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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Pragmatics</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">192,874 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Pragmatics</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Pragmatics">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37875027" data-work_id="37875027" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37875027/Eufemismos_del_discurso_pol%C3%ADtico_Las_claves_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas_del_arte_del_disimulo">Eufemismos del discurso político. Las claves lingüísticas del arte del disimulo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En la era de las fake news, las “posverdades” y los “hechos alternativos”, el eufemismo destaca en el ámbito político como una herramienta crucial para maquillar la realidad. Ejemplos como “flexibilización del mercado laboral”... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37875027" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En la era de las fake news, las “posverdades” y los “hechos alternativos”, el eufemismo destaca en el ámbito político como una herramienta crucial para maquillar la realidad. Ejemplos como “flexibilización del mercado laboral” (abaratamiento del despido), “recargo temporal de solidaridad” (subida de impuestos) o “afloramiento de contribuyentes” (amnistía fiscal para grandes defraudadores) son muy reveladores acerca del gran potencial de este recurso para evitar el tabú, esos conceptos, nombres o ideas cuya sola mención podría dañar la imagen de un líder o un partido. En definitiva, se trata de un mecanismo indudablemente efectivo, que pasa por convertir el lenguaje en el espejo que nos muestra tal y como nos gustaría que nos vieran.<br />La ciudadanía es cada vez más consciente de las trampas que a menudo se ocultan tras los mensajes políticos. Pero profundizar en la manipulación discursiva del lenguaje del poder exige dar respuesta a algunas cuestiones fundamentales: ¿Cómo funcionan los eufemismos en el discurso político? ¿Por qué se utilizan y en qué situaciones? Y, sobre todo, ¿hasta qué punto son eficaces como estrategia al servicio de la persuasión?<br />En este libro se describen con detalle los pormenores lingüísticos de los mecanismos de la interdicción política desde una perspectiva pragmático discursiva.<br />Para ello, se parte de un extenso glosario de ejemplos (basado en un corpus compuesto por declaraciones de los principales líderes políticos españoles desde el comienzo de la crisis económica de 2009 y especialmente a partir del 15-M), clasificados atendiendo a su tipología y procedimiento de formación y, en especial, a la intención comunicativa que subyace en las declaraciones eufemísticas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37875027" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="accd14bcd91896ae9dead3b2247bf333" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57881681,"asset_id":37875027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57881681/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2685150" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/FranciscoJos%C3%A9S%C3%A1nchez">Francisco José Sánchez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2685150" type="text/json">{"id":2685150,"first_name":"Francisco José","last_name":"Sánchez","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"FranciscoJoséSánchez","display_name":"Francisco José Sánchez","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/FranciscoJos%C3%A9S%C3%A1nchez?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2685150/857192/167171597/s65_francisco_jos_.s_nchez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37875027 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37875027"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37875027, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37875027", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37875027]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37875027").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37875027").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37875027"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10633" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis">Critical Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10633" type="text/json">{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41982" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/An%C3%A1lisis_del_Discurso">Análisis del Discurso</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41982" type="text/json">{"id":41982,"name":"Análisis del Discurso","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/An%C3%A1lisis_del_Discurso?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="234228" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragm%C3%A1tica">Pragmática</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="234228" type="text/json">{"id":234228,"name":"Pragmática","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragm%C3%A1tica?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37875027]'), work: {"id":37875027,"title":"Eufemismos del discurso político. Las claves lingüísticas del arte del disimulo","created_at":"2018-11-29T03:11:10.556-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37875027/Eufemismos_del_discurso_pol%C3%ADtico_Las_claves_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas_del_arte_del_disimulo?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_37875027","summary":"En la era de las fake news, las “posverdades” y los “hechos alternativos”, el eufemismo destaca en el ámbito político como una herramienta crucial para maquillar la realidad. Ejemplos como “flexibilización del mercado laboral” (abaratamiento del despido), “recargo temporal de solidaridad” (subida de impuestos) o “afloramiento de contribuyentes” (amnistía fiscal para grandes defraudadores) son muy reveladores acerca del gran potencial de este recurso para evitar el tabú, esos conceptos, nombres o ideas cuya sola mención podría dañar la imagen de un líder o un partido. En definitiva, se trata de un mecanismo indudablemente efectivo, que pasa por convertir el lenguaje en el espejo que nos muestra tal y como nos gustaría que nos vieran.\nLa ciudadanía es cada vez más consciente de las trampas que a menudo se ocultan tras los mensajes políticos. Pero profundizar en la manipulación discursiva del lenguaje del poder exige dar respuesta a algunas cuestiones fundamentales: ¿Cómo funcionan los eufemismos en el discurso político? ¿Por qué se utilizan y en qué situaciones? Y, sobre todo, ¿hasta qué punto son eficaces como estrategia al servicio de la persuasión?\nEn este libro se describen con detalle los pormenores lingüísticos de los mecanismos de la interdicción política desde una perspectiva pragmático discursiva.\nPara ello, se parte de un extenso glosario de ejemplos (basado en un corpus compuesto por declaraciones de los principales líderes políticos españoles desde el comienzo de la crisis económica de 2009 y especialmente a partir del 15-M), clasificados atendiendo a su tipología y procedimiento de formación y, en especial, a la intención comunicativa que subyace en las declaraciones eufemísticas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57881681,"asset_id":37875027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2685150,"first_name":"Francisco José","last_name":"Sánchez","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"FranciscoJoséSánchez","display_name":"Francisco José Sánchez","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/FranciscoJos%C3%A9S%C3%A1nchez?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2685150/857192/167171597/s65_francisco_jos_.s_nchez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":41982,"name":"Análisis del Discurso","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/An%C3%A1lisis_del_Discurso?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":234228,"name":"Pragmática","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragm%C3%A1tica?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27574616" data-work_id="27574616" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27574616/Development_of_Spanish_requests_and_apologies_during_study_abroad_1">Development of Spanish requests and apologies during study abroad*1</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present study analyzed the requests and apologies of 67 U.S. American study abroad students before and after spending one semester in a Spanish-speaking country. Ratings of students' pragmatic appropriateness by Spanish native... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27574616" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present study analyzed the requests and apologies of 67 U.S. American study abroad students before and after spending one semester in a Spanish-speaking country. Ratings of students' pragmatic appropriateness by Spanish native speakers indicated that, overall, students improved their request and apology performance over the course of the semester. An analysis of students' request and apology strategy use, both pre-and post-study abroad, found that in certain ways students shifted their behavior to more closely resemble that of Spanish native-speaker baseline data, but that in some cases, they also remained or moved away from native-speaker norms. Another objective of the study was to examine the possible associations between students' background characteristics, contact with Spanish, and gains in intercultural sensitivity with gains over time in rated request and apology performance. Of these variables, only two of the language contact variables yielded statistically significant results. This study contributes to our understanding of second language pragmatic development and the influence of individual characteristics and environmental factors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27574616" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f6b8329631621af1a5081be21afb88e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47830493,"asset_id":27574616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47830493/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27319180" href="https://umn.academia.edu/AndrewCohen">Andrew D Cohen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27319180" type="text/json">{"id":27319180,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"umn","page_name":"AndrewCohen","display_name":"Andrew D Cohen","profile_url":"https://umn.academia.edu/AndrewCohen?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27319180/7763986/60730853/s65_andrew.cohen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27574616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27574616"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27574616, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27574616", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27574616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27574616; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27574616"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27574616 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27574616"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27574616; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27574616]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27574616").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27574616").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27574616"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1008" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition">Second Language Acquisition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1008" type="text/json">{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41375" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_Abroad">Study Abroad</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41375" type="text/json">{"id":41375,"name":"Study Abroad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_Abroad?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50796" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_contact">Language contact</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50796" type="text/json">{"id":50796,"name":"Language contact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_contact?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27574616]'), work: {"id":27574616,"title":"Development of Spanish requests and apologies during study abroad*1","created_at":"2016-08-05T22:04:36.845-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27574616/Development_of_Spanish_requests_and_apologies_during_study_abroad_1?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_27574616","summary":"The present study analyzed the requests and apologies of 67 U.S. American study abroad students before and after spending one semester in a Spanish-speaking country. Ratings of students' pragmatic appropriateness by Spanish native speakers indicated that, overall, students improved their request and apology performance over the course of the semester. An analysis of students' request and apology strategy use, both pre-and post-study abroad, found that in certain ways students shifted their behavior to more closely resemble that of Spanish native-speaker baseline data, but that in some cases, they also remained or moved away from native-speaker norms. Another objective of the study was to examine the possible associations between students' background characteristics, contact with Spanish, and gains in intercultural sensitivity with gains over time in rated request and apology performance. Of these variables, only two of the language contact variables yielded statistically significant results. This study contributes to our understanding of second language pragmatic development and the influence of individual characteristics and environmental factors.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47830493,"asset_id":27574616,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27319180,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"umn","page_name":"AndrewCohen","display_name":"Andrew D Cohen","profile_url":"https://umn.academia.edu/AndrewCohen?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27319180/7763986/60730853/s65_andrew.cohen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1008,"name":"Second Language Acquisition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Acquisition?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":41375,"name":"Study Abroad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Study_Abroad?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":50796,"name":"Language contact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_contact?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":121114,"name":"Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":125564,"name":"Statistical Significance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Significance?f_ri=2238"},{"id":999795,"name":"Native Speaker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_Speaker?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37778902" data-work_id="37778902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37778902/When_Love_is_a_Journey_in_English_and_Turkish">When Love is a Journey in English and Turkish</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">( to cite : Aksan, Yeşim & Dilek Kantar (2007). When LOVE IS A JOURNEY in English and in Turkish. P. Cap & J. Nijakowska (Eds.) Current Trends in Pragmatics, 93-109. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press. )</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37778902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="913ab94b164139d190b124053a52a07e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57775193,"asset_id":37778902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57775193/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="682592" href="https://mersin.academia.edu/Aksan">Yesim Aksan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="682592" type="text/json">{"id":682592,"first_name":"Yesim","last_name":"Aksan","domain_name":"mersin","page_name":"Aksan","display_name":"Yesim Aksan","profile_url":"https://mersin.academia.edu/Aksan?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37778902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37778902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37778902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37778902", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37778902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37778902; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37778902"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37778902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37778902"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37778902; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37778902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37778902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37778902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37778902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11712" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphor">Metaphor</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11712" type="text/json">{"id":11712,"name":"Metaphor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphor?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37778902]'), work: {"id":37778902,"title":"When Love is a Journey in English and Turkish","created_at":"2018-11-15T03:40:14.665-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37778902/When_Love_is_a_Journey_in_English_and_Turkish?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_37778902","summary":"( to cite : Aksan, Yeşim \u0026 Dilek Kantar (2007). 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Ciò è particolarmente evidente se chi parla lo fa da una posizione di autorità. L'autorità amplifica il potere delle... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44320066" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Il linguaggio d'odio ha valenza performativa: non descrive né rispecchia ma crea e alimenta gerarchie sociali ingiuste. Ciò è particolarmente evidente se chi parla lo fa da una posizione di autorità. L'autorità amplifica il potere delle parole di cambiare i limiti di ciò che può essere detto e può essere fatto. Fa delle parole potenti mezzi di costruzione di una nuova normalità, mediante i quali pratiche prima ritenute illegittime vengono a poco a poco rese accettabili, non problematiche, normali. Le lezioni per la Cattedra Rotelli che Rae Langton ha tenuto presso l'Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele indagano le complesse relazioni tra parole, autorità e ingiustizia sociale, a partire da una prospettiva performativa sulla natura del linguaggio. Il volume si apre con un contributo di Langton, che ripercorre i passaggi chiave delle sue lezioni, e prosegue con alcune note critiche, in cui studiose e studiosi del panorama accademico italiano riflettono sulla proposta teorica dell'autrice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44320066" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cff419d58923115e5c99229b25f23e40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64707988,"asset_id":44320066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64707988/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1190146" href="https://wwunimi.academia.edu/LauraCaponetto">Laura Caponetto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1190146" type="text/json">{"id":1190146,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Caponetto","domain_name":"wwunimi","page_name":"LauraCaponetto","display_name":"Laura Caponetto","profile_url":"https://wwunimi.academia.edu/LauraCaponetto?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1190146/13441536/14647819/s65_laura.caponetto.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44320066">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44320066"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unisr.academia.edu/ClaudiaBianchi">Claudia Bianchi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44320066'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44320066').html(); 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Ciò è particolarmente evidente se chi parla lo fa da una posizione di autorità. L'autorità amplifica il potere delle parole di cambiare i limiti di ciò che può essere detto e può essere fatto. Fa delle parole potenti mezzi di costruzione di una nuova normalità, mediante i quali pratiche prima ritenute illegittime vengono a poco a poco rese accettabili, non problematiche, normali. Le lezioni per la Cattedra Rotelli che Rae Langton ha tenuto presso l'Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele indagano le complesse relazioni tra parole, autorità e ingiustizia sociale, a partire da una prospettiva performativa sulla natura del linguaggio. Il volume si apre con un contributo di Langton, che ripercorre i passaggi chiave delle sue lezioni, e prosegue con alcune note critiche, in cui studiose e studiosi del panorama accademico italiano riflettono sulla proposta teorica dell'autrice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64707988,"asset_id":44320066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1190146,"first_name":"Laura","last_name":"Caponetto","domain_name":"wwunimi","page_name":"LauraCaponetto","display_name":"Laura Caponetto","profile_url":"https://wwunimi.academia.edu/LauraCaponetto?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1190146/13441536/14647819/s65_laura.caponetto.jpeg"},{"id":3317203,"first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Bianchi","domain_name":"unisr","page_name":"ClaudiaBianchi","display_name":"Claudia 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/CatalinaFuentesRodr%C3%ADguez">Catalina Fuentes Rodríguez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48337428" type="text/json">{"id":48337428,"first_name":"Catalina","last_name":"Fuentes Rodríguez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CatalinaFuentesRodríguez","display_name":"Catalina Fuentes Rodríguez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CatalinaFuentesRodr%C3%ADguez?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/48337428/18357291/18369349/s65_catalina.fuentes_rodr_guez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33695756 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33695756"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33695756, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33695756", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33695756 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Skills","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Listening_and_Writing_Skills?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1223637,"name":"Early Modern English Literature and Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_English_Literature_and_Drama?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1223638,"name":"History of the Theater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Theater?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66987107" data-work_id="66987107" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66987107/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_%D7%90%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%81">The Situating Noun in Ancient Hebrew: A New Understanding of ‫אִישׁ</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">[April 2024: See now the Accepted-Manuscript version: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/117750386/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_א%D6%B4יש%D7%81_Accepted_Manuscript_version_" rel="nofollow">https://www.academia.edu/117750386/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_א%D6%B4יש%D7%81_Accepted_Manuscript_version_</a> ] This paper integrates insights from... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66987107" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">[April 2024: See now the Accepted-Manuscript version: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/117750386/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_א%D6%B4יש%D7%81_Accepted_Manuscript_version_" rel="nofollow">https://www.academia.edu/117750386/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_א%D6%B4יש%D7%81_Accepted_Manuscript_version_</a> ] <br /> <br />This paper integrates insights from cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, various linguistics disciplines, and biblical studies to answer the questions “What did ancient Hebrew speakers/writers mean by using the noun אִישׁ (including אִשָּׁה and their plurals)? How and when did they use it?” | Answer: Prototypically, this noun profiles its referent as an essential participant in the depicted situation, when the speaker is depicting that situation schematically. Therefore אִישׁ deserves to be called “the situational noun.” Its use made communication more efficient. | This communication-based view of אִישׁ yields a more coherent and informative text of the Hebrew Bible than the conventional one. It also explains several ways in which אִישׁ differs from other general human nouns. | The original paper for the Biblical Lexicography section of the 2021 annual meeting of the Society for Biblical Literature summarized and updated the author’s 2020 dissertation and two previous articles. This 2023 version includes further updates, including changing the main term used from “situational noun” to “situating noun.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66987107" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fc4e3c2f4ce6191a15e292bf1f58970f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":108281223,"asset_id":66987107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108281223/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5458965" href="https://sun.academia.edu/DavidStein">David E . S . Stein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5458965" type="text/json">{"id":5458965,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Stein","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"DavidStein","display_name":"David E . S . Stein","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/DavidStein?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5458965/9269206/10333096/s65_david.stein.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66987107 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66987107"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66987107, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66987107", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66987107 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66987107; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66987107"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66987107 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66987107"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66987107; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66987107]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66987107").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66987107").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66987107"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4173" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4173" type="text/json">{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Hebrew">Ancient Hebrew</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17928" type="text/json">{"id":17928,"name":"Ancient Hebrew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Hebrew?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66987107]'), work: {"id":66987107,"title":"The Situating Noun in Ancient Hebrew: A New Understanding of ‫אִישׁ","created_at":"2022-01-03T15:44:04.174-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66987107/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_%D7%90%D6%B4%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%81?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_66987107","summary":"[April 2024: See now the Accepted-Manuscript version: https://www.academia.edu/117750386/The_Situating_Noun_in_Ancient_Hebrew_A_New_Understanding_of_א%D6%B4יש%D7%81_Accepted_Manuscript_version_ ]\r\n\r\nThis paper integrates insights from cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, various linguistics disciplines, and biblical studies to answer the questions “What did ancient Hebrew speakers/writers mean by using the noun אִישׁ (including אִשָּׁה and their plurals)? How and when did they use it?” | Answer: Prototypically, this noun profiles its referent as an essential participant in the depicted situation, when the speaker is depicting that situation schematically. Therefore אִישׁ deserves to be called “the situational noun.” Its use made communication more efficient. | This communication-based view of אִישׁ yields a more coherent and informative text of the Hebrew Bible than the conventional one. It also explains several ways in which אִישׁ differs from other general human nouns. | The original paper for the Biblical Lexicography section of the 2021 annual meeting of the Society for Biblical Literature summarized and updated the author’s 2020 dissertation and two previous articles. This 2023 version includes further updates, including changing the main term used from “situational noun” to “situating noun.”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":108281223,"asset_id":66987107,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5458965,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Stein","domain_name":"sun","page_name":"DavidStein","display_name":"David E . S . Stein","profile_url":"https://sun.academia.edu/DavidStein?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5458965/9269206/10333096/s65_david.stein.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":17928,"name":"Ancient Hebrew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Hebrew?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":19061,"name":"Text Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Text_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":32992,"name":"Biblical Hebrew (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hebrew_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=2238"},{"id":57395,"name":"Ancient Hebrew Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Hebrew_Semantics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":60457,"name":"Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hebrew?f_ri=2238"},{"id":219726,"name":"Textlinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Textlinguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":315978,"name":"Pragmatics Biblical Hebrew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics_Biblical_Hebrew?f_ri=2238"},{"id":445280,"name":"Hebrew Bible/Old Testament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible_Old_Testament?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39352085" data-work_id="39352085" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39352085/Does_language_have_a_downtown_Wittgenstein_Brandom_and_the_game_of_giving_and_asking_for_reasons_">Does language have a downtown? Wittgenstein, Brandom, and the game of “giving and asking for reasons”</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wittgenstein’s Investigations proposed an egalitarian view about language games, emphasizing their plurality (“language has no downtown”). Uses of words depend on the game one is playing, and may change when playing another. Furthermore,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39352085" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wittgenstein’s Investigations proposed an egalitarian view about language games, emphasizing their plurality (“language has no downtown”). Uses of words depend on the game one is playing, and may change when playing another. Furthermore, there is no privileged game dictating the rules for the others: games are as many as purposes. This view is pluralist and egalitarian, but it says little about the connection between meaning and use, and about how a set of rules is responsible for them in practice.<br />Brandom’s Making It Explicit attempted a straightforward answer to these questions, by developing Wittgensteinian insights: the primacy of social practice over meanings; the idea that meaning is use; the idea of rule–following to understand participation in social practices. Nonetheless, Brandom defended a non–Wittgensteinian conception of discursive practice: language has a “downtown”, the game of “giving and asking for reasons”. This is the idea of a normative structure of language, consisting of advancing claims and drawing inferences. By means of assertions, speakers undertake “commitments” that can be challenged/defended in terms of reasons (those successfully justified can gain “entitlement”). This game is not one among many: it is indispensable to the very idea of discursive practice.<br />In this paper, my aim will be that of exploring the main motivations and<br />implications of both perspectives.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39352085" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4bf30adb6013d73ba464b50934e743c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64886250,"asset_id":39352085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64886250/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2515718" href="https://unica-it.academia.edu/PietroSalis">Pietro Salis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2515718" type="text/json">{"id":2515718,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Salis","domain_name":"unica-it","page_name":"PietroSalis","display_name":"Pietro Salis","profile_url":"https://unica-it.academia.edu/PietroSalis?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2515718/784174/39949607/s65_pietro.salis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39352085 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39352085"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39352085, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39352085", }); 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Wittgenstein, Brandom, and the game of “giving and asking for reasons”","created_at":"2019-06-02T22:25:54.222-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39352085/Does_language_have_a_downtown_Wittgenstein_Brandom_and_the_game_of_giving_and_asking_for_reasons_?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_39352085","summary":"Wittgenstein’s Investigations proposed an egalitarian view about language games, emphasizing their plurality (“language has no downtown”). Uses of words depend on the game one is playing, and may change when playing another. Furthermore, there is no privileged game dictating the rules for the others: games are as many as purposes. This view is pluralist and egalitarian, but it says little about the connection between meaning and use, and about how a set of rules is responsible for them in practice.\nBrandom’s Making It Explicit attempted a straightforward answer to these questions, by developing Wittgensteinian insights: the primacy of social practice over meanings; the idea that meaning is use; the idea of rule–following to understand participation in social practices. Nonetheless, Brandom defended a non–Wittgensteinian conception of discursive practice: language has a “downtown”, the game of “giving and asking for reasons”. This is the idea of a normative structure of language, consisting of advancing claims and drawing inferences. By means of assertions, speakers undertake “commitments” that can be challenged/defended in terms of reasons (those successfully justified can gain “entitlement”). This game is not one among many: it is indispensable to the very idea of discursive practice.\nIn this paper, my aim will be that of exploring the main motivations and\nimplications of both perspectives.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64886250,"asset_id":39352085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":59493408,"asset_id":39352085,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2515718,"first_name":"Pietro","last_name":"Salis","domain_name":"unica-it","page_name":"PietroSalis","display_name":"Pietro Salis","profile_url":"https://unica-it.academia.edu/PietroSalis?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2515718/784174/39949607/s65_pietro.salis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11958275" data-work_id="11958275" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/11958275/Violence_and_Resistance_Beyond_P%C3%B3lemos_Foucault_and_Derrida_Between_Power_and_Unpower">Violence and Resistance Beyond Pólemos: Foucault and Derrida Between Power and Unpower</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11958275" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“Power is war, the continuation of war by other means”: Foucault’s reversal of Clausewitz’s formula has become a staple of critical theory — but it remains highly problematic on a conceptual level. Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example). <br />However, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”. <br />I argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.<br />The bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11958275" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b3088e11e3a0ab7962c224f29cd8e08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63286010,"asset_id":11958275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63286010/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2357791" rel="nofollow" href="https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier">Thomas Clément MERCIER</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2357791" type="text/json">{"id":2357791,"first_name":"Thomas Clément","last_name":"MERCIER","domain_name":"uai","page_name":"T_C_Mercier","display_name":"Thomas Clément MERCIER","profile_url":"https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2357791/743316/55133078/s65_thomas_cl_ment.mercier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11958275 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11958275"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11958275, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11958275", }); 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Elaborated during Foucault’s 1976 lectures (“Society Must Be Defended”), this work-hypothesis theorises “basic warfare” [la guerre fondamentale] as the teleological horizon of socio-political relations. Following Boulainvilliers, Foucault champions this polemological approach, conceived as a purely descriptive discourse on “real” politics and war, against the philosophico-juridical conceptuality attached to liberal society (Hobbes’s Leviathan being here the prime example). \nHowever, in doing so, Foucault did not interrogate the conceptual validity of notions such as power and war, therefore interlinking them without questioning their ontological status. This problematic conflation was partly rectified in 1982, as Foucault proposed a more dynamic definition of power relations: “actions over potential actions”. \nI argue, somewhat polemically, that Foucault’s hermeneutics of power still involves a teleological violence, dependent on a polemological representation of human relations as essentially instrumental: this resembles what Derrida names, in “Heidegger’s Ear”, an “anthropolemology”. However, I show that all conceptualisation of power implies its self-deconstruction. This self-deconstructive (or autoimmune) structure supposes an archi-originary unpower prior to power: power presupposes an excess within power, an excessive force, another violence making it both possible and impossible. There is something within power located “beyond the power principle” (Derrida). This (self-)excess signifies a limitless resistantiality co-extensive with power-relationality. It also allows the reversal of pólemos into its opposite, as unpower opens politics and warfare to the messianic call of a pre-political, pre-ontological disruption: the archi-originary force of différance. This force, unconditional, challenges Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, suggesting an originary performativity located before or beyond hermeneutics of power-knowledge, disrupting theoreticity as well as empiricity by pointing to their ontological complicity.\nThe bulk of this essay is dedicated to sketching the theoretical implications of this deconstructive reading of Foucault with respect to the methodology and conceptuality of political science and social theory.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63286010,"asset_id":11958275,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2357791,"first_name":"Thomas Clément","last_name":"MERCIER","domain_name":"uai","page_name":"T_C_Mercier","display_name":"Thomas Clément MERCIER","profile_url":"https://uai.academia.edu/T_C_Mercier?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2357791/743316/55133078/s65_thomas_cl_ment.mercier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical 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u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41822006" data-work_id="41822006" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41822006/_I_Forgive_You_A_Pragmatic_View_of_Afro_Christianity_and_Forgiveness">" I Forgive You": A Pragmatic View of Afro- Christianity and Forgiveness</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof opened fire at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. In sum, he massacred nine people, including the pastor and state senator Clementa C. Pickney. Several days later at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41822006" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On June 17, 2015, Dylann Roof opened fire at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina. In sum, he massacred nine people, including the pastor and state senator Clementa C. Pickney. Several days later at Roof’s first court appearance, relatives of the slain victims had the opportunity to confront the gunman. As many news stories noted, the relatives of the victims offered Roof their forgiveness even while articulating the pain and suffering of their loss. At the hearing, Nadine Collier spoke the powerful words “I forgive you,” to Dylan Roof (Izadi 2015). Collier’s testimony hinted at a theological imperative that is fundamental to Christianity, namely the notion of forgiveness. Forgiveness from the perspective of African American Christianity is composed of both reconciliation and justice. The aim of this chapter is to blend the pragmatic principles of Charles Sanders Peirce and W.E.B. Du Bois to understand the meaning of forgiveness centered on the perspective of Christianity from African Americans.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41822006" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71c903daef367d992be266574a0ccf30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61963504,"asset_id":41822006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61963504/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12178392" href="https://tcu.academia.edu/RichardAThomas">Richard A. 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In sum, he massacred nine people, including the pastor and state senator Clementa C. Pickney. Several days later at Roof’s first court appearance, relatives of the slain victims had the opportunity to confront the gunman. As many news stories noted, the relatives of the victims offered Roof their forgiveness even while articulating the pain and suffering of their loss. At the hearing, Nadine Collier spoke the powerful words “I forgive you,” to Dylan Roof (Izadi 2015). Collier’s testimony hinted at a theological imperative that is fundamental to Christianity, namely the notion of forgiveness. Forgiveness from the perspective of African American Christianity is composed of both reconciliation and justice. The aim of this chapter is to blend the pragmatic principles of Charles Sanders Peirce and W.E.B. 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Approche argumentative.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Le paratatikos (passé imperfectif) en tant que modalisateur déréalisant. <br />Thèse de doctorat sous la direction de Oswald Ducrot.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11658943" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="798a9cc008d51e7eea93a2d396979a56" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37115153,"asset_id":11658943,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37115153/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="355363" href="https://upatras.academia.edu/AggelikiSakellariou">Aggeliki Sakellariou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="355363" type="text/json">{"id":355363,"first_name":"Aggeliki","last_name":"Sakellariou","domain_name":"upatras","page_name":"AggelikiSakellariou","display_name":"Aggeliki Sakellariou","profile_url":"https://upatras.academia.edu/AggelikiSakellariou?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/355363/20782439/128757411/s65_aggeliki.sakellariou.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11658943 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11658943"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11658943, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11658943", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/15918143/Violencia_simb%C3%B3lica_homof%C3%B3bica_en_el_periodismo_rosa_El_discurso_de_TVNotas_tras_la_aprobaci%C3%B3n_del_matrimonio_igualitario_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_enero_junio_de_2010_">Violencia simbólica homofóbica en el periodismo rosa. El discurso de TVNotas tras la aprobación del matrimonio igualitario en la Ciudad de México (enero-junio de 2010)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Porque (dice el señor Rzykruski, y yo estoy de acuerdo con él) la ciencia se hace con la cabeza, pero también con el corazón.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15918143" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e8dace56e574d03a9f6ed645c331a1d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38826471,"asset_id":15918143,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38826471/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35046080" href="https://lasallep.academia.edu/alejandrocpys">Alejandro Ávila Huerta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35046080" type="text/json">{"id":35046080,"first_name":"Alejandro","last_name":"Ávila Huerta","domain_name":"lasallep","page_name":"alejandrocpys","display_name":"Alejandro Ávila Huerta","profile_url":"https://lasallep.academia.edu/alejandrocpys?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35046080/10198522/20189968/s65_alejandro._._huerta.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15918143 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15918143"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15918143, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15918143", }); 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Pragmatics \u0026 Discourse.","created_at":"2014-05-06T09:07:02.569-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6976978/Cutting_J_Pragmatics_and_Discourse?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_6976978","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33642864,"asset_id":6976978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11322051,"first_name":"Rosana","last_name":"Pinotti","domain_name":"unlu","page_name":"RPinotti","display_name":"Rosana Pinotti","profile_url":"https://unlu.academia.edu/RPinotti?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11322051/3316320/26944031/s65_rosana.pinotti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37365100" data-work_id="37365100" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37365100/Uma_pol%C3%ADtica_das_vidas_in_vi%C3%A1veis_reflex%C3%B5es_sobre_performatividade_e_viol%C3%AAncia_transf%C3%B3bica_do_discurso">Uma política das vidas (in)viáveis: reflexões sobre performatividade e violência transfóbica do discurso</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">SILVA, D. C. P. Uma política das vidas (in)viáveis: reflexões sobre performatividade e violência transfóbica do discurso In: SILVA, D. C. P.; MELO, I. F.; CASTRO, L. G. F (Orgs). Dissidências sexuais e de gênero nos estudos de discurso .... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37365100" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">SILVA, D. C. P. Uma política das vidas (in)viáveis: reflexões sobre performatividade e violência transfóbica do discurso In:  SILVA, D. C. P.; MELO, I. F.; CASTRO, L. G. F (Orgs). Dissidências sexuais e de gênero nos estudos de discurso . Questões de Linguagem e Sociedade. n.1. Aracaju: Criação, 2017.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37365100" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d306097dce59749f1acfc3b760763a5e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57326499,"asset_id":37365100,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57326499/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45556921" href="https://ifal.academia.edu/DanilloSilva">Danillo Silva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45556921" type="text/json">{"id":45556921,"first_name":"Danillo","last_name":"Silva","domain_name":"ifal","page_name":"DanilloSilva","display_name":"Danillo Silva","profile_url":"https://ifal.academia.edu/DanilloSilva?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45556921/13778504/60550890/s65_danillo.silva.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37365100 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37365100"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37365100, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37365100", }); 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C. P. Uma política das vidas (in)viáveis: reflexões sobre performatividade e violência transfóbica do discurso In: SILVA, D. C. P.; MELO, I. F.; CASTRO, L. G. F (Orgs). Dissidências sexuais e de gênero nos estudos de discurso . Questões de Linguagem e Sociedade. n.1. Aracaju: Criação, 2017.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57326499,"asset_id":37365100,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45556921,"first_name":"Danillo","last_name":"Silva","domain_name":"ifal","page_name":"DanilloSilva","display_name":"Danillo Silva","profile_url":"https://ifal.academia.edu/DanilloSilva?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45556921/13778504/60550890/s65_danillo.silva.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2624,"name":"Transgender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transgender_Studies?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":95209,"name":"Estudos de Gênero (Gender Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_de_Genero_Gender_Studies_?f_ri=2238"},{"id":200845,"name":"Linguística Aplicada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lingu%C3%ADstica_Aplicada?f_ri=2238"},{"id":215327,"name":"Transphobia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transphobia?f_ri=2238"},{"id":215788,"name":"Gênero E Sexualidade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genero_E_Sexualidade?f_ri=2238"},{"id":226748,"name":"Apllied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apllied_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1194934,"name":"Estudos Queer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Estudos_Queer?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2203860,"name":"Linguística Queer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lingu%C3%ADstica_Queer?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6228763" data-work_id="6228763" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/6228763/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization_Manual_on_the_Implementation_of_ICAO_Language_Proficiency_Requirements_Second_Edition_2010">International Civil Aviation Organization Manual on the Implementation of ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements Second Edition — 2010</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6228763" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="72eca1486a0d71bdaf1347b3d48a83aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33094926,"asset_id":6228763,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33094926/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9563149" href="https://uitmshahalam.academia.edu/windycool">windy cool</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9563149" type="text/json">{"id":9563149,"first_name":"windy","last_name":"cool","domain_name":"uitmshahalam","page_name":"windycool","display_name":"windy cool","profile_url":"https://uitmshahalam.academia.edu/windycool?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6228763 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6228763"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6228763, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6228763", }); 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It is comprised of 17 chapters and the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56852181" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Semantics and Pragmatics: Meaning in Language and Discourse (S & P henceforth) makes an ideal book for students and linguists whose interest is in semantics and the semantics-pragmatics interface. It is comprised of 17 chapters and the subjects covered range from word/sentence/speaker meaning to predicate logic, topic/ focus, deixis, and, furthermore, politeness and metaphor. This diversity makes S & P a comprehensive introduction to the study of meaning. S & P also contains, with critical comments, different approaches to meaning and theoretical debates. This makes S & P very useful for semanticists, pragmatists, cognitive scientists, philosophers and anyone who has a desire to explore this field. In the following, I will explain how S & P makes an ideal introduction to the issues in semantics and pragmatics. Some critical comments on it will follow. Dr. Jaszczolt's strength lies in her ability to incorporate under a specific subject, studies produced in different fields with different theoretical backgrounds, allowing many people to benefit from those studies. Anyone with an interdisciplinary purpose should be happy with this incorporation, but it requires a painstaking process, as one might imagine. Clearing the confusions caused by different senses of a term used, and explaining different points emphasised, Dr. Jaszczolt carves out an area in which the subject is discussed in an extended scope without any theoretical bias. Let us take one of those examples. In Chapter 8, which concerns topic and focus, topic is discussed, on the one hand, as discourse topic as understood by discourse analysts, and on the other hand, as sentence topic, which is explained in terms of the concept theme (originated in the Prague school and developed by Michael Halliday). Focus is defined as contrastive focus, i.e., new information in the information content, as discussed in functional theories, and also as a denotatum of a proposition that makes an assertion out of an utterance, as discussed in formal theories. Focus is also discussed in relation to presupposition and anaphora, which, according to the author, is one of the core themes in semantic research recently. S & P's strength also lies in the integration of the subjects included: various subjects are integrated so well that a discussion on each subject is given depth and S & P as a whole provides a consistent picture of meaning. This integration as well as its wider scope distinguishes S & P from other introductory books, which often makes us feel that a consistent picture of meaning is not provided since relations of subjects are not fully described, or a whole picture of meaning is not provided since only</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56852181" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f0502672e43243b6494f02d2db48f2ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72034554,"asset_id":56852181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72034554/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5160302" href="https://tus.academia.edu/EtsukoOishi">Etsuko Oishi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5160302" type="text/json">{"id":5160302,"first_name":"Etsuko","last_name":"Oishi","domain_name":"tus","page_name":"EtsukoOishi","display_name":"Etsuko Oishi","profile_url":"https://tus.academia.edu/EtsukoOishi?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5160302/2268856/3755244/s65_etsuko.oishi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56852181 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56852181"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56852181, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56852181", }); 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It is comprised of 17 chapters and the subjects covered range from word/sentence/speaker meaning to predicate logic, topic/ focus, deixis, and, furthermore, politeness and metaphor. This diversity makes S \u0026 P a comprehensive introduction to the study of meaning. S \u0026 P also contains, with critical comments, different approaches to meaning and theoretical debates. This makes S \u0026 P very useful for semanticists, pragmatists, cognitive scientists, philosophers and anyone who has a desire to explore this field. In the following, I will explain how S \u0026 P makes an ideal introduction to the issues in semantics and pragmatics. Some critical comments on it will follow. Dr. Jaszczolt's strength lies in her ability to incorporate under a specific subject, studies produced in different fields with different theoretical backgrounds, allowing many people to benefit from those studies. Anyone with an interdisciplinary purpose should be happy with this incorporation, but it requires a painstaking process, as one might imagine. Clearing the confusions caused by different senses of a term used, and explaining different points emphasised, Dr. Jaszczolt carves out an area in which the subject is discussed in an extended scope without any theoretical bias. Let us take one of those examples. In Chapter 8, which concerns topic and focus, topic is discussed, on the one hand, as discourse topic as understood by discourse analysts, and on the other hand, as sentence topic, which is explained in terms of the concept theme (originated in the Prague school and developed by Michael Halliday). Focus is defined as contrastive focus, i.e., new information in the information content, as discussed in functional theories, and also as a denotatum of a proposition that makes an assertion out of an utterance, as discussed in formal theories. Focus is also discussed in relation to presupposition and anaphora, which, according to the author, is one of the core themes in semantic research recently. S \u0026 P's strength also lies in the integration of the subjects included: various subjects are integrated so well that a discussion on each subject is given depth and S \u0026 P as a whole provides a consistent picture of meaning. This integration as well as its wider scope distinguishes S \u0026 P from other introductory books, which often makes us feel that a consistent picture of meaning is not provided since relations of subjects are not fully described, or a whole picture of meaning is not provided since only","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72034554,"asset_id":56852181,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5160302,"first_name":"Etsuko","last_name":"Oishi","domain_name":"tus","page_name":"EtsukoOishi","display_name":"Etsuko Oishi","profile_url":"https://tus.academia.edu/EtsukoOishi?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5160302/2268856/3755244/s65_etsuko.oishi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_223404" data-work_id="223404" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/223404/Everything_Was_Forever_Until_It_Was_No_More_The_last_Soviet_generation">Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More: The last Soviet generation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wayne Vucinic Book Prize 2007, "for the most important contribution to Russian, Eurasian, and East European studies in any discipline of the humanities or social sciences." Endorsement by Slavoj Zizek: "Alexei Yurchak's Everything... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_223404" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wayne Vucinic Book Prize 2007, "for the most important contribution to Russian, Eurasian, and East European studies in any discipline of the humanities or social sciences."  <br /><br />Endorsement by Slavoj Zizek: <br /><br />"Alexei Yurchak's Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More immediately seduced me by its very title with a profound philosophical implication that eternity is a historical category--things can be eternal for some time. The same spirit of paradox runs through the entire book--it renders in wonderful details the gradual disintegration of the Soviet system from within its ideological and cultural space, making visible all the hypocrisy and misery of this process. I consider Yurchak's book by far the best work about the late epoch of the Soviet Union--it is not just history, but a pleasure to read, a true work of art." (Slavoj Zizek, author of In Defense of Lost Causes)<br /><br />Abstract:<br /><br />Soviet socialism was based on paradoxes that were revealed by the peculiar experience of its collapse. To the people who lived in that system the collapse seemed both completely unexpected and completely unsurprising. At the moment of collapse it suddenly became obvious that Soviet life had always seemed simultaneously eternal and stagnating, vigorous and ailing, bleak and full of promise. Although these characteristics may appear mutually exclusive, in fact they were mutually constitutive. This book explores the paradoxes of Soviet life during the period of "late socialism" (1960s-1980s) through the eyes of the last Soviet generation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/223404" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09499b54c29f262490ea13a886faf453" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":112356480,"asset_id":223404,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112356480/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="149969" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/AlexeiYurchak%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA">Alexei Yurchak Алексей Юрчак</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="149969" type="text/json">{"id":149969,"first_name":"Alexei Yurchak","last_name":"Алексей Юрчак","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"AlexeiYurchakАлексейЮрчак","display_name":"Alexei Yurchak Алексей Юрчак","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/AlexeiYurchak%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149969/39594/162590101/s65_alexei_yurchak._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_223404 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="223404"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 223404, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_223404", }); 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The same spirit of paradox runs through the entire book--it renders in wonderful details the gradual disintegration of the Soviet system from within its ideological and cultural space, making visible all the hypocrisy and misery of this process. I consider Yurchak's book by far the best work about the late epoch of the Soviet Union--it is not just history, but a pleasure to read, a true work of art.\" (Slavoj Zizek, author of In Defense of Lost Causes)\n\nAbstract:\n\nSoviet socialism was based on paradoxes that were revealed by the peculiar experience of its collapse. To the people who lived in that system the collapse seemed both completely unexpected and completely unsurprising. At the moment of collapse it suddenly became obvious that Soviet life had always seemed simultaneously eternal and stagnating, vigorous and ailing, bleak and full of promise. Although these characteristics may appear mutually exclusive, in fact they were mutually constitutive. This book explores the paradoxes of Soviet life during the period of \"late socialism\" (1960s-1980s) through the eyes of the last Soviet generation.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":112356480,"asset_id":223404,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":149969,"first_name":"Alexei Yurchak","last_name":"Алексей Юрчак","domain_name":"berkeley","page_name":"AlexeiYurchakАлексейЮрчак","display_name":"Alexei Yurchak Алексей Юрчак","profile_url":"https://berkeley.academia.edu/AlexeiYurchak%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/149969/39594/162590101/s65_alexei_yurchak._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":98,"name":"Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24709348/Differences_in_use_and_function_of_verbal_irony_between_real_and_fictional_discourse_mis_interpretation_and_irony_blindness">Differences in use and function of verbal irony between real and fictional discourse: (mis)interpretation and irony blindness</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents a contrastive approach to the presence of two distinct types of verbal irony in real (natural, unscripted) versus fictional (scripted) discourse, with a special focus on irony blindness, i.e. the inability to recognize... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24709348" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents a contrastive approach to the presence of two distinct types of verbal irony in real (natural, unscripted) versus fictional (scripted) discourse, with a special focus on irony blindness, i.e. the inability to recognize ironic utterances. Irony strategies are categorized into two general types, based on the relationship between the expressed and the intended meaning (Type 1: meaning reversal and Type 2: meaning replacement). First, the differences between these two types are discussed in terms of use, interpretation, and misinterpretation. It is found that the first type of irony strongly prevails in natural discourse, while the second type is considerably more present in fictional discourse than it is in natural discourse. At the same time, the first type of irony appears to be more at risk of misinterpretation in natural discourse, as opposed to the second type, which seems to be a safer (even though less frequently selected) option. These findings are then further analyzed in light of the discussion concerning fictional (comedic, in particular) irony blindness and the construction and role of the irony blind characters. Interestingly, the causes of fictional irony blindness are found to correlate more strongly with the (more humorous) misinterpretation of the second type of irony.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24709348" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c68d43822bf56540725e32ae0e82f124" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45040321,"asset_id":24709348,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45040321/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1743523" href="https://kent.academia.edu/EleniKapogianni">Eleni Kapogianni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1743523" type="text/json">{"id":1743523,"first_name":"Eleni","last_name":"Kapogianni","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"EleniKapogianni","display_name":"Eleni Kapogianni","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/EleniKapogianni?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1743523/599616/744744/s65_eleni.kapogianni.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24709348 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24709348"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24709348, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24709348", }); 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Irony strategies are categorized into two general types, based on the relationship between the expressed and the intended meaning (Type 1: meaning reversal and Type 2: meaning replacement). First, the differences between these two types are discussed in terms of use, interpretation, and misinterpretation. It is found that the first type of irony strongly prevails in natural discourse, while the second type is considerably more present in fictional discourse than it is in natural discourse. At the same time, the first type of irony appears to be more at risk of misinterpretation in natural discourse, as opposed to the second type, which seems to be a safer (even though less frequently selected) option. These findings are then further analyzed in light of the discussion concerning fictional (comedic, in particular) irony blindness and the construction and role of the irony blind characters. Interestingly, the causes of fictional irony blindness are found to correlate more strongly with the (more humorous) misinterpretation of the second type of irony.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45040321,"asset_id":24709348,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1743523,"first_name":"Eleni","last_name":"Kapogianni","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"EleniKapogianni","display_name":"Eleni Kapogianni","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/EleniKapogianni?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1743523/599616/744744/s65_eleni.kapogianni.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":44848,"name":"Verbal Irony","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Verbal_Irony?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":982638,"name":"Misinterpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Misinterpretation?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":1771328,"name":"Fictional discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fictional_discourse?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76017154" data-work_id="76017154" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76017154/Cross_cultural_pragmatics_Requests_and_apologies">Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76017154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="200024c943d9a8f5739ff0ba26a33de7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83701965,"asset_id":76017154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83701965/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24212805" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JulianeHouse">Juliane House</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24212805" type="text/json">{"id":24212805,"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"House","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JulianeHouse","display_name":"Juliane House","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JulianeHouse?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24212805/9191793/10249249/s65_juliane.house.jpg_oh_f107fc9893c40320a0486b0aff9d241d_oe_55c34851___gda___1443360328_727e72ca1fd4688f28c5fb56ad2805c4"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76017154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76017154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76017154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76017154", }); 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Croom citations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Adam M. Croom, Ph.D., Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Cognitive Science, Case Western Reserve University. Publications: 28 | Citations: 1,668 | h-index: 17 | i10-index: 20 | <a href="https://x.com/adammcroom" rel="nofollow">https://x.com/adammcroom</a> | |... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43694236" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Adam M. Croom, Ph.D., Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Cognitive Science, Case Western Reserve University. Publications: 28 | Citations: 1,668 | h-index: 17 | i10-index: 20 <br />| <a href="https://x.com/adammcroom" rel="nofollow">https://x.com/adammcroom</a> | <br />| <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-684X" rel="nofollow">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-684X</a> | <br />| <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jEGe8qAAAAAJ" rel="nofollow">https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jEGe8qAAAAAJ</a> | <br />| <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353980247_Dr_Adam_M_Croom_citations" rel="nofollow">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353980247_Dr_Adam_M_Croom_citations</a> |</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43694236" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="193c00ee4aa12a364b10aa52457fabd9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":117208629,"asset_id":43694236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117208629/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="145416" href="https://case.academia.edu/AdamCroom">Adam M Croom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="145416" type="text/json">{"id":145416,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Croom","domain_name":"case","page_name":"AdamCroom","display_name":"Adam M Croom","profile_url":"https://case.academia.edu/AdamCroom?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/145416/38521/146815278/s65_adam.croom.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43694236 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43694236"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43694236, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43694236", }); 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Publications: 28 | Citations: 1,668 | h-index: 17 | i10-index: 20 \r\n| https://x.com/adammcroom |\r\n| https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-684X |\r\n| https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jEGe8qAAAAAJ |\r\n| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353980247_Dr_Adam_M_Croom_citations |","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":117208629,"asset_id":43694236,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":145416,"first_name":"Adam","last_name":"Croom","domain_name":"case","page_name":"AdamCroom","display_name":"Adam M Croom","profile_url":"https://case.academia.edu/AdamCroom?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/145416/38521/146815278/s65_adam.croom.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=2238"},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=2238"},{"id":687,"name":"Musicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Musicology?f_ri=2238"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=2238"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=2238"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":5179,"name":"Martial Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martial_Arts?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":20761,"name":"Concepts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concepts?f_ri=2238"},{"id":23918,"name":"Culture and Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_Cognition?f_ri=2238"},{"id":101246,"name":"Slurs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Slurs?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2340944" data-work_id="2340944" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2340944/Cross_cultural_pragmatics_Requests_and_apologies">Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">has in the last two decades lost its role as the leading discipline in the research on man. Such a leading role was apparently taken up by biology, genetics and so on: see e.g. in this same volume (p. 15) how the shaping of the structure... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2340944" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">has in the last two decades lost its role as the leading discipline in the research on man. Such a leading role was apparently taken up by biology, genetics and so on: see e.g. in this same volume (p. 15) how the shaping of the structure of a honeycomb is used as an example to explain how in language "there is no explicit statement of the rule, though the final structure looks as though it is rule-governed" (see for similar cases pp. 200, 203 and passim).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2340944" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="575be68f680f74748ef6a6a0ca78ac6e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50666635,"asset_id":2340944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50666635/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2986161" href="https://azad.academia.edu/NavidIrani">Navid Irani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2986161" type="text/json">{"id":2986161,"first_name":"Navid","last_name":"Irani","domain_name":"azad","page_name":"NavidIrani","display_name":"Navid Irani","profile_url":"https://azad.academia.edu/NavidIrani?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2986161/985761/1233408/s65_navid.irani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2340944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2340944"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2340944, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2340944", }); 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Such a leading role was apparently taken up by biology, genetics and so on: see e.g. in this same volume (p. 15) how the shaping of the structure of a honeycomb is used as an example to explain how in language \"there is no explicit statement of the rule, though the final structure looks as though it is rule-governed\" (see for similar cases pp. 200, 203 and passim).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50666635,"asset_id":2340944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2986161,"first_name":"Navid","last_name":"Irani","domain_name":"azad","page_name":"NavidIrani","display_name":"Navid Irani","profile_url":"https://azad.academia.edu/NavidIrani?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2986161/985761/1233408/s65_navid.irani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":98824,"name":"Discourse Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Processing?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15072902" data-work_id="15072902" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15072902/Chapter_Five_Stylistics_and_style_Concepts_and_Theories">Chapter Five Stylistics and style Concepts and Theories</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Linguistics is an art, not a science, and the best linguist is the man with the best hunches, the best natural talent for the job, and the best unreasoned and inescapable feel for language. (Fred W. Householder, Jr: 183, quoted in Sol... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15072902" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Linguistics is an art, not a science, and the best linguist is the man with the best hunches, the best natural talent for the job, and the best unreasoned and inescapable feel for language. (Fred W. Householder, Jr: 183, quoted in Sol Saporta 1960: 85).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15072902" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="178e6b26f9a35f5285f85b5a35e9e869" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38533700,"asset_id":15072902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38533700/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34104371" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RazaKazmi1">Raza Kazmi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34104371" type="text/json">{"id":34104371,"first_name":"Raza","last_name":"Kazmi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RazaKazmi1","display_name":"Raza Kazmi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RazaKazmi1?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15072902 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15072902"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15072902, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15072902", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15072902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15072902").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15072902").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15072902"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1186" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies">Translation Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1186" type="text/json">{"id":1186,"name":"Translation Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics">Semantics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2349" type="text/json">{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15072902]'), work: {"id":15072902,"title":"Chapter Five Stylistics and style Concepts and Theories","created_at":"2015-08-21T05:29:53.356-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15072902/Chapter_Five_Stylistics_and_style_Concepts_and_Theories?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_15072902","summary":"Linguistics is an art, not a science, and the best linguist is the man with the best hunches, the best natural talent for the job, and the best unreasoned and inescapable feel for language. (Fred W. Householder, Jr: 183, quoted in Sol Saporta 1960: 85).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38533700,"asset_id":15072902,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34104371,"first_name":"Raza","last_name":"Kazmi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RazaKazmi1","display_name":"Raza Kazmi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RazaKazmi1?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1186,"name":"Translation Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation_Studies?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":13297,"name":"Cognitive Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":30347,"name":"Translation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translation?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78945804" data-work_id="78945804" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78945804/The_degree_functions_of_negative_adjectives">The degree functions of negative adjectives</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper provides a new account of positive versus negative antonyms. The data includes well-known linguistic generalizations regarding negative adjectives, such as their incompatibility with measure phrases (cf. two meters tall/... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78945804" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper provides a new account of positive versus negative antonyms. The data includes well-known linguistic generalizations regarding negative adjectives, such as their incompatibility with measure phrases (cf. two meters tall/ *short) and ratio phrases (twice as tall/ #short) as well as the impossibility of truly crosspolar comparisons (*Dan is taller than Sam is short). These generalizations admit a variety of exceptions, e.g., positive adjectives that do not license measure phrases (cf. #two degrees warm/cold) and rarely also negative adjectives that do (cf. two hours late/early). Furthermore, new corpus data is presented regarding the use of twice with positive and negative adjectives. The analysis the paper presents supposes that grammar associates gradable adjectives with measure functions-mapping of entities to a set of degrees isomorphic to the real numbers (Kennedy, Projecting the</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78945804" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e62f1e48de2be2fa109e71227ae72b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85828023,"asset_id":78945804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85828023/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58182231" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GalitSassoon">Galit Sassoon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58182231" type="text/json">{"id":58182231,"first_name":"Galit","last_name":"Sassoon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GalitSassoon","display_name":"Galit Sassoon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GalitSassoon?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78945804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78945804"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78945804, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78945804", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78945804]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78945804").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78945804").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78945804"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2349" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics">Semantics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2349" type="text/json">{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78945804]'), work: {"id":78945804,"title":"The degree functions of negative adjectives","created_at":"2022-05-10T14:49:21.997-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78945804/The_degree_functions_of_negative_adjectives?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_78945804","summary":"This paper provides a new account of positive versus negative antonyms. The data includes well-known linguistic generalizations regarding negative adjectives, such as their incompatibility with measure phrases (cf. two meters tall/ *short) and ratio phrases (twice as tall/ #short) as well as the impossibility of truly crosspolar comparisons (*Dan is taller than Sam is short). These generalizations admit a variety of exceptions, e.g., positive adjectives that do not license measure phrases (cf. #two degrees warm/cold) and rarely also negative adjectives that do (cf. two hours late/early). Furthermore, new corpus data is presented regarding the use of twice with positive and negative adjectives. The analysis the paper presents supposes that grammar associates gradable adjectives with measure functions-mapping of entities to a set of degrees isomorphic to the real numbers (Kennedy, Projecting the","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85828023,"asset_id":78945804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58182231,"first_name":"Galit","last_name":"Sassoon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GalitSassoon","display_name":"Galit Sassoon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GalitSassoon?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":5348,"name":"Transformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transformation?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":25168,"name":"Formal Semantics/Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_Semantics_Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":28991,"name":"Formal Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_Semantics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":50587,"name":"Comparison","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparison?f_ri=2238"},{"id":85503,"name":"Formal Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":87093,"name":"Adjectives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adjectives?f_ri=2238"},{"id":126799,"name":"Measure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measure?f_ri=2238"},{"id":144123,"name":"Natural Language Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Language_Semantics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":952395,"name":"Adjective","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adjective?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77572543" data-work_id="77572543" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77572543/Tense_or_aspect_The_speakers_communicative_goals_and_concerns_as_determinant_with_reference_to_the_Anterior_%C5%8Fss_in_Korean">Tense or aspect: The speaker's communicative goals and concerns as determinant, with reference to the Anterior -ŏss- in Korean</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There has been much controversy over the semantic characteristics and grammatical nature of the suffix -assin Korean, whether it is a past tense marker, a perfective aspect marker, or a perfect marker. An investigation of colloquial... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77572543" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There has been much controversy over the semantic characteristics and grammatical nature of the suffix -assin Korean, whether it is a past tense marker, a perfective aspect marker, or a perfect marker. An investigation of colloquial discourse in Korean shows that it is the speaker's communicative goals and concerns that determine whether the suffix gives a past tense, perfective aspect, or perfect interpretation in a given discourse context. Each contextual interpretation is derived from an invariant grammatical meaning 'anterior', a temporal notion that is neutral with regard to whether it involves tense or aspect. Which of these interpretations prevails in a given context depends on whether the speaker is concerned with the location of the situation described with respect to a reference point, or with the location of the reference point with respect to various temporal phases of the situation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77572543" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="197aeb9e48eff2cbb94f0488f08ba40d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84900500,"asset_id":77572543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84900500/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="72291176" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HyoSangLee1">Hyo Sang Lee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="72291176" type="text/json">{"id":72291176,"first_name":"Hyo Sang","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HyoSangLee1","display_name":"Hyo Sang Lee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HyoSangLee1?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77572543 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77572543"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77572543, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77572543", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77572543 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77572543; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77572543"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77572543 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77572543"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77572543; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77572543]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77572543").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77572543").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77572543"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77572543]'), work: {"id":77572543,"title":"Tense or aspect: The speaker's communicative goals and concerns as determinant, with reference to the Anterior -ŏss- in Korean","created_at":"2022-04-25T07:19:19.745-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77572543/Tense_or_aspect_The_speakers_communicative_goals_and_concerns_as_determinant_with_reference_to_the_Anterior_%C5%8Fss_in_Korean?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_77572543","summary":"There has been much controversy over the semantic characteristics and grammatical nature of the suffix -assin Korean, whether it is a past tense marker, a perfective aspect marker, or a perfect marker. An investigation of colloquial discourse in Korean shows that it is the speaker's communicative goals and concerns that determine whether the suffix gives a past tense, perfective aspect, or perfect interpretation in a given discourse context. Each contextual interpretation is derived from an invariant grammatical meaning 'anterior', a temporal notion that is neutral with regard to whether it involves tense or aspect. Which of these interpretations prevails in a given context depends on whether the speaker is concerned with the location of the situation described with respect to a reference point, or with the location of the reference point with respect to various temporal phases of the situation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84900500,"asset_id":77572543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":72291176,"first_name":"Hyo Sang","last_name":"Lee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HyoSangLee1","display_name":"Hyo Sang Lee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HyoSangLee1?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":48936,"name":"TIME","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TIME?f_ri=2238"},{"id":76380,"name":"Aspect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspect?f_ri=2238"},{"id":621517,"name":"Time","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time-2?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49811103" data-work_id="49811103" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49811103/Communication_and_cultural_specificity_The_importance_of_gestures_and_face_expressions">Communication and cultural specificity: The importance of gestures and face expressions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49811103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6001406fd7ead3ab94b73b9d5ef317ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68033185,"asset_id":49811103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68033185/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23713325" href="https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/DominiqueBouchet">Dominique Bouchet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23713325" type="text/json">{"id":23713325,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Bouchet","domain_name":"southerndenmark","page_name":"DominiqueBouchet","display_name":"Dominique Bouchet","profile_url":"https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/DominiqueBouchet?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49811103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49811103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49811103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49811103", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49811103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49811103; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49811103"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49811103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49811103"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49811103; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49811103]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49811103").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49811103").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49811103"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15674" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics">Linguistics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15674" type="text/json">{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49811103]'), work: {"id":49811103,"title":"Communication and cultural specificity: The importance of gestures and face expressions","created_at":"2021-07-12T09:50:47.171-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49811103/Communication_and_cultural_specificity_The_importance_of_gestures_and_face_expressions?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_49811103","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68033185,"asset_id":49811103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23713325,"first_name":"Dominique","last_name":"Bouchet","domain_name":"southerndenmark","page_name":"DominiqueBouchet","display_name":"Dominique Bouchet","profile_url":"https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/DominiqueBouchet?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78363142" data-work_id="78363142" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78363142/Three_orders_in_the_organization_of_human_action_On_the_interface_between_knowledge_power_and_emotion_in_interaction_and_social_relations">Three orders in the organization of human action: On the interface between knowledge, power, and emotion in interaction and social relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">All social life is based on people&#39;s ability to recognize what others are doing. Recently, the mechanisms underlying this human ability have become the focus of a growing multidisciplinary interest. This article contributes to this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78363142" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">All social life is based on people&#39;s ability to recognize what others are doing. Recently, the mechanisms underlying this human ability have become the focus of a growing multidisciplinary interest. This article contributes to this line of research by considering how people&#39;s orientations to who they are to each other are built-in in the organization action. We outline a unifying theoretical framework in which the basic facets of human social relations are seen as being anchored in three orders—epistemic order, deontic order, and emotional order—each of which, we argue, also pertains to action recognition. This framework allows us to account for common ambiguities in action recognition and to describe relationship negotiations involving a complex interface between knowledge, power, and emotion. (Action recognition, social relations, conversation analysis, status, stance, epistemic rights, deontic rights, emotion)*</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78363142" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="72d8af7fa70c52c47b2cb43cb40b7d69" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85437579,"asset_id":78363142,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85437579/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3933688" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MelisaStevanovic">Melisa Stevanovic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3933688" type="text/json">{"id":3933688,"first_name":"Melisa","last_name":"Stevanovic","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"MelisaStevanovic","display_name":"Melisa Stevanovic","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/MelisaStevanovic?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3933688/1468830/8770704/s65_melisa.stevanovic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78363142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78363142"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78363142, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78363142", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_78363142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78363142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_78363142"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_78363142 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78363142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78363142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78363142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78363142").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78363142").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78363142"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2847" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversation_Analysis">Conversation Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2847" type="text/json">{"id":2847,"name":"Conversation Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversation_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_in_Society">Language in Society</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13198" type="text/json">{"id":13198,"name":"Language in Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_in_Society?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78363142]'), work: {"id":78363142,"title":"Three orders in the organization of human action: On the interface between knowledge, power, and emotion in interaction and social relations","created_at":"2022-05-03T13:58:01.954-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78363142/Three_orders_in_the_organization_of_human_action_On_the_interface_between_knowledge_power_and_emotion_in_interaction_and_social_relations?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_78363142","summary":"All social life is based on people\u0026#39;s ability to recognize what others are doing. Recently, the mechanisms underlying this human ability have become the focus of a growing multidisciplinary interest. This article contributes to this line of research by considering how people\u0026#39;s orientations to who they are to each other are built-in in the organization action. We outline a unifying theoretical framework in which the basic facets of human social relations are seen as being anchored in three orders—epistemic order, deontic order, and emotional order—each of which, we argue, also pertains to action recognition. This framework allows us to account for common ambiguities in action recognition and to describe relationship negotiations involving a complex interface between knowledge, power, and emotion. (Action recognition, social relations, conversation analysis, status, stance, epistemic rights, deontic rights, emotion)*","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85437579,"asset_id":78363142,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3933688,"first_name":"Melisa","last_name":"Stevanovic","domain_name":"helsinki","page_name":"MelisaStevanovic","display_name":"Melisa Stevanovic","profile_url":"https://helsinki.academia.edu/MelisaStevanovic?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3933688/1468830/8770704/s65_melisa.stevanovic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2847,"name":"Conversation Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversation_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":13198,"name":"Language in Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_in_Society?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":123744,"name":"Language Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Studies?f_ri=2238"},{"id":349820,"name":"Social relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_relations?f_ri=2238"},{"id":622557,"name":"SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SOCIAL_RELATIONSHIPS?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71774034" data-work_id="71774034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71774034/A_Note_on_Ontology_and_Ordinary_Language">A Note on Ontology and Ordinary Language</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We argue for a compositional semantics grounded in a strongly typed ontology that reflects our commonsense view of the world and the way we talk about it. Assuming such a structure we show that the semantics of various natural language... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71774034" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We argue for a compositional semantics grounded in a strongly typed ontology that reflects our commonsense view of the world and the way we talk about it. Assuming such a structure we show that the semantics of various natural language phenomena may become nearly trivial.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71774034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00d608fa97e24702350fad4e27755793" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80978689,"asset_id":71774034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80978689/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="68268932" href="https://neu.academia.edu/WalidSaba">Walid Saba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="68268932" type="text/json">{"id":68268932,"first_name":"Walid","last_name":"Saba","domain_name":"neu","page_name":"WalidSaba","display_name":"Walid Saba","profile_url":"https://neu.academia.edu/WalidSaba?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68268932/18804045/155552639/s65_walid.saba.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71774034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71774034"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71774034, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71774034", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71774034]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71774034").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71774034").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71774034"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="465" type="text/json">{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="806" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind">Philosophy of Mind</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="806" type="text/json">{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="807" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language">Philosophy Of Language</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="807" type="text/json">{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71774034]'), work: {"id":71774034,"title":"A Note on Ontology and Ordinary Language","created_at":"2022-02-17T11:25:06.783-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71774034/A_Note_on_Ontology_and_Ordinary_Language?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_71774034","summary":"We argue for a compositional semantics grounded in a strongly typed ontology that reflects our commonsense view of the world and the way we talk about it. Assuming such a structure we show that the semantics of various natural language phenomena may become nearly trivial.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80978689,"asset_id":71774034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":68268932,"first_name":"Walid","last_name":"Saba","domain_name":"neu","page_name":"WalidSaba","display_name":"Walid Saba","profile_url":"https://neu.academia.edu/WalidSaba?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/68268932/18804045/155552639/s65_walid.saba.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1432,"name":"Natural Language Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Language_Processing?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2349,"name":"Semantics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semantics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":3268,"name":"Computational Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":18174,"name":"Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":42799,"name":"Speech","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speech?f_ri=2238"},{"id":97618,"name":"Natural language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":287095,"name":"Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Representation_and_Reasoning?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68283428" data-work_id="68283428" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68283428/The_puzzle_of_indirect_speech">The puzzle of indirect speech</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The puzzle of indirect speech has been troubling researchers since at least the early days of Speech Act Theory half a century ago. The puzzle, in a nutshell, is this: given a way to communicate a message which is informative, truthful,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68283428" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The puzzle of indirect speech has been troubling researchers since at least the early days of Speech Act Theory half a century ago. The puzzle, in a nutshell, is this: given a way to communicate a message which is informative, truthful, relevant and succinct (i.e. adheres to the Cooperative Principle (CP) and the attendant maxims; Grice, 1975/1989), why should anyone want to communicate the same message in a more convoluted way that typically requires additional effort on the part of the speaker to produce and on the part of the listener to comprehend? A solution to this puzzle was proposed by Searle (1975), who identified politeness as the reason why a speaker might choose to perform a speech act indirectly. Searle appealed to Grice's notion of conversational implicature to explain how the listener might reason from an utterance's literal meaning to the speaker's primary illocutionary intent, and proposed politeness as the motivation the listener might attribute to the speaker to justify the extra effort involved (cf. Grice, 1975/1989:28). Since politeness, and its psycho-social motivation, face, are necessary ingredients of human communication (Allan, 1986:10; Scollon and Scollon, 1995:38, and many others), it makes sense that humans should like to get things done without putting their social relationships constantly on the line. Indirect speech offers a means of achieving precisely that; it hits two birds with one stone, so to speak. This solution has become widely accepted in the academic community and underlies what Culpeper (2011) calls the ''first wave'' of politeness theories of the 1970s and 80s-all of which rely on the assumption that politeness provides ''just such principled reasons for deviation [from the CP]'' (Brown and Levinson, 1987:5). Seen from this perspective, the puzzle is actually reversed: given the ever-present dynamics of politeness and face, why would a rational communicator ever choose to be direct? Urgency (as in an accident), expediency (as in instructions), a large power differential in favor of the speaker, or the intrinsically polite</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68283428" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da4c5c563ce99271fe1e062b3790c9b2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78814226,"asset_id":68283428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78814226/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1502587" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarinaTerkourafi">Marina Terkourafi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1502587" type="text/json">{"id":1502587,"first_name":"Marina","last_name":"Terkourafi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarinaTerkourafi","display_name":"Marina Terkourafi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarinaTerkourafi?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1502587/533631/26284062/s65_marina.terkourafi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68283428 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68283428"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68283428, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68283428", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68283428]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68283428").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68283428").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68283428"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68283428]'), work: {"id":68283428,"title":"The puzzle of indirect speech","created_at":"2022-01-15T07:06:51.812-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68283428/The_puzzle_of_indirect_speech?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_68283428","summary":"The puzzle of indirect speech has been troubling researchers since at least the early days of Speech Act Theory half a century ago. The puzzle, in a nutshell, is this: given a way to communicate a message which is informative, truthful, relevant and succinct (i.e. adheres to the Cooperative Principle (CP) and the attendant maxims; Grice, 1975/1989), why should anyone want to communicate the same message in a more convoluted way that typically requires additional effort on the part of the speaker to produce and on the part of the listener to comprehend? A solution to this puzzle was proposed by Searle (1975), who identified politeness as the reason why a speaker might choose to perform a speech act indirectly. Searle appealed to Grice's notion of conversational implicature to explain how the listener might reason from an utterance's literal meaning to the speaker's primary illocutionary intent, and proposed politeness as the motivation the listener might attribute to the speaker to justify the extra effort involved (cf. Grice, 1975/1989:28). Since politeness, and its psycho-social motivation, face, are necessary ingredients of human communication (Allan, 1986:10; Scollon and Scollon, 1995:38, and many others), it makes sense that humans should like to get things done without putting their social relationships constantly on the line. Indirect speech offers a means of achieving precisely that; it hits two birds with one stone, so to speak. This solution has become widely accepted in the academic community and underlies what Culpeper (2011) calls the ''first wave'' of politeness theories of the 1970s and 80s-all of which rely on the assumption that politeness provides ''just such principled reasons for deviation [from the CP]'' (Brown and Levinson, 1987:5). Seen from this perspective, the puzzle is actually reversed: given the ever-present dynamics of politeness and face, why would a rational communicator ever choose to be direct? Urgency (as in an accident), expediency (as in instructions), a large power differential in favor of the speaker, or the intrinsically polite","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78814226,"asset_id":68283428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1502587,"first_name":"Marina","last_name":"Terkourafi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarinaTerkourafi","display_name":"Marina Terkourafi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarinaTerkourafi?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1502587/533631/26284062/s65_marina.terkourafi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35160141" data-work_id="35160141" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35160141/Misunderstanding_in_IRC_Internet_Relay_Chat_">Misunderstanding in IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The volume celebrates the tenth anniversary of the International Association for Dialogue Analysis in the year 2000. Part I discusses general methodological issues -mostly within the framework of discourse and conversation analysiswhereas... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35160141" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The volume celebrates the tenth anniversary of the International Association for Dialogue Analysis in the year 2000. Part I discusses general methodological issues -mostly within the framework of discourse and conversation analysiswhereas Part II presents specific case studies. The volume includes contributions that address both traditional areas of dialogue analysis such as politeness, and more recent areas of interest such as argumentation or the analysis of dialogic interaction in specific contexts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35160141" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="01103c97acd1a50e7907888d1cd5a4df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55851681,"asset_id":35160141,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55851681/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47840475" href="https://unibas-it.academia.edu/AlbertoBaracco">Alberto Baracco</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47840475" type="text/json">{"id":47840475,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Baracco","domain_name":"unibas-it","page_name":"AlbertoBaracco","display_name":"Alberto Baracco","profile_url":"https://unibas-it.academia.edu/AlbertoBaracco?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/47840475/18328721/18292574/s65_alberto.baracco.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35160141 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35160141"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35160141, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35160141", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35160141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35160141").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35160141").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35160141"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30946" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer-Mediated_Communication_CMC_">Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="30946" type="text/json">{"id":30946,"name":"Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer-Mediated_Communication_CMC_?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35160141]'), work: {"id":35160141,"title":"Misunderstanding in IRC (Internet Relay Chat)","created_at":"2017-11-16T02:09:03.250-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35160141/Misunderstanding_in_IRC_Internet_Relay_Chat_?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_35160141","summary":"The volume celebrates the tenth anniversary of the International Association for Dialogue Analysis in the year 2000. Part I discusses general methodological issues -mostly within the framework of discourse and conversation analysiswhereas Part II presents specific case studies. The volume includes contributions that address both traditional areas of dialogue analysis such as politeness, and more recent areas of interest such as argumentation or the analysis of dialogic interaction in specific contexts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55851681,"asset_id":35160141,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47840475,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Baracco","domain_name":"unibas-it","page_name":"AlbertoBaracco","display_name":"Alberto Baracco","profile_url":"https://unibas-it.academia.edu/AlbertoBaracco?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/47840475/18328721/18292574/s65_alberto.baracco.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":30946,"name":"Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer-Mediated_Communication_CMC_?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33464695" data-work_id="33464695" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33464695/Creating_Evidence_Making_Sense_of_Written_Words_in_Bosavi">Creating Evidence: Making Sense of Written Words in Bosavi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since their earliest contact with Europeans, the Kaluli people who live at the base of Mt. Bosavi in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea have viewed books as powerful and authoritative sources of information that white... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33464695" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since their earliest contact with Europeans, the Kaluli people who live at the base of Mt. Bosavi in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea have viewed books as powerful and authoritative sources of information that white people use to shape and control the behavior of others. In a narrative told to Steve Feld and myself in 1990 about government contact in the early 1940s, an educated Kaluli man told us about his father who had been selected by white patrol officers as the first local counsellor. As he put it, "my father was given the black shirt with a red stripe, the belt, knife, stick and a book, that book, people thought that if you kill, the blood of a dead person will go inside in the book, and the white man will know straight away and come and shoot you with a gun; that .fear, everywhere so, everyone got frightened when my father got this."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33464695" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3c75f3bde56a949abec9fa00af48a2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53510069,"asset_id":33464695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53510069/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32175287" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BambiBSchieffelin">Bambi B Schieffelin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32175287" type="text/json">{"id":32175287,"first_name":"Bambi B","last_name":"Schieffelin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BambiBSchieffelin","display_name":"Bambi B Schieffelin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BambiBSchieffelin?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33464695 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33464695"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33464695, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33464695", }); 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As he put it, \"my father was given the black shirt with a red stripe, the belt, knife, stick and a book, that book, people thought that if you kill, the blood of a dead person will go inside in the book, and the white man will know straight away and come and shoot you with a gun; that .fear, everywhere so, everyone got frightened when my father got this.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53510069,"asset_id":33464695,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32175287,"first_name":"Bambi B","last_name":"Schieffelin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BambiBSchieffelin","display_name":"Bambi B Schieffelin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BambiBSchieffelin?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71063666/Les_compl%C3%A9ments_spatiaux_du_topique_au_focus_en_passant_par_les_cadres">Les compléments spatiaux : du topique au focus en passant par les cadres</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Les notions de « topique » et de « cadre » sont de celles dont l'appréhension ne va pas de soi. Leur maniement est en effet complexe, du fait qu'elles se prêtent à de nombreuses définitions et relèvent possiblement de différents niveaux... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71063666" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Les notions de « topique » et de « cadre » sont de celles dont l'appréhension ne va pas de soi. Leur maniement est en effet complexe, du fait qu'elles se prêtent à de nombreuses définitions et relèvent possiblement de différents niveaux d'analyse, la phrase ou le texte. Précisons d'emblée que la perspective adoptée ici sera prioritairement phrastique, ce qui n'en suppose pas moins la prise en compte du contexte textuel, en particulier subséquent. Le but de cet article n'est pas d'entamer une nouvelle discussion autour de ces notions prises individuellement, mais d'envisager le rapport qu'elles entretiennent entre elles (ce qui suppose certes de circonscrire au préalable les domaines retenus). L'idée défendue est que, au-delà des affinités que présentent les deux notions, il est à la fois nécessaire de les distinguer et de les envisager dans la continuité l'une de l'autre. C'est en effet bien à un continuum que l'on a affaire, aux extrémités duquel se situent respectivement les notions de « topique » et de « cadre », et au milieu duquel apparaît une zone de partiel recouvrement entre les deux notions. Nous commencerons par préciser l'angle selon lequel seront abordées les notions de topique et de cadre, tout en envisageant les relations qu'elles entretiennent et le type de continuité dans lequel elles s'inscrivent. C'est dans ce contexte que nous examinerons des exemples du type de (1) et (2) : 1) Quant à Paul, il n'a toujours pas dit s'il venait ce soir 2) Les enfants, tu tires un trait sur plein de choses, mais tu regrettes pas. Nous nous concentrerons ensuite sur les compléments spatio-temporels, en envisageant tout d'abord les énoncés du type : 3) La nuit, tous les chats sont gris, avant de considérer, plus longuement, ceux du type : 4) Sur le Pont d'Avignon, on y danse, on y danse… 5) A Paris, j'y vais demain, que nous tenterons, à partir d'une étude sur corpus, d'interpréter à différents niveaux, en particulier pragmatico-discursif. 1. TOPIQUE ET CADRE : UN CONTINUUM ? 1.1. Délimitation des notions de topique et de cadre 1.1.1. La notion de topique Les définitions de la notion de topique 2 sont nombreuses 3 : nous nous contenterons de rappeler celles qui se situent dans une perspective informationnelle, en retenant celle(s) dont</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71063666" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b8351d3ed1e69ad41651d7dbc903620" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80616584,"asset_id":71063666,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80616584/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="206106686" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SophiePrevost2">Sophie Prevost</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="206106686" type="text/json">{"id":206106686,"first_name":"Sophie","last_name":"Prevost","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SophiePrevost2","display_name":"Sophie Prevost","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SophiePrevost2?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71063666 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71063666"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71063666, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71063666", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71063666]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71063666").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71063666").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71063666"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="300" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="300" type="text/json">{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6671" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax">Syntax</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6671" type="text/json">{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71063666]'), work: {"id":71063666,"title":"Les compléments spatiaux : du topique au focus en passant par les cadres","created_at":"2022-02-10T08:19:02.720-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71063666/Les_compl%C3%A9ments_spatiaux_du_topique_au_focus_en_passant_par_les_cadres?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_71063666","summary":"Les notions de « topique » et de « cadre » sont de celles dont l'appréhension ne va pas de soi. Leur maniement est en effet complexe, du fait qu'elles se prêtent à de nombreuses définitions et relèvent possiblement de différents niveaux d'analyse, la phrase ou le texte. Précisons d'emblée que la perspective adoptée ici sera prioritairement phrastique, ce qui n'en suppose pas moins la prise en compte du contexte textuel, en particulier subséquent. Le but de cet article n'est pas d'entamer une nouvelle discussion autour de ces notions prises individuellement, mais d'envisager le rapport qu'elles entretiennent entre elles (ce qui suppose certes de circonscrire au préalable les domaines retenus). L'idée défendue est que, au-delà des affinités que présentent les deux notions, il est à la fois nécessaire de les distinguer et de les envisager dans la continuité l'une de l'autre. C'est en effet bien à un continuum que l'on a affaire, aux extrémités duquel se situent respectivement les notions de « topique » et de « cadre », et au milieu duquel apparaît une zone de partiel recouvrement entre les deux notions. Nous commencerons par préciser l'angle selon lequel seront abordées les notions de topique et de cadre, tout en envisageant les relations qu'elles entretiennent et le type de continuité dans lequel elles s'inscrivent. C'est dans ce contexte que nous examinerons des exemples du type de (1) et (2) : 1) Quant à Paul, il n'a toujours pas dit s'il venait ce soir 2) Les enfants, tu tires un trait sur plein de choses, mais tu regrettes pas. Nous nous concentrerons ensuite sur les compléments spatio-temporels, en envisageant tout d'abord les énoncés du type : 3) La nuit, tous les chats sont gris, avant de considérer, plus longuement, ceux du type : 4) Sur le Pont d'Avignon, on y danse, on y danse… 5) A Paris, j'y vais demain, que nous tenterons, à partir d'une étude sur corpus, d'interpréter à différents niveaux, en particulier pragmatico-discursif. 1. TOPIQUE ET CADRE : UN CONTINUUM ? 1.1. Délimitation des notions de topique et de cadre 1.1.1. La notion de topique Les définitions de la notion de topique 2 sont nombreuses 3 : nous nous contenterons de rappeler celles qui se situent dans une perspective informationnelle, en retenant celle(s) dont","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80616584,"asset_id":71063666,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":206106686,"first_name":"Sophie","last_name":"Prevost","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SophiePrevost2","display_name":"Sophie Prevost","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SophiePrevost2?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":300,"name":"Mathematics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":6671,"name":"Syntax","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syntax?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":50013,"name":"Place","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Place?f_ri=2238"},{"id":144927,"name":"Focus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus?f_ri=2238"},{"id":539220,"name":"Francais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Francais?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67625093" data-work_id="67625093" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67625093/Negation_in_the_Logic_of_First_Degree_Entailment_and_Tonk_A_Dialogical_Study">Negation in the Logic of First Degree Entailment and Tonk: A Dialogical Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main of the paper is to discuss the meaning of negation involved in the logic of First Degree Entailment in the context of a dialogical analysis of tonk-like operators The dialogical framework is an approach to meaning that provides... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67625093" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main of the paper is to discuss the meaning of negation involved in the logic of First Degree Entailment in the context of a dialogical analysis of tonk-like operators The dialogical framework is an approach to meaning that provides an alternative to both the model-theoretical and the proof-theoretical semantics. However, dialogic had and still has a bias towards antirealism. The dialogical approach to logic is not a logic but a semantic rule-based framework where different logics could be developed, combined or compared. But are there any constraints? Can we introduce rules ad libitum to define whatever logical constant? This study should provide the first conceptual moves towards the notion of Dialogical Harmony.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67625093" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9228dadc42693fbcf6654e15803a413" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78375252,"asset_id":67625093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78375252/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5744897" href="https://independent.academia.edu/shahidrahman1">shahid rahman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5744897" type="text/json">{"id":5744897,"first_name":"shahid","last_name":"rahman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"shahidrahman1","display_name":"shahid rahman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/shahidrahman1?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5744897/2890621/3376654/s65_shahid.rahman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67625093 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67625093"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67625093, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67625093", }); 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However, dialogic had and still has a bias towards antirealism. The dialogical approach to logic is not a logic but a semantic rule-based framework where different logics could be developed, combined or compared. But are there any constraints? Can we introduce rules ad libitum to define whatever logical constant? This study should provide the first conceptual moves towards the notion of Dialogical Harmony.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78375252,"asset_id":67625093,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5744897,"first_name":"shahid","last_name":"rahman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"shahidrahman1","display_name":"shahid rahman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/shahidrahman1?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5744897/2890621/3376654/s65_shahid.rahman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":13279,"name":"Philosophy of Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Logic?f_ri=2238"},{"id":13742,"name":"Logical Constants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Constants?f_ri=2238"},{"id":50932,"name":"Games","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Games?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67324358 coauthored" data-work_id="67324358" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67324358/Kontrowersyjna_implikatura_ministra_Przypadek_mi%C4%99kiszona_Analiza_pragmatyczno_retoryczna">Kontrowersyjna implikatura ministra. Przypadek „miękiszona”. Analiza pragmatyczno-retoryczna</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autor artykułu podejmuje się wieloaspektowej interpretacji kontrowersyjnego neologizmu „miękiszon”, którego minister sprawiedliwości Zbigniew Ziobro użył, jak podejrzewali dziennikarze i medioznawcy, do sprowokowania premiera Mateusza... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67324358" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autor artykułu podejmuje się wieloaspektowej interpretacji kontrowersyjnego neologizmu „miękiszon”, którego minister sprawiedliwości Zbigniew Ziobro użył, jak podejrzewali dziennikarze i medioznawcy, do sprowokowania premiera Mateusza Morawieckiego. W swej analizie autor tego studium posługuje się narzędziami pragmalingwistyki, retoryki i teorii dyskursu, by udowodnić performatywny i wulgarny charakter tego neologizmu. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi również próbę spopularyzowania pragmatyczno-retorycznej metody interpretacji tekstu.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67324358" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d02e1b9f2f2d22cf66d8fc3d074e616b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78184174,"asset_id":67324358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78184174/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36341392" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ResRhetoricajournal">Res Rhetorica journal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36341392" type="text/json">{"id":36341392,"first_name":"Res Rhetorica","last_name":"journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ResRhetoricajournal","display_name":"Res Rhetorica journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ResRhetoricajournal?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36341392/10458774/11994052/s65_res_rhetorica.journal.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-67324358">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-67324358"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JGr%C4%99bowiec">Jacek Grębowiec</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-67324358'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-67324358').html(); 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Przypadek „miękiszona”. Analiza pragmatyczno-retoryczna","created_at":"2022-01-05T23:22:16.941-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67324358/Kontrowersyjna_implikatura_ministra_Przypadek_mi%C4%99kiszona_Analiza_pragmatyczno_retoryczna?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_67324358","summary":"Autor artykułu podejmuje się wieloaspektowej interpretacji kontrowersyjnego neologizmu „miękiszon”, którego minister sprawiedliwości Zbigniew Ziobro użył, jak podejrzewali dziennikarze i medioznawcy, do sprowokowania premiera Mateusza Morawieckiego. W swej analizie autor tego studium posługuje się narzędziami pragmalingwistyki, retoryki i teorii dyskursu, by udowodnić performatywny i wulgarny charakter tego neologizmu. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi również próbę spopularyzowania pragmatyczno-retorycznej metody interpretacji tekstu.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78184174,"asset_id":67324358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36341392,"first_name":"Res Rhetorica","last_name":"journal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ResRhetoricajournal","display_name":"Res Rhetorica journal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ResRhetoricajournal?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36341392/10458774/11994052/s65_res_rhetorica.journal.jpg"},{"id":212353760,"first_name":"Jacek","last_name":"Grębowiec","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JGrębowiec","display_name":"Jacek Grębowiec","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JGr%C4%99bowiec?f_ri=2238","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212353760/71486519/59931982/s65_jacek.gr_bowiec.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":953,"name":"Rhetoric","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhetoric?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":68740,"name":"Pragma-Dialectics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragma-Dialectics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56525078" data-work_id="56525078" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56525078/On_semantic_and_pragmatic_ambiguity">On semantic and pragmatic ambiguity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The topic of this paper is an analysis of different realizations of indirect and ambiguous language usage. The paper starts out with a short survey of two varying concepts of direct and indirect communication, i.e. Grice's theory of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56525078" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The topic of this paper is an analysis of different realizations of indirect and ambiguous language usage. The paper starts out with a short survey of two varying concepts of direct and indirect communication, i.e. Grice's theory of conversational implicature and Kierkegaard's concept of indirect communication. Based on examples, different combinations of semantic and pragmatic unequivocality and ambiguity are described and explained, mainly by means of the above mentioned philosophers. * I am much indebted to Jacob Mey and to the anonymous Danish referee for their inspiring, helpful, and critical comments on an earlier version of this article.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56525078" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1ee86e44dc770471d478b3ad0815e3ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71869513,"asset_id":56525078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71869513/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8436836" href="https://uni-flensburg.academia.edu/ElinFredsted">Elin Fredsted</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8436836" type="text/json">{"id":8436836,"first_name":"Elin","last_name":"Fredsted","domain_name":"uni-flensburg","page_name":"ElinFredsted","display_name":"Elin Fredsted","profile_url":"https://uni-flensburg.academia.edu/ElinFredsted?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56525078 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56525078"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56525078, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56525078", }); 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The paper starts out with a short survey of two varying concepts of direct and indirect communication, i.e. Grice's theory of conversational implicature and Kierkegaard's concept of indirect communication. Based on examples, different combinations of semantic and pragmatic unequivocality and ambiguity are described and explained, mainly by means of the above mentioned philosophers. * I am much indebted to Jacob Mey and to the anonymous Danish referee for their inspiring, helpful, and critical comments on an earlier version of this article.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71869513,"asset_id":56525078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8436836,"first_name":"Elin","last_name":"Fredsted","domain_name":"uni-flensburg","page_name":"ElinFredsted","display_name":"Elin Fredsted","profile_url":"https://uni-flensburg.academia.edu/ElinFredsted?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28476409" data-work_id="28476409" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28476409/Collaboration_in_web_design_Sharing_knowledge_pursuing_usability">Collaboration in web design: Sharing knowledge, pursuing usability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article analyzes how and why collaboration is useful in web design. Through an analysis of interactions in an Italian Internet company, the article shows that collaboration is the system used by designers to improve organizational... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28476409" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article analyzes how and why collaboration is useful in web design. Through an analysis of interactions in an Italian Internet company, the article shows that collaboration is the system used by designers to improve organizational functioning and the quality of products. In particular, it shows that collaboration supports certain crucial work activities, such as the planning of new products and the pursuit of interface usability. To perform these activities, designers draw on specific interactive resources, such as a repertoire of skills shared by groups of different professionals and their overlapping identities as designers and users. These resources are made visible by the article's epistemological and methodological approach to the study of web design as a collaborative activity. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28476409" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3aedaccc1c3a340f0600c7ca4f183fc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48825537,"asset_id":28476409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48825537/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53322242" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaZucchermaglio">Cristina Zucchermaglio</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53322242" type="text/json">{"id":53322242,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Zucchermaglio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CristinaZucchermaglio","display_name":"Cristina Zucchermaglio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaZucchermaglio?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28476409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28476409"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28476409, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28476409", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28476409]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28476409").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28476409").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28476409"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2238" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2238" type="text/json">{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4418" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Cognition">Distributed Cognition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4418" type="text/json">{"id":4418,"name":"Distributed Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Cognition?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28476409]'), work: {"id":28476409,"title":"Collaboration in web design: Sharing knowledge, pursuing usability","created_at":"2016-09-14T03:39:05.917-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28476409/Collaboration_in_web_design_Sharing_knowledge_pursuing_usability?f_ri=2238","dom_id":"work_28476409","summary":"This article analyzes how and why collaboration is useful in web design. Through an analysis of interactions in an Italian Internet company, the article shows that collaboration is the system used by designers to improve organizational functioning and the quality of products. In particular, it shows that collaboration supports certain crucial work activities, such as the planning of new products and the pursuit of interface usability. To perform these activities, designers draw on specific interactive resources, such as a repertoire of skills shared by groups of different professionals and their overlapping identities as designers and users. These resources are made visible by the article's epistemological and methodological approach to the study of web design as a collaborative activity. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48825537,"asset_id":28476409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53322242,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Zucchermaglio","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CristinaZucchermaglio","display_name":"Cristina Zucchermaglio","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CristinaZucchermaglio?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":4418,"name":"Distributed Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Cognition?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":4900,"name":"Situated Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Situated_Learning?f_ri=2238"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238"},{"id":67362,"name":"Italian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italian?f_ri=2238"},{"id":134417,"name":"Shared Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shared_Knowledge?f_ri=2238"},{"id":1166524,"name":"New Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Products?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8293242" data-work_id="8293242" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8293242/Identities_constructed_in_difference_English_language_learners_in_China">Identities constructed in difference: English language learners in China</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A large number of studies have been carried out on second/foreign language learners' identities, but there seems to be insufficient research on the constitutive effect of discourse on L2 learners' identities, especially among English... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8293242" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A large number of studies have been carried out on second/foreign language learners' identities, but there seems to be insufficient research on the constitutive effect of discourse on L2 learners' identities, especially among English learners in China. Informed by discourse theory, this study explored how college students' identities were discursively constructed in and through their English learning experiences. This study identified the discursive strategies of establishing oppositions and differences that the students adopted in identity construction as they interacted within the specific learning community, the surrounding social environment and an imagined global community. The paper starts by discussing the constructs that guide the study and then provides an interpretation of the extracts from interviews and diary studies in a way that takes account of the socio-cultural context in which the investigation takes place. #</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8293242" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e91a6d073de3a402a7b80781d5ff5804" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48150879,"asset_id":8293242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48150879/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16480285" href="https://cuhk.academia.edu/MichelleGu">Michelle Gu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16480285" type="text/json">{"id":16480285,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Gu","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"MichelleGu","display_name":"Michelle Gu","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/MichelleGu?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8293242 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8293242"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8293242, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8293242", }); 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Informed by discourse theory, this study explored how college students' identities were discursively constructed in and through their English learning experiences. This study identified the discursive strategies of establishing oppositions and differences that the students adopted in identity construction as they interacted within the specific learning community, the surrounding social environment and an imagined global community. The paper starts by discussing the constructs that guide the study and then provides an interpretation of the extracts from interviews and diary studies in a way that takes account of the socio-cultural context in which the investigation takes place. #","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48150879,"asset_id":8293242,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16480285,"first_name":"Michelle","last_name":"Gu","domain_name":"cuhk","page_name":"MichelleGu","display_name":"Michelle Gu","profile_url":"https://cuhk.academia.edu/MichelleGu?f_ri=2238","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=2238","nofollow":true},{"id":50027,"name":"Learning Community","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Community?f_ri=2238"},{"id":57835,"name":"Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Language?f_ri=2238"},{"id":102674,"name":"College Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Students?f_ri=2238"},{"id":174464,"name":"Social Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Environment?f_ri=2238"},{"id":308573,"name":"Diary Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diary_Study?f_ri=2238"},{"id":978815,"name":"Learning Experience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Experience?f_ri=2238"},{"id":2255525,"name":"English Language Learner","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Learner?f_ri=2238"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22296792" data-work_id="22296792" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22296792/Sex_and_language_revisited_Can_womens_language_Change_the_world">Sex and language revisited: Can women's language Change the world?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22296792" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81e540d01d9615e34fe5befdde1ec8c2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42940285,"asset_id":22296792,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42940285/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMDk3Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3536678" href="https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/JacobLMey">Jacob L. 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