<span class="month">04</span>, <span class="year">1961</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">208</span>–<span class="lpage">210</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz+1933&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1961&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeit-geschichte&volume=IX&pages=208-210>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn55" aria-flowto="reference-55-content reference-55-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 174 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-55-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 174 note 1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref049" id="ref049"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Sozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR</span>, <span class="volume">III</span> (<span class="month">01</span> 25, <span class="year">1929</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">515</span>–16;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Sozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Sozialisten%2C+Katholiken%2C+und+der+deutsche+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref050" id="ref050">Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (<span class="month">03</span> 29, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1315</span>–19.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+pp.+1315–19.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn56" aria-flowto="reference-56-content reference-56-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 174 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-56-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 174 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref051" id="ref051"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Um das neue Kabinett</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR, I, Heft</span> <span class="volume">9</span> (<span class="year">1926</span>–<span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">17</span>–<span class="lpage">21</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Um das neue Kabinett' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Um+das+neue+Kabinett&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=9&pages=17-21>Google Scholar</a></span> Cf. <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref052" id="ref052"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth's</span>, </span> statement: “Die [im Reichsbanner] vertretenen Parteien versuche ich zum Staat zu führen, damit sie die politischen Aufgaben des Tages staatspo-litisch sehen lernen. Damit wird selbstverständlich im <em class="italic">Politischen</em> der Klassen-kampfgedanke überwunden.” Letter (“Promemoria”) of Wirth to Prälat Dr Schofer, <span class="month">09</span> 11, <span class="year">1927</span>,<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wirth's,+statement:+“Die+[im+Reichsbanner]+vertretenen+Parteien+versuche+ich+zum+Staat+zu+führen,+damit+sie+die+politischen+Aufgaben+des+Tages+staatspo-litisch+sehen+lernen.+Damit+wird+selbstverständlich+im+Politischen+der+Klassen-kampfgedanke+überwunden.”+Letter+(“Promemoria”)+of+Wirth+to+Prälat+Dr+Schofer,+09+11,+1927,>Google Scholar</a></span> copy in Marx Papers 240 (also printed in <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref053" id="ref053"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, </span>, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. <span class="fpage">450</span>–61).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+450–61).>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn57" aria-flowto="reference-57-content reference-57-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 174 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-57-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 174 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref054" id="ref054"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Sollmann</span>, <span class="given-names">Wilhelm</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Arbeitermassen und Staatspolitik</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR, I, Heft</span> <span class="volume">2</span> (<span class="year">1926</span>–<span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">15</span>–<span class="lpage">18</span>;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Arbeitermassen und Staatspolitik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Arbeitermassen+und+Staatspolitik&author=Sollmann+Wilhelm&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=2&pages=15-18>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref055" id="ref055"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Sollmann</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Nation und Sozialismus</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Reichsbanner</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">02</span> 19, <span class="year">1927</span>);<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Nation und Sozialismus' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Nation+und+Sozialismus&author=Sollmann+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV>Google Scholar</a></span> undated Ms. “Die Staatsidee der Sozialdemokratie”, Sollmann Papers, Box 15.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn58" aria-flowto="reference-58-content reference-58-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 174 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-58-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 174 note 4</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref056" id="ref056"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Wir bleiben!</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Reichsbanner</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">09</span> 1, <span class="year">1927</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir bleiben!' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wir+bleiben!&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn59" aria-flowto="reference-59-content reference-59-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 175 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-59-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 175 note 1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref057" id="ref057"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Teipel</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Wir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>, <span class="year">1925</span>);<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Wir+m%C3%BCssen+aus+dem+Turm+heraus!&author=Teipel+Heinrich&publication+year=1925>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref058" id="ref058"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Teipel</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Krise des deutschen Reichstags</span>”, in: <span class="source">WAZ</span>, No 6, <span class="month">02</span> 6 and No 7, <span class="month">02</span> 13, <span class="year">1926</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Krise des deutschen Reichstags' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Krise+des+deutschen+Reichstags&author=Teipel+&publication+year=1926&journal=WAZ>Google Scholar</a></span> Wirth's supporters in the DDP evidently had similar ideas. Cf. the remarks of the trade unionist Anton Erkelenz: “Ich würde es für das Richtigste halten wenn die Gruppen die sich unter den Namen Republikanische Union ein gemeinsames Ziel gesetzt haben, sich zu einem einheitlichen Parteikörper verschmelzen würden.” Meeting of DDP Vorstand, Nov. 6, 1926, in NSDAP-HA, 37/730.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn60" aria-flowto="reference-60-content reference-60-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 175 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-60-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 175 note 2</sup></span> Cf. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref059" id="ref059"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Emonds</span>, <span class="given-names">Josef</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Proletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links</span>”, in: <span class="source">Abendland</span>, <span class="volume">III</span> (<span class="month">02</span>, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">134</span>–37;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Proletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Proletariat+und+katholische+Partei.+Ein+offenes+Wort+von+Links&author=Emonds+Josef&publication+year=1928&journal=Abendland&volume=III>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref060" id="ref060"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Ossietzky</span>, <span class="given-names">Carl von</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Feuer im Osten</span>”, in: <span class="source">Die Weltbühne</span>, <span class="volume">XXIII</span> (<span class="month">06</span> 14, <span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">925</span>–30;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Feuer im Osten' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Feuer+im+Osten&author=Ossietzky+Carl+von&publication+year=1927&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXIII>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref061" id="ref061"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Koch</span>, <span class="given-names">Walther</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Können Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?</span>”, in: <span class="source">Sozialistische Monatshefte</span>, <span class="volume">XXXIV</span> (<span class="month">04</span>, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">279</span>–80.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Können Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=K%C3%B6nnen+Sozialismus+und+Katholizismus+zusammenarbeiten%3F&author=Koch+Walther&publication+year=1928&journal=Sozialistische+Monatshefte&volume=XXXIV>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn61" aria-flowto="reference-61-content reference-61-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 175 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-61-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 175 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref062" id="ref062"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Der 11. August</span>”, in: <span class="source">Germania</span>, No <span class="volume">334</span>, <span class="month">08</span> 11, <span class="year">1924</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Der 11. August' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Der+11.+August&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1924&journal=Germania&volume=334>Google Scholar</a></span> Cf. Wirth's letter to Hans Lammers, Aug. 10, 1933: “Ich verstehe es, wenn meine politischen Gegner mich wegen meiner innerpolitischen Haltung angreifen. Darüber sehe ich weg. Meine <em class="italic">nationalpolitische</em> Ehre aber geht allem vor. Darin unterscheide ich mich garnicht von anderen Zeitgenossen, die die nationale Ehre besonders stark betonen.” Alte Reichskanzlei: Personalakten Josef Wirth (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial 8443, reel 3352, frames E594177–80.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn62" aria-flowto="reference-62-content reference-62-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 175 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-62-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 175 note 4</sup></span> See Germania, No 498, Nov. 14,1924 (Wirth's comments on the “Bürgerblock”); <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref063" id="ref063"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Jasper</span>, <span class="given-names">Gotthard</span></span>, <span class="source">Der Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Tübingen</span>, <span class="year">1963</span>), p. <span class="fpage">242</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Der Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Der+Schutz+der+Republik.+Studien+zur+staatlichen+Sicherung+der+Demokratie+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Jasper+Gotthard&publication+year=1963>Google Scholar</a></span> (Wirth's remarks before the Reichstag Überwachungsausschuss Sept. 15, 1921); <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref064" id="ref064"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Griewank</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Dr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik</span>”, <span class="source">Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena/Gesellschafts- und sprach-wissenschaftliche Reihe</span>, <span class="volume">I</span> (<span class="year">1951</span>–<span class="year">1952</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">1</span>–<span class="lpage">10</span><a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Krisen+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Griewank+Karl&publication+year=1951&journal=Wissenschaftliche+Zeitschrift+der+Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat+Jena%2FGesellschafts-+und+sprach-wissenschaftliche+Reihe&volume=I&pages=1-10>Google Scholar</a></span> (on Wirth's “kleinburgerlicher Herzensrepublikanismus”).</p></div></div></div><div id="fn63" aria-flowto="reference-63-content reference-63-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 176 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-63-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 176 note 1</sup></span> Rohe, p. 260.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn64" aria-flowto="reference-64-content reference-64-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 176 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-64-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 176 note 2</sup></span> In 1927, after repeated pleas from Reichsbanner leaders, Wirth finally made a speaking tour throughout Württemberg but only after local Reichsbanner leaders promised to promote the official organ of his “Republican Union”, the Deutsche Republik, more than in the past. The issue was sensitive because the Reichsbanner enjoyed only limited success in attracting Center members in Württemberg. Wirth's conduct, however, was not at all out of keeping with his character. See the Lagebericht of the Württemberg state police, Oct. 19, 1927, p. 2 in NSDAP-HA, 58/1400.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn65" aria-flowto="reference-65-content reference-65-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 176 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-65-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 176 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref065" id="ref065"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Vor zehn Jahren und heute</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR</span>, <span class="volume">III</span> (<span class="month">02</span> 8, <span class="year">1929</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">577</span>–81;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Vor zehn Jahren und heute' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vor+zehn+Jahren+und+heute&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III>Google Scholar</a></span> “Ende des Vertrauens?”, <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref065">ibid.</a> (Feb. 15, 1929), pp. 609–14. Cf. Wirth to Wilhelm Groener, Dec. 2, 1930, in Wilhelm Groener Papers (National Archives Microcopy M-137), reel 25, Stück 230.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn66" aria-flowto="reference-66-content reference-66-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 176 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-66-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 176 note 4</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref066" id="ref066"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Wirth</span>, </span>, “<span class="article-title">Die Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung</span>”, in: <span class="source">DR</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">12</span> 14, <span class="year">1929</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">321</span>–23;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+Ereignisse+und+ihre+Bedeutung&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=IV>Google Scholar</a></span> Rheinische Zeitung, No 335, Dec. 6, 1929; undated letter [Dec, 1929] of Wirth to Wilhelm Sollmann, Sollmann Papers, Box 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn67" aria-flowto="reference-67-content reference-67-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 177 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-67-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 177 note 1</sup></span> Rohe, p. 300; <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref067" id="ref067">“Joseph Wirth auf der Reichsliste”, in: Die Weltbühne, XXIV (<span class="month">04</span> 24, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">623</span>–24.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=“Joseph+Wirth+auf+der+Reichsliste”,+in:+Die+Weltbühne,+XXIV+(04+24,+1928),+pp.+623–24.>Google Scholar</a></span> It is more than likely that Wirth's stand was connected to promises he had made to party leaders in 1928 to carry on his “further political activity in concert with the leaders of the party and the <em class="italic">Fraktion</em>, in accordance with the principles of the Christian conception of the state.” Report in Marx Papers 239; also <span class="citation simple other" data-magellan-destination="ref068" id="ref068"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Becker</span>, </span>, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. <span class="fpage">481</span>–82.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+481–82.>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn68" aria-flowto="reference-68-content reference-68-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 177 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-68-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 177 note 2</sup></span> Klassenkampf, II (Jan., 1928), pp. 12–13. Cf. <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref069" id="ref069"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Steinger</span>, <span class="given-names">Alfons</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Republikanische Union</span>”, in: <span class="source">Die Weltbühne</span>, <span class="volume">XXII</span> (<span class="month">09</span> 21, <span class="year">1926</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">446</span>–48.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Republikanische Union' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Republikanische+Union&author=Steinger+Alfons&publication+year=1926&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXII>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn69" aria-flowto="reference-69-content reference-69-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 177 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-69-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 177 note 3</sup></span> Rohe, pp. 52, 314–42; <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref070" id="ref070"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Stürmer</span>, <span class="given-names">Michael</span></span>, <span class="source">Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Düsseldorf</span>, <span class="year">1967</span>), p. <span class="fpage">257</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Koalition+und+Opposition+in+der+Weimarer+Republik+1924%E2%80%931928&author=St%C3%BCrmer+Michael&publication+year=1967>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn70" aria-flowto="reference-70-content reference-70-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 177 note 4 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-70-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 177 note 4</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref071" id="ref071"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Thieme</span>, <span class="given-names">Karl</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Deutscher unter Deutschen</span>”, in: <span class="source">Hochland</span>, <span class="volume">LX</span> (<span class="month">10</span>–<span class="month">11</span>, <span class="year">1968</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">622</span>–23.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Deutscher unter Deutschen' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Deutscher+unter+Deutschen&author=Thieme+Karl&publication+year=1968&journal=Hochland&volume=LX>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn71" aria-flowto="reference-71-content reference-71-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 178 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-71-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 178 note 1</sup></span> Frankfurter Zeitung, No 405, June 2, 1927.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn72" aria-flowto="reference-72-content reference-72-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 178 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-72-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 178 note 2</sup></span> <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref072" id="ref072"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Schauff</span>, <span class="given-names">Johannes</span></span>, <span class="source">Die deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Koöln</span>, <span class="year">1928</span>); DR, II (<span class="month">01</span> 20, <span class="year">1928</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">517</span>–18.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+deutschen+Katholiken+und+die+Zentrumspartei&author=Schauff+Johannes&publication+year=1928>Google Scholar</a></span> The same point was made by Catholics on the right and on the left who were not in the party, although they differed radically on aims and means. Cf. Martin Spahn to President Paul von Hindenburg, April 30, 1925, in AR: Zentrumspartei 1919–1926, L1833/5713/L530123–6; Heinrich Mertens to Wilhelm Sollmann, Nov. 7, 1926, Sollmann Papers Box 3.</p></div></div></div><div id="fn73" aria-flowto="reference-73-content reference-73-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 178 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-73-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 178 note 3</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref073" id="ref073"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Maier</span>, <span class="given-names">Hans</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Katholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land</span>”, in: <span class="source">Hochland</span>, <span class="volume">LVII</span> (<span class="month">04</span>, <span class="year">1965</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">318</span>–33;<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Katholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus%2C+nationale+Bewegung%2C+und+Demokratie+in+Deutsch-land&author=Maier+Hans&publication+year=1965&journal=Hochland&volume=LVII>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref074" id="ref074"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Lutz</span>, <span class="given-names">Heinrich</span></span>, <span class="source">Demokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Munich</span>, <span class="year">1963</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">91</span>–<span class="lpage">123</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Demokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Demokratie+im+Zwielicht.+Der+Weg+der+deutschen+Katholiken+aus+dem+Kaiserreich+in+die+Republik&author=Lutz+Heinrich&publication+year=1963&pages=91-123>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn74" aria-flowto="reference-74-content reference-74-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 179 note 1 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-74-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 179 note 1</sup></span> <span class="citation simple journal" data-magellan-destination="ref075" id="ref075"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Berning</span>, <span class="given-names">A. H.</span></span>, “<span class="article-title">Die ausserparlamentarischen Verbände</span>”, in: <span class="source">Das Junge Zentrum</span>, <span class="volume">IV</span> (<span class="month">03</span>, <span class="year">1927</span>), pp. <span class="fpage">58</span>–<span class="lpage">72</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die ausserparlamentarischen Verbände' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Die+ausserparlamentarischen+Verb%C3%A4nde&author=Berning+A.+H.&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=58-72>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn75" aria-flowto="reference-75-content reference-75-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 179 note 2 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-75-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 179 note 2</sup></span> Recent attempts to rehabilitate Center leaders such as Brüning and (to a lesser degree) Ludwig Kaas demonstrate at least that attitudes and positions taken from 1930 to 1933 were more responsible than critics have usually conceeded. But this simply enlarges the dimensions of the problem. See <span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref076" id="ref076"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Ferdinand</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span>, <span class="name"><span class="surname">Hermens</span>, </span> and <span class="name"><span class="surname">Schieder</span>, <span class="given-names">Theodor</span></span> (eds), <span class="source">Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Berlin</span>, <span class="year">1967</span>);<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Staat%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Politik+in+der+Weimarer+Republik.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Heinrich+Br%C3%BCning&author=Ferdinand+A.&author=Hermens+&author=Schieder+Theodor&publication+year=1967>Google Scholar</a></span><span class="citation simple book" data-magellan-destination="ref077" id="ref077"><span class="name"><span class="surname">Repgen</span>, <span class="given-names">Konrad</span></span>, <span class="source">Hitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz</span> (<span class="publisher-loc">Saarbrücken</span>, <span class="year">1967</span>).<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Hitlers+Machtergreifung+und+der+deutsche+Katholizismus.+Versuch+einer+Bilanz&author=Repgen+Konrad&publication+year=1967>Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></div><div id="fn76" aria-flowto="reference-76-content reference-76-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="false" class="circle-list__item__number"> page 179 note 3 </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-76-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><p class="p"><span class="label"><sup class="sup">page 179 note 3</sup></span> Morsey, Zentrumspartei, p. 609 refers to the Center's “Taktieren und Lavieren”.</p></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div>           <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="18 December 2008" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d><div class="access-block row access-status" data-v-5fad35b8 data-v-01274b1d><span class="has-access" data-v-5fad35b8><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon access" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-5fad35b8> <span class="sr-only" data-v-5fad35b8>You have </span> Access </span> </div>    </div></div></div></div></div> <div id="cited-by-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="Cited by modal" aria-hidden="true" class="modal fade" data-v-014d05be data-v-01274b1d><div class="modal-dialog modal-xl cited-by-modal" data-v-014d05be><div tabindex="-1" class="modal-content" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-header" data-v-014d05be><h1 class="modal-header__heading" data-v-014d05be>Cited by</h1></div> <div class="modal-body" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader" data-v-014d05be><div class="modal-body__loader__spinner" data-v-014d05be></div> <p class="modal-body__loader__message" data-v-014d05be>Loading...</p></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Cited by" aria-expanded="false" data-dismiss="modal" class="app-button cited-by-modal__button--close app-button__icon app-button--" data-v-2a038744 data-v-014d05be><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon close-modal" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-2a038744> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,aA,aB,aC,aD,aE,aF,aG,aH,aI,aJ,aK,aL,aM,aN,aO,aP,aQ,aR,aS,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX,aY,aZ,a_,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi){return {layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333",metadata:{title:D,htmlTitle:D,subtitle:"A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic",authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Thomas A.",surname:"Knapp",nameStyle:"western",affiliations:[],isCorresponding:b,notes:a,isAnonymous:b,fullName:"Thomas A. Knapp",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas%20A.%20Knapp&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:c}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"18 December 2008",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FS0020859000003564",value:"10.1017\u002FS0020859000003564"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis 1969"],holder:["Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis"],year:[1969]},creativeCommons:c,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"159 - 179",firstPage:"159",lastPage:"179"},typeDescription:"Research Article",commentsCount:E,topicsAndSubtopics:c},journal:{id:F,title:u,titleSlug:aa,mnemonic:"ISH",titleHistory:[{productId:"7FF220AF2690AB6F90D102E3DFF1F1DE",title:"International Review for Social History"},{productId:"C4126A684749CFDD4202417F76B7B72A",title:"Bulletin of the International Review of Social History"},{productId:F,title:u}],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:aa,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:u,associatedParentCollection:c,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:x,skuNew:v,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:x,skuNew:v,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:x,skuNew:v,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:x,skuNew:v,currency:"AU$"}}},url:ab,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FISH_0_0_0\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:e,latestTitle:u,latestId:F,hasPastTitle:b,issue:{id:"49BE8005214F1048A5BDC3511108A802",number:ac,title:"Issue 2",publishedDate:"August 1969",printPublishTimestamp:-13215600000,url:ad},volume:{id:"83C50DF97037AF2DFEF29A4B31B89BD3",number:"14",title:"Volume 14",publishedDate:"December 1969",printPublishTimestamp:-2678400000,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history\u002Fvolume\u002F83C50DF97037AF2DFEF29A4B31B89BD3"}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Extract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"text-abstract\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThe problem of paramilitary organizations in Germany after 1918 forms an interesting and crucial chapter in the story of the ill-fated Weimar Republic. The organizations which gained the most notoriety stood on the far political right, unreconciled and unreconcilable both to military defeat and to the republic which was the child of that defeat. But the republic did have its militant defenders, who were recruited on the democratic left and organized in the Reichsbanner. The history of the Reichsbanner not only vividly demonstrated “the sharpness of political antagonisms” in the republic, but also reflected several developments during Germany's so-called golden years after 1924: the balance of political forces, Catholic-socialist and bourgeois-socialist relations, and in no small degree the disintegration of the Weimar Coalition (Social Democratic Party, Democratic Party, and Center Party).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:ae}]},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"fn01",displayNumber:"page 159 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 159 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On the history of the Reichsbanner, see the recent study by Karl Rohe, Das Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Struktur der politischen Kampfverbände zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1966). The present article approaches the Reichsbanner from a different perspective (since it is concerned essentially with the problems of the Center) and utilizes different sources from those used by Rohe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn02",displayNumber:"page 159 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 159 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref001\" id=\"ref001\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBracher\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl Dietrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie Auflösung der Weimarer Republik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"edition\"\u003E3rd ed.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EVillingen\u002FSchwarzwald\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1960\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E144\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Aufl%C3%B6sung+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Bracher+Karl+Dietrich&publication+year=1960\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Aufl%C3%B6sung+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Bracher+Karl+Dietrich&publication+year=1960",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:G,title:G,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:af,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref001",title:G,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn03",displayNumber:"page 160 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 160 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Letter of Hörsing to Wilhelm Marx, Oct. 11, 1926, in Wilhelm Marx Papers 265, Kö;ln Stadtarchiv.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn04",displayNumber:"page 160 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 160 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On these problems, and on the founding of the Reichsbanner, see the discussion in Rohe, pp. 44–55. The author (p. 52) refers to the Reichsbanner as “dieses ideologisch wenig artikulierten Verbandes”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn05",displayNumber:"page 161 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 161 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The title of a book by the chairman of the Baden Center, Josef Schofer, Mit der alten Fahne in die neue Zeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1926). On the Center in the early years of the republic see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref002\" id=\"ref002\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMorsey\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ERudolf\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EDüsseldorf\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1966\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1917%E2%80%931923&author=Morsey+Rudolf&publication+year=1966\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1917%E2%80%931923&author=Morsey+Rudolf&publication+year=1966",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:H,title:H,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:ag,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref002",title:H,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn06",displayNumber:"page 161 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 161 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Most of the recent literature on the Center makes this rather clear. See in particular the excellent brief survey of \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref003\" id=\"ref003\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJosef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1918–1933. Grundprobleme ihrer Entwicklung”, in: Aus Politik und Zeit-geschichte. Beilage zur Wochenzeitung Das Parlament (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 13, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1968\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+Josef,+“Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1918–1933.+Grundprobleme+ihrer+Entwicklung”,+in:+Aus+Politik+und+Zeit-geschichte.+Beilage+zur+Wochenzeitung+Das+Parlament+(03+13,+1968),+pp.+3–15.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+Josef,+“Die+Deutsche+Zentrumspartei+1918–1933.+Grundprobleme+ihrer+Entwicklung”,+in:+Aus+Politik+und+Zeit-geschichte.+Beilage+zur+Wochenzeitung+Das+Parlament+(03+13,+1968),+pp.+3–15.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:ah,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref003",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn07",displayNumber:"page 162 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 162 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref004\" id=\"ref004\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EFrankfurter Zeitung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E831\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 7, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Erfurter+Tagung+des+Zentrums&author=Wirth+Joseph&publication+year=1926&journal=Frankfurter+Zeitung&volume=831\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref005\" id=\"ref005\"\u003E“Die deutsche Republik und die Zentrumspartei”, in: Deutsche Republik, I, Heft 3 (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (hereafter cited as DR).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Die+deutsche+Republik+und+die+Zentrumspartei”,+in:+Deutsche+Republik,+I,+Heft+3+(1926–1927),+pp.+3–4+(hereafter+cited+as+DR).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Erfurter+Tagung+des+Zentrums&author=Wirth+Joseph&publication+year=1926&journal=Frankfurter+Zeitung&volume=831",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ai,jtitle:aj,title:aj,volume:"831",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184413",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref004",title:ai,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Die+deutsche+Republik+und+die+Zentrumspartei”,+in:+Deutsche+Republik,+I,+Heft+3+(1926–1927),+pp.+3–4+(hereafter+cited+as+DR).",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:j,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref005",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn08",displayNumber:"page 162 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 162 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Letter of Wilhelm Marx to Carl Bachem, Jan. 11, 1928 in Carl Bachem Papers 923, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref006\" id=\"ref006\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStadtarchiv.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKöln\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EOffizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, n.d. [\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E]), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E112\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Offizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Offizieller+Bericht+des+Vierten+Reichsparteitages+der+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei.+Tagung+zu+Cassel+am+16.+und+17.+November+1925&author=Stadtarchiv.+K%C3%B6ln&publication+year=1925\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (hereafter cited as Off. Ber. 1925). It can also be argued that the Center historically embodied both a “democratic” southwest German tradition and a “constitutional” Rhenish-Prussian tradition, and that the “constitutional party” formula represented a victory of the latter over the former. See *\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref007\" id=\"ref007\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBuchheim\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDas Zentrum und die Republik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHochland\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003ELIX\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1966\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E111\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–28.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Das Zentrum und die Republik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Das+Zentrum+und+die+Republik&author=Buchheim+Karl&publication+year=1966&journal=Hochland&volume=LIX\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Offizieller+Bericht+des+Vierten+Reichsparteitages+der+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei.+Tagung+zu+Cassel+am+16.+und+17.+November+1925&author=Stadtarchiv.+K%C3%B6ln&publication+year=1925",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:I,title:I,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:n,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref006",title:I,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Das+Zentrum+und+die+Republik&author=Buchheim+Karl&publication+year=1966&journal=Hochland&volume=LIX",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ak,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"LIX",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184416",spage:"111",epage:c,date:ag,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref007",title:ak,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn09",displayNumber:"page 162 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 162 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Undated ms. “Warum das Zentrum mit dem Soz. Dem. zusammengegangen ist”, Bachem Papers 923. The same argument was used by \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref008\" id=\"ref008\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBachem\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E in his Vorgeschichte, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGeschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (9 vols; \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EKöln\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1932\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EVIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E274\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–77.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Geschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geschichte+und+Politik+des+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei&author=Bachem+&publication+year=1927\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Geschichte+und+Politik+des+Deutschen+Zentrumspartei&author=Bachem+&publication+year=1927",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:J,title:J,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:k,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref008",title:J,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn10",displayNumber:"page 162 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 162 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See Morsey, pp. 555, 577–78, 614. Morsey also points out (p. 610) that as early as 1919 the Center's relations with the SPD had “noticeably cooled”. The Volks-gemeinschaft idea was widely championed in Catholic workers' circles, although labor spokesmen were careful to emphasize that it could not be realized through a reactionary rightwing government, or “Bürgerblock”. See Westdeutsche Arbeiterzeitung, No 37, Sept. 13, 1924 (hereafter cited as WAZ).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn11",displayNumber:"page 163 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 163 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Things go with Wirth in large assemblies”, wrote Carl Bachem pessimistically, “just as they used to with Erzberger, only much worse … I do not think it is possible to control Wirth's madness, and thereby he will destroy the party.” Letter to Gustav Trunk, Dec. 17, 1925, Bachem Papers 828. Too close a comparison between Wirth and Erzberger can be misleading, however. Both men played the role of \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EAussensetter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the Center, but they were not close associates and had Erzberger lived after 1921 it is not at all certain he would have supported Wirth. The author is presently completing a political biography of Wirth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn12",displayNumber:"page 163 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 163 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref009\" id=\"ref009\"\u003EVerhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 356 (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E06\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 25, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1922\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E8058\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+356+(06+25,+1922),+p.+8058.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Morsey's assertion (op. cit., pp. 491–92) that Wirth's speech “imprisoned” him may be basically correct, but needs further explanation and some modification. Cf. Wirth's remarks during his exile in the 1930's: \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref010\" id=\"ref010\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJosef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Die deutsche Neutralitätspolitik der Jahre 1922–1932. Erstveröffentlichung einer in Luzern im Jahre 1936 gehaltenen Rede”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBlätter für deutsche und internationale Politik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1960\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1017\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+und+internationale+Politik&author=Wirth+Josef&publication+year=1960\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E undated report [Nov., 1937] of a meeting between Wirth and Alsatian politicians, in Auswärtiges Amt: Abt. Inland II geheim (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial 2378, roll 1317, frame D497549.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+356+(06+25,+1922),+p.+8058.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:"1922",sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref009",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+und+internationale+Politik&author=Wirth+Josef&publication+year=1960",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:K,title:K,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:af,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref010",title:K,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn13",displayNumber:"page 163 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 163 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. debates over continuation of the Republikschutzgesetz in 1925, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref011\" id=\"ref011\"\u003EVerhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 385 (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 18, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1146\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–50;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+385+(03+18,+1925),+pp.+1146–50;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref012\" id=\"ref012\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHertzman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ELewis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELincoln\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, Neb., \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E233\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for DNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=DNVP.+Right-Wing+Opposition+in+the+Weimar+Republic&author=Hertzman+Lewis&publication+year=1963\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+385+(03+18,+1925),+pp.+1146–50;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:n,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref011",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=DNVP.+Right-Wing+Opposition+in+the+Weimar+Republic&author=Hertzman+Lewis&publication+year=1963",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:L,title:L,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:y,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref012",title:L,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn14",displayNumber:"page 164 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 164 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref013\" id=\"ref013\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJoos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWAZ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E38\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 19, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Reichstagfraktion&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1925&journal=WAZ&volume=38\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref014\" id=\"ref014\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EJoseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928)\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EZeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003ECIX\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1961\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E403\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E404\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E469\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–71.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Joseph+Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums+w%C3%A4hrend+des+IV.+Kabinettes+Marx+(1927%E2%80%931928)&author=Becker+Joseph&publication+year=1961&journal=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+des+Oberrheins&volume=CIX&pages=403-404\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See also the portrait by \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref015\" id=\"ref015\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKöhler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, ed. by \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJosef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EStuttgart\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1964\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1698\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–88.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Lebenserinnerungen+des+Politikers+und+Staatsmannes+1878%E2%80%931949&author=K%C3%B6hler+Heinrich&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1964\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref016\" id=\"ref016\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKöhler\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, one of Wirth's erstwhile Centrist colleagues from Baden and later (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E)\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Köhler,+,+one+of+Wirth's+erstwhile+Centrist+colleagues+from+Baden+and+later+(1927–1928)\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Reich finance minister, recognized Wirth's political talents but bitterly condemned him as a demagogue and “the greatest egoist in the post-war Center”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Reichstagfraktion&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1925&journal=WAZ&volume=38",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:al,jtitle:p,title:p,volume:"38",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18441c",spage:c,epage:c,date:n,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref013",title:al,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Joseph+Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums+w%C3%A4hrend+des+IV.+Kabinettes+Marx+(1927%E2%80%931928)&author=Becker+Joseph&publication+year=1961&journal=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+des+Oberrheins&volume=CIX&pages=403-404",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:am,jtitle:an,title:an,volume:"CIX",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18441d",spage:"403",epage:"404",date:ao,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref014",title:am,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Lebenserinnerungen+des+Politikers+und+Staatsmannes+1878%E2%80%931949&author=K%C3%B6hler+Heinrich&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1964",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:M,title:M,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1964",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref015",title:M,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Köhler,+,+one+of+Wirth's+erstwhile+Centrist+colleagues+from+Baden+and+later+(1927–1928)",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref016",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn15",displayNumber:"page 164 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 164 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Letter of Wirth to Hörsing, July 30, 1924, cited in Rohe, p. 280.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn16",displayNumber:"page 164 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 164 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Morsey refers to Wirth's “Extratouren”. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref017\" id=\"ref017\"\u003E“Das Zentrum zwischen den Fronten”, in: Der Weg in die Diktatur 19188–1933 (Munich, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1962\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E99\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Das+Zentrum+zwischen+den+Fronten”,+in:+Der+Weg+in+die+Diktatur+19188–1933+(Munich,+1962),+p.+99.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Das+Zentrum+zwischen+den+Fronten”,+in:+Der+Weg+in+die+Diktatur+19188–1933+(Munich,+1962),+p.+99.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:"1962",sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref017",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn17",displayNumber:"page 164 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 164 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EKatholische Arbeitervereine\u003C\u002Fem\u003E were not trade unions, but rather cultural organizations under episcopal jurisdiction. Joos was a personal friend of Wirth and generally acted in his behalf as a go-between with party leaders. But Wirth received more consistent support from local Catholic labor leaders.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn18",displayNumber:"page 165 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 165 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Letter of Adolf Kalesse to Marx, June 1, 1927, Marx Papers 239. Cf. also WAZ, No 47, Nov. 22, 1924; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref018\" id=\"ref018\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDrees\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWilli\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EWir glauben an unsere Zukunft\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAll-gemeine Rundschau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E07\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 3, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E4668\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–67;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir glauben an unsere Zukunft' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+glauben+an+unsere+Zukunft&author=Drees+Willi&publication+year=1926&journal=All-gemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Das Junge Zentrum, IV (June\u002FJuly, 1927), p. 35, and \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref018\"\u003Eibid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Aug., 1927), pp. 1538–54.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+glauben+an+unsere+Zukunft&author=Drees+Willi&publication+year=1926&journal=All-gemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ap,jtitle:aq,title:aq,volume:N,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184421",spage:"4668",epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref018",title:ap,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn19",displayNumber:"page 165 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 165 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E At the Center's party congress in 1925, Wirth and Stegerwald clashed head-on over the issue of political direction for the party and Center participation in the Reichsbanner. Cf. Off. Ber. 1925, pp. 308–38, 708–78. Stegerwald's penchant for a right-wing political course was tactical as much as anything else. The non-socialist federation of trade unions, which included the Christian Trade Unions, the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (founded in 1919 as a counterpoise to the socialist Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), included important contingents from the Nationalist party. As chairman of the DGB, Stegerwald was constantly preoccupied with problems of organizational unity. On the Christian Trade Unions and the Reichsbanner see \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref019\" id=\"ref019\"\u003E“Reichsbanner und christliche Gewerkschaften”, in: Zentralblatt der christlichen Gewerkschaften, XXV (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E98\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+christliche+Gewerkschaften”,+in:+Zentralblatt+der+christlichen+Gewerkschaften,+XXV+(1925),+p.+98;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref020\" id=\"ref020\"\u003E“Reichsbanner und Zentrum”, in: Kölnische Volkszeitung, No 546, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E07\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 27, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+Zentrum”,+in:+Kölnische+Volkszeitung,+No+546,+07+27,+1927;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref021\" id=\"ref021\"\u003Eremarks of Stegerwald in Verhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 29, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E13893\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=remarks+of+Stegerwald+in+Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+p.+13893;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref022\" id=\"ref022\"\u003Eletter of Marx to Dr Stenzel, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E05\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 13, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, Marx Papers \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E265\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=letter+of+Marx+to+Dr+Stenzel,+05+13,+1930,+Marx+Papers+265.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+christliche+Gewerkschaften”,+in:+Zentralblatt+der+christlichen+Gewerkschaften,+XXV+(1925),+p.+98;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:n,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref019",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+und+Zentrum”,+in:+Kölnische+Volkszeitung,+No+546,+07+27,+1927;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref020",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=remarks+of+Stegerwald+in+Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+p.+13893;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:l,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref021",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=letter+of+Marx+to+Dr+Stenzel,+05+13,+1930,+Marx+Papers+265.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:w,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref022",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn20",displayNumber:"page 165 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 165 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref023\" id=\"ref023\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJoos\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJoseph\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EKarlsruhe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E328\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–39;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+politische+Ideenwelt+des+Zentrums&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1928\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref024\" id=\"ref024\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDirks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWalter\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003Ein Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E183\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 9, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Dirks,+Walterin+Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung,+No+183,+08+9,+1926;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref025\" id=\"ref025\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKrone\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EAm Ende?\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Junge Zentrum\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E01\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Am Ende?' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Am+Ende%3F&author=Krone+Heinrich&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=1-3\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref026\" id=\"ref026\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWerner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Politik der jungen Generation in Europa\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAbend-land\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E328\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–30.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Politik der jungen Generation in Europa' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Politik+der+jungen+Generation+in+Europa&author=Becker+Werner&publication+year=1926&journal=Abend-land&volume=I\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+politische+Ideenwelt+des+Zentrums&author=Joos+Joseph&publication+year=1928",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:O,title:O,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:l,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref023",title:O,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Dirks,+Walterin+Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung,+No+183,+08+9,+1926;",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:c,jtitle:ar,title:ar,volume:"183",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184427",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref024",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Am+Ende%3F&author=Krone+Heinrich&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=1-3",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:as,jtitle:q,title:q,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184428",spage:P,epage:at,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref025",title:as,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Politik+der+jungen+Generation+in+Europa&author=Becker+Werner&publication+year=1926&journal=Abend-land&volume=I",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:au,jtitle:av,title:av,volume:aw,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184429",spage:"328",epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref026",title:au,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn21",displayNumber:"page 165 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 165 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Germania, No 307, Nov. 5, 1923.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn22",displayNumber:"page 166 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 166 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Joos to Julius Stocky, Jan. 8, 1926, Marx Papers 238; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref027\" id=\"ref027\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBrüning\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EFührer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Junge Zentrum\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E180\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–84.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Führer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=F%C3%BChrer+und+Gefolgschaft+in+der+modernen+Demokratie&author=Br%C3%BCning+Heinrich&publication+year=1926&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=III\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. Brüning's comments twenty years later on Center-socialist cooperation, and the possibility of forming a united “labor party” out of members of the Center and the SPD: Brüning to Wilhelm Sollmann, Aug. 20, 1946, in Wilhelm Sollmann Papers (Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pa.), DG 45, Box 1.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=F%C3%BChrer+und+Gefolgschaft+in+der+modernen+Demokratie&author=Br%C3%BCning+Heinrich&publication+year=1926&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=III",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:ax,jtitle:q,title:q,volume:z,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442a",spage:"180",epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref027",title:ax,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn23",displayNumber:"page 166 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 166 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Off. Ber. 1925, p. 78; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref028\" id=\"ref028\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EWir bleiben!\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 1, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir bleiben!' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+bleiben!&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:ay,openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:A,jtitle:r,title:r,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442b",spage:c,epage:c,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref028",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn24",displayNumber:"page 166 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 166 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ms. “Reichsbanner”, Marx Papers 265; Rohe, p. 291.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn25",displayNumber:"page 166 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 166 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref029\" id=\"ref029\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EZeender\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohn K.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EThe German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EJournal of Modern History\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXXV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E366\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–84.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='CrossRef link for The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925' href=https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F243819\u003ECrossRef\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+German+Catholics+and+the+Presidential+Election+of+1925&author=Zeender+John+K.&publication+year=1963&journal=Journal+of+Modern+History&volume=XXXV&doi=10.1086%2F243819\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See also \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref030\" id=\"ref030\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHoll\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EKonfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EVierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXVII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E07\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1969\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E254\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–75.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Konfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Konfessionalit%C3%A4t%2C+Konfessionalismus+und+demokratische+Republik+%E2%80%93+Zu+einigen+Aspekten+der+Reichspr%C3%A4sidentenwahl+von+1925&author=Holl+Karl&publication+year=1969&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&volume=XVII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+German+Catholics+and+the+Presidential+Election+of+1925&author=Zeender+John+K.&publication+year=1963&journal=Journal+of+Modern+History&volume=XXXV&doi=10.1086%2F243819",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:az,jtitle:aA,title:aA,volume:"XXXV",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442c",spage:"366",epage:c,date:y,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:aB,au:a},innerRefId:"ref029",title:az,doi:aB,crossRefLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1086\u002F243819",pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Konfessionalit%C3%A4t%2C+Konfessionalismus+und+demokratische+Republik+%E2%80%93+Zu+einigen+Aspekten+der+Reichspr%C3%A4sidentenwahl+von+1925&author=Holl+Karl&publication+year=1969&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&volume=XVII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aC,jtitle:aD,title:aD,volume:"XVII",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442d",spage:"254",epage:c,date:"1969",sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref030",title:aC,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn26",displayNumber:"page 167 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 167 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Report of Hermann Pünder, Sept. 9, 1925, in Alte Reichskanzlei: Partei 4, Zentrumspartei 1919–1926 (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial L1833, reel 5713, frames L530127–9; Ms. “Der Austritt Dr. Wirths aus der Fraktion im Jahre 1925”, Marx Papers 236. Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref031\" id=\"ref031\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EDecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGeorg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Zentrumskrise\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie Gesellschaft\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E410\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–28.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Zentrumskrise' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Zentrumskrise&author=Decker+Georg&publication+year=1925&journal=Die+Gesellschaft&volume=II\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Zentrumskrise&author=Decker+Georg&publication+year=1925&journal=Die+Gesellschaft&volume=II",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aE,jtitle:aF,title:aF,volume:"II",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442e",spage:"410",epage:c,date:n,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref031",title:aE,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn27",displayNumber:"page 167 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 167 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Munich police report, March 1, 1926 on Wirth's appearance before a capacity Reichsbanner rally, in NSDAP Hauptarchiv (Hoover Institution Microfilm Copy), reel 93, folder 1902; Marx to the secretary of the Düsseldorf Catholic Workers' Association, Drösser, Dec. 10, 1925, Marx Papers 237.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn28",displayNumber:"page 167 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 167 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Letters to Marx from Heinrich Vockel, Sept. 18, 1925 and Geheimrat Bürger, Dec. 16, 1925, Marx Papers 237. Rudolf ten Hompel to Marx, Jan. 14, 1926, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref031\"\u003Eibid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E 238. Carl Bachem complained that Wirth should not be allowed to address Center assemblies, particularly working-class audiences, “solange er in Ver-sammlungen des ‘Banner schwarz-rot-gold’ auftrete und dort Stimmung gegen die Zentrumsfraktion mache… [M]it den Arbeitern und den so wenig verstands-fähigen grossstädtischen Massen allein können wirs nicht machen.” Bachem to Gustav Trunk, Dec. 17, 1925, Bachem Papers 828.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn29",displayNumber:"page 167 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 167 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Have you forgotten”, one rightist complained to Marx, “who was the chief power in the Center in the years 1870–90? And which class in the future it must be again?” – a clear reference to the Catholic upper middle class and aristocratic \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EHonoratioren\u003C\u002Fem\u003E in the pre-war Center. Th. Hebring to Marx, Nov. 2, 1926, Marx Papers 238.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn30",displayNumber:"page 168 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 168 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Marx dated the beginning of his later troubles with Catholic trade unionists from the events of late 1924. See Ms. “Meinungsverschiedenheiten mit den christlichen Arbeitern”, Marx Papers 241.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn31",displayNumber:"page 168 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 168 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref032\" id=\"ref032\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKunze\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EOtto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EChristliche Politik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAllgemeine Rundschau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 23, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1924\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E681\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–82;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Christliche Politik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christliche+Politik&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1924&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXI\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Bayerischer Kurier, No 219, Aug. 9, 1926 and No 253, Sept. 10, 1927; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref033\" id=\"ref033\"\u003E“Bayerische Briefe”, in: Das Junge Zentrum, IV (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E01\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Bayerische+Briefe”,+in:+Das+Junge+Zentrum,+IV+(01,+1927),+pp.+4–10;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref034\" id=\"ref034\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFunder\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EFriedrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAls Österreich den Sturm bestand\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EVienna\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1957\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E119\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–20.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Als Österreich den Sturm bestand' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Als+%C3%96sterreich+den+Sturm+bestand&author=Funder+Friedrich&publication+year=1957\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Christliche+Politik&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1924&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXI",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aG,jtitle:B,title:B,volume:"XXI",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18442f",spage:"681",epage:c,date:aH,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref032",title:aG,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Bayerische+Briefe”,+in:+Das+Junge+Zentrum,+IV+(01,+1927),+pp.+4–10;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref033",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Als+%C3%96sterreich+den+Sturm+bestand&author=Funder+Friedrich&publication+year=1957",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:Q,title:Q,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1957",tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref034",title:Q,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn32",displayNumber:"page 168 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 168 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Nationalrat Heinrich Mataja to Marx, July 22, 1926 and Aug. 17, 1926; F. Krauss to Marx, Oct. 6, 1926; Hugo Graf von Lerchenfeld to Marx, Oct. 23, 1926, all in Marx Papers 265. Cf. Julius Deutsch (chairman of the Schutzbund) to Hörsing, Oct. 18, 1926, copy in \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref034\"\u003Eibid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn33",displayNumber:"page 168 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 168 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Marx to Mataja, Aug. 3 and Sept. 14, 1926, and Hörsing to Marx, Oct. 11, 1926, Marx Papers 265. Marx was not the only one to have serious reservations about participation in the Reichsbanner in 1926; the middle-class leaders of the DDP felt the same way. The chairman of that party, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref035\" id=\"ref035\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKoch-Weser\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EErich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, concluded: “Wir hatten gehofft dass wir durch das Reichsbanner weitere Kreise der Sozialdemokraten zu uns herüberziehen würden. Ich halte diese Hoffnung für verfehlt; denn ich sehe immer wieder, wie die radikalen Elemente sich bei diesen gemeinsamen Organisation durchsetzen.” Meeting of the DDP Ausschuss, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 28, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, copy in NSDAP-HA, 37\u002F731.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Koch-Weser,+Erich,+concluded:+“Wir+hatten+gehofft+dass+wir+durch+das+Reichsbanner+weitere+Kreise+der+Sozialdemokraten+zu+uns+herüberziehen+würden.+Ich+halte+diese+Hoffnung+für+verfehlt;+denn+ich+sehe+immer+wieder,+wie+die+radikalen+Elemente+sich+bei+diesen+gemeinsamen+Organisation+durchsetzen.”+Meeting+of+the+DDP+Ausschuss,+11+28,+1926,+copy+in+NSDAP-HA,+37\u002F731.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Koch-Weser,+Erich,+concluded:+“Wir+hatten+gehofft+dass+wir+durch+das+Reichsbanner+weitere+Kreise+der+Sozialdemokraten+zu+uns+herüberziehen+würden.+Ich+halte+diese+Hoffnung+für+verfehlt;+denn+ich+sehe+immer+wieder,+wie+die+radikalen+Elemente+sich+bei+diesen+gemeinsamen+Organisation+durchsetzen.”+Meeting+of+the+DDP+Ausschuss,+11+28,+1926,+copy+in+NSDAP-HA,+37\u002F731.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:j,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref035",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn34",displayNumber:"page 169 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 169 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Archbishop cardinal Bertram of Breslau to Marx, Nov. 24, 1925, and Heinrich Vockel to Marx, Sept. 14, 1926, Marx Papers 265; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref036\" id=\"ref036\"\u003E“Zurück aus dem Sumpf! Hinein in den Turm!”, in: Allgemeine Rundschau, XXIII (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E06\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 26, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E402\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Zurück+aus+dem+Sumpf!+Hinein+in+den+Turm!”,+in:+Allgemeine+Rundschau,+XXIII+(06+26,+1926),+p.+402;\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E remarks of Prälat Linneborn in Off. Ber. 1925, p. 106.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Zurück+aus+dem+Sumpf!+Hinein+in+den+Turm!”,+in:+Allgemeine+Rundschau,+XXIII+(06+26,+1926),+p.+402;",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:j,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref036",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn35",displayNumber:"page 169 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 169 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Das Junge Zentrum, III (July, 1926), pp. 137–38.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn36",displayNumber:"page 169 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 169 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref037\" id=\"ref037\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKunze\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EOtto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EQuo Vadis, katholische Jugend?\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAllgemeine Rundschau\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E06\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 19, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E386\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Quo Vadis, katholische Jugend?' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Quo+Vadis%2C+katholische+Jugend%3F&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1926&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E materials in NSDAP-HA, 94\u002F1906, folder marked “Reichsbanner und Zentrum”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Quo+Vadis%2C+katholische+Jugend%3F&author=Kunze+Otto&publication+year=1926&journal=Allgemeine+Rundschau&volume=XXIII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aI,jtitle:B,title:B,volume:N,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184434",spage:"386",epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref037",title:aI,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn37",displayNumber:"page 170 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 170 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ms. “Dr. Wirth und die Republikanische Union”, Marx Papers 236.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn38",displayNumber:"page 170 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 170 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref038\" id=\"ref038\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERako\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EOtto\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EKatholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E29\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Katholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus+und+Zentrumspolitik+zu+Sozialismus+und+Reichsbanner&author=Rako+Otto&publication+year=1930\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Carl Bachem to Felix Porsch, Dec. 16, 1925, Bachem Papers 828.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus+und+Zentrumspolitik+zu+Sozialismus+und+Reichsbanner&author=Rako+Otto&publication+year=1930",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:R,title:R,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:w,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref038",title:R,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn39",displayNumber:"page 170 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 170 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Off. Ber. 1925, pp. 30–38; Frankfurter Zeitung, No 397, May 31, 1927 and No 414, June 7, 1927.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn40",displayNumber:"page 171 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See the exchange of letters relating to this incident in Marx Papers 238: H. Rademacher [secretary of the Thuringian Center] to Wirth, Nov. 18, 1926; Wirth to Rademacher, Nov. 23, 1926; Dr Schomberg to Wirth, Nov. 29, 1926; Rademacher to Marx, Dec. 28, 1926.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn41",displayNumber:"page 171 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E On the Center's crisis in 1927 see Becker, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, passim.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn42",displayNumber:"page 171 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DR, I, Heft 16 (1926–27), p. 8.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn43",displayNumber:"page 171 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. the issues of DR, I (1926–27): Heft 26, pp. 98–103; Heft 30, pp. 225–29; Heft 32, pp. 289–93. Letter of Marx to Wirth, May 20, 1927, Marx Papers 239.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn44",displayNumber:"page 171 note 5",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 5\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Vorwärts, No 172, July 19, 1927.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn45",displayNumber:"page 171 note 6",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 171 note 6\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ms. “Reichsbanner”, Marx Papers 265.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn46",displayNumber:"page 172 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 172 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Heinrich Vockel to Marx, July 23, 25 and 29, 1927, Marx Papers 265.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn47",displayNumber:"page 172 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 172 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref039\" id=\"ref039\"\u003E“Bekenntnis zum Reichsbanner”, in: Vorwärts, No 185, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 3, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Bekenntnis+zum+Reichsbanner”,+in:+Vorwärts,+No+185,+08+3,+1927.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. Münchener Post, July 27, 1927; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref040\" id=\"ref040\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EThormann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWerner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EZentrum und Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ERhein-Mainische Volkszeitung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E169\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E07\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 26, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum und Reichsbanner' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Reichsbanner&author=Thormann+Werner&publication+year=1927&journal=Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung&volume=169\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Bekenntnis+zum+Reichsbanner”,+in:+Vorwärts,+No+185,+08+3,+1927.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref039",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Reichsbanner&author=Thormann+Werner&publication+year=1927&journal=Rhein-Mainische+Volkszeitung&volume=169",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aJ,jtitle:aK,title:aK,volume:"169",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184437",spage:c,epage:c,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref040",title:aJ,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn48",displayNumber:"page 172 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 172 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DR, I, Heft 41 (1926–27), pp. 581–83; Berliner Tageblatt, No 358, July 31, 1927.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn49",displayNumber:"page 172 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 172 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref041\" id=\"ref041\"\u003E“Rundschreiben”, signed by Heinrich Krone (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 20, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E),\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Rundschreiben”,+signed+by+Heinrich+Krone+(08+20,+1927),\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Marx Papers 265; Vockel to Marx, July 29, 1927, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref041\"\u003Eibid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; Kölnische Volkszeitung, No 552, July 29, 1927.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Rundschreiben”,+signed+by+Heinrich+Krone+(08+20,+1927),",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref041",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn50",displayNumber:"page 173 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 173 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Report of a meeting of Center leaders in the Reichsbanner, July 29, 1927 in Marx Papers 265; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref042\" id=\"ref042\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESevering\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ECarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EMein Lebensweg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EKöln\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1950\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E93\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E94\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E; Rohe, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E379\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–81.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Mein Lebensweg' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mein+Lebensweg&author=Severing+Carl&publication+year=1950&pages=93-94\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Mein+Lebensweg&author=Severing+Carl&publication+year=1950&pages=93-94",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:S,title:S,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:"1950",tpages:"94",doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref042",title:S,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn51",displayNumber:"page 173 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 173 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref043\" id=\"ref043\"\u003E“Abschied vom Zentrum?”, in: DR, II (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E07\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 6, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1273\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–78.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Abschied+vom+Zentrum?”,+in:+DR,+II+(07+6,+1928),+pp.+1273–78.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Abschied+vom+Zentrum?”,+in:+DR,+II+(07+6,+1928),+pp.+1273–78.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:l,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref043",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn52",displayNumber:"page 173 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 173 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Germania, No 173, April 12, 1930; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref044\" id=\"ref044\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGross\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ENikolaus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EUnser Weg\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWAZ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E19\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E05\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 10, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Unser Weg' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Unser+Weg&author=Gross+Nikolaus&publication+year=1930&journal=WAZ&volume=19\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E police report, \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref045\" id=\"ref045\"\u003E“Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, Gau Württemberg” (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 24, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E4\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E7\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+Schwarz-Rot-Gold,+Gau+Württemberg”+(04+24,+1930),+pp.+4–7,\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E copy in NSDAP-HA, 58\u002F1403; Marx to Dr Stenzel, May 13, 1930, Marx Papers 265.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Unser+Weg&author=Gross+Nikolaus&publication+year=1930&journal=WAZ&volume=19",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aL,jtitle:p,title:p,volume:"19",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18443b",spage:c,epage:c,date:w,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref044",title:aL,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Reichsbanner+Schwarz-Rot-Gold,+Gau+Württemberg”+(04+24,+1930),+pp.+4–7,",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:w,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref045",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn53",displayNumber:"page 173 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 173 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Leading to complaints, not entirely without foundation, that the Center simply “used” the Reichsbanner. While the left wing of the SPD hotly criticized Hörsing's renewed call for “Überparteilichkeit” in the Reichsbanner after the formation of the Brüning government, Center supporters of the Reichsbanner praised that same position. Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref046\" id=\"ref046\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELaumann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKurt\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EZentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDer Klassenkampf\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"issue\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1930\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E359\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–64;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum%2C+Sozialdemokratie%2C+und+Reichsbanner&author=Laumann+Kurt&publication+year=1930&journal=Der+Klassenkampf&volume=IV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E DR, IV (April 19, 1930), p. 868.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum%2C+Sozialdemokratie%2C+und+Reichsbanner&author=Laumann+Kurt&publication+year=1930&journal=Der+Klassenkampf&volume=IV",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aM,jtitle:aN,title:aN,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18443d",spage:"359",epage:c,date:w,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref046",title:aM,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn54",displayNumber:"page 173 note 5",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 173 note 5\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref047\" id=\"ref047\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Republikaner und ihr Staat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR, I, Heft\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E3\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Republikaner und ihr Staat' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Republikaner+und+ihr+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=12&pages=1-3\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. Wirth's similar statements on the Center workers in 1933: \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref048\" id=\"ref048\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJosef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EZentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EVierteljahrshefte für Zeit-geschichte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIX\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1961\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E208\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E210\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz+1933&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1961&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeit-geschichte&volume=IX&pages=208-210\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Republikaner+und+ihr+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=12&pages=1-3",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aO,jtitle:s,title:s,volume:"12",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18443e",spage:P,epage:at,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref047",title:aO,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Zentrum+und+Erm%C3%A4chtigungsgesetz+1933&author=Becker+Josef&publication+year=1961&journal=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeit-geschichte&volume=IX&pages=208-210",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aP,jtitle:aQ,title:aQ,volume:"IX",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18443f",spage:"208",epage:"210",date:ao,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref048",title:aP,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn55",displayNumber:"page 174 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 174 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref049\" id=\"ref049\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ESozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E01\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 25, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1929\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E515\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–16;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Sozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Sozialisten%2C+Katholiken%2C+und+der+deutsche+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref050\" id=\"ref050\"\u003EVerhandlungen des Reichstags, Vol. 393 (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 29, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1315\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–19.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+pp.+1315–19.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Sozialisten%2C+Katholiken%2C+und+der+deutsche+Staat&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aR,jtitle:t,title:t,volume:z,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184440",spage:"515",epage:c,date:T,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref049",title:aR,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Verhandlungen+des+Reichstags,+Vol.+393+(03+29,+1928),+pp.+1315–19.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:l,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref050",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn56",displayNumber:"page 174 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 174 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref051\" id=\"ref051\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EUm das neue Kabinett\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR, I, Heft\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E9\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E17\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E21\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Um das neue Kabinett' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Um+das+neue+Kabinett&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=9&pages=17-21\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref052\" id=\"ref052\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth's\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E statement: “Die [im Reichsbanner] vertretenen Parteien versuche ich zum Staat zu führen, damit sie die politischen Aufgaben des Tages staatspo-litisch sehen lernen. Damit wird selbstverständlich im \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EPolitischen\u003C\u002Fem\u003E der Klassen-kampfgedanke überwunden.” Letter (“Promemoria”) of Wirth to Prälat Dr Schofer, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 11, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E,\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Wirth's,+statement:+“Die+[im+Reichsbanner]+vertretenen+Parteien+versuche+ich+zum+Staat+zu+führen,+damit+sie+die+politischen+Aufgaben+des+Tages+staatspo-litisch+sehen+lernen.+Damit+wird+selbstverständlich+im+Politischen+der+Klassen-kampfgedanke+überwunden.”+Letter+(“Promemoria”)+of+Wirth+to+Prälat+Dr+Schofer,+09+11,+1927,\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E copy in Marx Papers 240 (also printed in \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref053\" id=\"ref053\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E450\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–61).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+450–61).\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Um+das+neue+Kabinett&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=9&pages=17-21",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aS,jtitle:s,title:s,volume:"9",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184442",spage:"17",epage:"21",date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref051",title:aS,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Wirth's,+statement:+“Die+[im+Reichsbanner]+vertretenen+Parteien+versuche+ich+zum+Staat+zu+führen,+damit+sie+die+politischen+Aufgaben+des+Tages+staatspo-litisch+sehen+lernen.+Damit+wird+selbstverständlich+im+Politischen+der+Klassen-kampfgedanke+überwunden.”+Letter+(“Promemoria”)+of+Wirth+to+Prälat+Dr+Schofer,+09+11,+1927,",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:k,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref052",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+450–61).",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref053",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn57",displayNumber:"page 174 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 174 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref054\" id=\"ref054\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESollmann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWilhelm\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EArbeitermassen und Staatspolitik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR, I, Heft\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E2\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E15\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E18\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Arbeitermassen und Staatspolitik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Arbeitermassen+und+Staatspolitik&author=Sollmann+Wilhelm&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=2&pages=15-18\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref055\" id=\"ref055\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESollmann\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ENation und Sozialismus\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 19, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E);\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Nation und Sozialismus' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Nation+und+Sozialismus&author=Sollmann+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E undated Ms. “Die Staatsidee der Sozialdemokratie”, Sollmann Papers, Box 15.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Arbeitermassen+und+Staatspolitik&author=Sollmann+Wilhelm&publication+year=1926&journal=DR%2C+I%2C+Heft&volume=2&pages=15-18",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aT,jtitle:s,title:s,volume:ac,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184445",spage:"15",epage:"18",date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref054",title:aT,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Nation+und+Sozialismus&author=Sollmann+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aU,jtitle:r,title:r,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184446",spage:c,epage:c,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref055",title:aU,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn58",displayNumber:"page 174 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 174 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref056\" id=\"ref056\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EWir bleiben!\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Reichsbanner\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 1, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir bleiben!' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+bleiben!&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:ay,openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:A,jtitle:r,title:r,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184447",spage:c,epage:c,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref056",title:A,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn59",displayNumber:"page 175 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 175 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref057\" id=\"ref057\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETeipel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E);\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Wir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+m%C3%BCssen+aus+dem+Turm+heraus!&author=Teipel+Heinrich&publication+year=1925\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref058\" id=\"ref058\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ETeipel\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Krise des deutschen Reichstags\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWAZ\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No 6, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 6 and No 7, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 13, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Krise des deutschen Reichstags' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Krise+des+deutschen+Reichstags&author=Teipel+&publication+year=1926&journal=WAZ\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Wirth's supporters in the DDP evidently had similar ideas. Cf. the remarks of the trade unionist Anton Erkelenz: “Ich würde es für das Richtigste halten wenn die Gruppen die sich unter den Namen Republikanische Union ein gemeinsames Ziel gesetzt haben, sich zu einem einheitlichen Parteikörper verschmelzen würden.” Meeting of DDP Vorstand, Nov. 6, 1926, in NSDAP-HA, 37\u002F730.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+m%C3%BCssen+aus+dem+Turm+heraus!&author=Teipel+Heinrich&publication+year=1925",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:U,title:U,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:n,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref057",title:U,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Krise+des+deutschen+Reichstags&author=Teipel+&publication+year=1926&journal=WAZ",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aV,jtitle:p,title:p,volume:c,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184449",spage:c,epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref058",title:aV,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn60",displayNumber:"page 175 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 175 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref059\" id=\"ref059\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EEmonds\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJosef\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EProletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EAbendland\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E134\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–37;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Proletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Proletariat+und+katholische+Partei.+Ein+offenes+Wort+von+Links&author=Emonds+Josef&publication+year=1928&journal=Abendland&volume=III\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref060\" id=\"ref060\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EOssietzky\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ECarl von\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EFeuer im Osten\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie Weltbühne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E06\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 14, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E925\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–30;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Feuer im Osten' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Feuer+im+Osten&author=Ossietzky+Carl+von&publication+year=1927&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXIII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref061\" id=\"ref061\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EKoch\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EWalther\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EKönnen Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ESozialistische Monatshefte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXXIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E279\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–80.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Können Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=K%C3%B6nnen+Sozialismus+und+Katholizismus+zusammenarbeiten%3F&author=Koch+Walther&publication+year=1928&journal=Sozialistische+Monatshefte&volume=XXXIV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Proletariat+und+katholische+Partei.+Ein+offenes+Wort+von+Links&author=Emonds+Josef&publication+year=1928&journal=Abendland&volume=III",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aW,jtitle:aX,title:aX,volume:z,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18444a",spage:"134",epage:c,date:l,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref059",title:aW,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Feuer+im+Osten&author=Ossietzky+Carl+von&publication+year=1927&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXIII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aY,jtitle:C,title:C,volume:N,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18444b",spage:"925",epage:c,date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref060",title:aY,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=K%C3%B6nnen+Sozialismus+und+Katholizismus+zusammenarbeiten%3F&author=Koch+Walther&publication+year=1928&journal=Sozialistische+Monatshefte&volume=XXXIV",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:aZ,jtitle:a_,title:a_,volume:"XXXIV",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18444c",spage:"279",epage:c,date:l,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref061",title:aZ,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn61",displayNumber:"page 175 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 175 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref062\" id=\"ref062\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDer 11. August\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EGermania\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, No \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003E334\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E08\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 11, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1924\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Der 11. August' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Der+11.+August&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1924&journal=Germania&volume=334\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cf. Wirth's letter to Hans Lammers, Aug. 10, 1933: “Ich verstehe es, wenn meine politischen Gegner mich wegen meiner innerpolitischen Haltung angreifen. Darüber sehe ich weg. Meine \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Enationalpolitische\u003C\u002Fem\u003E Ehre aber geht allem vor. Darin unterscheide ich mich garnicht von anderen Zeitgenossen, die die nationale Ehre besonders stark betonen.” Alte Reichskanzlei: Personalakten Josef Wirth (National Archives Microcopy T-120), serial 8443, reel 3352, frames E594177–80.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Der+11.+August&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1924&journal=Germania&volume=334",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:a$,jtitle:ba,title:ba,volume:"334",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18444d",spage:c,epage:c,date:aH,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref062",title:a$,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn62",displayNumber:"page 175 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 175 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E See Germania, No 498, Nov. 14,1924 (Wirth's comments on the “Bürgerblock”); \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref063\" id=\"ref063\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EJasper\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EGotthard\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDer Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ETübingen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E242\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Der Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Der+Schutz+der+Republik.+Studien+zur+staatlichen+Sicherung+der+Demokratie+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Jasper+Gotthard&publication+year=1963\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (Wirth's remarks before the Reichstag Überwachungsausschuss Sept. 15, 1921); \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref064\" id=\"ref064\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EGriewank\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EWissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena\u002FGesellschafts- und sprach-wissenschaftliche Reihe\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EI\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1951\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1952\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Dr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Krisen+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Griewank+Karl&publication+year=1951&journal=Wissenschaftliche+Zeitschrift+der+Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat+Jena%2FGesellschafts-+und+sprach-wissenschaftliche+Reihe&volume=I&pages=1-10\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (on Wirth's “kleinburgerlicher Herzensrepublikanismus”).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Der+Schutz+der+Republik.+Studien+zur+staatlichen+Sicherung+der+Demokratie+in+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Jasper+Gotthard&publication+year=1963",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:V,title:V,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:y,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref063",title:V,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Dr.+Wirth+und+die+Krisen+der+Weimarer+Republik&author=Griewank+Karl&publication+year=1951&journal=Wissenschaftliche+Zeitschrift+der+Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat+Jena%2FGesellschafts-+und+sprach-wissenschaftliche+Reihe&volume=I&pages=1-10",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bb,jtitle:bc,title:bc,volume:aw,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18444f",spage:P,epage:"10",date:"1951",sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref064",title:bb,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn63",displayNumber:"page 176 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 176 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Rohe, p. 260.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn64",displayNumber:"page 176 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 176 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E In 1927, after repeated pleas from Reichsbanner leaders, Wirth finally made a speaking tour throughout Württemberg but only after local Reichsbanner leaders promised to promote the official organ of his “Republican Union”, the Deutsche Republik, more than in the past. The issue was sensitive because the Reichsbanner enjoyed only limited success in attracting Center members in Württemberg. Wirth's conduct, however, was not at all out of keeping with his character. See the Lagebericht of the Württemberg state police, Oct. 19, 1927, p. 2 in NSDAP-HA, 58\u002F1400.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn65",displayNumber:"page 176 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 176 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref065\" id=\"ref065\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EVor zehn Jahren und heute\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E02\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 8, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1929\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E577\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–81;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Vor zehn Jahren und heute' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Vor+zehn+Jahren+und+heute&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E “Ende des Vertrauens?”, \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref065\"\u003Eibid.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Feb. 15, 1929), pp. 609–14. Cf. Wirth to Wilhelm Groener, Dec. 2, 1930, in Wilhelm Groener Papers (National Archives Microcopy M-137), reel 25, Stück 230.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Vor+zehn+Jahren+und+heute&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=III",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bd,jtitle:t,title:t,volume:z,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184450",spage:"577",epage:c,date:T,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref065",title:bd,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn66",displayNumber:"page 176 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 176 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref066\" id=\"ref066\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EWirth\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDR\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E12\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 14, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1929\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E321\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–23;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Ereignisse+und+ihre+Bedeutung&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=IV\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Rheinische Zeitung, No 335, Dec. 6, 1929; undated letter [Dec, 1929] of Wirth to Wilhelm Sollmann, Sollmann Papers, Box 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+Ereignisse+und+ihre+Bedeutung&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1929&journal=DR&volume=IV",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:be,jtitle:t,title:t,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184451",spage:"321",epage:c,date:T,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref066",title:be,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn67",displayNumber:"page 177 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 177 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Rohe, p. 300; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref067\" id=\"ref067\"\u003E“Joseph Wirth auf der Reichsliste”, in: Die Weltbühne, XXIV (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 24, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E623\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–24.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Joseph+Wirth+auf+der+Reichsliste”,+in:+Die+Weltbühne,+XXIV+(04+24,+1928),+pp.+623–24.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E It is more than likely that Wirth's stand was connected to promises he had made to party leaders in 1928 to carry on his “further political activity in concert with the leaders of the party and the \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003EFraktion\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, in accordance with the principles of the Christian conception of the state.” Report in Marx Papers 239; also \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple other\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref068\" id=\"ref068\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBecker\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums”, pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E481\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–82.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+481–82.\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=“Joseph+Wirth+auf+der+Reichsliste”,+in:+Die+Weltbühne,+XXIV+(04+24,+1928),+pp.+623–24.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:l,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref067",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar?q=Becker,+,+“Wirth+und+die+Krise+des+Zentrums”,+pp.+481–82.",openUrlParams:{genre:h,date:c,sid:d,title:c},innerRefId:"ref068",title:a,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn68",displayNumber:"page 177 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 177 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Klassenkampf, II (Jan., 1928), pp. 12–13. Cf. \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref069\" id=\"ref069\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESteinger\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EAlfons\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003ERepublikanische Union\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie Weltbühne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EXXII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E09\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 21, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1926\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E446\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–48.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Republikanische Union' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Republikanische+Union&author=Steinger+Alfons&publication+year=1926&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Republikanische+Union&author=Steinger+Alfons&publication+year=1926&journal=Die+Weltb%C3%BChne&volume=XXII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bf,jtitle:C,title:C,volume:"XXII",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184454",spage:"446",epage:c,date:j,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref069",title:bf,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn69",displayNumber:"page 177 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 177 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Rohe, pp. 52, 314–42; \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref070\" id=\"ref070\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EStürmer\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EMichael\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EKoalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EDüsseldorf\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1967\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), p. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E257\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Koalition+und+Opposition+in+der+Weimarer+Republik+1924%E2%80%931928&author=St%C3%BCrmer+Michael&publication+year=1967\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Koalition+und+Opposition+in+der+Weimarer+Republik+1924%E2%80%931928&author=St%C3%BCrmer+Michael&publication+year=1967",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:W,title:W,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:X,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref070",title:W,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn70",displayNumber:"page 177 note 4",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 177 note 4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref071\" id=\"ref071\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EThieme\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKarl\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDeutscher unter Deutschen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHochland\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003ELX\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E10\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E11\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1968\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E622\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–23.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Deutscher unter Deutschen' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Deutscher+unter+Deutschen&author=Thieme+Karl&publication+year=1968&journal=Hochland&volume=LX\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Deutscher+unter+Deutschen&author=Thieme+Karl&publication+year=1968&journal=Hochland&volume=LX",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bg,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"LX",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184456",spage:"622",epage:c,date:ah,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref071",title:bg,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn71",displayNumber:"page 178 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 178 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Frankfurter Zeitung, No 405, June 2, 1927.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]},{id:"fn72",displayNumber:"page 178 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 178 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref072\" id=\"ref072\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESchauff\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJohannes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDie deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EKoöln\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E); DR, II (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E01\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 20, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1928\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E517\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–18.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+deutschen+Katholiken+und+die+Zentrumspartei&author=Schauff+Johannes&publication+year=1928\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E The same point was made by Catholics on the right and on the left who were not in the party, although they differed radically on aims and means. Cf. Martin Spahn to President Paul von Hindenburg, April 30, 1925, in AR: Zentrumspartei 1919–1926, L1833\u002F5713\u002FL530123–6; Heinrich Mertens to Wilhelm Sollmann, Nov. 7, 1926, Sollmann Papers Box 3.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+deutschen+Katholiken+und+die+Zentrumspartei&author=Schauff+Johannes&publication+year=1928",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:Y,title:Y,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:l,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref072",title:Y,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn73",displayNumber:"page 178 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 178 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref073\" id=\"ref073\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EMaier\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHans\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EKatholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHochland\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003ELVII\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E04\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1965\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E318\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–33;\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Katholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus%2C+nationale+Bewegung%2C+und+Demokratie+in+Deutsch-land&author=Maier+Hans&publication+year=1965&journal=Hochland&volume=LVII\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref074\" id=\"ref074\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ELutz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EHeinrich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDemokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EMunich\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1963\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E91\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E123\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Demokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Demokratie+im+Zwielicht.+Der+Weg+der+deutschen+Katholiken+aus+dem+Kaiserreich+in+die+Republik&author=Lutz+Heinrich&publication+year=1963&pages=91-123\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Katholizismus%2C+nationale+Bewegung%2C+und+Demokratie+in+Deutsch-land&author=Maier+Hans&publication+year=1965&journal=Hochland&volume=LVII",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bh,jtitle:o,title:o,volume:"LVII",artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c184458",spage:"318",epage:c,date:"1965",sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref073",title:bh,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Demokratie+im+Zwielicht.+Der+Weg+der+deutschen+Katholiken+aus+dem+Kaiserreich+in+die+Republik&author=Lutz+Heinrich&publication+year=1963&pages=91-123",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:Z,title:Z,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:y,tpages:"123",doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref074",title:Z,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn74",displayNumber:"page 179 note 1",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 179 note 1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple journal\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref075\" id=\"ref075\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBerning\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA. H.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, “\u003Cspan class=\"article-title\"\u003EDie ausserparlamentarischen Verbände\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E”, in: \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EDas Junge Zentrum\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"volume\"\u003EIV\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"month\"\u003E03\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1927\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E), pp. \u003Cspan class=\"fpage\"\u003E58\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E–\u003Cspan class=\"lpage\"\u003E72\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Die ausserparlamentarischen Verbände' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+ausserparlamentarischen+Verb%C3%A4nde&author=Berning+A.+H.&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=58-72\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Die+ausserparlamentarischen+Verb%C3%A4nde&author=Berning+A.+H.&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Junge+Zentrum&volume=IV&pages=58-72",openUrlParams:{genre:g,atitle:bi,jtitle:q,title:q,volume:m,artnum:"5b19b8ce645361681c18445a",spage:"58",epage:"72",date:k,sid:d,aulast:a,aufirst:a,doi:a,au:a},innerRefId:"ref075",title:bi,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn75",displayNumber:"page 179 note 2",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 179 note 2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Recent attempts to rehabilitate Center leaders such as Brüning and (to a lesser degree) Ludwig Kaas demonstrate at least that attitudes and positions taken from 1930 to 1933 were more responsible than critics have usually conceeded. But this simply enlarges the dimensions of the problem. See \u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref076\" id=\"ref076\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EFerdinand\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EHermens\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ESchieder\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003ETheodor\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (eds), \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EStaat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EBerlin\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1967\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E);\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Staat%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Politik+in+der+Weimarer+Republik.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Heinrich+Br%C3%BCning&author=Ferdinand+A.&author=Hermens+&author=Schieder+Theodor&publication+year=1967\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"citation simple book\" data-magellan-destination=\"ref077\" id=\"ref077\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003ERepgen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EKonrad\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EHitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ESaarbrücken\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1967\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E).\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Hitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Hitlers+Machtergreifung+und+der+deutsche+Katholizismus.+Versuch+einer+Bilanz&author=Repgen+Konrad&publication+year=1967\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Staat%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Politik+in+der+Weimarer+Republik.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Heinrich+Br%C3%BCning&author=Ferdinand+A.&author=Hermens+&author=Schieder+Theodor&publication+year=1967",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:_,title:_,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:X,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref076",title:_,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a},{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Hitlers+Machtergreifung+und+der+deutsche+Katholizismus.+Versuch+einer+Bilanz&author=Repgen+Konrad&publication+year=1967",openUrlParams:{genre:i,btitle:$,title:$,aulast:a,aufirst:a,au:a,pub:c,date:X,tpages:c,doi:a,sid:d},innerRefId:"ref077",title:$,doi:a,crossRefLink:a,pubMedLink:a}]},{id:"fn76",displayNumber:"page 179 note 3",existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003E\u003Csup class=\"sup\"\u003Epage 179 note 3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Morsey, Zentrumspartei, p. 609 refers to the Center's “Taktieren und Lavieren”.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",item:[]}],figures:[]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002FC15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333\u002FS0020859000003564a.pdf\u002Fthe-german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner-a-case-study-in-political-and-social-consensus-in-the-weimar-republic.pdf",fileSizeInMb:1,articleTitle:"The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner A Case Study in Political and Social Consensus in the Weimar Republic",slugTitle:"the-german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner-a-case-study-in-political-and-social-consensus-in-the-weimar-republic"},highResolution:c,media:c},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:b,hasAnyOriginalArticle:b},settings:{hasAccess:e,isOpenAccess:b,displayRightsLink:e,shouldDisplayCrossMark:b,shouldDisplayNasaAds:b,suppressPdf:b,isShareable:b,isAnnotationsEnabled:b,disableArticleCommentary:b,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:b,isCommentsEnabled:b,hasContent:b,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:b,isResearchDirections:b,isQuestionCollection:b,isMathjaxEnabled:b},citationCount:E,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=The%20German%20Center%20Party%20and%20the%20Reichsbanner&jtitle=International%20Review%20of%20Social%20History&title=International%20Review%20of%20Social%20History&date=1969&volume=14&issue=2&spage=159&epage=179&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Knapp&aufirst=Thomas%20A.&doi=10.1017\u002FS0020859000003564",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:v,paperBackSku:c,hardBackSku:c},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=ISH&title=The%20German%20Center%20Party%20and%20the%20Reichsbanner%3A%20A%20Case%20Study%20in%20Political%20and%20Social%20Consensus%20in%20the%20Weimar%20Republic&publicationDate=18%20December%202008&author=Thomas%20A.%20Knapp&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20Internationaal%20Instituut%20voor%20Sociale%20Geschiedenis%201969&contentID=10.1017%2FS0020859000003564&startPage=159&endPage=179&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=14&issueNum=2&oa="},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:u,url:ab},{name:"Volume 14 Issue 2",url:ad},{name:D}],lang:ae,isShare:b,coreCmsConfig:{shouldUseShareProductTool:e,shouldUseHypothesis:e,isUnsiloEnabled:e},debugHostName:"page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt",debugTotalLoadingTime:E,debugRenderDate:"2024-11-24T04:11:13.377Z",debugHasDataIssue:b,debugHasContentIssue:b}],fetch:{},error:c,state:{errors:{hasAnyIssue:b,hasContentIssue:b},tabs:{supportedTabs:[],currentTab:a,stickyTabsEnabled:b},unleash:{repo:[{name:"useOrcidAuthorSync",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableLogObfuscation",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useDefaultDigitalCopy",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"wayf.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CorePageComponentUseNewCombobox",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.newCitationApi",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.loadSupMatFolderMetrics",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableJmsMessagesPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseSocialShareButton",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseBlog",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useStudyLevels",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"useNewGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"wayf.newGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"authentication.useNewGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.platformHeader-micro-ui",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"DT.newGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.useNewGlobalHeaderUrl",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"showSearchDashboardVersionAndPublishedDate",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CorePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseB2bPages",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayKBARTAutomation",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useQuickAccessPanel",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayResearchOpen",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalJournalsSqsPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"sendEmailsToTargetRecipients",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableFirstProcessReminderPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"he.resourcesWidgetLandingPage",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useNewTitlesSections",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableContinueProcessReminderPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseCitationToolApi",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableSecondProcessReminderPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseKbartMetafile",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"shoppingCart.newGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalArticlesSqsPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreDisplayGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"checkout.newGlobalHeader",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseKeycloakAuth",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"Ecommerce",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseGroupBooking",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseOmnichannel",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableZendeskRedirects",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnablePostPaymentEnrolment",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"authentication.useNewGlobalHeader.showDiscoveryTool",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"DisableEduframe",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"DT.useUsageEvents",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"showSearchDashboardSortDropdown",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"car-sup-mats",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useFixedLoginUrl",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UsePayPalPayment",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.NewReadAsGuestPopup",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"cart.useNewGlobalHeaderUrl",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UseCourseWelcomeEmail",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.Omnichannel",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableInternalArticlesPostProcessingSqsPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"homsy.Omnichannel",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.verifySalesforceApiKey",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"UsePayByQuote",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"EnableEmailMessagesSqsPolling",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"HE.useRedesignedPill",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b},{name:"CoreUseNewCms",enabled:e,variant:{name:f,enabled:b},impressionData:b}]},i18n:{routeParams:{}}},serverRendered:e,routePath:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002FjournalName\u002Farticle\u002FarticleName\u002FC15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333",config:{assetsService:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org",publicApi:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fpage-component\u002Fapi\u002Fv2",domainUrl:d,shibbolethUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fshibboleth.cambridge.org",seamlessAccessPs:"https:\u002F\u002Fservice.seamlessaccess.org\u002Fps\u002F",seamlessAccessContext:"seamlessaccess.org",shareaholicScript:"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.shareaholic.net\u002Fassets\u002Fpub\u002Fshareaholic.js",shareaholicSiteId:"b60ec523a5bee2ad04c630bf0d3aa388",shareaholicAppId:33113081,unleashProxyUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fcore-features.cambridge.org\u002Fproxy",unleashProxyClientKey:"B43LrdgqNKlNsaHfVzQ7l78gkVH0K7tf",cloudflareAuth:a,_app:{basePath:"\u002F",assetsPath:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpage-component\u002F",cdnURL:c}}}}("",false,null,"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org",true,"disabled","article","unknown","book","1926","1927","1928","IV","1925","Hochland","WAZ","Das Junge Zentrum","Das Reichsbanner","DR, I, Heft","DR","International Review of Social History","S0020859000003564","1930","article_ish_ind_pur","1963","III","Wir bleiben!","Allgemeine Rundschau","Die Weltbühne","The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner",0,"7FF66016B2018F886FFFFA224E60F12D","Die Auflösung der Weimarer Republik","Die Deutsche Zentrumspartei 1917–1923","Offizieller Bericht des Vierten Reichsparteitages der Deutschen Zentrumspartei. Tagung zu Cassel am 16. und 17. November 1925","Geschichte und Politik des Deutschen Zentrumspartei","Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik","DNVP. Right-Wing Opposition in the Weimar Republic","Lebenserinnerungen des Politikers und Staatsmannes 1878–1949","XXIII","Die politische Ideenwelt des Zentrums","1","Als Österreich den Sturm bestand","Katholizismus und Zentrumspolitik zu Sozialismus und Reichsbanner","Mein Lebensweg","1929","Wir müssen aus dem Turm heraus!","Der Schutz der Republik. Studien zur staatlichen Sicherung der Demokratie in der Weimarer Republik","Koalition und Opposition in der Weimarer Republik 1924–1928","1967","Die deutschen Katholiken und die Zentrumspartei","Demokratie im Zwielicht. Der Weg der deutschen Katholiken aus dem Kaiserreich in die Republik","Staat, Wirtschaft und Politik in der Weimarer Republik. Festschrift für Heinrich Brüning","Hitlers Machtergreifung und der deutsche Katholizismus. Versuch einer Bilanz","international-review-of-social-history","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history","2","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Finternational-review-of-social-history\u002Fissue\u002F49BE8005214F1048A5BDC3511108A802","en","1960","1966","1968","Die Erfurter Tagung des Zentrums","Frankfurter Zeitung","Das Zentrum und die Republik","Dr. Wirth und die Reichstagfraktion","Joseph Wirth und die Krise des Zentrums während des IV. Kabinettes Marx (1927–1928)","Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins","1961","Wir glauben an unsere Zukunft","All-gemeine Rundschau","in Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung","Am Ende?","3","Die Politik der jungen Generation in Europa","Abend-land","I","Führer und Gefolgschaft in der modernen Demokratie","https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Wir+bleiben!&author=Wirth+&publication+year=1927&journal=Das+Reichsbanner&volume=IV","The German Catholics and the Presidential Election of 1925","Journal of Modern History","10.1086\u002F243819","Konfessionalität, Konfessionalismus und demokratische Republik – Zu einigen Aspekten der Reichspräsidentenwahl von 1925","Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte","Die Zentrumskrise","Die Gesellschaft","Christliche Politik","1924","Quo Vadis, katholische Jugend?","Zentrum und Reichsbanner","Rhein-Mainische Volkszeitung","Unser Weg","Zentrum, Sozialdemokratie, und Reichsbanner","Der Klassenkampf","Die Republikaner und ihr Staat","Zentrum und Ermächtigungsgesetz 1933","Vierteljahrshefte für Zeit-geschichte","Sozialisten, Katholiken, und der deutsche Staat","Um das neue Kabinett","Arbeitermassen und Staatspolitik","Nation und Sozialismus","Die Krise des deutschen Reichstags","Proletariat und katholische Partei. Ein offenes Wort von Links","Abendland","Feuer im Osten","Können Sozialismus und Katholizismus zusammenarbeiten?","Sozialistische Monatshefte","Der 11. August","Germania","Dr. Wirth und die Krisen der Weimarer Republik","Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena\u002FGesellschafts- und sprach-wissenschaftliche Reihe","Vor zehn Jahren und heute","Die Ereignisse und ihre Bedeutung","Republikanische Union","Deutscher unter Deutschen","Katholizismus, nationale Bewegung, und Demokratie in Deutsch-land","Die ausserparlamentarischen Verbände"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-100.png" alt="Crossref logo"> <span class="citation-count">0</span> </div> </a> </li> <li class="fade-in section-container"> <a href="#" class="section-button" data-id="article-new-home-scholar-citations"> <div class="circular medium citation"> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Google_Scholar_logo_2015.PNG" alt="Google Scholar logo"> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top section-content"> <div class="small-10 small-centered columns"> <section class="content" id="article-new-home-crossref-citations"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel margin-top-small citation-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <p>No CrossRef data available.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section style="display:none" class="content" id="article-new-home-scholar-citations"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel margin-top-small citation-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-12 columns"> <div class="print-only print-heading margin-bottom-large">Google Scholar Citations</div> <p>View all <a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cites=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" target="_blank">Google Scholar citations</a> for this article. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close cited by"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('body').on('click', '#article-new-home-productCitations .section-button', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); var id = $(this).attr('data-id'); $('#article-new-home-productCitations .section-content section').hide(); $('#article-new-home-productCitations .section-container').removeClass('active'); $(this).parent('.section-container').addClass('active'); $('#' + id).show(); }); }); </script> <div id='platform-footer'> <div class="__shared-elements-html ShEl"><div class="__shared-elements-head"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/entry.BhGMTrWu.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-404.B06nACMW.css"> <link rel="prefetch" as="style" href="/aca/shared-elements/_nuxt/error-500.WGRfNq7F.css"> </div><div class="__shared-elements-body"><div id="__sharedElements-ujgooq"><div class="apl"><footer class="apl-footer apl-theme--core" data-v-20efd383><section class="apl-footer__top" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-container apl-footer__container-top" data-v-20efd383><a href="/" class="apl-footer__logo-link" data-v-20efd383><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Cambridge University Press" class="apl-footer__logo-image" data-v-20efd383></a><div class="apl-footer__nav-and-location" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-footer__nav" data-v-20efd383><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Site</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/accessibility" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core accessibility page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Accessibility</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/help/FAQs" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core contact & help page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Contact & Help</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="/core/legal-notices/terms" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core legal notices page" data-v-7c018d72><span>Legal Notices</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Platforms</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Core. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Core</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/public-dashboard" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Open Engage. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Open Engage</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Cambridge Higher Education. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Cambridge Higher Education</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="apl-link-block__nav" data-v-7c018d72 data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-link-block__heading" data-v-7c018d72>Our Products</h2><ul class="apl-link-block__list-platforms" data-v-7c018d72><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/publications/journals" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Journals. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Journals</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/search?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=BOOK" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Books. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Books</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/publications/elements" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Elements. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Elements</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/search?aggs=%24productTypes%24BOOK%3Atrue%3B%3B" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Textbooks. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Textbooks</span></a></li><li class="apl-link-block__list-item" data-v-7c018d72><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/search?aggs=%24productTypes%24COURSEWARE%3Atrue%3B%3B" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-link-block__btn-link" aria-label="Courseware. Opens in a new window." data-v-7c018d72><span>Courseware</span></a></li></ul></nav></div><div class="apl-footer__socials-and-location" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-footer__socials" data-v-20efd383><h2 class="apl-footer__heading" data-v-20efd383>Join us online</h2><ul class="apl-footer__list-socials" data-v-20efd383><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTK8KRW19hUVucVRHbIx73oLKUro8HXt0" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Youtube account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--youtube" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://twitter.com/CambridgeCore" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press X account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--x" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.facebook.com/CambridgeCore" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Facebook account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--facebook" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversitypress/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Instagram account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--instagram" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/11096649" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__list-item-link" aria-label="Visit Cambridge University Press Linkedin account. Opens in a new tab." data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--linkedin" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div></a></li></ul></div><div class="apl-footer__location apl-footer__location--desktop" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-dropdown" data-v-6114426c data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-location" data-v-ae305bb6 data-v-6114426c><div class="apl-location__main" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-location__location-picker" data-v-ae305bb6><label class="apl-location__label" for="footer-location-picker" aria-label="Select your location" data-v-ae305bb6>Location</label><div class="apl-location__input-wrapper" data-v-ae305bb6><input id="footer-location-picker" type="text" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" placeholder="Choose your location" class="apl-location__input" value="GBR" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--globe-web apl-location__globe" style="color:;" aria-hidden="true" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-ae305bb6></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--sm apl-button--icon-only apl-location__chevron-btn" aria-label="open location list" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--center" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><div class="apl-location__error" data-v-ae305bb6><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--error apl-location__error-icon" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-ae305bb6></div><p class="apl-location__error-message" data-v-ae305bb6> Please choose a valid location. </p></div></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" class="apl-button apl-button--secondary apl-button--sm apl-location__button" aria-label="Submit to update location preference" data-v-ae305bb6><span>Update</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="apl-footer__bottom" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-container apl-footer__container-bottom" data-v-20efd383><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-footer__btn-collapse" aria-label="Click to open legal information links list" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="apl-footer__legal-links" data-v-20efd383><span>Legal Information</span><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--chevron-down apl-button__icon--right" style="color:;" tabindex="-1" data-v-27c0a44c></div></button><ul class="apl-footer__list-legal" id="apl-footer__legal-links" data-v-20efd383><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/rights-permissions/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Rights and Permissions. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Rights & Permissions</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/copyright/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Copyright. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Copyright</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Privacy Notice. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Privacy Notice</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/terms-use" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Terms of Use. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Terms of Use</span></a></li><li class="apl-footer__list-item apl-footer__list-item-legal" data-v-20efd383><a tabindex="0" href="https://www.cambridge.org/about-us/legal-notices/cookies-policy/" target="_blank" class="apl-button apl-button--primary apl-button--lg apl-button--text apl-button--link apl-footer__btn-link apl-footer__btn-link-legal" aria-label="Cookies Policy. Opens in a new window." data-v-20efd383><span>Cookies Policy</span></a></li></ul><div class="apl-footer__copyright" data-v-20efd383><div class="apl-icon apl-icon--copyright" style="color:;" data-v-27c0a44c data-v-20efd383></div><span data-v-20efd383> Cambridge University Press 2024</span></div></div></section></footer></div></div> </div></div><script>window.__PLATFORM_FOOTER_DATA__ = {"data":{"entry":{"slug":"global-config","platformLinks":[{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Browse","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Subjects","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Subjects","url":"/core/browse-subjects","ariaLabel":"Subjects"}},"column1Heading":" Subjects (A-D)","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthropology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/anthropology","ariaLabel":"Anthropology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Archaeology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/archaeology","ariaLabel":"Archaeology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Area Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/area-studies","ariaLabel":"Area Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Art","url":"/core/browse-subjects/art","ariaLabel":"Art"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Chemistry","url":"/core/browse-subjects/chemistry","ariaLabel":"Chemistry"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Classical Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/classical-studies","ariaLabel":"Classical Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Computer Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/computer-science","ariaLabel":"Computer Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","url":"/core/browse-subjects/drama-and-theatre","ariaLabel":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies"}}],"column2Heading":" Subjects (E-K)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Earth and Environmental Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/earth-and-environmental-sciences","ariaLabel":"Earth and Environmental Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Economics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/economics","ariaLabel":"Economics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Education","url":"/core/browse-subjects/education","ariaLabel":"Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Engineering","url":"/core/browse-subjects/engineering","ariaLabel":"Engineering"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers","url":"/core/browse-subjects/english-language-teaching-resources-for-teachers","ariaLabel":"English Language Teaching – Resources for Teachers"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","url":"/core/browse-subjects/film-media-mass-ommunication","ariaLabel":"Film, Media, Mass Communication"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"General Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/general-science","ariaLabel":"General Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Geography","url":"/core/browse-subjects/geography","ariaLabel":"Geography"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"History","url":"/core/browse-subjects/history","ariaLabel":"History"}}],"column3Heading":" Subjects (L-O)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Language and Linguistics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/language-and-linguistics","ariaLabel":"Language and Linguistics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Law","url":"/core/browse-subjects/law","ariaLabel":"Law"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Life Sciences","url":"/core/browse-subjects/life-sciences","ariaLabel":"Life Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Literature","url":"/core/browse-subjects/literature","ariaLabel":"Literature"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Management","url":"/core/browse-subjects/management","ariaLabel":"Management"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Materials Science","url":"/core/browse-subjects/materials-science","ariaLabel":"Materials Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Mathematics","url":"/core/browse-subjects/mathematics","ariaLabel":"Mathematics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Medicine","url":"/core/browse-subjects/medicine","ariaLabel":"Medicine"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Music","url":"/core/browse-subjects/music","ariaLabel":"Music"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Nutrition","url":"/core/browse-subjects/nutrition","ariaLabel":"Nutrition"}}],"column4Heading":" Subjects (P-Z)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Philosophy","url":"/core/browse-subjects/philosophy","ariaLabel":"Philosophy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Physics and Astronomy","url":"/core/browse-subjects/physics","ariaLabel":"Physics and Astronomy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Politics and International Relations","url":"/core/browse-subjects/politics-and-international-relations","ariaLabel":"Politics and International Relations"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychiatry","url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychiatry","ariaLabel":"Psychiatry"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/psychology","ariaLabel":"Psychology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Religion","url":"/core/browse-subjects/religion","ariaLabel":"Religion"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Social Science Research Methods","url":"/core/browse-subjects/social-science-research-methods","ariaLabel":"Social Science Research Methods"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Sociology","url":"/core/browse-subjects/sociology","ariaLabel":"Sociology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Statistics and Probability","url":"/core/browse-subjects/statistics-and-probability","ariaLabel":"Statistics and Probability"}}],"slug":"subjects"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access","ariaLabel":"Open access"}},"column1Heading":"All open access publishing","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access","ariaLabel":"Open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Open access journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research open journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Research open journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals containing open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Journals containing open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access articles","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE","ariaLabel":"Open access articles"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access books","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"Open access books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"Open access Elements"}}],"slug":"open-access"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Journals","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"Journals"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"All journal subjects","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"All journal subjects"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Search journals","url":"/core/publications/journals","ariaLabel":"Search journals"}}],"column2Heading":"Open access","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Open access journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research open journals","url":"/core/publications/open-access/research-open?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Research open journals"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Journals containing open access","url":"/core/publications/open-access/hybrid-open-access-journals?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL&statuses=PUBLISHED&sort=titleSort:asc","ariaLabel":"Journals containing open access"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access articles","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=JOURNAL_ARTICLE","ariaLabel":"Open access articles"}}],"column3Heading":"Collections","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Forum","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Forum"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Prisms","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Prisms"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research Directions","url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions","ariaLabel":"Research Directions"}}],"slug":"journals"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Books","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Books","url":"/core/publications/books","ariaLabel":"Books"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Books","url":"/core/publications/books","ariaLabel":"Books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access books","url":"/core/publications/open-access/listing?aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"Open access books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New books","url":"/core/publications/books/listing?aggs[productDate][filters]=Last+3+months&aggs[productTypes][filters]=BOOK&sort=canonical.date:desc","ariaLabel":"New books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}}],"column2Heading":"Collections","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Companions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Companions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Editions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Editions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Histories","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Histories"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Library Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Library Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Shakespeare","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Shakespeare"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Handbooks","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Handbooks"}}],"column3Heading":" Collections (cont.)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online","ariaLabel":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Hemingway Letters","url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters","ariaLabel":"Hemingway Letters"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Shakespeare Survey","url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey","ariaLabel":"Shakespeare Survey"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Stahl Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online","ariaLabel":"Stahl Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton","ariaLabel":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton"}}],"slug":"books"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Elements","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements","ariaLabel":"Elements"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"About Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements","ariaLabel":"About Elements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Elements series","url":"/core/publications/elements/cambridge-elements-series","ariaLabel":"Elements series"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Open access Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BopenAccess%5D%5Bfilters%5D=7275BA1E84CA769210167A6A66523B47&aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"Open access Elements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New Elements","url":"/core/publications/elements/published-elements?aggs%5BproductTypes%5D%5Bfilters%5D=ELEMENT&aggs%5BproductDate%5D%5Bfilters%5D=Last%203%20months&searchWithinIds=ECFD8F5C64F47F3F5A3D395C15B7C493","ariaLabel":"New Elements"}}],"column2Heading":"Subjects (A-E)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthropology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Anthropology/2E44A5AF2838E017617A26DD79FAEAEE","ariaLabel":"Anthropology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Archaeology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Archaeology/63A50B5368A9F97F8AA2D6AB965B5F4C","ariaLabel":"Archaeology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Classical Studies","url":"/core/elements/subject/Classical%20Studies/DDC63B7F5792FE2A95D1FB15F76E3F42","ariaLabel":"Classical Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Computer Science","url":"/core/elements/subject/Computer%20Science/A57E10708F64FB69CE78C81A5C2A6555","ariaLabel":"Computer Science"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies","url":"/core/elements/subject/Drama,%20Theatre,%20Performance%20Studies/2825E4E39F2D641B36543EE80FB1DEA3","ariaLabel":"Drama, Theatre, Performance Studies"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Earth and Environmental Sciences","url":"/core/elements/subject/Earth%20and%20Environmental%20Sciences/F470FBF5683D93478C7CAE5A30EF9AE8","ariaLabel":"Earth and Environmental Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Economics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Economics/FA44491F1F55F917C43E9832715B9DE7","ariaLabel":"Economics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Education","url":"/core/elements/subject/Education/550D00F8DF590F2598CF7CC0038E24D1","ariaLabel":"Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Engineering","url":"/core/elements/subject/Engineering/CCC62FE56DCC1D050CA1340C1CCF46F5","ariaLabel":"Engineering"}}],"column3Heading":" Subjects (F-O)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Film, Media, Mass Communication","url":"/core/elements/subject/Film,%20Media,%20Mass%20Communication/4B91F10E834814A90CE718E7831E492F","ariaLabel":"Film, Media, Mass Communication"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"History","url":"/core/elements/subject/History/66BE42A30172E280FDE64F8EE2F485B0","ariaLabel":"History"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Language and Linguistics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Language%20and%20Linguistics/140D314098408C26BDF3009F7FF858E9","ariaLabel":"Language and Linguistics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Law","url":"/core/elements/subject/Law/7C9FB6788DD8D7E6696263BC774F4D5B","ariaLabel":"Law"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Life Sciences","url":"/core/elements/subject/Life%20Sciences/E044EF2F61B601378786E9EDA901B2D5","ariaLabel":"Life Sciences"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Literature","url":"/core/elements/subject/Literature/F2434ADC122145767C6C3B988A8E9BD5","ariaLabel":"Literature"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Management","url":"/core/elements/subject/Management/0EDCC0540639B06A5669BDEEF50C4CBE","ariaLabel":"Management"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Mathematics","url":"/core/elements/subject/Mathematics/FA1467C44B5BD46BB8AA6E58C2252153","ariaLabel":"Mathematics"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Medicine","url":"/core/elements/subject/Medicine/66FF02B2A4F83D9A645001545197F287","ariaLabel":"Medicine"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Music","url":"/core/elements/subject/Music/A370B5604591CB3C7F9AFD892DDF7BD1","ariaLabel":"Music"}}],"column4Heading":" Subjects (P-Z)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Philosophy","url":"/core/elements/subject/Philosophy/2D1AC3C0E174F1F1A93F8C7DE19E0FAB","ariaLabel":"Philosophy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Physics and Astronomy","url":"/core/elements/subject/Physics%20and%20Astronomy/DBFB610E9FC5E012C011430C0573CC06","ariaLabel":"Physics and Astronomy"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Politics and International Relations","url":"/core/elements/subject/Politics%20and%20International%20Relations/3BF83347E5E456DAC34F3FABFC8BBF4E","ariaLabel":"Politics and International Relations"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Psychology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Psychology/21B42A72BA3E4CB0E3315E5B1B71B07F","ariaLabel":"Psychology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Religion","url":"/core/elements/subject/Religion/53E51D24FB488962B9364A2C4B45D1C3","ariaLabel":"Religion"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Sociology","url":"/core/elements/subject/Sociology/0E2CD53A93003DF17E52D753F6E90683","ariaLabel":"Sociology"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Statistics and Probability","url":"/core/elements/subject/Statistics%20and%20Probability/3150B8B0D1B0B4E8DC17EC9EDFD9CA26","ariaLabel":"Statistics and Probability"}}],"slug":"elements"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Textbooks","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Textbooks","url":"/core/publications/textbooks","ariaLabel":"Textbooks"}},"column1Heading":"Explore","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Higher Education","url":"/highereducation/","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Higher Education"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Title list","url":"/highereducation/services/librarians/title-list","ariaLabel":"Title list"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"New titles","url":"/highereducation/search?sortBy=publication_date&aggs=%24productDate%24Last%25206%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%252012%2520months%3Atrue%26Last%25203%2520years%3Atrue%26Over%25203%2520years%3Atrue%3B%3B&event=SE-AU_PREF","ariaLabel":"New titles"}}],"slug":"textbooks"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Collections","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Collections","url":"/core/publications/collections","ariaLabel":"Collections"}},"column1Heading":"Book collections","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Companions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-companions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Companions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Editions","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-editions","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Editions"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Histories","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-histories","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Histories"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Library Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-library-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Library Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Shakespeare","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-shakespeare","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Shakespeare"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Handbooks","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridgehandbooks","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Handbooks"}}],"column2Heading":" Book collections (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/dispute-settlement-reports-online","ariaLabel":"Dispute Settlement Reports Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Flip it Open","url":"/core/publications/collections/flip-it-open","ariaLabel":"Flip it Open"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Hemingway Letters","url":"/core/publications/collections/hemingway-letters","ariaLabel":"Hemingway Letters"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Shakespeare Survey","url":"/core/publications/collections/shakespeare-survey","ariaLabel":"Shakespeare Survey"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Stahl Online","url":"/core/publications/collections/stahl-online","ariaLabel":"Stahl Online"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton","url":"/core/publications/collections/the-correspondence-of-isaac-newton","ariaLabel":"The Correspondence of Isaac Newton"}}],"column3Heading":"Journal collections","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Forum","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-forum","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Forum"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-law-reports-collection","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Law Reports Collection"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Prisms","url":"/core/publications/collections/cambridge-prisms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Prisms"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Research Directions","url":"/core/publications/collections/research-directions","ariaLabel":"Research Directions"}}],"column4Heading":"Series","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"All series","url":"/core/publications/collections/series","ariaLabel":"All series"}}],"slug":"collections"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Partners","hubPage":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Publishing partners","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners","ariaLabel":"Publishing partners"}},"column1Heading":"Partners","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Agenda Publishing","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/agenda-publishing","ariaLabel":"Agenda Publishing"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Amsterdam University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/amsterdam-university-press","ariaLabel":"Amsterdam University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Anthem Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/anthem-press","ariaLabel":"Anthem Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Boydell & Brewer","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/boydell-brewer","ariaLabel":"Boydell & Brewer"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Bristol University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/bristol-university-press","ariaLabel":"Bristol University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Edinburgh University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/edinburgh-university-press","ariaLabel":"Edinburgh University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/emirates-center","ariaLabel":"Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Facet Publishing","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/facet-publishing","ariaLabel":"Facet Publishing"}}],"column2Heading":" Partners (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Foundation Books","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/foundation-books","ariaLabel":"Foundation Books"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Intersentia","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/intersentia","ariaLabel":"Intersentia"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/iseas","ariaLabel":"ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Jagiellonian University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/jagiellonian-university-press","ariaLabel":"Jagiellonian University Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Royal Economic Society","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/royal-economic-society","ariaLabel":"Royal Economic Society"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Unisa Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/unisa-press","ariaLabel":"Unisa Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"The University of Adelaide Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/university-adelaide-press","ariaLabel":"The University of Adelaide Press"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Wits University Press","url":"/core/publications/publishing-partners/wits-university-press","ariaLabel":"Wits University Press"}}],"slug":"partners"}}]}},{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Services","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"About","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"About","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"about","introTitle":"About","introText":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},"column1Heading":"About Cambridge Core","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"About","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"about","introTitle":"About","introText":"Cambridge Core is the home of academic content from Cambridge University Press. Built with our users in mind our online platform has been designed to help readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to a vast range of valuable content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Accessibility","pageBlurb":"We want everyone who visits Cambridge Core to feel welcome and find the experience rewarding.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"accessibility","introTitle":"Accessibility","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"CrossMark policy","pageBlurb":"By applying the CrossMark logo, Cambridge University Press is committing to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"crossmark-policy","introTitle":"CrossMark policy","introText":"CrossMark is a multi-publisher initiative to provide a standard way for readers to locate the current version of a piece of content. By applying the CrossMark logo, Cambridge University Press is committing to maintaining the content it publishes and to alerting readers to changes if and when they occur. Clicking on the CrossMark logo will tell you the current status of a document and may also give you additional publication record information about the document.","areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Ethical Standards","pageBlurb":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ethical-standards","introTitle":"Ethical Standards","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column2Heading":"Environment and sustainability","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Environment and sustainability","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge, we publish research and share knowledge that informs, educates, and inspires others to drive positive environmental change.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"environment-and-sustainability","introTitle":"Environment and sustainability","introText":"At Cambridge, we publish research and share knowledge that informs, educates, and inspires others to drive positive environmental change.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Reducing print","pageBlurb":"As a department of the University of Cambridge, we are committed to reducing our carbon footprint. A significant reduction to the print component of our journals publishing activity will be a key element of realising this commitment. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"reducing-print","introTitle":"Reducing print","introText":"As a department of the University of Cambridge, we are committed to reducing our carbon footprint. A significant reduction to the print component of our journals publishing activity will be a key element of realising this commitment. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals moving to online only","pageBlurb":"As we work to reduce print in our journal publishing, more of our journals are moving to online only.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journals-moving-to-online-only","introTitle":"Journals moving to online only","introText":"As we work to reduce print in our journal publishing, more of our journals are moving to online only.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column3Heading":"Guides","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"User guides","pageBlurb":"Below you will find a range of video user guides to help you navigate and use accounts on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"user-guides","introTitle":"User guides","introText":"Below you will find a range of video user guides to help you navigate and use accounts on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"User Guides and Videos","pageBlurb":"The content in the page offers video guidance to help you make full use of the features available on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"user-guides-and-videos","introTitle":"User Guides and Videos","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Support Videos","pageBlurb":"For helpful content to support your Transformative Agreement for librarians and administrators, check out our LIVE WORKSHOP recording and slide deck below.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"support-videos","introTitle":"Support Videos","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Training","pageBlurb":"Welcome to Training Services for Cambridge Core. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"training","introTitle":"Training","introText":"Welcome to Training Services for Cambridge Core! ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["about"]}}],"column4Heading":"Help","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Cambridge Core help","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core help pages"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Contact us","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/p/contact-information","ariaLabel":"This will take you to a contact form for technical support","pageBlurb":"Visit our knowledge bases and contact our Technical Support team for direct help and support with any technical issues or questions you may have","thumbnailImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}}}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Technical support","url":"https://corehelp.cambridge.org/hc/en-gb/requests/new","ariaLabel":"Technical support diagnostics report"}}],"slug":"about"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Agents","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"services-for-agents","introTitle":"Services for agents","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},"column1Heading":"Services for agents","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"services-for-agents","introTitle":"Services for agents","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals for agents","pageBlurb":"Cambridge is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies. We now offer full content access to all Cambridge journals on Cambridge Core, including back issues.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"journals-for-agents","introTitle":"Journals for agents","introText":"Cambridge is pleased to work with subscription agents in every country, whether those agents are multinational or specialised local companies. We now offer full content access to all Cambridge journals on Cambridge Core, including access to back issues.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Books for agents","pageBlurb":"There are a number of different ebook purchasing options available on Cambridge Core to suit all your needs.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"books-for-agents","introTitle":"Books for agents","introText":"There are a number of different ebook purchasing options available on Cambridge Core to suit all your needs.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Price list","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"price-list","introTitle":"Price list","introText":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians","agents"]}}],"slug":"agents"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Authors","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authors","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authors","introTitle":"Authors","introText":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Journals","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is proud to publish many of the world's leading journals across a wide range of subject areas in the humanities, social sciences and STM fields. We currently publish more than 400 peer-reviewed academic journals.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journals","introTitle":"Journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press is proud to publish many of the world's leading journals across a wide range of subject areas in the humanities, social sciences and STM fields. We currently publish more than 400 peer-reviewed academic journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal publishing statistics","pageBlurb":"During 2022 we are updating our journal home pages to provide new statistics on each journal's publishing activity. On this page we provide some information about how these statistics are calculated.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journal-publishing-statistics","introTitle":"Journal publishing statistics","introText":"During 2022 we are updating our journal home pages to provide new statistics on each journal's publishing activity. On this page we provide some information about how these statistics are calculated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corresponding author","pageBlurb":"The Corresponding Author is the person who handles the manuscript and correspondence during the publication process, including approving the article proofs.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corresponding-author","introTitle":"Corresponding author","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","pageBlurb":"If your article contains any material in which you do not own copyright, including figures, charts, tables, photographs or excerpts of text, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder to reuse that material.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"seeking-permission-to-use-copyrighted-material","introTitle":"Seeking permission to use copyrighted material","introText":"If your article contains any material in which you do not own copyright, including figures, charts, tables, photographs or excerpts of text, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder to reuse that material. As the author it is your responsibility to obtain this permission and pay any related fees, and you will need to send us a copy of each permission statement at acceptance.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing supplementary material","pageBlurb":"Supplementary materials are hosted online with the main article, and can include data sets, video files, sound clips, figures or tables.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-supplementary-material","introTitle":"Publishing supplementary material","introText":"Many of our journals encourage authors to submit and publish supplementary materials that are not essential for inclusion or cannot be accommodated in the main article, but would be of benefit to the reader. Supplementary materials are hosted online with the main article, and can include data sets, video files, sound clips, figures or tables. The main text of the article should stand alone without the supplementary material.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Writing an effective abstract","pageBlurb":"The title, abstract, and keywords you select for your manuscript play an important part in the discovery of your article after publication. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"writing-an-effective-abstract","introTitle":"Writing an effective abstract","introText":"The title, abstract, and keywords you select for your manuscript play an important part in the discovery of your article after publication. Since many researchers rely on search engines such as Google to find content relevant to their field, the careful selection of keywords in all of these can have a large impact on the life of an article, extending from readership through citation.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal production - FAQs","pageBlurb":"If you have any questions on the production of your article check out our frequently asked questions.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journal-production-faqs","introTitle":"Journal production - FAQs","introText":"Please click on a question below to go directly to the answer. If your question is not covered here, please direct it to your chosen journal’s editor or content manager.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Author affiliations","pageBlurb":"Author affiliations FAQs. A guide to determining, submitting and the display of your affiliations as a Cambridge journal author.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"author-affiliations","introTitle":"Author affiliations","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Co-reviewing policy","pageBlurb":"In journals that allow co-reviewing, an invited reviewer can work with a more junior colleague to review a manuscript for the purpose of reviewer training.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"co-reviewing-policy","introTitle":"Co-reviewing policy","introText":"In journals that allow co-reviewing, an invited reviewer can work with a more junior colleague to review a manuscript for the purpose of reviewer training. This allows the co-reviewer to gain experience with the review process and become a viable reviewer for a journal.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement - FAQs","pageBlurb":"Find out more about our digital author publishing agreements by checking out our frequently asked questions. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"digital-author-publishing-agreement-faqs","introTitle":"Digital Author Publishing Agreement FAQs","introText":"Click on a question below to see the corresponding answer. If your question is not covered here, please direct it to our author contracts team.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Anonymising your manuscript","pageBlurb":"To maintain this anonymity, authors will need to remove any details that may reveal their identity from their manuscript, before it is reviewed.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"anonymising-your-manuscript","introTitle":"Anonymising your manuscript","introText":"Some of our journals use a double-anonymous peer review process, meaning neither the author nor the reviewers know the identity of each other. To maintain this anonymity, authors will need to remove any details that may reveal their identity from their manuscript, before it is reviewed.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing open access","pageBlurb":"Publishing your research Gold Open Access (Gold OA) helps to advance discovery by allowing anyone, anywhere to find, read, and benefit from your research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-open-access","introTitle":"Publishing open access","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Converting your article to open access","pageBlurb":"Find information about publishing your article as open access","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"converting-your-article-to-open-access","introTitle":"Converting your article to open access","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","pageBlurb":"This session focuses on the basics of Open Access (OA) and presents evidence of the increased impact of choosing this option.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"publishing-open-access-webinars","introTitle":"Publishing Open Access - webinars","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column3Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Preparing and submitting your paper","pageBlurb":"Each journal published by Cambridge University Press is unique, pursuing a specific set of editorial aims.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"preparing-and-submitting-your-paper","introTitle":"Preparing and submitting your paper","introText":"Each journal published by Cambridge University Press is unique, pursuing a specific set of editorial aims. We strongly encourage authors to read the Instructions for Contributors document associated with their chosen journal as early as possible during the manuscript preparation process, to ensure full understanding of the journal's audience and scope. This document can be found via the homepage of each journal on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing an accepted paper","pageBlurb":"Once a paper is accepted by a journal's editor(s) it will be sent to Cambridge University Press to be prepared for publication. Efficiency, accuracy and quality are at the heart of this process.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-an-accepted-paper","introTitle":"Publishing an accepted paper","introText":"Once a paper is accepted by a journal's editor(s) it will be sent to Cambridge University Press to be prepared for publication. Efficiency, accuracy and quality are at the heart of this process. Authors will have access to a dedicated content manager, who will be available to answer questions and offer support as their article progresses through the steps towards publication.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Promoting your published paper","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is committed to making sure your paper reaches a broad international audience in order to maximise its scholarly impact. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"promoting-your-published-paper","introTitle":"Promoting your published paper","introText":"Cambridge University Press is committed to making sure your paper reaches a broad international audience in order to maximise its scholarly impact. Our marketing team runs regular promotions through a wide variety of marketing channels and Cambridge Core is designed to make your article easy to discover, access, read and cite.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Measuring impact","pageBlurb":"This page explains the most common metrics used within scholarly publishing to measure impact at a journal level.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"measuring-impact","introTitle":"Measuring impact","introText":"This page explains the most common metrics used within scholarly publishing to measure impact at a journal level.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals artwork guide","pageBlurb":"This guide will explain how to effectively prepare your artwork for electronic submission to our journals. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"journals-artwork-guide","introTitle":"Journals artwork guide","introText":"Submitting your illustrations, pictures and other artwork (such as multimedia and supplementary files) in an electronic format helps us produce your work to the best possible standards, ensuring accuracy, clarity, accessibility, and a high level of detail.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Using ORCID","pageBlurb":"ORCID is a not-for-profit organization governed by an elected board. It provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID ID) for individual researchers.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"using-orcid","introTitle":"Using ORCID","introText":"ORCID is a not-for-profit organization governed by an elected board. It provides a persistent digital identifier (an ORCID ID) for individual researchers, and a registry of those identifiers, to support automated linkages between researchers and their professional activities and affiliations, through integration in research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"column4Heading":"Books","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"books","introTitle":"Books","introText":"Cambridge University Press works closely with the global academic community to deliver the highest quality, peer-reviewed content, as well as a portfolio of innovative tools and services to advance learning and research. Together with Cambridge University, our mission is to advance the work of researchers, students, lecturers, and librarians worldwide.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Marketing your book","pageBlurb":"Cambridge provides marketing support across all relevant channels and will work closely with your Editor and the Sales team to ensure that your book reaches its target audience.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"marketing-your-book","introTitle":"Marketing your book","introText":"You will be assigned a dedicated Marketing Specialist who will be in touch soon to discuss the marketing plans for your book. They will provide marketing support across all relevant channels and will work closely with your Editor and the Sales team to ensure that your book reaches its target audience.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Author guides for Cambridge Elements","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Elements user guides. Author guides, FAQs and style guides: find all the information about writing Cambridge Elements here.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"elements-user-guides","introTitle":"User guides for Cambridge Elements","introText":"Cambridge Elements user guides. Author guides, FAQs and style guides: find all the information about writing Cambridge Elements here.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["authors"]}}],"slug":"authors"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Corporates","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Services for corporates","pageBlurb":"Discover more about commercial reprints, advertising, sponsorship, special sales, foreign rights and permissions.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"services-for-corporates","introTitle":"Services for corporates","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Corporates","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Commercial reprints","pageBlurb":"Providing hard copy and electronic reprints of articles in the majority of our journals. Our commercial sales team can provide quotes for permission to translate articles and the reuse of our journal content for a corporate client.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"commercial-reprints","introTitle":"Commercial reprints","introText":"Cambridge University Press provides hard copy and electronic reprints of articles in the majority of our journals. Our commercial sales team can also provide quotes for permission to translate articles and any other permission that involves the reuse of our journal content for a corporate client.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Advertising","pageBlurb":"With over 400 titles to choose from, our extensive list of journals – spanning 45 subject areas – means you will always reach your target audience.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"advertising","introTitle":"Advertising","introText":"With over 400 titles to choose from, our extensive list of journals – spanning 45 subject areas – means you will always reach your target audience.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Sponsorship","pageBlurb":"Sponsorship of journals, supplements, special or themed issues, collections and questions allows your organisation to work with Cambridge University Press Publishing.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"sponsorship","introTitle":"Sponsorship","introText":"Sponsorship of journals, supplements, special or themed issues, collections and questions allows your organisation to work with Cambridge University Press Publishing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Book special sales","pageBlurb":"We offer a range of flexible print and digital customisation options to suit your organization’s needs.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"book-special-sales","introTitle":"Book special sales","introText":"We offer a range of flexible print and digital customisation options to suit your organization’s needs, working with not-for-profit organisations, educational institutions, corporate customers and pharmaceutical companies to creating co-branded editions with our partners.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Contact us","pageBlurb":"Contact Cambridge University Press for Book special sales, advertising, sponsorship and commercial reprints.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"contact-us","introTitle":"Contact us","introText":"Contact Cambridge University Press for Book special sales, advertising, sponsorship and commercial reprints.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["corporates"]}}],"slug":"corporates"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Editors","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Editors","pageBlurb":"EditorTo empower our editors as advocates we provide dedicated tools, support and training throughout the publishing process, to raise journal visibility and cement its reputation in the field.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"editors","introTitle":"Editors","introText":"Editors make important contributions to the research community and ensure their journals feature work of the highest calibre. To empower our editors as advocates we provide dedicated tools, support and training throughout the publishing process, to raise journal visibility and cement its reputation in the field.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Information","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal development","pageBlurb":"The editor is the journal’s ambassador, here are some of the ways to support the journal's development.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"journal-development","introTitle":"Journal development","introText":"Supporting the journal. The editor is the journal’s ambassador, here are some of the ways to support the journal's development:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review for editors","pageBlurb":"An Online Peer Review System (OPRS), works to help editors carry out the peer review process. A submission is anonymised before being uploaded to allow for unbiased assessment. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"peer-review-for-editors","introTitle":"Peer review for editors","introText":"An Online Peer Review System (OPRS), works to help editors carry out the peer review process. A submission is anonymised before being uploaded to allow for unbiased assessment. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access for editors","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"open-access-for-editors","introTitle":"Open access for editors","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Policies and guidelines","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount, and as our editors, you are our partners in supporting this mission. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"policies-and-guidelines","introTitle":"Policies and guidelines","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount, and as our editors, you are our partners in supporting this mission. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}}],"column2Heading":"Resources","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"The editor's role","pageBlurb":"Our editors ensure that their journals continue to evolve and have an impact on their research field.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"the-editors-role","introTitle":"The editor's role","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research for editors","pageBlurb":"Open research refers to a range of practices that are dramatically improving how researchers are publishing and sharing their work.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"open-research-for-editors","introTitle":"Open research for editors","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Engagement and promotion","pageBlurb":"There are a number of ways an editor can support the visibility and dissemination of their journal(s).","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"engagement-and-promotion","introTitle":"Engagement and promotion","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Blogging","pageBlurb":"Blogs are great for profiling new and exciting research or features in the journal. It is also a key way to attract search traffic.","linkImage":{"title":"A Guide to Blogging","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/5sLUiDKTGCXxU9GKcPcHSA/36bf1c9ca78ae1e2a47293d27fb32647/A_Guide_to_Blogging.png","details":{"size":56411,"image":{"width":1824,"height":894}},"fileName":"A Guide to Blogging.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Editor Resources A Guide to Blogging","slug":"blogging","introTitle":"Blogging","introText":"Blogs are great for profiling new and exciting research or features in the journal. It is also a key way to attract search traffic.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Social media","pageBlurb":"Social media is a great way to raise the profile and visibility of your journal. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"social-media","introTitle":"Social media","introText":"Social media is a great way to raise the profile and visibility of your journal. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["editors"]}}],"slug":"editors"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Librarians","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Librarians","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Core has primarily been designed to help your readers and researchers to make fast and easy journeys to valuable content.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"librarians","introTitle":"Librarians","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Information","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Access for Librarians","pageBlurb":"Welcome to your librarian hub for Open Access at Cambridge University Press. Open Access (OA) can be quite daunting, so we've created this page to help you navigate our different resources.","linkImage":{"title":"OA Librarian Website Header Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6eyfpqZUi4KEeOt7lsGKJg/41ef6beae2eee1a8304a95313aa08b64/OA-Librarian-Website-Header-Banner-Image-1-1500x300.jpg","details":{"size":348959,"image":{"width":1500,"height":300}},"fileName":"OA-Librarian-Website-Header-Banner-Image-1-1500x300.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Open Access for Librarians: get all your information about OA from Cambridge","slug":"open-access-for-librarians","introTitle":"Open Access for Librarians","introText":"Welcome to your librarian hub for Open Access at Cambridge University Press. Open Access (OA) can be quite daunting, so we've created this page to help you navigate our different resources. Learn about our OA policies, what we publish OA and how you can support your institution when publishing OA journals, books, monographs and Elements.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Transformative agreements","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements","ariaLabel":"Transformative agreements"}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","pageBlurb":"A transformative agreement is the combined provision of two services for one cost: OA publishing and reading access to all subscription journals.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"transformative-agreements-faqs","introTitle":"Transformative Agreements - FAQs","introText":"A transformative agreement is the combined provision of two services for one cost: OA publishing and reading access to all subscription journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Evidence based acquisition","pageBlurb":"Academic institutions can access Cambridge University Press ebook collections via an EBA - access more than 50,000 titles published by Cambridge and our publishing partners, before making decisions on which titles to buy in perpetuity. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"evidence-based-acquisition","introTitle":"Evidence based acquisition","introText":"Academic institutions can now access Cambridge University Press ebook collections via an EBA. Under this model, institutions are given access to an extensive online collection of more than 50,000 titles published by Cambridge and our publishing partners, before making decisions on which titles to buy in perpetuity. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"ebook news & updates","pageBlurb":"Welcome to your Cambridge University Press ebooks hub. This is your single reference page where you can learn the latest news on ebooks and Cambridge Core platform updates. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ebook-news-and-updates","introTitle":"ebook news & updates","introText":"Welcome to your Cambridge University Press ebooks hub. This is your single reference page where you can learn the latest news on ebooks and Cambridge Core platform updates. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","pageBlurb":"A brand-new podcast series for librarians to listen to and learn about topics at the heart of academic discourse, via interviews conducted with professors, researchers, students, librarians, and Cambridge personnel.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-libraries-of-the-world-podcast","introTitle":"Cambridge libraries of the world podcast","introText":"A brand-new podcast series for librarians to listen to and learn about topics at the heart of academic discourse, via interviews conducted with professors, researchers, students, librarians, and Cambridge personnel. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Purchasing models","pageBlurb":"Discover more about the purchasing options available to institutions for the content hosted on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"purchasing-models","introTitle":"Purchasing models","introText":"Below are a number of different purchasing options available to institutions for the content hosted on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals Publishing Updates","pageBlurb":"Another year of development for Cambridge University Press's journals publishing sees big changes coming for 2025.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"journals-publishing-updates","introTitle":"Journals Publishing Updates","introText":"Another year of development for Cambridge University Press's journals publishing sees big changes coming for 2025. Below is a preview of our list changes, including our new titles, titles that are converting to an open access publishing model, and details of our new series.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column2Heading":"Products","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge frontlist","pageBlurb":"Our 2024 ebook collection contains the most recent, award-winning publishing from Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"cambridge-frontlist","introTitle":"Cambridge frontlist","introText":"Our 2024 ebook collection contains the most recent, award-winning publishing from Cambridge University Press.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge journals digital archive","pageBlurb":"The Cambridge journals digital archive provides instant online access to two centuries of academic excellence and publishing history from Cambridge University Press. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-journals-digital-archive","introTitle":"Cambridge journals digital archive","introText":"The Cambridge journals digital archive provides instant online access to two centuries of academic excellence and publishing history from Cambridge University Press. Our constantly growing digital archive takes knowledge off the shelf and makes it readily available online, alongside our current Cambridge Core content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Hot topics","pageBlurb":"Hot Topics from Cambridge are a series of bespoke ebook collections reflecting the latest research trends.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"hot-topics","introTitle":"Hot topics","introText":"Hot Topics from Cambridge are a series of bespoke ebook collections comprising titles from across a wide range of subjects, created to reflect the latest research trends. Drawing from the humanities and social sciences, in addition to the science, technology and medical disciplines, the collections highlight Cambridge’s depth of publishing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Other digital products","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press publishes a wide variety of academic content online, some of which currently sits on other platforms.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"other-digital-products","introTitle":"Other digital products","introText":"Cambridge University Press publishes a wide variety of academic content online, some of which currently sits on other platforms.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Perpetual access products","pageBlurb":"Gain perpetual access to Cambridge University Press resources for a one-time payment. Details of products an offers can be found on this page.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"perpetual-access-products","introTitle":"Perpetual access products","introText":"Gain perpetual access to Cambridge University Press resources for a one-time payment. Details of products an offers can be found on this page.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Price list","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","linkImage":{"title":"GettyImages-2148427272","description":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1BYMYdALXI4YZz9sJKegO1/0c50d6ede207418c796a9b5691b5c20a/GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","details":{"size":185617,"image":{"width":1536,"height":1024}},"fileName":"GettyImages-2148427272.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A row of books on a metal, library style, bookshelf. the books are view from the rear and a hand is reaching and picking a book.","slug":"price-list","introTitle":"Price list","introText":"Cambridge University Press 2025 price lists for journals, books and Elements. For subscription agents and academic institutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians","agents"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Developing country programme","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has been working to improve the lives of people living in less economically developed parts of the world for nearly 500 years.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"developing-country-programme","introTitle":"Developing country programme","introText":"Cambridge University Press has been working to improve the lives of people living in less economically developed parts of the world for nearly 500 years.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"New content","pageBlurb":"Discover new books and journals published by Cambridge University Press on Cambridge Core. Including information on titles moving to online only.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"new-content","introTitle":"New content","introText":"Discover new books and journals published by Cambridge University Press on Cambridge Core. Including information on titles moving to online only.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column3Heading":"Tools","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Eligibility checker","url":"/core/eligibility-checker","ariaLabel":"Eligibility checker"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Transformative agreements","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/open-access-policies/read-and-publish-agreements","ariaLabel":"Transformative agreements"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"KBART","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/kbart","ariaLabel":"KBART"}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"MARC records","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/librarians/marc-records","ariaLabel":"MARC records"}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","pageBlurb":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records. To open/use MARC records from Cambridge Core, we recommend you use MARCEdit.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"using-marcedit-for-marc-records","introTitle":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records","introText":"Using MARCEdit for MARC records. To open/use MARC records from Cambridge Core, we recommend you use MARCEdit.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","pageBlurb":"Specifications to link directly to an article, book, chapter or journal page on Cambridge Core using an OpenURL link.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"inbound-openurl-specifications","introTitle":"Inbound OpenURL specifications","introText":"Use the following specifications to link directly to an article, book, chapter or journal page on Cambridge Core using an OpenURL link.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"COUNTER report types","pageBlurb":"A librarian guide to COUNTER reporting and report types, as well as turnaway reports for books and journals.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"counter-report-types","introTitle":"COUNTER report types","introText":"A librarian guide to COUNTER reporting and report types, as well as turnaway reports for books and journals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"column4Heading":"Resources","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Catalogues and resources","pageBlurb":"Discover resources that have been created to help you get the most value out of content on Cambridge Core. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"catalogues-and-resources","introTitle":"Catalogues and resources","introText":"These resources have been created to help you get the most value out of content on Cambridge Core. By promoting your Cambridge publications, you can increase usage and help readers discover new titles.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Making the most of your EBA","pageBlurb":"Evidence Based Acquisition (EBA) is an ebook purchase model that allows you to make informed decisions about which titles to own based on usage data.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"making-the-most-of-your-eba","introTitle":"Making the most of your EBA","introText":"Evidence Based Acquisition (EBA) is an ebook purchase model that allows you to make informed decisions about which titles to own based on usage data. We want to make sure that your EBA with Cambridge is a success, so we’ve put together a selection of resources to help with both raising awareness and ensuring discoverability of content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Posters","pageBlurb":"Below are all posters for ebooks and journals available for you to download in two sizes - A3 and A4.","linkImage":{"title":"Posters","description":"An image showing the walkway between bookshelves in a library. The word \"Posters\" is superimposed over. ","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3gpLCEAqNNQ89VoZWA6Aot/6ee8948bc1bd70553b19070431fc0818/Posters.jpg","details":{"size":64672,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"Posters.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image showing the walkway between bookshelves in a library. The word \"Posters\" is superimposed over. ","slug":"posters","introTitle":"Posters","introText":"Below are all posters for ebooks and journals available for you to download in two sizes - A3 and A4.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Leaflets and brochures","pageBlurb":"View and download our latest leaflets, brochures and catalogues, for products and resources, on Cambridge Core.","linkImage":{"title":"leaflets-and-brochures","description":"A close up of fingertips holding a ballpoint pen. The pen hovers about a notepad. Superimposed are the words \"Leaflets & Brochures\".","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2vuFy7rj3ER6B7sH4iCAQW/f6ba1d6a1e00c2dbbf6e36e83a082e22/leaflets-and-brochures.jpg","details":{"size":42247,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"leaflets-and-brochures.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A close up of fingertips holding a ballpoint pen. The pen hovers about a notepad. Superimposed are the words \"Leaflets & Brochures\".","slug":"leaflets-and-brochures","introTitle":"Leaflets and brochures","introText":"View and download our latest leaflets, brochures and catalogues, for products and resources, on Cambridge Core.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Additional resources","pageBlurb":"Download the Cambridge Core desktop background and logo to use on your library screens and in publicity material.","linkImage":{"title":"Additional-resources","description":"A close up of hands typing on a computer keyboard. Superimposed over the image are the words \"Additional Resources\". ","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7IT9biHnN2eHG5WfwB7zmU/5cf73c7ade25233f31c709e359b2f78c/Additional-resources.jpg","details":{"size":39706,"image":{"width":424,"height":305}},"fileName":"Additional-resources.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A close up of hands typing on a computer keyboard. Superimposed over the image are the words \"Additional Resources\". ","slug":"additional-resources","introTitle":"Additional resources","introText":"Download the Cambridge Core desktop background and logo to use on your library screens and in publicity material.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Find my sales contact","pageBlurb":"Please find your sales contacts below by the appropriate region. Alternatively you can send general enquiries.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"find-my-sales-contact","introTitle":"Find my sales contact","introText":"Please find your sales contacts below by the appropriate region. Alternatively you can send general enquiries.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Webinars","pageBlurb":"The author publishing workflow and author outreach activities. How to approve articles using Rightslink Agreement Manager. How to analyse reporting from Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"webinars","introTitle":"Webinars","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Read and publish resources","pageBlurb":"This page is dedicated to providing resources, messaging and training to help make your deal a success.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"read-and-publish-resources","introTitle":"Read and publish resources","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["librarians"]}}],"slug":"librarians"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Peer review","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review","pageBlurb":"Peer review is the foundation of quality in research for both books and journals, ensuring that published research is rigorous, ethical and significant to the discipline in question.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"peer-review","introTitle":"Peer review","introText":"Peer review is the foundation of quality in research for both books and journals, ensuring that published research is rigorous, ethical and significant to the discipline in question. On these pages you'll find information about how to review both books and journal articles, as well as some frequently asked questions, notes on ethics in review, and news from Cambridge University Press relating to developments in review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Peer review","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review journal articles","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to give a practical introduction to conducting effective peer reviews, especially for those who are new to the process. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"how-to-peer-review-journal-articles","introTitle":"How to peer review journal articles","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review book proposals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to give a practical introduction to conducting effective peer reviews, especially for those who are new to the process.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"how-to-peer-review-book-proposals","introTitle":"How to peer review book proposals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"How to peer review Registered Reports","pageBlurb":"This page offers guidance for peer reviewers about Registered Reports, a publishing format where a research article is published in two stages, each stage undergoing a separate peer review process.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"how-to-peer-review-registered-reports","introTitle":"How to peer review Registered Reports","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Peer review FAQs","pageBlurb":"Please note that these frequently asked questions have been written with journal articles in mind, though some may be applicable to reviewing book proposals.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"peer-review-faqs","introTitle":"Peer review FAQs","introText":"Please note that these frequently asked questions have been written with journal articles in mind, though some may be applicable to reviewing book proposals.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Ethics in peer review","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press is committed to publishing ethics in all areas. Discover more about the five main areas of ethical considerations in peer review.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"ethics-in-peer-review","introTitle":"Ethics in peer review","introText":"Cambridge University Press is committed to publishing ethics in all areas. Discover more about the five main areas of ethical considerations in peer review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Online peer review systems","pageBlurb":"Where you complete and/or submit your review will vary depending on the journal. At Cambridge University Press, we use two online peer review systems called Scholar One and Editorial Manager, where you'll be expected to submit your review.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"online-peer-review-systems","introTitle":"Online peer review systems","introText":"Where you complete and/or submit your review will vary depending on the journal. At Cambridge University Press, we use two online peer review systems called Scholar One and Editorial Manager, where you'll be expected to submit your review. These systems are user-friendly and should walk you through the process of submitting your review.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"A guide to Publons","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has created a guide to Publons to explain what it is and the benefits of using it as a reviewer.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"a-guide-to-publons","introTitle":"A guide to Publons","introText":"Publons has recently been rebranded as the Web of Science Reviewer Recognition Service during its integration with the Web of Science. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["peer-review"]}}],"slug":"peer-review"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Publishing ethics","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics","pageBlurb":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics","introTitle":"Publishing ethics","introText":"As a leading publisher of scholarly journals and books, Cambridge University Press is committed to meeting high standards of ethical behaviour at all stages of the publication process. Our research publishing ethics guidelines outline the publishing ethics responsibilities of Cambridge University Press, authors, peer reviewers and editors.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":[]}},"column1Heading":"Journals ","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics-guidelines-journals","introTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for journals","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. We hope these guidelines will be useful to many different groups, including authors, peer reviewers, editors within and outside of Cambridge University Press, societies, publishing partners and funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Core editorial policies for journals","pageBlurb":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"core-editorial-policies-journals","introTitle":"Core editorial policies for journals","introText":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","pageBlurb":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authorship-and-contributorship-journals","introTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for journals","introText":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author. We expect all authors on any content submitted to Cambridge to be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Affiliations for journals","pageBlurb":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"affiliations-journals","introTitle":"Affiliations for journals","introText":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Research ethics for journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"research-ethics-journals","introTitle":"Research ethics for journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Competing interests and funding for journals","pageBlurb":"Authors submitting a journal manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"competing-interests-and-funding-journals","introTitle":"Competing interests and funding for journals","introText":"Authors submitting a journal manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests that could interfere with the objectivity or integrity of a publication. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","pageBlurb":"We advocate for transparency and openness around data, code, and other materials associated with research, and we are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"data-and-supporting-evidence-for-journals","introTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Misconduct for journals","pageBlurb":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"misconduct-journals","introTitle":"Misconduct for journals","introText":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corrections-retractions-and-removals-journals","introTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for journals","introText":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Versions and adaptations for journals","pageBlurb":"Our publications are distributed in many different global, cultural, environmental and economic contexts. We may therefore issue different versions of some of our products in order to cater to these contexts. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"versions-and-adaptations-journals","introTitle":"Versions and adaptations for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","pageBlurb":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in our publications.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression","introTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","introText":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in any of our publications.","areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Business ethics journals","pageBlurb":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"business-ethics-journals","introTitle":"Business ethics journals","introText":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column3Heading":"Books","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","pageBlurb":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"publishing-ethics-guidelines-books","introTitle":"Publishing ethics guidelines for books","introText":"At Cambridge University Press, the integrity of our academic content and publishing process is paramount. These guidelines outline the best practice principles that we apply to our Academic content. We hope these guidelines will be useful to many different groups, including authors, peer reviewers, editors within and outside of Cambridge University Press, societies, publishing partners and funders. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Core editorial policies for books","pageBlurb":"This page contains information about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"core-editorial-policies-books","introTitle":"Core editorial policies for books","introText":"This page contains infromation about our publishing principles, research integrity and academic freedom - as well as a number of other aspects of our editorial policies.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for books","pageBlurb":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"authorship-and-contributorship-books","introTitle":"Authorship and contributorship for books","introText":"We acknowledge that different disciplines and publication formats have different norms for who is listed as an author. We expect all authors on any content submitted to Cambridge to be in agreement that the authors listed would all be considered authors according to disciplinary norms, and that no authors who would reasonably be considered an author have been excluded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Affiliations for books","pageBlurb":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"affiliations-books","introTitle":"Affiliations for books","introText":"Any affiliations should represent the institution(s) at which the research presented was conducted and/or supported and/or approved. For non-research content, any affiliations should represent the institution(s) with which each author is currently affiliated.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Research ethics for books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"research-ethics-books","introTitle":"Research ethics for books","introText":"Cambridge University Press expects all contributors to align with ethics of research when researching and writing.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Competing interests and funding for books","pageBlurb":"Authors submitting a book or Element manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, must declare any potential competing interests.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"competing-interests-and-funding-books","introTitle":"Competing interests and funding for books","introText":"Authors submitting a book or Element manuscript to Cambridge University Press, employees, the SAPC, editors and reviewers of Cambridge University Press publications, are required to declare any potential competing interests that could interfere with the objectivity or integrity of a publication. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"column4Heading":"Books (cont.)","column4StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for books","pageBlurb":"We advocate for transparency and openness around data, code, and other materials associated with research, and we are a signatory of the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Guidelines. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"data-and-supporting-evidence-books","introTitle":"Data and supporting evidence for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Misconduct for books","pageBlurb":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"misconduct-books","introTitle":"Misconduct for books","introText":"The principles of research integrity - honesty, transparency, accountability, care and respect - are encompassed by our core editorial policies described above.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"corrections-retractions-and-removals-books","introTitle":"Corrections, retractions and removals for books","introText":"Cambridge University Press policies and information regarding corrections, retractions and removals in published content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Versions and adaptations for books","pageBlurb":"Our publications are distributed in many different global, cultural, environmental and economic contexts. We may therefore issue different versions of some of our products in order to cater to these contexts. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"versions-and-adaptations-books","introTitle":"Versions and adaptations for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","pageBlurb":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in our publications.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"libel-defamation-and-freedom-of-expression","introTitle":"Libel, defamation and freedom of expression","introText":"Freedom of expression is critical to us as academic publishers, but we do not support publishing false statements that harm the reputation of individuals, groups or organisations. Our legal team will address allegations of libel in any of our publications.","areas":["publishing-ethics"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Business ethics books","pageBlurb":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"business-ethics-books","introTitle":"Business ethics books","introText":"Business ethics: fair access, censorship, marketing communication, advertising, sponsorship, PR / media and metrics, usage and reporting. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-ethics"]}}],"slug":"publishing-ethics"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Publishing partners","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Over 220 world-leading societies and presses partner with us on publications including journals, book series, early research and e-books. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},"column1Heading":"Publishing partners","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Over 220 world-leading societies and presses partner with us on publications including journals, book series, early research and e-books. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner books","pageBlurb":"Books published for our society partners are given the same high quality production as our own publications, and are published throughout the world in print and electronic formats as appropriate.","linkImage":{"title":"PartnersBooks","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2U1gsLlZ2xJxn8N97MOIAt/2604acf1f3e6274808a94cc3e0562509/PartnersBooks.jpg","details":{"size":32409,"image":{"width":500,"height":300}},"fileName":"PartnersBooks.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A background of dark blue with the word 'Books' in white text. The background has a pattern of dots forming circles.","slug":"partner-books","introTitle":"Partner books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"eBook publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Publishing partner ebook titles are delivered to customers on Cambridge Core. The publisher logo also appears on each individual book page, to ensure it is always clear that the ebook is published by a publishing partners.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"ebook-publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"eBook publishing partnerships","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journal publishing partnerships","pageBlurb":"Cambridge University Press has a proud history of forming productive and enduring publishing relationships with learned societies, universities, and professional associations.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"journal-publishing-partnerships","introTitle":"Journal publishing partnerships","introText":"Cambridge University Press has a proud history of forming productive and enduring publishing relationships with learned societies, universities, and professional associations. Our mission is to unlock people's potential with the best learning and research solutions.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}}],"column2Heading":"Publishing partners (cont.)","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Journals publishing","pageBlurb":"We pride ourselves on offering a truly collaborative publishing service which has journal development at its core.","linkImage":{"title":"journals publishing","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3pWJoXbWYEFDv5DOiBQs7I/8c4dedff525b7170cfe631f4f66b88e7/journals_publishing.JPG","details":{"size":7595,"image":{"width":177,"height":155}},"fileName":"journals publishing.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the outline of a book or journal with grey arrows around it. This is on a white circle, which is against a blue background.","slug":"journals-publishing","introTitle":"Journals publishing ","introText":"We pride ourselves on offering a truly collaborative publishing service which has journal development at its core. The range of services we provide includes:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Customer support","pageBlurb":"Our Customer Services teams have units dedicated to library support, handling print fulfilment and claims, as well as online training and access","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, with stars and galaxies. The dark outline of the Cambridge shield is superimposed over the top. ","slug":"customer-support","introTitle":"Customer support","introText":"Our Customer Services teams have units dedicated to library support, handling print fulfilment and claims, as well as online training and access.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Membership Services","pageBlurb":"We provide a range of services to our society partners, including access to journal content, discounts on Cambridge University Press publications and customer service support.","linkImage":{"title":"membership services","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/74cDq9dHVmVPJDQwvqN9ed/00f3dfbab0c2b1f79dea2c40dabb47e6/membership_services.JPG","details":{"size":8177,"image":{"width":169,"height":156}},"fileName":"membership services.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Line image of a person in blue on a white circle background, against a blue square. Around the person is a curved circular arrow. ","slug":"membership-services","introTitle":"Membership Services","introText":"We provide a range of services to the members of our society partners, including access to journal content (current and archival), discounts on Cambridge University Press publications and customer service support to ensure that any queries or problems are resolved quickly.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Our Team","pageBlurb":"If you would like to discuss a potential journal publishing collaboration, please contact us to discuss your requirements or ideas.","linkImage":{"title":"Our team","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/3DbyRtmwHXuXmdpmkQTTd4/fb83164a4b8328415057478c6a81fde7/Our_team.JPG","details":{"size":8368,"image":{"width":184,"height":157}},"fileName":"Our team.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Line drawing of three people. One is shaded grey and the other two are without fill on a white circle. The circle is against a blue background.","slug":"our-team","introTitle":"Our Team","introText":"If you would like to discuss a potential journal publishing collaboration, please contact us to discuss your requirements or ideas.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["publishing-partners"]}}],"slug":"publishing-partners"}}]}},{"name":"navigationBarCategory","value":{"title":"Open research","navigationBarArea":[{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access policies","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access policies","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-policies","introTitle":"Open access policies","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our introduction to open access page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},"column1Heading":"Open access policies","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research","pageBlurb":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-research","introTitle":"Open research","introText":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies. Open research reflects a fundamental belief that the pursuit of knowledge benefits directly from collaboration, transparency, rapid dissemination and accessibility.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing","open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access policies","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-policies","introTitle":"Open access policies","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our introduction to open access page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","pageBlurb":"Our goal to transform the journals we publish to open research depends on a continued, widespread move to funding for Open Access (OA) around the world.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"cambridge-university-press-and-plan-s","introTitle":"Cambridge University Press and Plan S","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Text and data mining","pageBlurb":"We believe that text and data mining (TDM) is an important and powerful research tool with incredible potential. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"text-and-data-mining","introTitle":"Text and data mining","introText":"We believe that text and data mining (TDM) is an important and powerful research tool with incredible potential. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Preprint policy","pageBlurb":"Discover full details of our Preprint policy at Cambridge University Press ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"preprint-policy","introTitle":"Preprint policy at Cambridge University Press","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Social sharing","pageBlurb":"Content sharing is a natural and vital part of research. It helps to disseminate and raise awareness about new findings and to stimulate discussion and further progress.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"social-sharing","introTitle":"Social Sharing","introText":"Many authors and readers share journal and book content with others. Some of the most common ways that content is shared are:","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journals","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access journals","pageBlurb":"We have a growing list of journals that publish Gold Open Access articles under Creative Commons licences.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-journals","introTitle":"Open access journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Gold open access journals","pageBlurb":"Many of our journals publish articles as Gold Open Access, under Creative commons (CC) licences, enabling readers to freely access and re-distribute their articles.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"gold-open-access-journals","introTitle":"Gold Open Access in journals","introText":"Many of our journals publish articles as Gold Open Access, under Creative commons (CC) licences, enabling readers to freely access and re-distribute their articles. In some journals Gold OA is an option offered to authors, while in other journals, some or all article types are always published Gold OA.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transformative journals","pageBlurb":"The journals below have committed to transition to open research and meet the transformative journals requirements of Plan S. Download our 2021 and 2022 TJ progress reports to see each journal's progression to full OA.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"transformative-journals","introTitle":"Transformative journals","introText":"The journals below have committed to transition to open research and meet the transformative journals requirements of Plan S. Download our 2021 and 2022 TJ progress reports to see each journal's progression to full OA.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Green Open Access policy for journals","pageBlurb":"Discover details of how our Green Open Access policy permits authors of journal articles published by Cambridge to share versions of their work online.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"green-open-access-policy-for-journals","introTitle":"Green Open Access policy for journals","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","pageBlurb":"We aim to price our journals fairly and transparently. In particular, our subscription prices should reflect the amount of subscription content in a journal.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"transparent-pricing-policy-for-journals","introTitle":"Transparent pricing policy for journals","introText":"We aim to price our journals fairly and transparently. In particular, our subscription prices should reflect the amount of subscription content in a journal.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"column3Heading":"Books and Elements","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access books","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is emerging as a new model for book publishing. We support OA books in line with our mission to disseminate knowledge at the highest international levels of excellence.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-books","introTitle":"Open access books","introText":"Open access (OA) is emerging as a new model for book publishing. We support OA books in line with our commitment to exploring publishing models that are financially sustainable, scalable and in accordance with our mission to disseminate knowledge at the highest international levels of excellence.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Gold open access books","pageBlurb":"We offer authors the option of publishing their work as open access. Discover more information about our gold open access books on our dedicated information page. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"gold-open-access-books","introTitle":"Gold open access books","introText":"We offer authors the option of publishing their work as open access to allow them to make their works freely available online without compromising any aspect of the publishing process. Typically, we offer this option only for monographs, which are books usually written by a single author to convey the results of their research and analysis in a particular field of study.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Green Open Access policy for books","pageBlurb":"Discover details of how our Green Open Access policy permits authors of books published by Cambridge to share versions of their work online.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"green-open-access-policy-for-books","introTitle":"Green Open Access policy for books","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access Elements","pageBlurb":"Discover information about how to publish an Element Gold Open Access, as well as details of our Green Open Access policy for Elements.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-elements","introTitle":"Open access Elements","introText":"We offer authors the option of publishing their Elements as open access to allow them to make their works freely available online without compromising any aspect of the publishing process.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-policies"]}}],"slug":"open-research-policies"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access publishing","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"What is open access?","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"What is open access","description":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7sEQ4K9gF64X6oCYQm5gHg/74f9d5bc0f37e8f4ffe68bd177a5118c/What_is_open_access.png","details":{"size":4791,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"What is open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","slug":"open-access","introTitle":"What is open access?","introText":"Open access (OA) makes research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Authors will benefit from the open availability of their research to others, leading to an increase in the visibility and usage of their work. Open access allows authors to comply with the Gold and Green OA requirements of major funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},"banner":{"title":"1","description":"a mountain range in mist. a red shield is superimposed on the right.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/tg5ltxgzVAAUpHiLcO8IM/8799f338869f552c0974163f621af29a/1.png","details":{"size":2466105,"image":{"width":2560,"height":1440}},"fileName":"1.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"column1Heading":"About open access","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open research","pageBlurb":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies.","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-research","introTitle":"Open research","introText":"The open research movement seeks to maximise the impact and benefits of research by prioritising barrier-free access to research findings, data and methodologies. Open research reflects a fundamental belief that the pursuit of knowledge benefits directly from collaboration, transparency, rapid dissemination and accessibility.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing","open-research-policies"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Access Week","pageBlurb":"Open Access Week 2024 | Explore how we're working to build an open equitable future for all authors. We believe in the quality of your research rather than your ability to pay; so explore our routes to fund your open access publication.","linkImage":{"title":"Open Access Week","description":"Cambridge Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/116LrrCNfUgNVzHbAtJ8Xj/b8f072a1ffc9713d156e6c96c91ef5d4/OA_Week.png","details":{"size":4883,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA Week.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Cambridge Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"open-access-week","introTitle":"Open Access Week","introText":"Welcome to Open Access Week 2024! We're working to build an open, equitable future for all authors around the world. Find out more about how we're supporting authors from low- and middle-income countries with our award-winning Cambridge Open Equity Initiative, our open access book-funding programme, Flip it Open, and more. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"What is open access?","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view.","linkImage":{"title":"What is open access","description":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7sEQ4K9gF64X6oCYQm5gHg/74f9d5bc0f37e8f4ffe68bd177a5118c/What_is_open_access.png","details":{"size":4791,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"What is open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark yellow vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a light yellow background.","slug":"open-access","introTitle":"What is open access?","introText":"Open access (OA) makes research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Authors will benefit from the open availability of their research to others, leading to an increase in the visibility and usage of their work. Open access allows authors to comply with the Gold and Green OA requirements of major funders.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access glossary","pageBlurb":"Open access has many unique terms, acronyms and additional information. Read our useful glossary to discover more.","linkImage":{"title":"Open access glossary","description":"Bright pink dot pattern fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark pink background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7cLxXpMkrUCEEHVu2Brt1b/69ca9bc044cd4698fce66e6ca8224fd7/OA_glossary.png","details":{"size":58518,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA glossary.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Bright pink dot pattern fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark pink background.","slug":"open-access-glossary","introTitle":"Open access glossary","introText":"Open access has many unique terms, acronyms and additional information. Read our useful glossary to discover more.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access myths","pageBlurb":"Open access (OA) is an important way to make high-quality, peer reviewed content freely available for anyone to access and view. ","linkImage":{"title":"Open access myths","description":"Bright orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark orange background","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6NIEmqNMzKKHvOHi9cLDUR/157e57a4457dce626d4c3469f15caff6/OA_Myths.png","details":{"size":50542,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"OA Myths.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-access-myths","introTitle":"Open access myths","introText":"Open access is an important way to make high-quality, peer reviewed content freely available for anyone to access and view. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Hybrid Open Access FAQs","pageBlurb":"Discover move about what hybrid open access is and what's possible in our frequently asked questions","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"hybrid-open-access-faqs","introTitle":"Hybrid open access - Frequently asked questions","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Eligibility checker","url":"/core/eligibility-checker","ariaLabel":"Eligibility checker"}}],"column2Heading":"Open access resources","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access resources","pageBlurb":"Find Open Access resources for authors, including; information on creative commons licences, funder mandates and policies and much more. ","linkImage":{"title":"Open Access - Resource for authors","description":"Open Access - Resource for authors image","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/nZUZJsiSdEQ92gahE9HVA/5ed0042cab7f26c29ce64460ccbbb273/Open-Access-button-v2.png","details":{"size":10991,"image":{"width":500,"height":300}},"fileName":"Open-Access-button-v2.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"A bright orange background, with light orange stripes has superimposed text in a white font that reads Open Access, resources for authors ","slug":"open-access-resources","introTitle":"Open access resources","introText":"Open access (OA) has become an important way to make research findings freely available for anyone to access and view. Open access serves authors and the wider community by publishing high-quality, peer-reviewed OA content. We support and promote all forms of OA that are financially sustainable. Our open access resources page provides some essential information about the types of OA we offer.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Benefits of open access","pageBlurb":"Discover the benefits of open access on our dedicated page which covers; Discoverability and dissemination, Educational and other re-use and Public access and engagement.","linkImage":{"title":"Benefits of open access","description":"Pale yellow spot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark yellow background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/RzyZtGBB0v0qAeZdQG2lA/b986a003757ddb9089555b2388542208/benefits_of_open_access.png","details":{"size":53285,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"benefits of open access.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Pale yellow spot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a dark yellow background.","slug":"benefits-of-open-access","introTitle":"Benefits of open access","introText":"Publishing open access helps to advance discovery by allowing anyone, anywhere in the world with internet access to find, access, and benefit from your research. Open access plays an important part in allowing us to fulfil our mission of furthering the advancement of learning, knowledge and research worldwide.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Creative commons licenses","pageBlurb":"Creative Commons (CC) licences play an important role in facilitating Gold Open Access publishing. They provide a legal framework for giving users the ability to freely view, download and distribute content.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"creative-commons-licenses","introTitle":"Creative Commons (CC) licences","introText":"Creative Commons (CC) licences play an important role in facilitating Gold Open Access publishing. They provide a legal framework for giving users the ability to freely view, download and distribute content.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funder policies and mandates","pageBlurb":"Many funders around the world are introducing policies and mandates concerning public access to the research they fund. The policies vary and researchers should check the terms and conditions of their research grants.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"funder-policies-and-mandates","introTitle":"Funder policies and mandates","introText":"Many funders around the world are introducing policies and mandates concerning public access to the research they fund. The policies vary and researchers should check the terms and conditions of their research grants in order to be aware of the particular conditions they must abide by. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Article type definitions","pageBlurb":"Discover which article types are covered in transformative agreements via our dedicated article type definitions page","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"article-type-definitions","introTitle":"Article type definitions","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Convert your article to Open Access","pageBlurb":"If you would like to publish your article to Open Access, we ask that you select a creative commons licence. The CC licence you choose will determine how readers can use your content. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"convert-your-article-to-open-access","introTitle":"Publishing OA under a Read and Publish agreement","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access video resources","pageBlurb":"Comprise of Open Access (OA) Advantage: Webinar, benefits, myths, flipping journal to OA, publishing OA with Cambridge","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Comprise of Open Access (OA) Advantage: Webinar, benefits, myths, flipping journal to OA, publishing OA with Cambridge","slug":"open-access-video-resources","introTitle":"Open Access Video Resources","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-publishing"]}}],"slug":"open-access-publishing"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open research initiatives","column1Heading":"Research transparency","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Transparency and openness","pageBlurb":"Transparency and openness are core values of academic research and are essential if new observations and discoveries are to fully contribute to advances in global knowledge. ","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","slug":"transparency-and-openness","introTitle":"Transparency and openness","introText":"Transparency and openness are core values of academic research and are essential if new observations and discoveries are to fully contribute to advances in global knowledge. Research articles serve their readers best when they provide sufficient information for new assertions and findings to be properly evaluated and built upon.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open Practice Badges","pageBlurb":"Open Practice Badges are incentives for researchers to share data, materials, or to preregister their work. They are designed to be displayed on published articles to show that authors have engaged in these open practices.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"open-practice-badges","introTitle":"Open Practice Badges","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"OA organisations, initiatives & directories","pageBlurb":"Discover more information on the Open Access organisations, initiatives and directories we are a member of.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"oa-organisations-initiatives-and-directories","introTitle":"OA organisations, initiatives and directories","introText":"Cambridge University Press is a member of a number of organisations, initiatives and directories which we have provided information on below;","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Registered Reports","pageBlurb":"Registered Reports are a publishing format developed by the Center for Open Science to incentivise and reward good research practices and study design. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"registered-reports","introTitle":"Registered Reports","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","pageBlurb":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) is a new tool designed to facilitate transparency in qualitative and mixed-methods research. ","linkImage":{"title":"frontlist","description":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1yzIb3CIxMfQ2CTz8eswKt/8b72cfb68d75445b52d567fbe3573eb7/frontlist.JPG","details":{"size":20050,"image":{"width":334,"height":341}},"fileName":"frontlist.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"A prism reflects a spectrum of light over a white shield on a purple background. The shield represents the shape of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"annotation-for-transparent-inquiry-ati","introTitle":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI)","introText":"Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI) is a new tool designed to facilitate transparency in qualitative and mixed-methods research. ","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"column2Heading":"Journal flips","column2StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Open access journal flips","pageBlurb":"We are transforming the vast majority of research publishing in our journals to open access by 2025. 41 journals have flipped to open access for 2024 as part of this transformation, and we are pleased to announce a further 79 flips for 2025.","linkImage":{"title":"openaccess","description":"Open access logo - a stylised open orange padlock. The logo is displayed on a grey stripped background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/12DeiUx4ALihi8EgNJ6WB1/e1e67c2e7082bd23f1a676d4186b04b6/openaccess.JPG","details":{"size":15431,"image":{"width":432,"height":286}},"fileName":"openaccess.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Open access logo - a stylised open orange padlock. The logo is displayed on a grey stripped background.","slug":"open-access-journal-flips","introTitle":"Open access journal flips","introText":"We are transforming the vast majority of research publishing in our journals to open access by 2025. 41 journals have flipped to open access for 2024 as part of this transformation, and we are pleased to announce a further 79 flips for 2025.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","pageBlurb":"Find answers to questions about open access journal flips for authors, readers, librarians, society members, editorial board members and publishing partners.","linkImage":{"title":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit","description":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/4PiPfW4LdMHTslTjTN19Di/d4ee372bf3c7e8ec90c169960571ceff/CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","details":{"size":73633,"image":{"width":971,"height":551}},"fileName":"CoreHomepage_PH_edit.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"An image of the night sky, showing stars and galaxies. The dark outline of a shield has been superimposed over the top. ","slug":"oa-journal-flip-faqs","introTitle":"OA Journal Flip FAQs","introText":"Find answers to questions about open access journal flips for authors, readers, librarians, society members, editorial board members and publishing partners.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"column3Heading":"Flip it Open","column3StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Flip it Open","pageBlurb":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books.","linkImage":{"title":"flip it open","description":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1Iumh0y51Li1h1czm7xT3s/ffb2baaf34ed6fd6ec5ecea8721a2e17/flip_it_open.JPG","details":{"size":9674,"image":{"width":354,"height":199}},"fileName":"flip it open.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","slug":"flip-it-open","introTitle":"Flip it Open","introText":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of 100 titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books here on Cambridge Core and also as an affordable paperback. Just another way we're building an open future.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Flip it Open FAQs","pageBlurb":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books.","linkImage":{"title":"flip it open","description":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1Iumh0y51Li1h1czm7xT3s/ffb2baaf34ed6fd6ec5ecea8721a2e17/flip_it_open.JPG","details":{"size":9674,"image":{"width":354,"height":199}},"fileName":"flip it open.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Image of a door, slightly ajar, with large pink and green balls bouncing through, against a grey background wall.","slug":"flip-it-open-faqs","introTitle":"Flip it Open FAQs","introText":"Flip it Open is our new programme which aims to fund the open access publication of 100 titles through typical purchasing habits. Once titles meet a set amount of revenue, we have committed to make them freely available as open access books here on Cambridge Core and also as an affordable paperback. Just another way we're building an open future.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-research-initiatives"]}}],"slug":"open-research-initiatives"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":"Open access funding","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funding open access publication","pageBlurb":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay.","linkImage":{"title":"Funding open access publication","description":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7te0Mjpty44biAUabJ5RPF/d6e37cd51d396f6ec99817b89b00b235/Funding_OA.png","details":{"size":53374,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Funding OA.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","slug":"funding-open-access-publication","introTitle":"Funding open access publication","introText":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay. The editorial process – including the decision of whether or not to accept an article for publication – should be independent of the author’s decision to publish Gold Open Access (OA), in cases where this is optional, as well as being independent of how the publication costs for a Gold OA article are funded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}},"banner":{"title":"3","description":"An image of prairie land and dusky skies with a green shield superimposed to the left.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7lbnCGEEZDq5LJSmPTzfqB/ff8d397038089070b71384ed0ce45028/3.jpg","details":{"size":313671,"image":{"width":2560,"height":1440}},"fileName":"3.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"column1Heading":"Open access funding","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Funding open access publication","pageBlurb":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay.","linkImage":{"title":"Funding open access publication","description":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/7te0Mjpty44biAUabJ5RPF/d6e37cd51d396f6ec99817b89b00b235/Funding_OA.png","details":{"size":53374,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"Funding OA.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Dark orange dot pattern fills a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo, on a bright orange background.","slug":"funding-open-access-publication","introTitle":"Funding open access publication","introText":"We believe that journals must publish articles based on the quality of the work rather than an author's ability to pay. The editorial process – including the decision of whether or not to accept an article for publication – should be independent of the author’s decision to publish Gold Open Access (OA), in cases where this is optional, as well as being independent of how the publication costs for a Gold OA article are funded.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","pageBlurb":"The Cambridge Open Equity Initiative is a new pilot designed to support authors in low- and middle-income countries who wish to publish their research open access in our journals but do not have access to funding.","linkImage":{"title":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","description":"Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/6JjuLI91OqL5yWfpDCBabw/57656fcab1c004e52e2ac5221bf45ae3/COEI.png","details":{"size":7741,"image":{"width":450,"height":270}},"fileName":"COEI.png","contentType":"image/png"}},"altText":"Blue vertical stripes fill a shield shape, representative of the Cambridge University Press logo.","slug":"cambridge-open-equity-initiative","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Equity Initiative","introText":"The Cambridge Open Equity Initiative is designed to support authors in low- and middle-income countries who wish to publish their research open access in our journals but do not have access to funding.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["open-access-funding"]}}],"slug":"open-access-funding"}},{"name":"navigationBarArea","value":{"title":" Cambridge Open Engage","hubPage":{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Open Engage is the early research platform from Cambridge University Press. The site offers researchers a new space to rapidly disseminate early and open research, including preprints, posters, presentations and conference papers.","linkImage":{"title":"COE Banner for Core","description":"COE Banner for Core","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/11sHvd1kZ8Vow8Yew8U8Cb/5f69b2462388856cfdb9984c750c6d3c/COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","details":{"size":30597,"image":{"width":1600,"height":233}},"fileName":"COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage banner with its logo on the left side of the text and with a blue-green background color.","slug":"cambridge-open-engage","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},"column1Heading":" Cambridge Open Engage","column1StaticPagesOrUrls":[{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","pageBlurb":"Cambridge Open Engage is the early research platform from Cambridge University Press. The site offers researchers a new space to rapidly disseminate early and open research, including preprints, posters, presentations and conference papers.","linkImage":{"title":"COE Banner for Core","description":"COE Banner for Core","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/11sHvd1kZ8Vow8Yew8U8Cb/5f69b2462388856cfdb9984c750c6d3c/COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","details":{"size":30597,"image":{"width":1600,"height":233}},"fileName":"COE-banner-for-Core-1200x175.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage banner with its logo on the left side of the text and with a blue-green background color.","slug":"cambridge-open-engage","introTitle":"Cambridge Open Engage","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner With Us","pageBlurb":"We work with partners - such as learned societies, funders and departments or research centres within research institutions - in a range of ways.","linkImage":{"title":"Partner With Us","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/54Be88OUjKkNI6xbxmes8I/1196f9840ef75b6e7cf6aec599616505/partner-with-us.jpg","details":{"size":50015,"image":{"width":1250,"height":300}},"fileName":"partner-with-us.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage Partner with Us banner with a yellow background for the Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-partner-with-us","introTitle":"Partner With Us","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Branded Hubs","pageBlurb":"Work with us to build your own branded space within Cambridge Open Engage. We offer partners such as learned societies, departments, and many more.","linkImage":{"title":"Branded Hubs","description":"Cambridge Open Engage logo with Branded Hubs banner with yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1HYQfWBUMmFh5cxXT4ASk3/dd42f22e9034baad9e25666308f03055/Branded_hubs.JPG","details":{"size":13529,"image":{"width":318,"height":192}},"fileName":"Branded hubs.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage logo with Branded Hubs banner with yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-branded-hubs","introTitle":"Branded Hubs","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Event Workspaces","pageBlurb":"We offer branded event spaces where you can share outputs from events, offer commenting features allowing attendees to ask questions, and much more.","linkImage":{"title":"Event Workspaces","description":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Event Workspaces banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/1JNYmsm8HkoalS94741ud2/0299af5939154363dff989acb51ae3b3/Event_workspaces.JPG","details":{"size":13881,"image":{"width":320,"height":192}},"fileName":"Event workspaces.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Event Workspaces banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-event-workspaces","introTitle":"Event Workspaces","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"Partner Resources","pageBlurb":"Spread the word to your researchers by sending them to Cambridge Open Engage, or contact us if you'd like to discuss tailored messaging for your community.","linkImage":{"title":"Partner Resources","description":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Partner Resources banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/2NdKUR1NBikcoqYsjp1ePQ/0838ba4b5725badec595663d5ab08147/Partner_resources.JPG","details":{"size":13317,"image":{"width":316,"height":190}},"fileName":"Partner resources.JPG","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"Cambridge Open Engage with logo Partner Resources banner with a yellow background on Cambridge Core website.","slug":"engage-partner-resources","introTitle":"Partner Resources","introText":"A selection of resources to aid partners with informing their members, staff, authors and editors about the benefits and functionality of Cambridge Open Engage.","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"APSA Preprints","pageBlurb":"APSA Preprints is a free-to-access pre-publication platform dedicated to early research outputs in political science, and developed through the collaboration of the American Political Science Association and Cambridge University Press.","linkImage":{"title":"APSA Preprints Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/37QmpvOaJxxp9ksVaulObU/6ea66e49ff4f3d920eb5c43db27c02ce/APSA-Preprints.jpg","details":{"size":40928,"image":{"width":2000,"height":440}},"fileName":"APSA-Preprints.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"APSA Preprints American Political Science Association logo banner with blue and green text color at the right and a cut circle at the left.","slug":"engage-apsa-preprints","introTitle":"APSA Preprints","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}},{"name":"staticPage","value":{"pageTitle":"APSA Preprints FAQs","pageBlurb":"If you have any questions about APSA Preprints that are not addressed by the FAQs or User Guide, you can contact preprints@apsanet.org.","linkImage":{"title":"APSA Preprints Banner","description":"","file":{"url":"//images.ctfassets.net/ulsp6w1o06p0/37QmpvOaJxxp9ksVaulObU/6ea66e49ff4f3d920eb5c43db27c02ce/APSA-Preprints.jpg","details":{"size":40928,"image":{"width":2000,"height":440}},"fileName":"APSA-Preprints.jpg","contentType":"image/jpeg"}},"altText":"APSA Preprints American Political Science Association logo banner with blue and green text color at the right and a cut circle at the left.","slug":"engage-apsa-preprints-faqs","introTitle":"APSA Preprints FAQs","contentBlocks":[],"areas":["cambridge-open-engage"]}}],"slug":"cambridge-open-engage"}}]}}],"youtube":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Youtube","url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTK8KRW19hUVucVRHbIx73oLKUro8HXt0","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Youtube account. Opens in a new tab."}},"xTwitter":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"xTwitter","url":"https://twitter.com/CambridgeCore","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press X account. Opens in a new tab."}},"facebook":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Facebook","url":"https://www.facebook.com/CambridgeCore","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Facebook account. Opens in a new tab."}},"instagram":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Instagram","url":"https://www.instagram.com/cambridgeuniversitypress/","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Instagram account. Opens in a new tab."}},"linkedin":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Linkedin","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/11096649","ariaLabel":"Visit Cambridge University Press Linkedin account. Opens in a new tab."}},"accessibility":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Accessibility","url":"/core/accessibility","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core accessibility page"}},"contactAndHelp":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Contact & Help","url":"/core/help/FAQs","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core contact & help page"}},"legalNotices":{"name":"url","value":{"title":"Legal notices","url":"/core/legal-notices/terms","ariaLabel":"Cambridge Core legal notices page"}}}},"locations":[{"id":"4cceb186-9e0f-4a5c-9cae-5fb7faf7c98e","alpha2Code":"AF","alpha3Code":"AFG","shortName":"Afghanistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"1","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7a8af489-758b-4a78-832d-dd9e754b5512","alpha2Code":"AX","alpha3Code":"ALA","shortName":"Aland Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"240","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6ec2aa7c-8144-4413-9a53-1e477c4c836a","alpha2Code":"AL","alpha3Code":"ALB","shortName":"Albania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"2","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"522e3e12-6761-4d4d-bcaa-eb24f87aec05","alpha2Code":"DZ","alpha3Code":"DZA","shortName":"Algeria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"3","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a01524a2-a472-44b6-9ebe-a61fd156973d","alpha2Code":"AS","alpha3Code":"ASM","shortName":"American Samoa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"4","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8317dd2d-d1f4-4009-ad3c-457ab2ba3a14","alpha2Code":"AD","alpha3Code":"AND","shortName":"Andorra","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"5","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1bf09008-eab9-4805-bdd4-2158a298f1f9","alpha2Code":"AO","alpha3Code":"AGO","shortName":"Angola","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"6","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"ea735233-adeb-4652-8f09-22420fc62809","alpha2Code":"AI","alpha3Code":"AIA","shortName":"Anguilla","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"7","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20d19e9e-af37-4d13-a146-799796d8b6c0","alpha2Code":"AQ","alpha3Code":"ATA","shortName":"Antarctica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"8","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"075b9cdb-8bcd-4afa-bea8-38fcb3a91d03","alpha2Code":"AG","alpha3Code":"ATG","shortName":"Antigua and Barbuda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"9","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5e891ca3-69c1-429c-9673-4b0ca191b8f4","alpha2Code":"AR","alpha3Code":"ARG","shortName":"Argentina","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"10","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ee9aa6f-ad1f-4760-95d4-4d233a39b6fe","alpha2Code":"AM","alpha3Code":"ARM","shortName":"Armenia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"11","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c01b6345-36af-4b5e-804b-81e4def241ff","alpha2Code":"AW","alpha3Code":"ABW","shortName":"Aruba","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"12","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"49d6f1dc-ca68-42f8-9f0f-3906decfe986","alpha2Code":"AU","alpha3Code":"AUS","shortName":"Australia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"13","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"AUD","ecommLabel":"Total (incl. GST)","sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8c6231d-104b-45f9-b8bd-59d058c26617","alpha2Code":"AT","alpha3Code":"AUT","shortName":"Austria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"14","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e6898057-dce5-4267-9839-6f246dc56655","alpha2Code":"AZ","alpha3Code":"AZE","shortName":"Azerbaijan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"15","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5303e81f-50eb-474d-9de4-642d76633624","alpha2Code":"BS","alpha3Code":"BHS","shortName":"Bahamas","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"16","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b39f1489-b2e0-4c8c-af10-6c1a1d1d51c8","alpha2Code":"BH","alpha3Code":"BHR","shortName":"Bahrain","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"17","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"813ffe7c-1bdc-43b7-a14c-ffe7d7c0da9d","alpha2Code":"BD","alpha3Code":"BGD","shortName":"Bangladesh","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"18","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5e8eb00f-958a-440e-b98d-d3c0d7fc98c3","alpha2Code":"BB","alpha3Code":"BRB","shortName":"Barbados","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"19","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"3046521d-29d4-40f3-853e-3f401ead4807","alpha2Code":"BY","alpha3Code":"BLR","shortName":"Belarus","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"20","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f1e88a22-8adc-4a00-bbb2-a99ec1b6ec39","alpha2Code":"BE","alpha3Code":"BEL","shortName":"Belgium","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"21","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"1823ccfc-72e0-4af3-bba7-74ef903f39c5","alpha2Code":"BZ","alpha3Code":"BLZ","shortName":"Belize","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"22","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05e40998-408c-474d-9d60-bc9d29780ef6","alpha2Code":"BJ","alpha3Code":"BEN","shortName":"Benin","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"23","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"76d1cd2b-973d-4f95-ae34-60dae74043da","alpha2Code":"BM","alpha3Code":"BMU","shortName":"Bermuda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"24","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d9890163-5116-4417-aff7-73eee8cf767b","alpha2Code":"BT","alpha3Code":"BTN","shortName":"Bhutan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"25","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2c1cf90a-805b-461b-a568-d5123004356a","alpha2Code":"BO","alpha3Code":"BOL","shortName":"Bolivia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"26","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"80dac76f-ee03-48f1-bbad-f2dd3a05b557","alpha2Code":"BA","alpha3Code":"BIH","shortName":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"241","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"83ded62f-d6fa-4269-8389-6bb6d3530551","alpha2Code":"BW","alpha3Code":"BWA","shortName":"Botswana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"28","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1f520814-af4f-4c4f-94ba-9d2f33b1c1f8","alpha2Code":"BV","alpha3Code":"BVT","shortName":"Bouvet Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"29","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3f620225-dde7-4487-a6a1-bb59b383a939","alpha2Code":"BR","alpha3Code":"BRA","shortName":"Brazil","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"30","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"218df5a9-9145-46cd-927c-09d58d5f9dd5","alpha2Code":"IO","alpha3Code":"IOT","shortName":"British Indian Ocean Territory","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"31","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"874a057f-d7b0-413d-a102-b900fa63d3c7","alpha2Code":"BN","alpha3Code":"BRN","shortName":"Brunei Darussalam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"32","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8fcfe8b-de4f-4249-82a9-b25c53f752a7","alpha2Code":"BG","alpha3Code":"BGR","shortName":"Bulgaria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"33","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"825c267c-010c-4686-9e3a-8d9a102481d9","alpha2Code":"BF","alpha3Code":"BFA","shortName":"Burkina Faso","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"34","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c64375a9-61b0-44d2-94de-43fc25389cfc","alpha2Code":"BI","alpha3Code":"BDI","shortName":"Burundi","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"35","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f571cf28-91cb-4c0d-8a4b-debd3047ab42","alpha2Code":"KH","alpha3Code":"KHM","shortName":"Cambodia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"36","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"5ee10546-d2a4-40c8-b221-02baac2aceb7","alpha2Code":"CM","alpha3Code":"CMR","shortName":"Cameroon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"37","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"df5651a0-e129-4f1b-b6ad-2f2dc1a61f70","alpha2Code":"CA","alpha3Code":"CAN","shortName":"Canada","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"38","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fb011ad1-74ca-4235-a7ba-5003ba82e3de","alpha2Code":"CV","alpha3Code":"CPV","shortName":"Cape Verde","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"39","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f38f6d00-c96d-4362-b92f-8eb37b011f40","alpha2Code":"KY","alpha3Code":"CYM","shortName":"Cayman Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"40","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"c0add3c3-c40b-4cda-b80f-acf3b8e0224e","alpha2Code":"CF","alpha3Code":"CAF","shortName":"Central African Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"41","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"579966ba-d860-4886-94d0-e67d02f84a3e","alpha2Code":"TD","alpha3Code":"TCD","shortName":"Chad","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"42","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b2179410-845b-4891-8e62-968eb7eb1b9e","alpha2Code":"IM","alpha3Code":"IMN","shortName":"Channel Islands, Isle of Man","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"243","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"621336c2-1da9-432a-9c7b-d3d5839ed6ab","alpha2Code":"CL","alpha3Code":"CHL","shortName":"Chile","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"43","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"296c1d80-767f-4036-912b-5f73422f1a22","alpha2Code":"CN","alpha3Code":"CHN","shortName":"China","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"44","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"eb60ae74-39b7-4400-bf55-0d65502a6c73","alpha2Code":"CX","alpha3Code":"CXR","shortName":"Christmas Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"45","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"048a93ca-514c-42cc-b460-cf620e540eb0","alpha2Code":"CC","alpha3Code":"CCK","shortName":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"46","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"93f3e798-c2b9-4240-be44-9e1b60e837cc","alpha2Code":"CO","alpha3Code":"COL","shortName":"Colombia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"47","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9b9db9aa-5411-4d1d-b663-f090006a0f07","alpha2Code":"KM","alpha3Code":"COM","shortName":"Comoros","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"48","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"893b2388-9613-4a21-b513-7cb3af28ca02","alpha2Code":"CG","alpha3Code":"COG","shortName":"Congo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"49","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"1f635c2a-859c-45e7-9c82-6b985d327344","alpha2Code":"CD","alpha3Code":"COD","shortName":"Congo, The Democratic Republic of the","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"242","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e1b80aee-0209-4a3f-bbd1-eb7eaf5b8d4a","alpha2Code":"CK","alpha3Code":"COK","shortName":"Cook Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"50","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"801c58d4-4ad9-42a6-867d-71e9aa0fa6fd","alpha2Code":"CR","alpha3Code":"CRI","shortName":"Costa Rica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"51","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7b6c730a-0a5a-4404-b790-98d5795ef876","alpha2Code":"CI","alpha3Code":"CIV","shortName":"Cote D'Ivoire","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"52","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e223963e-bacb-4397-b9d4-a2b6089ed2df","alpha2Code":"HR","alpha3Code":"HRV","shortName":"Croatia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"53","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2b7a9450-97e2-482d-b493-dec2c8d6271a","alpha2Code":"CU","alpha3Code":"CUB","shortName":"Cuba","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"54","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9c1673be-ad0d-4ace-beb1-bc90aa7aaa81","alpha2Code":"CY","alpha3Code":"CYP","shortName":"Cyprus","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"55","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a882aa2a-0c36-463c-8bcc-f7a39b4afc30","alpha2Code":"CZ","alpha3Code":"CZE","shortName":"Czech Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"56","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2c65e5f6-06d7-47f5-96b1-a4de391bd665","alpha2Code":"DK","alpha3Code":"DNK","shortName":"Denmark","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"57","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"27fc0d3d-d582-408c-aba4-405b9d47561f","alpha2Code":"DJ","alpha3Code":"DJI","shortName":"Djibouti","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"58","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ca16a87-f6e1-4d66-b97a-a2b0d0c47a12","alpha2Code":"DM","alpha3Code":"DMA","shortName":"Dominica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"59","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e81463fc-6dca-4065-b460-3788de92c400","alpha2Code":"DO","alpha3Code":"DOM","shortName":"Dominican Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"60","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"Q","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e36b7e41-87f5-4cf2-b989-e98cf2302c15","alpha2Code":"TP","alpha3Code":"TMP","shortName":"East Timor","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"61","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0a3f7221-8e0b-4544-87aa-39d757fea3b8","alpha2Code":"EC","alpha3Code":"ECU","shortName":"Ecuador","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"62","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"6f4e6491-3e03-4c7f-9150-7bfa50ee6432","alpha2Code":"EG","alpha3Code":"EGY","shortName":"Egypt","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"63","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"43351744-5158-4569-a9a8-946c9ac2245a","alpha2Code":"SV","alpha3Code":"SLV","shortName":"El Salvador","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"64","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7000fd0d-4dc6-4d1a-90fe-e5353a407af5","alpha2Code":"GQ","alpha3Code":"GNQ","shortName":"Equatorial Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"65","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20a43d20-1135-4a18-8c6a-6bcd6f9793b1","alpha2Code":"ER","alpha3Code":"ERI","shortName":"Eritrea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"66","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"be3990d4-098b-4294-ae25-5b5b5ad4079c","alpha2Code":"EE","alpha3Code":"EST","shortName":"Estonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"67","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"57314c79-55a8-4792-8365-6a2ba72a104a","alpha2Code":"ET","alpha3Code":"ETH","shortName":"Ethiopia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"68","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fa4b8ced-ff82-4ca9-9452-caad93f772fb","alpha2Code":"FK","alpha3Code":"FLK","shortName":"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"69","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"45c3a918-4f45-4640-b62e-5a41cb3a7f90","alpha2Code":"FO","alpha3Code":"FRO","shortName":"Faroe Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"70","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a2f4e53e-19ba-4795-83c6-616f537e57b3","alpha2Code":"FJ","alpha3Code":"FJI","shortName":"Fiji","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"71","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"865d0154-f45c-44f1-93f0-f2ea86ea51fc","alpha2Code":"FI","alpha3Code":"FIN","shortName":"Finland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"72","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05dd7d5d-8a87-43e0-85c7-8c759916e772","alpha2Code":"FR","alpha3Code":"FRA","shortName":"France","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"73","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"03497ee5-48ee-4cdc-b775-0ade025586d4","alpha2Code":"GF","alpha3Code":"GUF","shortName":"French Guiana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"75","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"791e2817-e292-4258-beb9-2a6c94bb5d69","alpha2Code":"PF","alpha3Code":"PYF","shortName":"French Polynesia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"76","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb9290d9-fb8e-4529-baf9-b27e5528980d","alpha2Code":"TF","alpha3Code":"ATF","shortName":"French Southern Territories","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"77","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"afaa83a3-f2db-4be0-bdca-5453f35f1ae7","alpha2Code":"GA","alpha3Code":"GAB","shortName":"Gabon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"78","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"68325bad-f70d-4ffd-b67c-5de5ebdfecbd","alpha2Code":"GM","alpha3Code":"GMB","shortName":"Gambia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"79","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a9a68e5f-bb52-481d-bbe6-b652ac54f20d","alpha2Code":"GE","alpha3Code":"GEO","shortName":"Georgia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"80","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"94230303-e27a-4c7e-83c0-59f3b65cb72b","alpha2Code":"DE","alpha3Code":"DEU","shortName":"Germany","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"81","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"40151893-12fb-4cc2-8564-33d43fcdb38b","alpha2Code":"GH","alpha3Code":"GHA","shortName":"Ghana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"82","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fcb90596-ccc1-4c0d-9c21-12786102ca92","alpha2Code":"GI","alpha3Code":"GIB","shortName":"Gibraltar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"83","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"51d2507a-91a0-43cd-824b-a7cbd20bb1f6","alpha2Code":"GR","alpha3Code":"GRC","shortName":"Greece","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"84","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"30514745-a50b-448e-90d9-c3bf603f9218","alpha2Code":"GL","alpha3Code":"GRL","shortName":"Greenland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"85","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"80e039ef-ccd8-4d9c-9651-01a75dbd2b18","alpha2Code":"GD","alpha3Code":"GRD","shortName":"Grenada","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"86","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cb2cecc3-84ae-4a09-b0c5-1e2e94274264","alpha2Code":"GP","alpha3Code":"GLP","shortName":"Guadeloupe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"87","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"187928f6-cd34-4669-b48a-077f7562c651","alpha2Code":"GU","alpha3Code":"GUM","shortName":"Guam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"88","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3cf99d09-1a9d-4e56-b0ff-a3f886a242dd","alpha2Code":"GT","alpha3Code":"GTM","shortName":"Guatemala","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"89","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0c0bd020-ee8f-458b-84ba-c4969b8f3d9e","alpha2Code":"GG","alpha3Code":"GGY","shortName":"Guernsey","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"256","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"05f3afe1-7c4f-4ca2-962d-0db4aa6b410c","alpha2Code":"GN","alpha3Code":"GIN","shortName":"Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"90","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2f917b45-0301-4eca-bf2c-3644498bb848","alpha2Code":"GW","alpha3Code":"GNB","shortName":"Guinea-bissau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"91","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"dcaf4941-7baa-41b4-9b00-3464cd91eff9","alpha2Code":"GY","alpha3Code":"GUY","shortName":"Guyana","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"92","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c33a6cf0-d4fc-443d-b9e6-d42f630d1af2","alpha2Code":"HT","alpha3Code":"HTI","shortName":"Haiti","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"93","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e6179487-b4ca-4d8f-92ab-a7864b84f85d","alpha2Code":"HM","alpha3Code":"HMD","shortName":"Heard and Mc Donald Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"94","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d11f91c5-5187-4d08-b48d-9077a0768435","alpha2Code":"HN","alpha3Code":"HND","shortName":"Honduras","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"95","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b67c3d03-f527-4dbd-a07d-01a82bef1107","alpha2Code":"HK","alpha3Code":"HKG","shortName":"Hong Kong","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"96","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"47b97900-a473-4bf5-981b-9de200e6b34f","alpha2Code":"HU","alpha3Code":"HUN","shortName":"Hungary","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"97","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"614cb0b5-e364-44d9-8c58-ff8d88a58156","alpha2Code":"IS","alpha3Code":"ISL","shortName":"Iceland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"98","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bd34cc15-3c6e-40a6-a0d4-e5d564a28536","alpha2Code":"IN","alpha3Code":"IND","shortName":"India","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"99","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"87f30ea0-a22f-40b0-aeb6-6a35d7f32bf3","alpha2Code":"ID","alpha3Code":"IDN","shortName":"Indonesia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"100","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c01d7696-a9ab-4703-9e1a-78e5607d9352","alpha2Code":"IR","alpha3Code":"IRN","shortName":"Iran, Islamic Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"244","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0ceb019d-6fbd-4deb-9f86-024807ca8aa2","alpha2Code":"IQ","alpha3Code":"IRQ","shortName":"Iraq","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"102","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"84740583-b333-4f4a-8a42-3a211eaa7af3","alpha2Code":"IE","alpha3Code":"IRL","shortName":"Ireland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"103","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"979019bc-315b-4619-9a23-9eb96fa30b42","alpha2Code":"IL","alpha3Code":"ISR","shortName":"Israel","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"104","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a0301abd-eeaf-4e34-b578-328b434dce05","alpha2Code":"IT","alpha3Code":"ITA","shortName":"Italy","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"105","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a082a2fa-fece-4cda-978a-af61bb51f297","alpha2Code":"JM","alpha3Code":"JAM","shortName":"Jamaica","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"106","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e0d7d043-51c6-4e34-8609-0f26b56bbaa3","alpha2Code":"JP","alpha3Code":"JPN","shortName":"Japan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"107","cupBranch":"F","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cf6cbfe5-435d-4f16-b202-b75935b9bfd1","alpha2Code":"JE","alpha3Code":"JEY","shortName":"Jersey","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"254","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"301a18e0-a4ff-4454-b99a-1f7ddaf960fc","alpha2Code":"JO","alpha3Code":"JOR","shortName":"Jordan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"108","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a2be4056-1959-41fd-b83b-a1a6e6790668","alpha2Code":"KZ","alpha3Code":"KAZ","shortName":"Kazakhstan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"109","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"8a09cfd7-9e32-461f-9814-51cf3d205afa","alpha2Code":"KE","alpha3Code":"KEN","shortName":"Kenya","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"110","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0e97bf1b-5058-4bcf-9e56-e3e59ec097bf","alpha2Code":"KI","alpha3Code":"KIR","shortName":"Kiribati","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"111","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f78723d2-da0d-4208-b398-d64225f3db40","alpha2Code":"KP","alpha3Code":"PRK","shortName":"Korea, Democratic People's Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"112","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"77f81edb-1401-4d4a-a221-6e17780dcc64","alpha2Code":"KR","alpha3Code":"KOR","shortName":"Korea, Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"113","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f952ffbb141b","alpha2Code":"XK","alpha3Code":"UNK","shortName":"Kosovo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d309f426-ed06-491e-af88-ae18beb738d3","alpha2Code":"KW","alpha3Code":"KWT","shortName":"Kuwait","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"114","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8be878e2-8c54-4b7c-b0b4-45f440cc39a4","alpha2Code":"KG","alpha3Code":"KGZ","shortName":"Kyrgyzstan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"115","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"22b8d6c8-a08f-4ce2-b547-c075e7402d5d","alpha2Code":"LA","alpha3Code":"LAO","shortName":"Lao People's Democratic Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"116","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"66842dc2-54f5-4545-8fe9-10825844cd0b","alpha2Code":"LV","alpha3Code":"LVA","shortName":"Latvia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"117","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f2344dfd-803e-438b-b83b-2d83411344f5","alpha2Code":"LB","alpha3Code":"LBN","shortName":"Lebanon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"118","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"cf97eb3b-a38a-4d0a-a86d-3c62af7cc102","alpha2Code":"LS","alpha3Code":"LSO","shortName":"Lesotho","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"119","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0d696510-0141-46c3-a9dd-73032d1dc369","alpha2Code":"LR","alpha3Code":"LBR","shortName":"Liberia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"120","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e8da5281-6f13-4500-844c-af6e50a1817d","alpha2Code":"LY","alpha3Code":"LBY","shortName":"Libyan Arab Jamahiriya","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"121","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9e30228c-05f0-465e-8227-9deb4392ec80","alpha2Code":"LI","alpha3Code":"LIE","shortName":"Liechtenstein","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"122","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f18fcd58-f002-4a29-bddd-88ab368390e4","alpha2Code":"LT","alpha3Code":"LTU","shortName":"Lithuania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"123","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bf550d77-9986-49c0-bda6-f8df4a33731b","alpha2Code":"LU","alpha3Code":"LUX","shortName":"Luxembourg","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"124","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6142574e-44d7-4df3-b80f-11e0a1ffa8e1","alpha2Code":"MO","alpha3Code":"MAC","shortName":"Macau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"125","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b61d957a-4d6a-46a1-9df6-eafbd496bcc4","alpha2Code":"MK","alpha3Code":"MKD","shortName":"Macedonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"247","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f9c8f20a-0224-4405-a2b4-2dddeb899216","alpha2Code":"MG","alpha3Code":"MDG","shortName":"Madagascar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"127","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a1e24326-20ed-4e87-a4b5-852bcba55fc7","alpha2Code":"MW","alpha3Code":"MWI","shortName":"Malawi","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"128","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"55e049f1-34d1-4a72-84db-6b20eb50be32","alpha2Code":"MY","alpha3Code":"MYS","shortName":"Malaysia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"129","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b43dce9c-06f7-489e-b21b-1b581fd1b376","alpha2Code":"MV","alpha3Code":"MDV","shortName":"Maldives","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"130","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f2186aa4-a2e6-472e-b953-e2cff11e723a","alpha2Code":"ML","alpha3Code":"MLI","shortName":"Mali","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"131","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7a0ab8e8-39b3-4db9-bf76-fc6788ab0791","alpha2Code":"MT","alpha3Code":"MLT","shortName":"Malta","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"132","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"851a02c7-636d-4906-9178-375d5dca7138","alpha2Code":"MH","alpha3Code":"MHL","shortName":"Marshall Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"133","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"33938e2e-84d6-47f9-af01-6544c2556a5f","alpha2Code":"MQ","alpha3Code":"MTQ","shortName":"Martinique","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"134","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"ee4f5569-bdd1-407b-957d-d1242217c485","alpha2Code":"MR","alpha3Code":"MRT","shortName":"Mauritania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"135","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9eab61a4-b4e2-4a36-a057-f5db49aea119","alpha2Code":"MU","alpha3Code":"MUS","shortName":"Mauritius","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"136","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"68048470-cbf1-46b1-8f48-69d4c29c111e","alpha2Code":"YT","alpha3Code":"MYT","shortName":"Mayotte","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"137","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2870e1d0-f8d8-44fc-8b14-f7edb8503b86","alpha2Code":"MX","alpha3Code":"MEX","shortName":"Mexico","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"138","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7c3a61f7-61e4-4675-af2d-0e42f46cf477","alpha2Code":"FM","alpha3Code":"FSM","shortName":"Micronesia, Federated States of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"139","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d6389849-d545-4980-99a2-541aa9b9ee17","alpha2Code":"MD","alpha3Code":"MDA","shortName":"Moldova, Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"140","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"379a1832-9838-44d1-b577-184ca5f5daff","alpha2Code":"MC","alpha3Code":"MCO","shortName":"Monaco","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"141","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"cc8ff54a-a9e7-41f4-b3c6-f63599d081e1","alpha2Code":"MN","alpha3Code":"MNG","shortName":"Mongolia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"142","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6d6467a5-7349-4779-b335-631dda710c21","alpha2Code":"ME","alpha3Code":"MNE","shortName":"Montenegro","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"246","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a53aa839-afc4-4570-9d12-3733f9afd851","alpha2Code":"MS","alpha3Code":"MSR","shortName":"Montserrat","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"143","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6db8c37d-c5a0-43db-812f-539c8ff3dd8a","alpha2Code":"MA","alpha3Code":"MAR","shortName":"Morocco","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"144","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"730b89e1-8ee5-47cf-a292-28758e3a7f20","alpha2Code":"MZ","alpha3Code":"MOZ","shortName":"Mozambique","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"145","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5ce552e1-eedc-4350-a4c6-f6a2898def41","alpha2Code":"MM","alpha3Code":"MMR","shortName":"Myanmar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"146","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63b3ee95-fe51-4901-a7ae-fc0bc2cd81df","alpha2Code":"NA","alpha3Code":"NAM","shortName":"Namibia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"147","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d3ae3784-58d2-48ee-a6f1-9749a339c902","alpha2Code":"NR","alpha3Code":"NRU","shortName":"Nauru","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"148","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"042203fb-c380-4c2b-8d90-f97239823d9f","alpha2Code":"NP","alpha3Code":"NPL","shortName":"Nepal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"149","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8623257e-9ce6-4fd7-aff5-1858ca8c1545","alpha2Code":"NL","alpha3Code":"NLD","shortName":"Netherlands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"150","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"97a6b88a-5cea-4541-ad90-ea14531d1e89","alpha2Code":"AN","alpha3Code":"ANT","shortName":"Netherlands Antilles","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"151","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8129284e-e369-4380-be57-644541694140","alpha2Code":"NC","alpha3Code":"NCL","shortName":"New Caledonia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"152","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"fa967094-29de-42a2-99e4-2a8deb0eecc3","alpha2Code":"NZ","alpha3Code":"NZL","shortName":"New Zealand","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"153","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":"Total (incl. GST)","sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"20c4ce92-62d7-447a-98e7-48722dbc7f8c","alpha2Code":"NI","alpha3Code":"NIC","shortName":"Nicaragua","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"154","cupBranch":"O","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"39d2607b-d95e-48bc-8722-9af51474faac","alpha2Code":"NE","alpha3Code":"NER","shortName":"Niger","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"155","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0e6848ae-cbc9-4e95-8c06-193a6025a20a","alpha2Code":"NG","alpha3Code":"NGA","shortName":"Nigeria","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"156","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"825aee1c-2546-432c-a8ce-fe8533971658","alpha2Code":"NU","alpha3Code":"NIU","shortName":"Niue","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"157","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"798cfed5-ffd1-40d0-bd63-6ea5438b0511","alpha2Code":"NF","alpha3Code":"NFK","shortName":"Norfolk Island","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"158","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e0ea495c-ad0d-4de3-a171-896216b1406a","alpha2Code":"MP","alpha3Code":"MNP","shortName":"Northern Mariana Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"159","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"acd087bf-0c83-4c18-83a7-b8d08cdfd5ac","alpha2Code":"NO","alpha3Code":"NOR","shortName":"Norway","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"160","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6cafeb12-f2c3-46ef-b9e2-3e5eb010f605","alpha2Code":"OM","alpha3Code":"OMN","shortName":"Oman","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"161","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"92af6c5d-aa6e-4f19-8260-7a9965860a59","alpha2Code":"PK","alpha3Code":"PAK","shortName":"Pakistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"162","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"cfbd5050-98fe-4def-a217-98cece6f0237","alpha2Code":"PW","alpha3Code":"PLW","shortName":"Palau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"163","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb3310cf-b407-416e-b3d9-523e2ce1d794","alpha2Code":"PS","alpha3Code":"PSE","shortName":"Palestinian Territory, Occupied","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"248","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e2f744c2-e5d0-491e-aa88-1421e18615bc","alpha2Code":"PA","alpha3Code":"PAN","shortName":"Panama","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"164","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"2688a966-22e0-4d18-b5f0-c1e2e2ad65d0","alpha2Code":"PG","alpha3Code":"PNG","shortName":"Papua New Guinea","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"165","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9f7b77ce-3572-417d-bbbf-22d90f13f704","alpha2Code":"PY","alpha3Code":"PRY","shortName":"Paraguay","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"166","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"4da3ee97-6df0-470d-98cf-562df8c8d164","alpha2Code":"PE","alpha3Code":"PER","shortName":"Peru","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"167","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0f106ec3-9de4-4f85-bb09-26d7830bbdf4","alpha2Code":"PH","alpha3Code":"PHL","shortName":"Philippines","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"168","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9c5b6ddf-210d-44ff-82b6-9ad51f915b83","alpha2Code":"PN","alpha3Code":"PCN","shortName":"Pitcairn","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"169","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"927b1ada-bf62-47c5-bbc0-df990fb2f818","alpha2Code":"PL","alpha3Code":"POL","shortName":"Poland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"170","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9b7febfc-d8ae-417c-9d43-e48a46dc4da8","alpha2Code":"PT","alpha3Code":"PRT","shortName":"Portugal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"171","cupBranch":"I","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7bdc01da-9217-4e89-9976-fa3c171419bd","alpha2Code":"PR","alpha3Code":"PRI","shortName":"Puerto Rico","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"172","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"988553d3-7531-425e-9de8-94e45fdd9d18","alpha2Code":"QA","alpha3Code":"QAT","shortName":"Qatar","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"173","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"3afbb3fb-e115-43d4-b08e-cf0924bd652e","alpha2Code":"RE","alpha3Code":"REU","shortName":"Reunion","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"174","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a7590f7b-5da8-4887-aeee-f62ac89e7d73","alpha2Code":"RO","alpha3Code":"ROM","shortName":"Romania","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"175","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"927c85b7-545c-4c47-bf16-dece1a52bf76","alpha2Code":"RU","alpha3Code":"RUS","shortName":"Russian Federation","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"176","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0142ee9b-ef89-4a7f-8e5d-1560f14a849d","alpha2Code":"RW","alpha3Code":"RWA","shortName":"Rwanda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"177","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"26ae3d8f-411c-4617-9e9f-e0240920ccff","alpha2Code":"KN","alpha3Code":"KNA","shortName":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"178","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"30aacdef-10e4-43bb-bc98-4a6764cb1636","alpha2Code":"LC","alpha3Code":"LCA","shortName":"Saint Lucia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"179","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8a4e3f48-2458-4cd1-ade0-36e6a51d3508","alpha2Code":"VC","alpha3Code":"VCT","shortName":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"180","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"40904289-77be-48b6-94fc-962f1f4af37d","alpha2Code":"WS","alpha3Code":"WSM","shortName":"Samoa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"181","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"697b639c-700f-4829-aafd-0aef39d0b2ae","alpha2Code":"SM","alpha3Code":"SMR","shortName":"San Marino","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"182","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"620b7524-57af-4fc6-a18d-84983311633b","alpha2Code":"ST","alpha3Code":"STP","shortName":"Sao Tome and Principe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"183","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"831a8227-0d4c-4bef-991b-d81f06aafbf4","alpha2Code":"SA","alpha3Code":"SAU","shortName":"Saudi Arabia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"184","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"0927ed95-6d83-450f-b038-f2960f2dad79","alpha2Code":"SN","alpha3Code":"SEN","shortName":"Senegal","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"185","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"d99ef40c-1a85-4077-881d-2f4c7c6f3046","alpha2Code":"RS","alpha3Code":"SRB","shortName":"Serbia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"249","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"7bb7c2ce-5a84-4f0b-9ed4-d054ff932a0d","alpha2Code":"SC","alpha3Code":"SYC","shortName":"Seychelles","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"186","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"5ae5bac7-79d4-4073-9f1f-7e9961b85b52","alpha2Code":"SL","alpha3Code":"SLE","shortName":"Sierra Leone","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"187","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bc064ea8-099f-4a8a-a386-48431dabd194","alpha2Code":"SG","alpha3Code":"SGP","shortName":"Singapore","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"188","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"84e588f5-00f9-4992-a722-8bd05a47a68a","alpha2Code":"SK","alpha3Code":"SVK","shortName":"Slovakia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"250","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"ec5419a0-4f83-46e5-9f14-653580687402","alpha2Code":"SI","alpha3Code":"SVN","shortName":"Slovenia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"190","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e034000d-6fb7-4420-a23e-09af7c2ef1a5","alpha2Code":"SB","alpha3Code":"SLB","shortName":"Solomon Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"191","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"b4e18b13-68f5-4680-b634-c03793a9287b","alpha2Code":"SO","alpha3Code":"SOM","shortName":"Somalia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"192","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"11227fdf-051a-4520-89ef-315a5a39ec16","alpha2Code":"ZA","alpha3Code":"ZAF","shortName":"South Africa","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"193","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"2605c280-574a-4670-bb14-93f0ee29063f","alpha2Code":"GS","alpha3Code":"SGS","shortName":"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"194","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f94f00cc140b","alpha2Code":"SS","alpha3Code":"SSD","shortName":"South Sudan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"27f58fe2-7c39-486f-ac6a-26da3b68225b","alpha2Code":"ES","alpha3Code":"ESP","shortName":"Spain","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"195","cupBranch":"I","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9fe0fd0a-27d6-4723-8ceb-eaf40b45f064","alpha2Code":"LK","alpha3Code":"LKA","shortName":"Sri Lanka","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"196","cupBranch":"D","cupRegion":"D","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"8740a5ed-79e0-42a5-9769-6e6f035ff78b","alpha2Code":"SH","alpha3Code":"SHN","shortName":"St. Helena","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"197","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"16b75816-519b-43d4-81a4-10292ea39d1a","alpha2Code":"PM","alpha3Code":"SPM","shortName":"St. Pierre and Miquelon","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"198","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5d27adfe-e461-4a2e-8703-5ec9ac6c1241","alpha2Code":"SD","alpha3Code":"SDN","shortName":"Sudan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"199","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6a7a0bf9-1b4d-4cc9-bf4f-fcef994b6716","alpha2Code":"SR","alpha3Code":"SUR","shortName":"Suriname","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"200","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"Q","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"874d22e5-1e92-4125-87ab-3471711ee562","alpha2Code":"SJ","alpha3Code":"SJM","shortName":"Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"201","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"233630f3-d0d7-46df-836b-cef65edd0705","alpha2Code":"SZ","alpha3Code":"SWZ","shortName":"Swaziland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"202","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"161e0c12-5539-472d-8681-47d12e0f7c87","alpha2Code":"SE","alpha3Code":"SWE","shortName":"Sweden","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"203","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e418e58e-6977-42f0-90f9-1edeb74c9620","alpha2Code":"CH","alpha3Code":"CHE","shortName":"Switzerland","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"204","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"970c958c-d257-4243-996c-5cf54a892450","alpha2Code":"SY","alpha3Code":"SYR","shortName":"Syrian Arab Republic","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"205","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":1,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"bb572853-7dfb-45b9-8d72-5d65f614e2d1","alpha2Code":"TW","alpha3Code":"TWN","shortName":"Taiwan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"206","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"115100c9-86b0-481e-9960-b19253485425","alpha2Code":"TJ","alpha3Code":"TJK","shortName":"Tajikistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"207","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"43093a64-4dfb-49a0-ac35-a81d3ba8680d","alpha2Code":"TZ","alpha3Code":"TZA","shortName":"Tanzania, United Republic of","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"208","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"9de26d08-cbd0-46dd-95c3-d26c11b91ad9","alpha2Code":"TH","alpha3Code":"THA","shortName":"Thailand","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"209","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"e4f2006174dd3a2b0174f938e23413f1","alpha2Code":"TL","alpha3Code":"TLS","shortName":"Timor-Leste","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"0","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"396a394b-48bd-491d-8783-8e92c49cbf9c","alpha2Code":"TG","alpha3Code":"TGO","shortName":"Togo","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"210","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c0ea7925-a0ec-4827-b13d-d7dc3666132a","alpha2Code":"TK","alpha3Code":"TKL","shortName":"Tokelau","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"211","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7f008c68-9ed3-444d-9fb7-fdcd6def32e8","alpha2Code":"TO","alpha3Code":"TON","shortName":"Tonga","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"212","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6cc3a480-5cc3-4aaa-b464-3a4638710353","alpha2Code":"TT","alpha3Code":"TTO","shortName":"Trinidad and Tobago","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"213","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"f8df523a-eb8b-4971-b5c0-d46bfc28d25e","alpha2Code":"TN","alpha3Code":"TUN","shortName":"Tunisia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"214","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"c92bc644-fdae-4111-9393-78a5d845a49d","alpha2Code":"TR","alpha3Code":"TUR","shortName":"Türkiye","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"215","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63efbcff-1e4b-4821-99c1-d67174df50db","alpha2Code":"TM","alpha3Code":"TKM","shortName":"Turkmenistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"216","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"560a128b-dabd-411b-ab88-2c3718176995","alpha2Code":"TC","alpha3Code":"TCA","shortName":"Turks and Caicos Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"217","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"48917d67-0131-4a0d-ba34-34b7844e4f99","alpha2Code":"TV","alpha3Code":"TUV","shortName":"Tuvalu","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"218","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"63c2a03c-2ef3-427d-8fc4-1c5fdd81cb28","alpha2Code":"UG","alpha3Code":"UGA","shortName":"Uganda","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"219","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a25acd1f-1576-4eed-99f3-e690fa8fcdaf","alpha2Code":"UA","alpha3Code":"UKR","shortName":"Ukraine","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"220","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"5b7988cb-c044-4d74-9eda-3262b689088f","alpha2Code":"AE","alpha3Code":"ARE","shortName":"United Arab Emirates","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"221","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"ba985020-38b1-45d7-89bd-fc95a625e0c7","alpha2Code":"GB","alpha3Code":"GBR","shortName":"United Kingdom","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"222","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"a22b6cd6-8a7d-404a-bfc3-f28fe1cc9df1","alpha2Code":"US","alpha3Code":"USA","shortName":"United States","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"223","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"230a425e-b19e-47ae-b07f-e6418807972b","alpha2Code":"UM","alpha3Code":"UMI","shortName":"United States Minor Outlying Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"224","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9379fd2c-ce6c-458c-b61d-8a554732ce5c","alpha2Code":"VI","alpha3Code":"VIR","shortName":"United States Virgin Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"253","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d282e488-3ecc-45ab-b72c-81dc0c885956","alpha2Code":"UY","alpha3Code":"URY","shortName":"Uruguay","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"225","cupBranch":"N","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"183122de-4fd8-4b1d-821d-ab89ddd09811","alpha2Code":"UZ","alpha3Code":"UZB","shortName":"Uzbekistan","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"226","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9971d148-7a5b-454e-ac18-3c19822988b3","alpha2Code":"VU","alpha3Code":"VUT","shortName":"Vanuatu","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"227","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"6475d530-8e6d-4abd-a7f0-f4b382cb6db2","alpha2Code":"VA","alpha3Code":"VAT","shortName":"Vatican City","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"251","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"EUR","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9a5b0169-d1c8-4c10-8fa2-32b4ecac4987","alpha2Code":"VE","alpha3Code":"VEN","shortName":"Venezuela","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"229","cupBranch":"Q","cupRegion":"N","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"745aab4b-9973-41c0-917f-0638e51f3b57","alpha2Code":"VN","alpha3Code":"VNM","shortName":"Vietnam","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"252","cupBranch":"E","cupRegion":"E","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9db772a9-22f5-43a9-b935-68ceb56a5a1c","alpha2Code":"VG","alpha3Code":"VGB","shortName":"Virgin Islands (British)","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"231","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"7bb4a17e-0a63-4141-9e19-b7851eb72937","alpha2Code":"WF","alpha3Code":"WLF","shortName":"Wallis and Futuna Islands","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"233","cupBranch":"A","cupRegion":"A","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"4a6f26bc-75ad-4d14-a9b8-689a4ec2c55d","alpha2Code":"EH","alpha3Code":"ESH","shortName":"Western Sahara","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"234","cupBranch":"NULL","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"9e2e344d-f7e3-4ae6-b10c-7f9acd4e7d16","alpha2Code":"YE","alpha3Code":"YEM","shortName":"Yemen","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"235","cupBranch":"C","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"USD","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false},{"id":"d0a991ff-3d63-4e93-9f2f-09261a2a874c","alpha2Code":"ZM","alpha3Code":"ZMB","shortName":"Zambia","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"238","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":0,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":true},{"id":"1f6641ed-117b-4cc6-8880-09b4eb72ae4c","alpha2Code":"ZW","alpha3Code":"ZWE","shortName":"Zimbabwe","status":"officially-assigned","kkCountryId":"239","cupBranch":"R","cupRegion":"C","regionCodes":[],"embargoedCountryDigital":0,"embargoedCountryPhysical":1,"currency":"GBP","ecommLabel":null,"sensitiveTerritory":false}]}</script> </div> <platform-footer id='platform-footer-wc' platform='core' env='prod' class='platform-footer-wc' is-preview='false' style="display: none" ></platform-footer> <script> const platformFooter = $('#platform-footer'); const platformFooterWc = $('#platform-footer-wc'); platformFooterWc.prop('initialData', window.__PLATFORM_FOOTER_DATA__); platformFooterWc.on('initialized', function () { platformFooter.hide(); platformFooterWc.show(); }); platformFooterWc.on('update-location', function (event) { $.post(AOP.baseUrl + '/services/country/override', { countryCode: event.originalEvent.detail[0].alpha2Code }, function () { window.location.reload(); window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight); // scroll the bottom of the page }) }) </script> <script src="/core/system/public/bower_components/foundation/js/foundation.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/bower_components/jquery-lazy/jquery.lazy.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.autocomplete.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/slick.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.qtip.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/foggy.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.cookie.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.textresizer.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/chosen.jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/plugins/jquery.sticky.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var AOP = AOP || {}; </script>   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> window.AOP = window.AOP || {}; window.AOP.pageId = ''; window.AOP.baseUrl = '/core'; window.AOP.env = 'prod'; window.AOP.shouldUseCitationTool = true; </script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/foundationUtils.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/confirmModal.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/trimWhitespace.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/loadScript.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/isArray.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/parseQuerystring.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/createAlertBox.js"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/countryPicker.js"></script> <div id="confirmModalWrapper"> <div id="confirm-modal" class="reveal-modal small" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="confirmModalHeader"> <div class="wrapper"> <h1 class="title" id="confirmModalHeader"></h1> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div class="panel callout message"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"><a href="#" class="right small button radius transparent cancel">Cancel</a></div> <div class="small-12 large-6 columns"><a href="#" class="left small radius button blue confirm">Confirm</a></div> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="close-reveal-modal"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a> </div> </div> <script src="/aca/shared-elements/platform-header-footer.umd.js" language="javascript"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/ecommerce/add-to-basket.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix" language="javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/validation.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/core/system/public/js/revealModal.js" language="javascript" type="text/javascript"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript"> window.AOP = window.AOP || {}; window.AOP.webTrendsFpcdom = ''; window.AOP.webtrendsSourceId = ''; window.AOP.oracleInfinityAccountId = ''; window.AOP.isInternalTraffic = false; </script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/jquery-extend.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/additional.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/multilingual.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/analytics/cup-events.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/app.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/accessibility.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/analytics/listeners/counter.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script src="/core/cambridge-core/public/js/ga-events.js?v=v7.337.1-hotfix"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { if (typeof $(document).cupEvent === 'function') { $(document).cupEvent(); } AOP.initCounterReporter({ apiKey: 'qzD90fb0r257ZKVtGSFnG3UucyyMdgvu8u250Fa0', apiUrl: 'https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events', applicationId: '8a94020952a738f80152b223c992000b', identities: [], authenticationMethods: [], sessionId: '7NKSvI0sDrggSEl4WjmThXkgbJaHck7J', eventContext: '/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333' }) }); </script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e768dbb2e474691',t:'MTczMjQyMTQ3My4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html> <div id="kindleModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Kindle</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p>To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving to your Kindle</a>. </p> <p> Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. </p> <p> Find out more about the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=kinw_myk_wl_ln?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340#fees" target="_blank">Kindle Personal Document Service.</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 14, <a href="">Issue 2</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas A. Knapp&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Thomas A. Knapp</a> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTokindleForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <fieldset> <legend> <label for="kindleEmailAddress">Your Kindle email address</label> </legend> <div class="row"> <div class="large-6 columns"> <input name="kindleEmailAddress" id="kindleEmailAddress" type="text" value="" required="required"/> <small class="error kindleEmailAddress" style="display:none">Please provide your Kindle email.</small> </div> <div class="large-6 columns"> <label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" checked="checked" value="free.kindle.com" />@free.kindle.com</label> <label class="dInlineBlock"><input name="kindleEmailDomain" type="radio" value="kindle.com" />@kindle.com (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=kinw_myk_wl_ln?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340#fees" target="_blank">service fees apply</a>)</label> </div> </div> </fieldset> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicykindle"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicykindle" id="usagePolicykindle" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="kindle" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="GbyLIrOQ--NxM8t3z-hhuXbkip2lL-6he9MA"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTokindleForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTokindleForm').on('submit', validatekindleForm); var _formkindle = $('#sendTokindleForm'); function resetValidationkindleForm() { var _form = _formkindle; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validatekindleFormats(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validatekindleUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicykindle"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validateKindleEmail(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var kindleEmailAddress = _form.find('input[name="kindleEmailAddress"]'); var errors = false; if (!kindleEmailAddress.val().trim()) { _form.find('.error.kindleEmailAddress').show(); kindleEmailAddress.addClass('error'); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.kindleEmailAddress').hide(); kindleEmailAddress.removeClass('error'); } return errors; } function validatekindleForm(e) { var _form = _formkindle; var resultPolicy = validatekindleUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validatekindleFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicykindle', _form).one('change', validatekindleUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validatekindleFormats); } var resultKindleEmail = validateKindleEmail(e); if (resultKindleEmail) { $('input[name="kindleEmailAddress"]', _form).one('change', validateKindleEmail); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats && !resultKindleEmail; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationkindleForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTokindleForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTokindleForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="dropboxModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Dropbox</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p> To save this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Dropbox account. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving content to Dropbox</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 14, <a href="">Issue 2</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas A. Knapp&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Thomas A. Knapp</a> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTodropboxForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicydropbox"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicydropbox" id="usagePolicydropbox" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="dropbox" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="GbyLIrOQ--NxM8t3z-hhuXbkip2lL-6he9MA"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTodropboxForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTodropboxForm').on('submit', validatedropboxForm); var _formdropbox = $('#sendTodropboxForm'); function resetValidationdropboxForm() { var _form = _formdropbox; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validatedropboxFormats(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicydropbox"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validatedropboxForm(e) { var _form = _formdropbox; var resultPolicy = validatedropboxUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validatedropboxFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicydropbox', _form).one('change', validatedropboxUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validatedropboxFormats); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats ; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationdropboxForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTodropboxForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="googleDriveModal" class="reveal-modal large" data-reveal> <div class="header"> <h1 class="heading_07">Save article to Google Drive</h1> </div> <div class="panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns margin-bottom"> <p> To save this article to your Google Drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you used this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your Google Drive account. <a href="/core/help">Find out more about saving content to Google Drive</a>. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row book-title"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="heading_08"><div class="title">The German Center Party and the Reichsbanner</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="row book-details book-overview"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li class="volume-issue">Volume 14, <a href="">Issue 2</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Thomas A. Knapp&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Thomas A. Knapp</a> </li> <li class="meta-info">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564" target="_blank" class="url">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859000003564</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row wrapper no-padding-top"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <form id="sendTogoogleDriveForm" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/sendto" method="GET"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <fieldset> <legend>Available formats</legend> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="formats" class="formats" value="pdf" required /> PDF </label> <small class="error formats" style="display:none">Please select a format to save.</small> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label for="usagePolicygoogleDrive"> <input type="checkbox" name="usagePolicygoogleDrive" id="usagePolicygoogleDrive" value="Usage" required/> By using this service, you agree that you will only keep content for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via Dropbox, Google Drive or other file sharing services <small class="error usagePolicy" style="display:none">Please confirm that you accept the terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="suppressTrackingEvent" value="false" /> <input type="hidden" name="service" value="googleDrive" /> <input type="hidden" name="documents" value="C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="finalReturn" value="/core/journals/international-review-of-social-history/article/german-center-party-and-the-reichsbanner/C15C21309E6E853B97B125E97BAD0333" /> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="GbyLIrOQ--NxM8t3z-hhuXbkip2lL-6he9MA"> </form>  <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button href="#" class="button radius transparent right closeModal">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="small-6 large-6 columns"> <button type="submit" onClick="$('#sendTogoogleDriveForm').submit();" class="button blue radius left"> Save </button> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm').on('submit', validategoogleDriveForm); var _formgoogleDrive = $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm'); function resetValidationgoogleDriveForm() { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } function validategoogleDriveFormats(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var errors = false; var formats = _form.find('input[name="formats"]:checked'); if (formats.length < 1) { _form.find('.error.formats').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.formats').hide(); } return errors; } function validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var usagePolicy = _form.find('input[name="usagePolicygoogleDrive"]'); var errors = false; if (!usagePolicy.is(':checked')) { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').show(); errors = true; } else { _form.find('.error.usagePolicy').hide(); } return errors; } function validategoogleDriveForm(e) { var _form = _formgoogleDrive; var resultPolicy = validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy(); var resultFormats = validategoogleDriveFormats(); if (resultPolicy) { $('#usagePolicygoogleDrive', _form).one('change', validategoogleDriveUsagePolicy); } if (resultFormats) { $('.formats', _form).one('change', validategoogleDriveFormats); } return !resultPolicy && !resultFormats ; } $(document).ready(function () { // reset validation when the modal opens $(document).on('open.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function () { resetValidationgoogleDriveForm(); // automatically select if there's only one format if ($('#sendTogoogleDriveForm input[name="formats"]').length === 1) { $('#sendTogoogleDriveForm input[name="formats"]').prop('checked', true); } }); }); </script><div id="post-comments-modal" class="reveal-modal data-reveal medium" data-reveal > <a class="close-reveal-modal">×</a> <section> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03"> <span class="reply-only">Reply to:</span> <span class="reply-only" id="reply-comment-title"></span> <span class="comments-only">Submit a response</span> </h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <form id="postCommentsForm" autocomplete="off" action="/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/comments/submit" method="POST" data-abide=""> <input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="GbyLIrOQ--NxM8t3z-hhuXbkip2lL-6he9MA"> <input type="hidden" name="_pid" id="pid" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="_cid" id="cid" value=""> <div class="row"> <div class="row comments-only"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <label for="title">Title * <input name="title" id="title" type="text" maxlength="250" required="required" /> <small class="error">Please enter a title for your response.</small> </label> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <label class="inline" for="comment">Contents *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Contents help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-tip" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Contents information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-tip"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Contents help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-tip"/> <mask id="b-comment-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-tip"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-tip" class="text-left">- No HTML tags allowed<br />- Web page URLs will display as text only<br />- Lines and paragraphs break automatically<br />- Attachments, images or tables are not permitted</p> </div> <textarea name="comment" id="comment" rows="5" maxlength="60000" required="required"></textarea> <small class="error">Please enter your response.</small> </div> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03">Your details</h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <section id="contributor-section"> <div id="contributor-row_0" class="contributor-row"> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns left-col"> <div> <label for="firstname_0">First name * <input name="firstname_0" id="firstname_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your first name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your first name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="lastName_0">Last name * <input name="lastName_0" id="lastName_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your last name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your last name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="emailAddress_0" class="inline-tooltip">Email *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-email-tip_0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-email-tip_0" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Email help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_0" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_0"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_0"/> <mask id="b-comment-email-tip_0" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-email-tip_0)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_0"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-email-tip_0" class="text-left">Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the moderator need to contact you directly.</p> </div> <input name="emailAddress_0" id="emailAddress_0" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" pattern="email" placeholder="Enter your email" /> <small class="error">Please enter a valid email address.</small> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <div class="row"> <label for="occupation_0">Occupation <input name="occupation_0" id="occupation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your role and/or occupation" /> <small class="error">Please enter your occupation.</small> </label> </div> <div class="row"> <label for="organisation_0">Affiliation <input name="organisation_0" id="organisation_0" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter your organisation or institution name" /> <small class="error">Please enter any affiliation.</small> </label> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="contributor-btn"> <input id="add-contributor-btn" type="button" class="blue small button radius add-contributor" value="Add contributor"> </div> <div class="add-contributor-limit-reached"> <hr> <h5 class="heading_05">You have entered the maximum number of contributors</h5> </div> <hr/> <div class="title-underline"> <h4 class="heading_03">Conflicting interests</h4> <div class="border"></div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <p> <span > Do you have any conflicting interests? * <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-conflict-tip" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-conflict-tip" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Conflicting interests help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-conflict-tip" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Conflicting interests information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-conflict-tip"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Conflicting interests help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-conflict-tip"/> <mask id="b-comment-conflict-tip" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-conflict-tip)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-conflict-tip"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-conflict-tip" class="text-left">Please list any fees and grants from, employment by, consultancy for, shared ownership in or any close relationship with, at any time over the preceding 36 months, any organisation whose interests may be affected by the publication of the response. Please also list any non-financial associations or interests (personal, professional, political, institutional, religious or other) that a reasonable reader would want to know about in relation to the submitted work. This pertains to all the authors of the piece, their spouses or partners.</p> </div> </p> <label> <input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-on" value="true"> Yes </label> <label> <input type="radio" name="conflictInterest" id="frm-conflict-off" checked="checked" value="false"> No </label> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns comment-more-info"> <label>More information * <textarea name="conflictInfo" id="conflictInfo" rows="3" maxlength="500" placeholder="Enter details of your conflicting interests" disabled="false" required="required"></textarea> <small class="error">Please enter details of the conflict of interest or select 'No'.</small> </label> </div> <hr /> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label class="paragraph_05"> <input name="agreeToTerms" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreeToTerms" required="required" />   Please tick the box to confirm you agree to our <a href="/core/legal-notices/terms" target="_blank">Terms of use</a>. *<br /><br /> <small class="error">Please accept terms of use.</small> </label> </div> </div> <div class="row margin-top"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <label class="paragraph_05"> <input name="agreePrint" type="checkbox" value="yes" id="agreePrint" required="required" />   Please tick the box to confirm you agree that your name, comment and conflicts of interest (if accepted) will be visible on the website and your comment may be printed in the journal at the Editor’s discretion. *<br /><br /> <small class="error">Please confirm you agree that your details will be displayed.</small> </label> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="submit-btn"> <input type="submit" class="blue small button radius" value=Submit> </div> </form> </section> </div> <script type="text/template" data-template="contributorsTemplate"> <div id="contributor-row_--x--" class="contributor-row contributor-row-hide"> <hr /> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns left-col"> <div> <label for="firstname_--x--">First name * <input name="firstname_--x--" id="firstname_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor first name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your first name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="lastName_--x--">Last name * <input name="lastName_--x--" id="lastName_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor last name" /> <small class="error">Please enter your last name.</small> </label> </div> <div> <label for="emailAddress_--x--" class="inline-tooltip">Email *</label> <span > <a href="#" data-dropdown="comment-email-tip_--x--" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="comment-email-tip_--x--" class="icon info tooltip-icon info-icon" > <span class="sr-only">Email help</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 37 37" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <circle fill="#FFF" stroke="#0072CF" stroke-miterlimit="10" cx="18.5" cy="18.5" r="17.5"/> <path fill="#0072CF" d="M20.4 25.3V15.2h-4.9v2.2h1.1v7.9h-1.1v2.2h6v-2.2h-1.1zm-1.9-11.4c1 0 1.9-1 1.9-2.2 0-1.2-.8-2.2-1.9-2.2s-1.9 1-1.9 2.2c0 1.2.9 2.2 1.9 2.2z"/> </svg> </a> </span> <div id="comment-email-tip_--x--" data-dropdown-content role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="f-dropdown content medium" data-remove-focus="true" aria-label="Email information"> <div class="close-container"> <a href="#" class="button small transparent-no-border radius tooltip-close-btn" id="tooltip-close-link-comment-email-tip_--x--"> <span class="custom-tooltip-button-remove"> <span class="sr-only">Close Email help</span> <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <defs> <path d="M9.986 0C4.479 0 0 4.434 0 9.916c0 5.469 4.465 9.916 9.986 9.916 5.507 0 9.986-4.433 9.986-9.916C19.958 4.434 15.493 0 9.986 0z" id="a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <mask id="b-comment-email-tip_--x--" x="0" y="0" width="19.972" height="19.832" fill="#fff"><use xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/></mask> </defs> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <use stroke="#436FCC" mask="url(#b-comment-email-tip_--x--)" stroke-width="2" xlink:href="#a-comment-email-tip_--x--"/> <path d="M14.778 13.325a.983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385.982.982 0 0 1-.704.28c-.254 0-.507-.098-.704-.28l-3.352-3.329-3.353 3.329a.973.973 0 0 1-.69.28 1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.69-.28.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.385l3.352-3.328-3.352-3.33a.983.983 0 0 1 0-1.384 1 1 0 0 1 1.395 0l3.352 3.329 3.352-3.329a1 1 0 0 1 1.394 0 .983.983 0 0 1 0 1.385l-3.352 3.329 3.352 3.328z" fill="#436FCC"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> </div> <p id="info-comment-email-tip_--x--" class="text-left">Your email address will be used in order to notify you when your comment has been reviewed by the moderator and in case the author(s) of the article or the moderator need to contact you directly.</p> </div> <input name="emailAddress_--x--" id="emailAddress_--x--" type="text" required="required" maxlength="100" pattern="email" placeholder="Enter contributor email" /> <small class="error">Please enter a valid email address.</small> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-12 small-12 columns"> <div class="row"> <label for="occupation_--x--">Occupation <input name="occupation_--x--" id="occupation_--x--" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor role and/or occupation" /> <small class="error">Please enter your occupation.</small> </label> </div> <div class="row"> <label for="organisation_0">Affiliation <input name="organisation_--x--" id="organisation_--x--" type="text" maxlength="100" placeholder="Enter contributor organisation or institution name" /> <small class="error">Please enter any affiliation.</small> </label> </div> <input type="button" id="remove-contributor_--x--" class="small button alert radius remove-contributor" value="Remove contributor"> </div> </div></script> <script> window.AOP.basket.currency = 'USD'; window.AOP.basket.isEnabled = true; </script> <script> /* style checkboxes and radio inputs */ AOP.styleInputElements = function (container) { var selector; // Use '.no-style' on the input element to exclude checkboxes from styling if (container) { selector = $('input[type=checkbox], input[type=radio]', container).not('.styled,.no-style'); } else { selector = $('input[type=checkbox], input[type=radio]').not('.styled,.no-style'); } selector.each(function (i, el) { $(this).addClass('styled'); el = $(el)[0]; var doneAlready = (el && el.nextElementSibling && el.nextElementSibling.outerHTML === '<span></span>'); if (!doneAlready) { $(this).after($('<span></span>')); } }); }; $(document).ready(function () { AOP.styleInputElements(); }); </script>