CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yongzheng Emperor - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f288912-3218-42f2-b428-2a7dcbf7a39b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yongzheng_Emperor","wgTitle":"Yongzheng Emperor","wgCurRevisionId":1259021510,"wgRevisionId":1259021510,"wgArticleId":265950,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Chinese-language text","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Articles containing Mongolian-language text","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2015","Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","1678 births","1735 deaths","18th-century Chinese monarchs","Emperors of the Qing dynasty","Kangxi Emperor's sons","Chinese critics of Christianity","Chinese reformers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yongzheng_Emperor","wgRelevantArticleId":265950,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q317839","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2006"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1337"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/640px-Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1070"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yongzheng Emperor - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Yongzheng_Emperor rootpage-Yongzheng_Emperor skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yongzheng+Emperor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yongzheng+Emperor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yongzheng+Emperor" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yongzheng+Emperor" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Birth and early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Birth and early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yongzheng's_quote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yongzheng's_quote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Yongzheng's quote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yongzheng's_quote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_the_crown_prince's_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_the_crown_prince's_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Struggle for the crown prince's position</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struggle_for_the_crown_prince's_position-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Struggle for the crown prince's position subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_the_crown_prince's_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kangxi's_choices_of_the_crown_princes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangxi's_choices_of_the_crown_princes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kangxi's choices of the crown princes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangxi's_choices_of_the_crown_princes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yinzhen's_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yinzhen's_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Yinzhen's tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yinzhen's_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_over_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_over_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disputes over succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_over_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legends_about_the_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_about_the_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Legends about the will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_about_the_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continued_battle_against_princes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_battle_against_princes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Continued battle against princes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_battle_against_princes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty's_imperial_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty's_imperial_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty's_imperial_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nian Gengyao and Longkodo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_economic_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural and economic achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_and_economic_achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural and economic achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationalization_of_personnel_appointment_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalization_of_personnel_appointment_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rationalization of personnel appointment system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalization_of_personnel_appointment_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption_crackdown_and_financial_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_crackdown_and_financial_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Corruption crackdown and financial reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_crackdown_and_financial_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"secret_report"_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"secret_report"_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The "secret report" system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"secret_report"_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farming_and_land_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farming_and_land_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Farming and land tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farming_and_land_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Local charity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gentry_privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gentry_privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Gentry privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gentry_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_privileges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_privileges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Tax privileges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_privileges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cohong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Cohong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meltage_fees_and_silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meltage_fees_and_silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Meltage fees and silver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meltage_fees_and_silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_the_northwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_the_northwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Expansion in the northwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_the_northwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_Qing_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_Qing_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Identification of Qing with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_Qing_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_ethnic_minority_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_ethnic_minority_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_ethnic_minority_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In fiction and popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yongzheng Emperor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%BA" title="الإمبراطور يونغ تشنغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطور يونغ تشنغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%DA%98%D9%86%D9%82_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="یونقژنق (ایمپیراتور) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یونقژنق (ایمپیراتور)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iong-ch%C3%A8ng_H%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8" title="Iong-chèng Hông-tè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iong-chèng Hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Юнчжэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юнчжэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84_(%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D)" title="ཡུང་ཊིང (གོང་མ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡུང་ཊིང (གོང་མ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung-%C4%8Deng" title="Jung-čeng – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jung-čeng" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DA%98%D9%86%DA%AF" title="امپراتور یونگ‌ژنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور یونگ‌ژنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BBng-ch%E1%B9%B3n_F%C3%B2ng-ti" title="Yûng-chṳn Fòng-ti – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yûng-chṳn Fòng-ti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%B9%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%9C" title="옹정제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옹정제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Yongzheng" title="Kaisar Yongzheng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Yongzheng" title="Kaisar Yongzheng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaisar Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung-cseng_k%C3%ADnai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Jung-cseng kínai császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jung-cseng kínai császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="याँगचंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="याँगचंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%B2%CC%86ng-c%C3%A9ng_Hu%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Ṳ̆ng-céng Huòng-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ṳ̆ng-céng Huòng-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Найралт төв – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Найралт төв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雍正帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng_(Keiser)" title="Yongzheng (Keiser) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Yongzheng (Keiser)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng-keiseren" title="Yongzheng-keiseren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yongzheng-keiseren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperator_Yonchjen" title="Imperator Yonchjen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imperator Yonchjen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Yongzheng" title="Împăratul Yongzheng – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împăratul Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixin-Jueluo_Yinzhen" title="Aixin-Jueluo Yinzhen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aixin-Jueluo Yinzhen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Юнчжэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юнчжэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng-kejsaren" title="Yongzheng-kejsaren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yongzheng-kejsaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="จักรพรรดิยงเจิ้ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิยงเจิ้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongzheng" title="Yongzheng – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yongzheng" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Іньчжень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іньчжень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunghcwng" title="Yunghcwng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yunghcwng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_Ch%C3%ADnh" title="Ung Chính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung Chính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97" title="清世宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清世宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雍正帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A4%E7%A6%9B" title="胤禛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胤禛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D" title="雍正帝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雍正帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q317839#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Yongzheng_Emperor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Yongzheng_Emperor" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&oldid=1259021510" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Yongzheng_Emperor&id=1259021510&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYongzheng_Emperor"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYongzheng_Emperor"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yongzheng_Emperor" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q317839" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of China from 1722 to 1735</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yinzhen" redirects here. For others named Yinzhen, see <a href="/wiki/Yinzhen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yinzhen (disambiguation)">Yinzhen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yongzheng" redirects here. For places in China, see <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yongzheng (disambiguation)">Yongzheng (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Yongzheng Emperor<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">雍正帝</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg/400px-Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Palace_Museum" title="Hong Kong Palace Museum">Hong Kong Palace Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">Emperor of the Qing dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince Yong of the First Rank</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">1709–1722</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1678-12-13</span>)</span>13 December 1678<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">康熙十七年十月三十日</span></span>)<br />Yonghe Palace, <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 October 1735<span style="display:none">(1735-10-08)</span> (aged 56)<br />(<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雍正十三年八月二十三日</span></span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Imperial Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Tai Mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaojingxian" title="Empress Xiaojingxian">Empress Xiaojingxian</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1691; died 1731)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshengxian" title="Empress Xiaoshengxian">Empress Xiaoshengxian</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1705)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongshi" title="Hongshi">Hongshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongzhou (prince)">Hongzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_He" title="Prince He">Prince Hegong of the First Rank</a></li> <li>Hongyan, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Guo" title="Prince Guo">Prince Guogong of the Second Rank</a></li> <li>Princess Huaike of the Second Rank</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">愛新覺羅·胤禛</span></span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: In jen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; height:1.8em;word-wrap:normal">ᡳᠨ ᠵᡝᠨ</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Yongzheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雍正</span></span>): 5 February 1723 – 11 February 1736<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: Hūwaliyasun tob (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; height:2em;word-wrap:not normal">ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠣᠪ</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Найралт Төв (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; height:2.1em;word-wrap:not normal">ᠨᠢᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠲᠥᠪ</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><b>Emperor</b> Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozhen Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng <b>Xian</b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠<b>憲皇帝</b></span></span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: Temgetulehe hūwangdi (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡨᡝᠮᡤᡝᡨᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ <br />ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shizong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">世宗</span></span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: Šidzung (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡧᡳᡯ᠊ᡠ᠊ᠩ</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aisin-Gioro" title="House of Aisin-Gioro">Aisin-Gioro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren" title="Empress Xiaogongren">Empress Xiaogongren</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg/125px-Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg/188px-Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg/250px-Chenhan_Seal_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="514" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yongzheng Emperor</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">雍正帝</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">雍正帝</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yōngzhèng Dì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yung<sup>1</sup>chêng<sup>4</sup> Ti<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[jʊ́ŋʈʂə̂ŋ tî]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/9px-Manju_gisun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/14px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Manju_gisun.svg/19px-Manju_gisun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="111" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Manchu" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Yongzheng Emperor</b> (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> <b>Emperor Shizong of Qing</b>, personal name <b>Yinzhen</b>, was the fifth <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, and the third Qing emperor to rule over <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. </p><p>The fourth son of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, Yongzheng ascended the throne following prolonged disputes over succession. A hard-working ruler, he aimed to create a more effective government, cracked down on corruption and reformed the personnel and financial administration.<sup id="cite_ref-schirokauer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schirokauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign also saw the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>, an institution that had a major impact on the future of the dynasty. Militarily, Yongzheng continued his father's efforts to consolidate Qing's position in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> through force. </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor died in 1735 at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>. Although his reign was much shorter than that of both his father and his son, the Yongzheng era was a period of peace and prosperity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Yongzheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Young_Yongzheng.jpg/220px-Young_Yongzheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Young_Yongzheng.jpg/330px-Young_Yongzheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Young_Yongzheng.jpg/440px-Young_Yongzheng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The young Yongzheng Emperor, as Grand Prince Yong</figcaption></figure> <p>Yinzhen was the eleventh recorded son of the Kangxi Emperor, and the fourth prince to survive into adulthood. His mother, historically known as <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren" title="Empress Xiaogongren">Empress Xiaogongren</a>, was originally a court attendant from the Manchu <a href="/wiki/Uya" title="Uya">Uya</a> clan. Around the time when Yinzhen was born, his mother was of low status and did not have the right to raise her own children. For most of his childhood, Yinzhen was raised by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaoyiren" title="Empress Xiaoyiren">Noble Consort Tong</a>, the daughter of Tong Guowei, the Kangxi Emperor's maternal uncle and an eminent official in the early part of the Kangxi Emperor's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died when Yinzhen was just 9 years old. After she gave birth to more children, Yinzhen's mother was promoted to a <i>pin</i> and then to a <i>fei</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became known as <i>defei</i> or "Virtuous Consort". The Kangxi Emperor did not raise his children only inside the palace. He also exposed his sons (including Yinzhen) to the outside world and gave them a rigorous education. Yinzhen accompanied his father on several inspection trips around the <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> area, as well as one further south. He became the honorary leader of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Plain Red Banner</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo" title="Battle of Jao Modo">Battle of Jao Modo</a> between the Qing Empire and the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Khan</a>. Yinzhen was made a <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty"><i>beile</i></a> in 1689 along with several brothers and promoted to <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty"><i>junwang</i> (second-rank prince)</a> in 1698. </p><p>In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor stripped his second son <a href="/wiki/Yinreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinreng">Yinreng</a> of his position as crown prince. Yinreng had been the crown prince for his whole life; his removal left the position of heir open to competition among the Emperor's remaining sons (the Kangxi Emperor had 24 sons who reached adulthood). In the same year, the Kangxi Emperor promoted Yinzhen from <i>junwang</i> to <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty"><i>qinwang</i> (first-rank prince)</a> under the title "<b>Prince Yong of the First Rank</b>" (<span lang="zh-Hans">和硕雍亲王</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">和碩雍親王</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Héshuò Yōng Qīnwáng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <i>hošoi hūwaliyasun cin wang</i>). Yinzhen maintained a low profile during the initial stages of the succession struggle. To appoint a new heir, the Kangxi Emperor decreed that officials in his imperial court would nominate a new crown prince. The Kangxi Emperor's eighth son, <a href="/wiki/Yinsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinsi">Yinsi</a>, was the candidate preferred by the majority of the court as well as many of the Kangxi Emperor's other sons. The Kangxi Emperor, however, opted not to appoint Yinsi as his heir apparent largely due to apprehension that Yinsi's political clout at court was beginning to overshadow that of himself. Thereafter, Yinzhen sensed that his father was in favour of re-instating Yinreng as heir apparent, thus he supported Yinreng and earned the trust of his father. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yongzheng's_quote"><span id="Yongzheng.27s_quote"></span>Yongzheng's quote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Yongzheng's quote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yinzhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">胤禛</span></span>: 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735) had the highest honor to orchestrate the imperial ceremonies and rituals during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi emperor</a>, which illustrated that Yinzhen was well acquainted with the Confucianism traditions and customs. In the imperial court, Yinzhen was also deeply immersed in the state's affairs and heavily engaged in the political debates where he acquired diplomatic skills.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Yongzheng Emperor (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雍正</span></span>: r. 1723–1735 CE) of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> China, Yinzhen was indubitably a very diplomatically inclined ruler who created an institution of a "moral government" based on the Confucian principles. Yinzhen sought four distinctive qualities: loyalty—<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠</span></span>, fairness—<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">公</span></span>, sincerity—<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">誠</span></span>, and capability—<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">能</span></span>, from his subjects in order to run an effective court and to achieve stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Li Wei (Qing dynasty)">Li Wei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李衛</span></span> : February 2, 1687 – December 3, 1738) was a recruit among the Qing officials to possess the desired virtues, and was regarded highly by Yongzheng. </p><p>A notable quote from Yinzhen captured during his reign as the Yongzheng Emperor in the 1720s expresses his imperial will: </p> <blockquote><p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">小事小料理,不可因小而忽之·,大事大振作,不可因難處而隱諱。朕意若果能如此實心奉行,以忠正一一字感化,不數年,賊亦人也。見文武大臣實心忠勇為國,屬員清正愛民,營伍整齊,士卒曉勇,而百姓不懷如是德,不畏如是威,仍去成群為匪者,朕想必無此理也。</span></span> </p><dl><dd>— page 190, lines 7–10<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <blockquote><p>If it is a trivial matter, do not just simply neglect the issue because it seems insignificant. If it is a complex matter, do not just simply conceal away the issue because it could become a challenge. To have good governance and dissuade seditionists, is all in the ruler's wish. If civilians see a judicious court that is loyal and wholeheartedly for the country, and see that the court embraces its people; and civilians feel the virtue in their court marshalls, then the people would not perceive the court as a threat. Thus, there would be no reason to have seditionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In short, after several years of political chaos, Yongzheng earnestly strived to restore a functional court with "good government",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immediately after he ascended the throne in 1723 CE, to stabilize Qing into a unified and harmonious empire. In 1733 CE, Yongzheng successfully institutionalized the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a>, which allows Qing to relay communication effectively and efficiently from region to region,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby enabling the implementation of his domestic reform policy. </p><p>With the establishment of his Grand Council, Yongzheng was not only able to discourage corruption, but he was in a position to launch several domestic reforms beneficial to the empire and its people. Canals and irrigation systems were reconstructed to support agriculture and maintain farmlands. During famines, he provided relief to the affected regions by distributing resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reparation to the people, who were the backbone of the country, he issued an imperial decree to emancipate slaves under his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the several tax reform policies Yongzheng introduced was to shift the head taxation to the property taxation on landowners, which greatly reduced the tax burden on civilians. Additionally, Yongzheng was indeed in full support with the construction of orphanages to shelter orphans, in building elementary schools to educate children, and poorhouses to house paupers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the Yongzheng era (雍正: r. 1723–1735 CE) may have been overshadowed by his predecessor's accomplishments, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, and his achievements may not have been as glorious as his successor, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>; however, the Yongzheng era did serve as a remediation to the people, and resentments began to gradually decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the Yongzheng era was a peaceful and prosperous reign of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_the_crown_prince's_position"><span id="Struggle_for_the_crown_prince.27s_position"></span><span class="anchor" id="Disputed_succession_to_the_throne"></span>Struggle for the crown prince's position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Struggle for the crown prince's position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor#Succession_disputes" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor § Succession disputes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg/220px-Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg/330px-Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg/440px-Armoured_Yongzheng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Armoured Yongzheng</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Yinzhen_(the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor)_Reading_a_Book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg/220px-Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg/330px-Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg/440px-Prince_Yinzhen_%28the_future_Yongzheng_Emperor%29_Reading_a_Book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Prince Yinzhen (the future Yongzheng Emperor) Reading a Book</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangxi's_choices_of_the_crown_princes"><span id="Kangxi.27s_choices_of_the_crown_princes"></span>Kangxi's choices of the crown princes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kangxi's choices of the crown princes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1712, the Kangxi Emperor deposed <a href="/wiki/Yinreng" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinreng">Yinreng</a> again, and chose not to designate an heir apparent for the remaining years of his reign. This resulted in competition among his sons for the position of crown prince. Those considered 'frontrunners' were <a href="/wiki/Yinzhi,_Prince_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinzhi, Prince Zhi">Yinzhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunsi" title="Yunsi">Yinsi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun" title="Yunti, Prince Xun">Yinti</a> (the third, eighth and 14th princes, respectively). Of these, Yinsi received the most support from the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarins</a>, but not from his father. Yinzhen had supported Yinreng as heir, and did not build a large political base for himself until the final years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Unlike Yinsi's high-profile cultivation of a partisan base of support, Yinzhen did so largely away from the limelight. When the Kangxi Emperor died in December 1722, the field of contenders shrank to three princes after Yinsi pledged his support to the 14th prince, Yinti.<sup id="cite_ref-Feng_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feng-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the Kangxi Emperor's death, Yinti, who held the appointment of Border-Pacification General-in-Chief (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">撫遠大將軍</span>), was leading <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungar–Qing War">a military campaign in northwestern China</a>. He was also awarded an apparently grandiose title of "Fuyuan General-in-chief Prince" (撫遠大将軍王) and his departure ceremony was solemnly held. Some other princes, such as Yinsi and his clique, interpreted that Yinti might be chosen as heir and, therefore, pledged their support to Yinti and encouraged him to make military achievements to prove his "worthiness". </p><p>However, Yi Zhongtian argued that such a "promotion" was Kangxi's way of protecting Yinzhen, Kangxi's secret chosen heir, by distracting the public's attention away from Yinzhen. The court officials, who believed that Yinti would be chosen as the heir, would also no longer pester Kangxi about the crown prince issue. Sending Yinti away to the northwestern border was also meant to separate him from Yinsi, his newly formed ally, and potential flatterers who wanted to curry favour with Yinti. Yinti would also be unable to use his commanded troops to make a coup d'état, since <a href="/wiki/Nian_Gengyao" title="Nian Gengyao">Nian Gengyao</a>, Yinzhen's close aide, controlled the food supply and the return route of Yinti's troops. Promoting Yinti was also a way for Kangxi to control Yinzhen: if Kangxi's "investment" to Yinzhen turned out to be a failure, he still had Yinti as alternative choice. With Yinti as a potential competitor, Yinzhen would not fall into self-complacency and turn against Kangxi. Yinsi's clique, clinging to the hope of Yinti's future prospect, would also not do anything reckless. As a result, Yinti's "General-in-chief Prince" title appeared grandiose, but was actually hollow and dubious; it was neither "general" nor "prince" and could be interpreted in various ways, which could be used in favour of either Yinti or Yinzhen should the situation arise. Such dubious words with multiple interpretations was a traditional trick in Chinese politics.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular history writer Yi Zongtian think that there were signs that showed Yinzhen as Kangxi's secret choice. First, according to Yongzheng's edicts and official historical account, Kangxi mentioned that Yinzhen alone was raised by Kangxi and how he expressed <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> to Kangxi.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another occasion though, Yongzheng said that he was not a prince who was raised in the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Lin Qian on the other hand notes that the fourteenth prince was the only son Kangxi always kept with him, until his death, despite the fact he already married (the fourteenth prince's wife lived inside his father's palace too) and had a princely mansion outside.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second, according to Yi, at Kangxi's 60th regnal year (1721) memorial event, Yinzhen was given the task of holding the ritual ceremonies for the royal family's ancestors in Three Great Mausoleums in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>. Shortly after that, Yinzhen was also tasked to organize the Sacrifice to the Heaven (南郊禮), the most sacred ceremony in Confucian tradition, on the day of <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>. Others note that the third prince Yinzhi also had presided over these ceremonies before, the fifth prince Yinqi was presiding over the Veneration of Ancestor ceremony at the time Kangxi was dying, and even eighth prince Yinsi (who had had many clashes with Kangxi) made the lists of candidates. The onky one among adult princes who was put aside was Yinxiang, Yongzheng's important ally. Lin Qian also suspects that Yongzheng organizing the Sacrifice of Heaven of the sixty first year was an event invented later to justify Prin Yong's strange behaviours at that time, since no other records mention it other than <i>Shilu</i>, which was written under the supervision of Yongzheng and Zhang Tingyu .<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE林202464,74_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE林202464,74-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yi also says that Kangxi highly favoured Yinzhen's son Hongli (future <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>) and that might also contribute to Kangxi's support for Yinzhen as his heir, similar to how <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> chose his heir due to his favour to the crown prince's son. Historian Yang Zhen though notes that Kangxi was kind to his grandchildren in general but especially to the sons of the second and the fourteenth princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE杨19901398–140_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE杨19901398–140-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official court records state that on 20 December 1722 the ailing Kangxi Emperor called seven of his sons and the general commandant of the Beijing <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longkodo" title="Longkodo">Longkodo</a>, to his bedside. Longkodo read the will and declared that Yinzhen would be the Kangxi Emperor's successor. Some evidence has suggested that Yinzhen contacted Longkodo months before the will was read in preparation for his succession through military means, although in their official capacities frequent encounters were expected. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Qin_Hui_(historian)" title="Qin Hui (historian)">Historian Qin Hui</a> writes that it is largely recognized that Yongzheng forged the succession edicts together with Nian Gengyao. Qin Hui criticizes Feng Erkang, who also recognizes the forgery, for failing to explain why Yongzheng would have needed a forged edict if he had truly been the legal heir. Yongzheng also changed his story several times. When he punished Longkodo (who was supposed to be the only person who was informed of Kangxi's succession plan and informed Yongzheng and others about it after Kangxi's death), Yongzheng himself said that Longkodo was not present by the emperor's side on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Dai_Yi" title="Dai Yi">Dai Yi</a>, a report by Longkodo to Yongzheng also shows that the prince <a href="/wiki/Yunli" title="Yunli">Yunli</a> (who was cited by Yongzheng as one of the witnesses in his later version of the events; this prince did not participate in the fight for the throne but later became Yongzheng's ally during the latter's reign) was not present – when he was rushing to Kangxi's resident after being informed of his father's death, the prince met Longkodo who told him about Yongzheng's ascension and became so horrified that he returned to his house immediately, looking like a mad man.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dai Yi, Meng Shen, Wang Zhonghan, Lin Qian and Yang Zhen are the notable historians who maintain that the fourteenth prince Yinzheng (later renamed Yunti) was Kangxi's intended heir. They point out that the conflict against the Zhungar was of such an existential importance to the Qing dynasty (which threatened to rip half of their territories apart together with the Mongol-Manchu alliance) that it is hard to imagine Kangxi would have sent anyone but his most trusted son to deal with the crisis. Due to this, the "Fuyuan General-in-chief" position (which was already bestowed on Kangxi on his trusted generals several times before and carried with it exceptional powers) was raised to an unprecedented level of power and prestige unseen since the beginning of the dynasty. The deposed crown prince, Yinreng, and Yinzhen fought for the position too, but failed to get it. Lin Qian writes that there are many signs that show Yongzheng did alter records to make the title "General-in-chief Prince" less impressive, and that the fourteenth prince's rank was actually Prince (<i>wang</i>). Kangxi even made the apparently longterm investment by sending several young members of the imperial family to the fourteenth prince so he could raise them as his apprentices. This intent was shown, when the fourteenth prince requested them to be sent back to the capital, Kangxi refused and told him that they needed to be trained (obviously to serve the fourteenth later). Yin Qian notes that with sixteen people holding titles ranging from <i>beizi</i> to <i>wang</i> and other important officials sent to follow the fourteenth prince, Kangxi had already organized a mini imperial court for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE林202464,74_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE林202464,74-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang Zhen opines that when Kangxi encouraged his son to engage with the local chiefs, the emperor did not think about their usefulness in the current campaign alone, as he told the prince that their dedication to the person of the prince "will be of use later", and that their service would be more valuable to that of the Han.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yinzhen's_tactics"><span id="Yinzhen.27s_tactics"></span>Yinzhen's tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yinzhen's tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yinzhen's tactics during the struggle for crown prince's position were to do practically nothing and to stay out of the limelight. Instead, he focused on filial piety towards Kangxi and dutifully performed the given tasks as a subordinate of the Emperor. Compared to other siblings (Yinzhi, Yinsi, Yinti, Yinreng), Yinzhen had no clear advantage. Unlike Yinsi, Yinzhen had neither a close association nor a good relationship with the majority of court officers and magistrates, he was also shunned due to his cold appearance and the legalist-style harsh treatment for any kinds of moral sin and legal violation of the magistrates. Acknowledging that fact, Yinzhen intentionally showed no ambition to be the heir in order to not attract any unnecessary attention and animosity; he watched as other contenders fought each other to the death, a policy more beneficial for him. Yinzhen even pleaded many times for Kangxi's mercy and pardon for other princes, including the deposed Yinreng, which gained him the praise and favour from Kangxi.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an experienced player in politics, Kangxi himself knew that Yinzhen's humbleness and filial piety was not really sincere and more of a cover to protect himself, nonetheless Kangxi still made lavish praise to Yinzhen and enjoyed the apparently good relationship with his son. In the situation when his offspring openly trampled on family relationships, Yinzhen's "false" filial piety and kindness was already a haven for Kangxi. Kangxi also hoped that Yinzhen, despite being pretentious, might not actually mistreat his deceased father and the deposed Yinreng in the future, which was proven to be relatively correct. As a result, Kangxi not only didn't expose Yinzhen, but also became the accomplice with Yinzhen's act.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_over_succession">Disputes over succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disputes over succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Kangxi's meticulous plan enabled Yinzhen later to be crowned as emperor, it also created many disputes about Yinzhen's succession as there was no direct, intuitive way to prove Yinzhen's legitimacy. Kangxi's choice as Yinzhen was a shock to many other princes (even Yinzhen also pretended to be shocked). Kangxi also did not make any mention about his choice for the crown prince position, his will was only known via the deceased emperor's testament provided by <a href="/wiki/Longkodo" title="Longkodo">Longkodo</a>, and there was no decisive evidence proved that the testament was not fabricated. For the contemporary public, there was also no evidence to directly infer, or to explain why, Kangxi thought of Yinzhen as his choice. As a result, Yinzhen's succession faced fierce opposition from former contenders such as Yinti, Yinzhi and Yinsi. Purging the dissidents and solidifying his own position occupied much of Yinzhen's initial reign as emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers at <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> have disproved the theory, as official Qing documents, when mentioning sons of the Emperor, always list the son's title, as well as the son's rank amongst the emperor's sons and the son's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Academia_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academia-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the will mentions "Prince Yong, Emperor's Fourth Son, Yinzhen" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">雍親王皇四子胤禛</span>), as well as Kangxi Emperor's high regards for Yinzhen, and his belief that Yinzhen can succeed on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AppleDaily_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleDaily-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem with the will, or at least the Chinese version, as currently preserved, is that it was not Kangxi's creation. It was drafted three days after Kangxi's death by Longkodo under Yongzheng's instruction. Yongzheng's order is still preserved by Museum of the Institute of History & Philology, Academia Sinica<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are debates about the authenticity of extant copies of the Manchu version, but not only the part that mentions the heir's name is destroyed, the important sentence that praises Yinzhen's virtues also does not appear at all.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legends_about_the_will">Legends about the will</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legends about the will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a widely circulated legend, persisting even to the present day, that Yinzhen was crowned emperor after he modified Kangxi Emperor's final will that detailed who will succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two versions of the legend, both of which involves the Chinese character "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:十">十</a></span></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shí</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'ten'), and by extension, <a href="/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun" title="Yunti, Prince Xun">Yunti, Prince Xun</a>. One version involves changing the "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">十</span></span>" in the phrase "transfer the throne to the Fourteenth Prince" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">傳位十四皇子</span>) to "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:于">于</a></span></span>" (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">yú</span></i>), which changed the phrase to "pass the throne on to the Fourth Prince" <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">傳位于四皇子</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-AppleDaily_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleDaily-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version states the character "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">十</span></span>" was changed to "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:第">第</a></span></span>" (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">dì</span></i>), which means "sequence number" (四 = four, 第四 = the fourth / number four), thus changing the phrase to "transfer the throne to the Fourth Prince" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">傳位第四皇子</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ETToday_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETToday-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign"><span class="anchor" id="Reign_over_China"></span>Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After ascending the throne in December 1722, Yinzhen adopted the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a> "Yongzheng" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">雍正</span> lit. "Harmonious Justice") in 1723 from his peerage title "yong" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">雍</span> lit. "harmonious") and "zheng" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">正</span> lit. "just, correct, upright"). It has been suggested that the second character of his era name was an attempt to cover up his illegal claim to the throne by calling himself "justified". Immediately after succeeding to the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor chose his new governing council. It consisted of the eighth prince <a href="/wiki/Yunsi" title="Yunsi">Yinsi</a>, 13th prince <a href="/wiki/Yinxiang_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinxiang (prince)">Yinxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tingyu" title="Zhang Tingyu">Zhang Tingyu</a>, Ma Qi, and <a href="/wiki/Longkodo" title="Longkodo">Longkodo</a>. Yinsi was given the title "Prince Lian" while Yinxiang was given the title "Prince Yi", and these two held the highest positions in the land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_battle_against_princes"><span class="anchor" id="Continued_battle_against_princes"></span>Continued battle against princes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continued battle against princes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Chinese man, in Western clothes, attacking a tiger with a pitchfork-like staff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg/220px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg/330px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg/440px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>18th-century <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a> of the Yongzheng Emperor wearing a European wig and dress, preparing to strike a tiger with a <a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">trident</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the Yongzheng Emperor sitting on the ground near a waterfall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg/220px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg/330px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg/440px-Album_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Costumes_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>18th-century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in costume</figcaption></figure> <p>The nature of his succession remained a subject of controversy and overshadowed the Yongzheng Emperor's reign. As many of his surviving brothers did not see his succession as legitimate, the Yongzheng Emperor became increasingly paranoid that they would plot to overthrow him. The earlier players in the battle for succession, <a href="/wiki/Yinzhi,_Prince_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinzhi, Prince Zhi">Yinzhi</a>, the eldest, and Yinreng, the former crown prince, continued to live under house arrest. Yinreng died two years after the Yongzheng Emperor's reign began. </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor continued to perceive Yinsi and his party, consisting of the princes <a href="/wiki/Yuntang" title="Yuntang">Yintang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin%27e" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin'e">Yin'e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunti,_Prince_Xun" title="Yunti, Prince Xun">Yinti</a>, and their associates, as his greatest political challenge in the early years of his reign. To diffuse their political clout, the Yongzheng Emperor undertook a 'divide and conquer' strategy. Immediately after ascending the throne, the emperor bestowed on Yinsi the title "Prince Lian", nominally of the highest noble rank. Yinsi was also then appointed as the Minister of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></i> (Feudatory Affairs Office) and the top-ranking member of the imperial council assisting the Yongzheng Emperor; some historians believe his position at the time was essentially that of a "<a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor (China)">Chancellor</a> or Prime Minister". By ostensibly elevating Yinsi to a more prominent political role, the Yongzheng Emperor held Yinsi under close watch and kept him busy with affairs of state, reducing the chance of him conducting behind-the-scenes political maneuvers. Yinsi's allies received notably different treatment. Yintang was sent to <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> under the pretext of military service, but in reality was watched over by the Yongzheng Emperor's trusted protégé, <a href="/wiki/Nian_Gengyao" title="Nian Gengyao">Nian Gengyao</a>. Yin'e, the tenth prince, was told to leave the capital to send off a departing Mongol prince, but since he refused to complete this trip as the emperor commanded, the Yongzheng Emperor stripped him of all his titles in May 1724 and sent him north to <a href="/wiki/Shunyi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyi District">Shunyi</a> to languish in solitude. </p><p>The 14th prince, Yinti, born to the same mother as the Yongzheng Emperor, was recalled to Beijing from his military post. The emperor selected Nian Gengyao to replace Yinti as the commander of the northwestern expeditionary force. Yinti, who expected to be placed on the throne himself, was reluctant to recognise the Yongzheng Emperor's succession as legitimate. Yinti was accused of violating imperial decorum at the funeral proceedings of the late emperor, and placed under house arrest by the Yongzheng Emperor at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">imperial tombs in western Beijing</a>. Historians believe that their mother, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren" title="Empress Xiaogongren">Empress Dowager Renshou</a>, favoured Yinti partly because she raised him herself, while she did not raise the Yongzheng Emperor. Nonetheless, the increasingly sharp conflict between her two surviving sons caused their mother great sorrow. She died less than six months after the Kangxi Emperor. </p><p>By forcibly dispatching Yinsi's party to separate locations geographically, the Yongzheng Emperor made it extremely inconvenient for his rivals to link up and conspire against him. While some of Yinsi's subordinates were appointed to high office, others were demoted or banished, making it difficult for Yinsi's party to maintain the same set of partisan interests. The Yongzheng Emperor publicly reprimanded Yinsi in 1724 for mishandling an assignment, eventually removing him from office and then sending him into house arrest. Yinsi was forced to rename himself "Acina", a derogatory slur in the Manchu language. The emperor also confiscated the assets of Yintang and Yin'e. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty's_imperial_family"><span id="Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty.27s_imperial_family"></span><span class="anchor" id="Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty's_imperial_family"></span>Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Descendants of the Ming dynasty's imperial family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1725, the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed a hereditary marquis title on Zhu Ming in line with his father Kang Xi emperor wish of a Manchu—Han population integration, a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">imperial family</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Zhu was also paid by the Qing government to perform rituals at the <a href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</a> and induct the Chinese Plain White Banner into the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>. Later in 1750, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, Zhu Ming was posthumously honoured as "<a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Extended_Grace" title="Marquis of Extended Grace">Marquis of Extended Grace</a>". The marquis title was passed on to Zhu's descendants for 12 generations until the end of the Qing dynasty in the early 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo"><span class="anchor" id="The_cases_of_Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo"></span>Nian Gengyao and Longkodo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nian Gengyao and Longkodo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nian_Gengyao" title="Nian Gengyao">Nian Gengyao</a> was a supporter of the Yongzheng Emperor long before the latter ascended the throne. In 1722, when he was recalling his brother Yinti from the northwest border in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, the Yongzheng Emperor appointed Nian as the commander of the Qing army in Xinjiang. The situation in Xinjiang at the time was volatile, and a strong general was needed in the area. After several military conquests, however, Nian's stature and power grew. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> said he began seeing himself as equal to the emperor. Seeing Nian as no longer within his control, the Yongzheng Emperor issued an imperial edict demoting Nian to the position of a general of the <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> Command. As Nian continued to remain unrepentant, he was eventually given an ultimatum and forced to commit suicide by consuming poison in 1726. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Longkodo" title="Longkodo">Longkodo</a> was the commander of the militias stationed at the capital at the time of the Yongzheng Emperor's succession. He fell into disgrace in 1728 and died while under house arrest. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg/330px-Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg/440px-Portraits_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_Enjoying_Himself_during_the_8th_lunar_month.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of the Yongzheng Emperor Enjoying Himself during the 8th lunar month</figcaption></figure> <p>After taking the throne, the Yongzheng Emperor suppressed writings he deemed unfavorable to his court, particularly those with an anti-Manchu bias.<sup id="cite_ref-schirokauer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schirokauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foremost among these were those of Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful degree candidate heavily influenced by the 17th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Liuliang" title="Lü Liuliang">Lü Liuliang</a>. Zeng had been so affected by what he read that he attempted to incite the governor-general of Shaanxi-Sichuan, Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of anti-Jurchen General <a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a>), to rebel against the Qing government. Yue Zhongqi promptly turned him in, and in 1730 news of the case reached the Yongzheng Emperor. Highly concerned with the implications of the case, the emperor had Zeng Jing brought to Beijing for trial. The emperor's verdict seemed to demonstrate a Confucian sovereign's benevolence: He ascribed Zeng's actions to the gullibility and naïveté of a youth taken in by Lü Liuliang's abusive and overdrawn rhetoric. In addition, the emperor suggested that Lü Liuliang's original attack on the Manchus was misplaced, since they had been transformed by their long-term exposure to the civilising force of Confucianism. </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor is also known for establishing a strict autocratic-style rule during his reign. He detested corruption, and punished officials severely when they were found guilty of an offense. In 1729, he issued an edict prohibiting the smoking of <a href="/wiki/Madak" title="Madak">madak</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a blend of tobacco and opium. The Yongzheng Emperor's reign saw the Qing dynasty further establish itself as a powerful empire in Asia. He was instrumental in extending what became known as a "Kangqian Period of Harmony" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">康乾盛世</span>; cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>). In response to the tragedy of the succession struggle during his father's reign, the Yongzheng Emperor created a sophisticated procedure for choosing a successor. He was known for his trust in Mandarin officials. <a href="/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Li Wei (Qing dynasty)">Li Wei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tian_Wenjing" title="Tian Wenjing">Tian Wenjing</a> governed China's southern areas with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Ortai" title="Ortai">Ortai</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1108px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the Xiannong Altar" in Beijing, Qing dynasty painting"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg/1100px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="1100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg/1650px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg/2200px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3692" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifice_at_the_Xiannong_Altar.jpg" title="File:The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the Xiannong Altar.jpg"> </a></div>"The Yongzheng Emperor Offering Sacrifice at the <a href="/wiki/Xiannongtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiannongtan">Xiannong Altar</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, Qing dynasty painting</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_economic_achievements"><span class="anchor" id="Military_expansion_in_the_northwest"></span>Cultural and economic achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural and economic achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalization_of_personnel_appointment_system">Rationalization of personnel appointment system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rationalization of personnel appointment system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Qing period, the majority of middle-to-low government posts were subject to a mechanical appointment procedure managed by the Board of Personnel, which was a lottery rule. More specifically, candidates would first be classified into three categories, namely degree holders, office purchasers, and officials waiting for promotion, based on their sources of candidature. These candidates or so-called offices-in-waiting were then assigned to different posts by drawing lots on a monthly basis, known as month selection. This random appointment procedure stemmed from the late Ming dynasty. Sun Piyang, a minister of the Board of Personnel during the Wanli emperor's reign of Ming, was said to have invented the method of drawing lots with the intention of introducing fairness into personnel selection when the Ming court was mired in faction politics.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was apparent that this rule-based appointment procedure was conducive to curtailing patronage-network building and rent-seeking, although at the cost of flexibility. </p><p>Considering the limitation of monthly selection, the Yongzheng Emperor, inspired by a memorial of Jin Hong, the provincial administrative commissioner of Guangxi province, decided to launch a structural reform to the appointment system in 1731. In the new appointment system, local jurisdictions first were classified into two groups according to governance difficulties. More specifically, to prioritize local jurisdictions and allocate appointment power accordingly, the governability of each jurisdiction was decomposed into four elements, or four "characters": Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan. "Chong" (thoroughfare) referred to places at busy highways and was designed to capture the characteristics of commercial potential or military significance. “Fan” (troublesome) stood for places with a great deal of onerous official business. “Pi” (wearisome) indicated areas having difficulty collecting taxes. “Nan” (difficult) referred to the places with crime-prone subjects and recurring violent engagement. Moreover, posts of jurisdictions containing all four elements would be ranked as very important positions and posts of places with three elements would be rated as important posts, whereas posts of places having less than two elements would be tagged as middle-level positions (two elements) or easy posts (one-zero element) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this way, the post designation (Chong, Fan, Pi, and Nan) was linked to the importance rating system hand in hand. The appointment power then was allocated based on the importance rating system; posts marked as very important and important were subject to the discretionary appointment by the emperor or provincial leaders, whereas other less important posts still were assigned by drawing lots. As a result, the high-quality officials were matched to the important positions and in turn promoted local governance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhongtian" title="Yi Zhongtian">Yi Zhongtian</a> commented that Yongzheng had a very flexible and pragmatic tastes of talent enrollment, based on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Ortai" title="Ortai">Ortai</a>: "<i>Amongst affairs, there are both essential and trivial, easy and challenging. Amongst people, there are both soft and hard, long and short.</i>" The emperor, therefore, did not use dogmatic and abstract criteria of "talents" and "morality", instead he acknowledged that every person has both strengths and defects and the tasks given to him should be tailored to suit his specific traits. For example, <a href="/wiki/Li_Wei_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Li Wei (Qing dynasty)">Li Wei</a> had a very rude personality, but he was brave and clever, Yongzheng assigned him tasks related to law enforcement, criminal punishment and rebel liquidation. Zhu Shih, a scholar with upright and good personality, was appointed as teacher for the future <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tian_Wenjing" title="Tian Wenjing">Tian Wenjing</a> had many personality defects and was heavily criticized by contemporaries, but was favoured by Yongzheng due to his hard-work, devotion and loyalty. Chang Sanle, Wuqiao district chief, had upright and transparent moral conduct, but lacked fervor in work, hence he was re-assigned to an educational post and removed from administrative work.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most critical criterion for the government magistrate was "sincerity" towards the emperor. The magistrate's works, reports, criticisms, suggestion, even flattery and blandishment, should be performed with sincere devotion to and sympathy with the emperor's interests and stance. Suggestion and criticism with adequate "sincerity", even if they were flawed and incorrect, was usually praised by Yongzheng. On the other hand, suggestions which were considered to only serve the magistrate's selfish interests and fame, or to only curry favour from the emperor, even if the suggestions were accurate and reasonable, would be heavily criticized by Yongzheng and the magistrate could be punished severely. That was the reason behind Yongzheng's apparently "erratic" and "unpredictable" behaviors in punishing and rewarding his subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_crackdown_and_financial_reform">Corruption crackdown and financial reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Corruption crackdown and financial reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emperor Kangxi's long reign left lasting achievements, but also many flaws and maladies, including budget deficit, inadequate tax revenues, and huge debts. Corruption was widespread, and magistrates and aristocrats frequently borrowed money from the national treasure without any sign of returning the money. Therefore, immediately after his enthronement, Yongzheng began a crackdown against corruption and financial issues. Utilizing his experience during the time as a prince, the emperor used an unconventional approach: first he anticipated the counter-measures that corrupt magistrates might employ to evade state punishment, and then devised the emperor's own counter-measures against the magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter the local magistrated well-built networks, Yongzheng organized a group of inspectors consisted of independent Imperial Commissioners and "clean" local chiefs, assisted with a group of regional officer-to-be. When a regional magistrate was found guilty, he would be replaced by a corresponding member amongst the inspector group who had no connection of interest with the local clique and therefore would naturally do his best to continue the purge. Furthermore, local people were forbidden to lend money to their magistrates, preventing them from temporarily transferring the borrowed money to the local treasure to mask the deficits. Yongzheng also created an independent Inquisition Association to examine all the spending and revenue documents to prevent local officers from bribing the Ministry of Revenue to fabricate financial reports. To prevent the magistrates from fabricating the corruption cases as merely "deificit spending", Yongzheng demanded that the case of deficit spending must be investigated first, and punishment, sanction and compensation should be performed first in the case of deficit spending. Equivocation between deficit spending and corruption was strictly prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent the guilty magistrates from further exploiting the people to compensate for their deficit spending, Yongzheng immediately dismissed the magistrate before compensation began. Dismissed magistrates no longer had authority over the people and had no choice but to use their own properties to compensate. As the punished magistrate might use other connections as an alternative for their lost authority, paying compensation on behalf of them was also strictly prohibited. The properties of their families and relatives were also confisticated for the compensation payment if necessary. In the cases of magistrates committing suicide to avoid punishment, Yongzheng demanded that their family and descendants should shoulder the punishment and compensation for the deceased magistrate. The emperor himself admitted that he wanted to see the guilty magistrate's descendants "<i>live in poverty and misery.</i>" Yongzheng's drastic punishment earned him the nickname "Emperor of confiscation".<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside harsh punishment, Yongzheng also improved the state officer's income to remove their incentive for corruption. He created a "Fund for transparency nurturing" from government additional revenues, which was now regulated and controlled by the central government, to provide copious allowance for state magistrate, enabling their daily expenses to be covered without accepting bribes. Magistrates not eligible for the Fund's money also received other kinds of allowances, and officers on business trips were also provide an allowance to cover their essential expenses, which had to be reported to the government. The "transparency nurturing" allowances beside removing the corruption incentive, also helped to publicized the magistrate's incomes, enabled the state to monitor, evaluate and detect any potential signs of corruption. Furthermore, all kinds of gifts and "ritual fees" was now strictly prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"secret_report"_system"><span id="The_.22secret_report.22_system"></span>The "secret report" system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The "secret report" system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To effectively grasp the situation of his subordinates, Yongzheng utilized the "secret report" system which originated from the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Era</a>, which also suited his own tastes of having personal connection separately with each subordinate. The emperor recruited secret informants from the trusted subordinates who had the privilege to privately report to the Emperor whatever they felt suspicious. The components of secret informants was quite varied, including even some low-ranked officers, and was widely distributed all over the empire. To encourage the sincerity and eagerness of informants, their identity and reports' content was kept strictly confidential; even informants did not know each other, and the procedures and writing style requirements were greatly simplified. Such "secret reporters" enabled the emperor to maintain an extensive information network without a specialized internal espionage bureau. The secret informants also had no privileges beside the secret reports and the reports had no legal authority, which prevented authority abuse from informants like the Ming internal espionage agents. Also, to avoid false accusation and incorrect reports from informants, Yongzheng collected information from various sources, and the accused person also had a chance to defend their actions and prove their innocence. Under a capable ruler, secret reports actually protected innocent magistrates from wrong accusations, as the reports provided alternative information sources beside the official charges.<sup id="cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farming_and_land_tax">Farming and land tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Farming and land tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the massive population growth in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and increasing demand from peasant and military populations for grain, the Yongzheng emperor launched a grain campaign in which he incentivized officials in local and provincial governments to compete in buying land meant specifically for farming. The Yongzheng emperor offered officials 5-10 year tax holidays in which they were free from paying taxes. This campaign led to more than one million new acres of farmable land. While these campaigns led to more food and land for the population to use for farming, it also led to officials lying about the amount of farmable land they were contributing in order to win the tax holidays. These tax holidays also pushed the burden of paying taxes elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_charity">Local charity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnicity in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> could vary depending on where one was from even locally in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. This ethnic separation along with the booming population led to reduced access to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Civil Service Examinations</a> based on ethnicity and locality. The Yongzheng emperor, in an attempt to allow as many people to take the Civil Service Examination as possible, set up special exams for people in rural China. These special exams were called Miao exams and were located in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. In the 1730s, landholding shed people such as the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> were still not allowed to take the exams, Yongzheng made it legal for these people to take the exams in an attempt to dispel anger at being excluded from the exams.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A growing number of orphaned children or poor families came with the massive Qing population growth. The Yongzheng emperor sought to remedy this by mandating that orphanages (also called poor houses) be built in every county. These were funded not by local, provincial or high level government but privately funded and maintained. These orphanages existed less to help the local population out of poverty and more to model how wealthy officials should act towards the impoverished populations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gentry_privileges">Gentry privileges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gentry privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> mandated that scholars that had passed the Civil Service Examination at any level were able to bypass punishments from the legal system depending on which level of the exams they had passed. Instead of legal repercussions for crimes, criminal officials were instead recommended to the county education commissioner for counseling. This led to corruption among officials who were no longer bound by law. In an attempt to stop this the Yongzheng emperor made it illegal to offer privileges to officials going through the legal system. This did not last long as the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> reinstated legal privileges for officials that had passed the Civil Service Examination shortly after becoming emperor after Yongzheng.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_privileges">Tax privileges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tax privileges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1720s Qing empire, complex levels of tax hierarchies put in place by the Kangxi emperor existed to separate the population into different tax brackets. Households with government officials were in privileged tax brackets that brought with it tax exemptions for not only the immediate family in the household but also for extended family members. The Yongzheng emperor removed these privileged tax brackets as he saw the local gentry as competition to the throne. Just like the legal privileges that passing the Civil Service Examination offered, soon after the end of the Yongzheng emperor's reign, the Qianlong Emperor quickly reinstated the privileged tax brackets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religious policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Growing distrust of Jesuit missionaries by the Kangxi emperor and later by Yongzheng in the early 1720s led to prohibition and action against the Christian presence in China. The Kangxi emperor had banned foreign missions (outside of Beijing and Guangzhou), and Yongzheng took this one step further by removing all foreign priests from China. All Christian churches were shut down and repurposed as local public offices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cohong">Cohong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cohong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese merchant houses belonging to Canton station were grouped together under a larger organization by Yongzheng called <a href="/wiki/Cohong" title="Cohong">Cohong</a> in 1725. This group was responsible for policing all trade within the <a href="/wiki/Canton_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton system">Canton system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meltage_fees_and_silver">Meltage fees and silver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Meltage fees and silver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As silver became more widely used as a currency in Qing China, the validity and purity of the currency being exchanged had to be verified. Silver taels were sent to official appraisers to do the job of verification. During the appraisal some silver was lost in the process, this lost silver had to be covered by the payer. This extra charge on the lost silver became known as a meltage fee. These meltage fees were a very important source of income for local governments. It became a practice to bribe appraisers to avoid meltage fees. Yongzheng attempted to ban all bribing to avoid these fees and also officially mandated meltage fees as a source of local income. These mandates helped silver become a major part of the Qing economy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_in_the_northwest"><span class="anchor" id="Military_expansion_in_the_northwest"></span>Expansion in the northwest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Expansion in the northwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing dynasty in Inner Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine,_la_Tartarie_Chinoise,_et_le_Thibet_(1734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1734 map of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg/220px-Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg/330px-Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg/440px-Carte_la_plus_generale_et_qui_comprend_la_Chine%2C_la_Tartarie_Chinoise%2C_et_le_Thibet_%281734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Bourguignon_d%27Anville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville">French map</a> of "China and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>" from the Yongzheng era (1734)</figcaption></figure> <p>Like his father, the Yongzheng Emperor used military force in order to preserve the Qing Empire's position in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schirokauer_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schirokauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Tibet was torn by civil war in 1727–1728, he intervened. After withdrawing, he left a Qing Resident (the <a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">amban</a>) and a military garrison to safeguard the dynasty's interests.<sup id="cite_ref-schirokauer_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schirokauer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 1728, after the Qing reconquest of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> in Tibet, several Tibetan rebels were sliced to death by Qing Manchu officers and officials. The Qing Manchu President of the Board of Civil Office, Jalangga, Mongol sub-chancellor Sen-ge and brigadier-general Manchu Mala ordered the Tibetan rebels Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to be sliced to death. They ordered gZims-dpon C'os-ac'ad (Hsi-mu-pen ch'ui-cha-t'e), son of Lum-pa-nas and rNog Tarqan bsKal-bzajn-c'os-adar and dKon-mc'og-lha-sgrub (Kun-ch'u-k'o-la-ku-pu) and dGa'-ldan-p'un-ts'ogs (K'a-erh-tan-p'en-ch'u-k'o), sons of Na-p'od-pa to be beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byams-pa (Cha-mu-pa) and his brother Lhag-gsan (La-k'o-sang) and their brothers, younger and older, daughters, wives and mother were exiled after their father sByar-ra-nas was beheaded. The Manchus wrote that they "set an example" by forcing the Tibetans to publicly watch the executions of Tibetan rebels of slicing like Na-p'od-pa since they said it was the Tibetan's nature to be cruel. The exiled Tibetans were given as slaves to soldiers in Ching-chou (Jingzhou), K'ang-zhou (Kangzhou) and Chiang-ning (Jiangning) in the marshall-residences there. The Tibetan rNam-rgyal-grva-ts'an college administrator (gner-adsin) and sKyor'lun Lama were tied together with Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa on 4 scaffolds (k'rims-sin) to be sliced. The Manchus used musket matchlocks to fire 3 salvoes and then the Manchus strangled the 2 Lamas while slacing (Lingchi) Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to death while they beheaded the 13 other rebels leaders. The Tibetan population was depressed by the scene and the writer of MBTJ continued to feel sad as he described it 5 years later. All relatives of the Tibetan rebels including little children were executed by the Qing Manchus except the exiled and deported family of sByar-ra-ba which was condemned to be slaves and most exiles sentenced to deportation died in the process of deportation. The public executions spectacle worked on the Tibetans since they were "cowed into submission" by the Qing. Even the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, <a href="/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9" title="Polhané Sönam Topgyé">Polhané Sönam Topgyé</a> (P'o-lha-nas) felt sad at his fellow Tibetans being executed in this manner and he prayed for them. All of this was included in a report sent to the Qing emperor at the time, the Yongzheng Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qing <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> general <a href="/wiki/Yue_Zhongqi" title="Yue Zhongqi">Yue Zhongqi</a> interviewed the Tibetan collaborator with the Qing, <a href="/wiki/Polhan%C3%A9_S%C3%B6nam_Topgy%C3%A9" title="Polhané Sönam Topgyé">Polhané Sönam Topgyé</a> (P'o-lha-nas) concerning his involvement in crushing the Tibetan rebels and sent a report to the Qing Yongzheng emperor on 17 August 1728.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Tibetan campaign, the Yongzheng Emperor sent an army of 230,000 led by Nian Gengyao against the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> and their army of 80,000. Due to geography, the Qing army (although superior in numbers) was at first unable to engage their more mobile enemy. Eventually, they engaged the Dzungars and defeated them. This campaign cost the treasury at least eight million silver <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a>. Later in the Yongzheng Emperor's reign, he sent a small army of 10,000 to fight the Dzungars again. However, that army was annihilated and the Qing Empire faced the danger of losing control of Mongolia. A <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a> ally of the Qing Empire would later defeat the Dzungars. </p><p>Following the reforms of 1729, the treasury's income increased from 32,622,421 taels in 1721 to about 60 million taels in 1730, surpassing the record set during the Kangxi Emperor's reign; but the pacification of the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> area and the defence of border areas were heavy burdens on the treasury. Safeguarding the country's borders cost 100,000 taels per year. The total military budget came up to about 10 million taels a year. By the end of 1735, military spending had depleted half the treasury, leaving 33.95 million taels. It was because of the cost of war that the Yongzheng Emperor considered making peace with the Dzungars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_of_Qing_with_China">Identification of Qing with China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Identification of Qing with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Since our dynasty began to rule China, the Mongols and other tribes living in extremely remote regions have been integrated into our territory. This is the expansion of China's territory (Zhongguo zhi jiangtu kaituo guangyuan). </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Yongzheng's <i>Dayi juemilu</i> (A Record of Rightness to Dispel Confusion) (Yongzheng emperor, 1983: 5), as translated by Mark Elliott in <i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</i> (2001), p. 347, modified by Gang Zhao<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a>'s time, the Qing emperors had identified China and the Qing Empire as the same, and in treaties and diplomatic papers the Qing Empire called itself "China".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors' reigns, "China" (<i>Dulimbai Gurun</i> in Manchu) was used as the name of the Qing Empire in official Manchu language documents, identifying the Qing Empire and China as the same entity, with "Dulimbai Gurun" appearing in 160 official diplomatic papers between the Qing Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "China" was redefined by the Qing emperors to be a multi-ethnic entity which included non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ethnic groups and their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China and Qing were noticeably and increasingly equated with each other during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, with the Qianlong Emperor and the Qing government writing poems and documents using both the Chinese name <i>Zhongguo</i> and the Manchu name <i>Dulimbai Gurun</i>. Compared to the reigns of previous Qing emperors such as the Yongzheng and Kangxi emperors, the use of China to refer to the Qing Empire appears most during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, according to scholars who examined documents on Sino-Russian relations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor spoke out against the claim by anti-Qing rebels that the Qing were only rulers of Manchus and not China, saying "The seditious rebels claim that we are the rulers of Manchus and only later penetrated central China to become its rulers. Their prejudices concerning the division of their and our country have caused many vitriolic falsehoods. What these rebels have not understood is the fact that it is for the Manchus the same as the birthplace is for the people of the central plain. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Shun</a> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Eastern Yi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou" title="King Wen of Zhou">King Wen</a> to the Western Yi. Does this fact diminish their virtues?" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">在逆賊等之意，徒謂本朝以滿洲之君入為中國之主，妄生此疆彼界之私，遂故為訕謗詆譏之說耳，不知本朝之為滿洲，猶中國之有籍貫，舜為東夷之人，文王為西夷之人，曾何損於聖德乎。</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of people on a path in a large courtyard, flanked by soldiers, viewed from a distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg/220px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg/330px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg/440px-The_Yongzheng_Emperor_Offering_Sacrifices_at_the_Altar_of_the_God_of_Agriculture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>The Yongzheng Emperor offering sacrifices at the altar of the God of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Commoners throughout Qing China were extremely diverse and multi-ethnic because not every region underwent sinification under the Manchu's suzerain. In accordance to the Book of Rites, Manchus of Qing chose to respect the local's cultural heritage and decided not to force their subjects to acculturate and sinicize. Manchus of Qing acknowledged that each region had the prerogative to preserve their identity, heritage, and cultural tradition and their religious faith. Hence, each region was allowed to keep their beliefs and way of worshipping the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, since the commoners preserved their ways, Qing, Yongzheng in particular, highly encouraged that Manchu elites should also preserve their ethnic identity and their distinctive ways of worshipping the heaven as well.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yongzheng Emperor stated: "The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself.... In the empire we have <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him</a>. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honor Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he [Urcen, a son of Sunu] could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, the Qing state practiced various religions, which was similar to the previous dynasty, the Ming. During the Ming, in the mid-1580s an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci not only studied the Chinese language to understand the people and the Chinese culture, he also delved into the Confucian classics and adopted the scholar's official-literati robe during his stay near the Canton trading province. Introducing China to his religious faith was in Matteo Ricci's mission, and he successfully built a church in 1601 at Beijing, called <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Beijing" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing">Cathedral of Immaculate Conception</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a>, who was a German Jesuit, went to China in 1619, learned the Chinese language in 1623 in Macau, and was later appointed into the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 1630 by the Ming, even after the fall of Ming to the rise of Qing, Schall's presence was welcomed by the Manchu of Qing and he was appointed as the head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of Matteo establishing the institution of his Church during the Ming dynasty and Jesuits such as Schall who was able to acquire a bureaucratic position in the Qing's court make evident that China at one point did welcome things beyond its borders, such as religious faith that was brought by the missionaries. Even though the Catholic church condemned the practice of the Chinese rites in 1645 throughout China, Catholic missionaries continued their practice until the Rites Controversy was concluded in 1742 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-ic_91_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic_91-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor was firmly against Christian converts among the Manchus. He warned them that the Manchus must follow only the Manchu way of <a href="/wiki/Heaven_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven worship">worshipping Heaven</a> since different peoples worshipped Heaven differently.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1724, the Yongzheng Emperor issued a decree proscribing <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in China">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the persecution of Chinese Christians that steadily increased during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor's son, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marinescu2008_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinescu2008-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancestral worship was understood as the Chinese customary tradition rather than as a religious ritual. However, since the Catholic Church condemned the Chinese rites and the decision by the "Church to ban the acceptance of the Chinese rites by the Jesuits" in Qing China, because the Church deemed the practice to be incompatible with the Catholic faith, led to the banishing of missionaries by the Qianlong Emperor in 1742 CE as a response to the Catholic Church's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-ic_91_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic_91-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jan Jakob Maria wrote "Nor did the Islamitic heretics escape the notice of this potentate. It has frequently been reported to me, he writes in a decree of the 7th of the fourth month (May 4) 1729 (Sh. h. 7), that these Mohammedans all follow one doctrine, that they use a peculiar language and dress, and constantly behave contrary to the laws, so that severe measures should be taken for their repression. But I desire that they shall be looked upon as my ordinary subjects, as “babes of the dynasty" (國家之赤子); for although they have their own mosques, and a peculiar language and religion handed down to them by their forefathers, they have the same manners and customs as the rest of the people; for their religion alone it would not do to prosecute them. There are, moreover, several state-servants among them, who are not without their good qualities. They muster strongest in Shensi, and there they are persecuted more than anywhere else, on account of their clubbing together to gamble, their secreting weapons, and for various other illegal acts. There they also unreservedly give expression to their wrath about the Imperial decrees forbidding the slaughter of horned cattle which are so indispensable to agriculture. They should therefore constantly be reminded to be kind and tolerant, not wantonly to oppress the weaker, nor by their greater intelligence to take in the ignorant, nor on the plea of their special religion to further their own interests, etc. Our will in this matter shall be proclaimed by the Viceroys and Governors throughout all the provinces."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction_of_ethnic_minority_autonomy">Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Destruction of ethnic minority autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yongzheng Emperor appointed the Manchu official <a href="/wiki/Ortai" title="Ortai">Ortai</a> who <a href="/wiki/Tusi#Gaitu_Guiliu" title="Tusi">violently abolished hereditary ethnic minority states</a> such as those belonging to ethnic minority <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a> across southwest China in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yongzheng Emperor ruled the Qing Empire for 13 years before dying suddenly in 1735 at the age of 56. Legend holds that he was assassinated by Lü Siniang, a daughter or granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Liuliang" title="Lü Liuliang">Lü Liuliang</a>, whose family was executed for <a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">literary crimes</a> against the Qing government. Another theory was that Lü Siniang was the Yongzheng Emperor's lover, and the real mother of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, but he refused to let her become the empress. </p><p>It is generally accepted that he died while reading court documents, and it is likely that his death was the result of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemical_elixir_poisoning" title="Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning">elixir poisoning</a> from an overdose of the <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_immortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Elixir of immortality">elixir of immortality</a> he was consuming in the belief that it would prolong his life. According to Zhang Tingyu, Yongzheng on his deathbed exhibited symptoms of poisoning, and in the wake of his death, his successor the Qianlong Emperor evicted all Taoist priests from the palace, possibly as punishment for this incident. </p><p>To prevent a succession crisis like he had faced, the Yongzheng Emperor was said to have ordered his third son <a href="/wiki/Hongshi" title="Hongshi">Hongshi</a> (an ally of Yinsi) to commit suicide. He also devised a system for his successors to choose their heirs in secret. He wrote his chosen successor's name on two scrolls, placed one scroll in a sealed box and had the box stored behind the stele in the <a href="/wiki/Qianqing_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianqing Palace">Qianqing Palace</a>. He kept the other copy with him or hid it. After his death, the officials would compare the scroll in the box with the copy he had kept. If they were deemed identical, the person whose name was on the paper would be the new emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yongzheng Emperor was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a> 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, in the Tai (泰) mausoleum complex (known in Manchu as the <i>Elhe Munggan</i>). His fourth son Hongli, then still known as "Prince Bao (of the First Rank)", succeeded him as the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>. The Qianlong Emperor rehabilitated many figures who had been purged during his father's reign, including restoring honours to many of his uncles who were formerly his father's rivals in the succession struggle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Consorts_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Consorts of the Yongzheng Emperor">Consorts of the Yongzheng Emperor</a></div> <p><b>Empress</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaojingxian" title="Empress Xiaojingxian">Empress Xiaojingxian</a></b> (孝敬憲皇后) of the <a href="/wiki/Nara_clan#Ula_Nara" title="Nara clan">Ula-Nara clan</a> (烏拉那拉氏; 28 June 1681 – 29 October 1731), personal name <b>Duoqimuli</b> (多棋木理) <ul><li><b>Honghui</b> (弘暉), Prince <b>Duan</b> of the First Rank (端親王; 17 April 1697 – 7 July 1704), first son</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaoshengxian" title="Empress Xiaoshengxian">Empress Xiaoshengxian</a></b> (孝聖憲皇后) of the <a href="/wiki/Niohuru" title="Niohuru">Niohuru clan</a> (鈕祜祿氏; 12 January 1692 – 2 March 1777) <ul><li><b>Hongli</b> (弘曆), the <b><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></b> (乾隆帝; 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799), fifth (fourth) son</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Imperial Noble Consort</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Dunsu" title="Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu">Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu</a></b> (敦肅皇貴妃) of the Nian clan (年氏; ? – 23 December 1725) <ul><li><i>Fourth daughter</i> (15 April 1715 – June/July 1717)</li> <li><b>Fuyi</b> (福宜; 30 June 1720 – 9 February 1721), seventh son</li> <li><b>Fuhui</b> (福惠), Prince <b>Huai</b> of the First Rank (懷親王; 27 November 1721 – 11 October 1728), eighth son</li> <li><b>Fupei</b> (福沛; 12 June 1723 – ?), ninth son</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Noble_Consort_Chunque" title="Imperial Noble Consort Chunque">Imperial Noble Consort Chunque</a></b> (純愨皇貴妃) of the Geng clan (耿氏; December 1689/January 1690 – 27 January 1785) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_(prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongzhou (prince)">Hongzhou</a></b> (弘晝), <a href="/wiki/Prince_He" title="Prince He">Prince <b>Hegong</b> of the First Rank</a> (和恭親王; 5 January 1712 – 2 September 1770), sixth (fifth) son</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Consort</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Consort_Qi_(Yongzheng)" title="Consort Qi (Yongzheng)">Consort Qi</a></b> (齊妃) of the Li clan (李氏; 1676 – 31 May 1739) <ul><li>Princess <b>Huaike</b> of the Second Rank (和碩懷恪公主; 15 August 1695 – April/May 1717), second daughter <ul><li>Married Xingde (星德; ? – 1739) of the Manchu <a href="/wiki/Nara_clan" title="Nara clan">Nara clan</a> in September/October 1712</li></ul></li> <li><b>Hongfen</b> (弘昐; 19 July 1697 – 30 March 1699), second son</li> <li><b>Hongyun</b> (弘昀; 19 September 1700 – 10 December 1710), third (second) son</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hongshi" title="Hongshi">Hongshi</a></b> (弘時; 18 March 1704 – 20 September 1727), fourth (third) son</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Consort_Ning" title="Consort Ning">Consort Ning</a></b> (寧妃) of the Wu clan (武氏; ? – 25 June 1734), personal name <b>Lingyuan</b> (令媛)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Consort_Qian" title="Consort Qian">Consort Qian</a></b> (謙妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 1714 – 17 June 1767), personal name <b>Xiangyu</b> (香玉) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hongyan_(prince)" title="Hongyan (prince)">Hongyan</a></b> (弘曕), <a href="/wiki/Prince_Guo" title="Prince Guo">Prince <b>Guogong</b> of the Second Rank</a> (果恭郡王; 9 May 1733 – 27 April 1765), 10th (sixth) son</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Concubine</b> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Concubine_Mao" title="Concubine Mao">Concubine Mao</a></b> (懋嬪) of the Song clan (宋氏; 1677 – October/November 1730) <ul><li><i>First daughter</i> (10 April 1694 – April/May 1694)</li> <li><i>Third daughter</i> (8 January 1707 – January/February 1707)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Noble Lady</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Noble Lady Guo</b> (郭貴人)</li> <li><b>Noble Lady Li</b> (李贵人)</li> <li><b>Noble Lady An</b> (安贵人)</li> <li><b>Noble Lady Hai</b> (海贵人)</li> <li><b>Noble Lady Zhang</b> (张贵人)</li> <li><b>Noble Lady Lao</b> (老貴人)</li></ul> <p><b>First Class Attendant</b> </p> <ul><li><b>First Class Attendant Na</b> (那常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Li</b> (李常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Ma</b> (馬常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Chun</b> (春常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Gao</b> (高常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Chang</b> (常常在)</li> <li><b>First Class Attendant Gu</b> (顧常在)</li></ul> <p><b>Second Class Attendant</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Second Class Attendant Su</b> (蘇答應)</li> <li><b>Second Class Attendant Yun</b> (雲答應)</li></ul> <p><b>Lady</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Lady of Qixiang Palace</b> (啟祥宮姑娘)</li></ul> <p><b>Mistress</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Mistress Yi</b> (伊格格)</li> <li><b>Mistress Zhang</b> (張格格)</li> <li><b>Mistress Su</b> (蘇格格)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> (1592–1643)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> (1638–1661)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Xiaozhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang">Empress Xiaozhuangwen</a> (1613–1688)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> (1654–1722)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Tulai (1606–1658)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaokangzhang" title="Empress Xiaokangzhang">Empress Xiaokangzhang</a> (1638–1663)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Lady Gioro</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Esen</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Weiwu</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaogongren" title="Empress Xiaogongren">Empress Xiaogongren</a> (1660–1723)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Lady Saiheli</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction_and_popular_culture">In fiction and popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In fiction and popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the flying guillotine-themed <i><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">wuxia</a></i> films and also in <a href="/wiki/Lady_Assassin" title="Lady Assassin">Qing gong qi shi lu (The Lady Assassin)</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a>.</li> <li>The Yongzheng Emperor is mentioned in the <i>wuxia</i> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ern%C3%BC_Yingxiong_Zhuan" title="Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan">Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan</a></i> (兒女英雄傳) by Wenkang (文康). It was adapted into the 1983 Hong Kong television series <i>The Legend of the Unknowns</i> (十三妹) and the 1986 Chinese film <i>Lucky 13</i> (侠女十三妹).</li> <li>A popular legend tells of the Yongzheng Emperor's death at the hands of a female assassin, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), a fictitious granddaughter (or daughter, in some accounts) of Lü Liuliang. She committed the murder to avenge her grandfather (or father), who was wrongly put to death by the emperor. The legend was adapted into many films and television series.</li> <li>There are two legends about the origins of the Yongzheng Emperor's son and successor, Hongli (the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>). The first, more widely circulated in southern China, says that Hongli is actually the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), an official from <a href="/wiki/Haining_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Haining City">Haining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>. Shortly after he was born, Hongli switched places with one of the Yongzheng Emperor's daughters, was raised as the emperor's son, and eventually inherited the throne. The <i>wuxia</i> writer <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Louis Cha</a> adapted this legend for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword" title="The Book and the Sword">The Book and the Sword</a></i>. The second legend about the Qianlong Emperor's origins, more popular in northern China, stated that during a trip to the Mulan Hunting Grounds (木蘭圍場) in <a href="/wiki/Rehe_Province" title="Rehe Province">Rehe Province</a>, the Yongzheng Emperor had an illegitimate affair with a palace maid and they conceived a son, who became the Qianlong Emperor.</li> <li>The Yongzheng Emperor is featured as an important character in <a href="/wiki/Tong_Hua_(writer)" title="Tong Hua (writer)">Tong Hua</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Bu_Bu_Jing_Xin_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu Bu Jing Xin (novel)">Bu Bu Jing Xin</a></i> and he had a romantic relationship with the protagonist, Ma'ertai Ruoxi. He is referred to as the "Fourth Prince" in the novel. Taiwanese actor <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Wu" title="Nicky Wu">Nicky Wu</a> portrayed the Fourth Prince in <i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Heart" title="Scarlet Heart">Scarlet Heart</a></i>, a 2011 Chinese television series adapted from the novel.</li> <li>The Yongzheng Emperor appears in the romance fantasy novel series <i>Meng Hui Da Qing</i> (梦回大清) by Yaoye (妖叶).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>The Yongzheng Emperor in film and television </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Region</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Yongzheng Emperor actor</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i>The Flying Guillotine</i><br />血滴子</td> <td>Film</td> <td>Chiang Yang</td> <td>Produced by the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i>Flying Guillotine, Part II</i><br />清宮大刺殺</td> <td>Film</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku_Feng" title="Ku Feng">Ku Feng</a></td> <td>Produced by the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a>. In the film the character is named as Emperor Yung Jing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i>Dynasty</i><br />大內群英</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Man" title="Alex Man">Alex Man</a></td> <td>57 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Qing_Dynasty" title="The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty">The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty</a> Season 2</i><br />滿清十三皇朝2</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Wai Lit</td> <td>50 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword_(1994_TV_series)" title="The Book and the Sword (1994 TV series)">The Book and the Sword</a></i><br />书剑恩仇录</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Liu Dagang</td> <td>32 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i>Secret Battle of the Majesty</i><br />九王奪位</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwong_Wa" title="Kwong Wa">Kwong Wa</a></td> <td>40 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>雍正大帝</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Tou Chung-hua</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_YungChing" title="Legend of YungChing">Legend of YungChing</a><br />江湖奇俠傳</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cheng" title="Adam Cheng">Adam Cheng</a></td> <td>58 / 59 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i>The Hitman Chronicles</i><br />大刺客</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Siu-fai" title="Cheung Siu-fai">Eddie Cheung</a></td> <td>35 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Dynasty" title="Yongzheng Dynasty">Yongzheng Dynasty</a></i><br />雍正王朝</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Guoqiang" title="Tang Guoqiang">Tang Guoqiang</a></td> <td>44 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Taiwan</td> <td>玉指環</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chin_Han_(actor,_born_1946)" title="Chin Han (actor, born 1946)">Chin Han</a></td> <td>alternative Chinese title 才子佳人乾隆皇 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i>Emperor Yong Zheng</i><br />雍正皇帝</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Liu Xinyi</td> <td>31 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Li_Wei_the_Magistrate" title="Li Wei the Magistrate">Li Wei the Magistrate</a></i><br />李卫当官</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Guoqiang" title="Tang Guoqiang">Tang Guoqiang</a></td> <td>30 episodes; also known as <i>Li Wei Becomes an Official</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Doomed_to_Oblivion" title="Doomed to Oblivion">Doomed to Oblivion</a></i><br />郑板桥</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Savio Tsang</td> <td>30 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_Weizhong" title="Jiangshan Weizhong">Jiangshan Weizhong</a></i><br />江山为重</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Liu Guanxiong</td> <td>31 episodes; alternative Chinese title 大清帝国 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i>Palace Painter Master Castiglione</i><br />宫廷画师郎世宁</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Bee" title="Kenny Bee">Kenny Bee</a></td> <td>24 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Yesterday_and_Tomorrow" title="The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow">The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow</a></i><br />九五至尊</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwong_Wa" title="Kwong Wa">Kwong Wa</a></td> <td>20 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i>36th Chamber of Southern Shaolin</i><br />南少林三十六房</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Tielin" title="Zhang Tielin">Zhang Tielin</a></td> <td>32 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Huang_Taizi_Mishi" title="Huang Taizi Mishi">Huang Taizi Mishi</a></i><br />皇太子秘史</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Zhao Hongfei</td> <td>32 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Wei_the_Magistrate_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Wei the Magistrate II (page does not exist)">Li Wei the Magistrate II</a></i><br />李卫当官2</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Guoqiang" title="Tang Guoqiang">Tang Guoqiang</a></td> <td>32 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i>Shang Shu Fang</i><br />上书房</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Kou Zhenhai</td> <td>52 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i>The Juvenile Qianlong Emperor</i><br />少年宝亲王</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoli" title="Zhang Guoli">Zhang Guoli</a></td> <td>40 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword_(2008_TV_series)" title="The Book and the Sword (2008 TV series)">The Book and the Sword</a></i><br />书剑恩仇录</td> <td>Television series</td> <td>Shen Baoping</td> <td>40 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2011</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palace_(TV_series)" title="Palace (TV series)">Palace</a></i><br />宫锁心玉</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mickey_He" title="Mickey He">Mickey He</a></td> <td>35 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Heart" title="Scarlet Heart">Scarlet Heart</a></i><br />步步惊心</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Wu" title="Nicky Wu">Nicky Wu</a></td> <td>35 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Empresses_in_the_Palace" title="Empresses in the Palace">Empresses in the Palace</a></i><br />后宫甄嬛传</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jianbin" title="Chen Jianbin">Chen Jianbin</a></td> <td>76 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>Mainland China</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Palace_II" title="Palace II">Palace II</a></i><br />宫锁珠帘</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mickey_He" title="Mickey He">Mickey He</a></td> <td>The sequel of <a href="/wiki/Palace_(TV_series)" title="Palace (TV series)"><i>Palace</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(2013_film)" title="The Palace (2013 film)"><i>The Palace</i></a> <p>宮鎖沉香 </p> </td> <td>Film </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yi_(actor)" title="Lu Yi (actor)">Lu Yi</a> </td> <td>Produced and written by <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zheng" title="Yu Zheng">Yu Zheng</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Chopsticks" title="Gilded Chopsticks">Gilded Chopsticks</a></i><br />食為奴</td> <td>Television series</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Wong" title="Ben Wong">Ben Wong</a></td> <td>25 episodes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_to_Love_(2015_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time to Love (2015 film) (page does not exist)"><i>Time to Love</i></a> <p>新步步驚心 </p> </td> <td>Film </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Yang" title="Tony Yang">Tony Yang</a> </td> <td>Realized by Song Di </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2018 </td> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Yanxi_Palace" title="Story of Yanxi Palace">Story of Yanxi Palace</a></i><br />延禧攻略 </td> <td>Television series </td> <td>Wang Huichun </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ruyi%27s_Royal_Love_in_the_Palace" title="Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace">Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace</a></i><br />如懿传 </td> <td>Television series </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Fengyi" title="Zhang Fengyi">Zhang Fengyi</a> </td> <td>The sequel of <i><a href="/wiki/Empresses_in_the_Palace" title="Empresses in the Palace">Empresses in the Palace</a></i>, a television series about Emperor Yongzheng. However, this one is about his successor, Emperor Qianlong. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">TBA </td> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dreaming_back_to_Qing_Dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dreaming back to Qing Dynasty (page does not exist)">Dreaming back to Qing Dynasty</a></i> <p>梦回大清 </p> </td> <td>Television series </td> <td>Ding Qiao </td> <td>Ding Qiao already played the Yongzheng Emperor's grandson, prince Yonghuang, in <i><a href="/wiki/Ruyi%27s_Royal_Love_in_the_Palace" title="Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace">Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace</a>.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty" title="The Beauty">The Beauty</a></i> <p>美人香 </p> </td> <td>Television series </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Chao" title="Winston Chao">Winston Chao</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winston_Chao" title="Winston Chao">Winston Chao</a> played the Yongzheng Emperor's father, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(2013_film)" title="The Palace (2013 film)"><i>The Palace</i></a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mainland China </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tian_Si_Chuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tian Si Chuan (page does not exist)">Tian Si Chuan</a></i> <p>填四川 </p> </td> <td>Television series </td> <td>Han Dong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_Dong_(actor)" title="Han Dong (actor)">Han Dong</a> played Yongzheng's half-brother, prince <a href="/wiki/Yuntang" title="Yuntang">Yuntang</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Heart" title="Scarlet Heart">Scarlet Heart</a></i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Chinese emperors family tree (late)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treason_by_the_Book" title="Treason by the Book">Treason by the Book</a></i></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chenhan</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B8%E7%BF%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:宸翰">宸翰</a></span></span>, <i>Chénhàn</i>) seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noble Consort Tong was the Kangxi Emperor's cousin. She was made a <i>guifei</i> ("Noble Consort") in 1677 and later promoted to <i>huang guifei</i>, and, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Xiaozhaoren" title="Empress Xiaozhaoren">Empress Xiaozhaoren</a>, became the highest-ranked consort in the Kangxi Emperor's harem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ranks of consorts in the palace were, Empress, Noble Consort (<i>guifei</i>), Consort (<i>fei</i>), <i>pin</i>, <i>guiren</i>, and so on; <i>fei</i> is therefore the third highest rank of the consorts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-schirokauer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schirokauer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schirokauer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schirokauer_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schirokauer_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauerBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda (2006). <i>A Brief History of Chinese Civilization</i>. Belmont, California: Thomson Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-64305-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-64305-1"><bdi>0-534-64305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pub=Thomson+Higher+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-534-64305-1&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft.au=Brown%2C+Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2002" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Willard J. (2002). <i>The Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1. The Ch'ing Empire to 1800</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521243346" title="Special:BookSources/9780521243346"><bdi>9780521243346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China+Volume+9+Part+1.+The+Ch%27ing+Empire+to+1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521243346&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Willard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2005" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Peter C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete/page/239"><i>China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinamarcheswest00pete/page/239">239, 473, 475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674016842" title="Special:BookSources/9780674016842"><bdi>9780674016842</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/432663642">432663642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+marches+west%3A+the+Qing+conquest+of+Central+Eurasia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239%2C+473%2C+475&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F432663642&rft.isbn=9780674016842&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinamarcheswest00pete%2Fpage%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQin2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qin, Han Tang (秦漢唐) (2012). <bdi lang="zh">不同於戲裡說的雍正皇帝</bdi> [<i>A different Yongzheng from the work of fiction</i>] (in Traditional Chinese) (Chu ban ed.). Taipei: 广大文事業有限公司. pp. 190–196, Preface. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789577135032" title="Special:BookSources/9789577135032"><bdi>9789577135032</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819654973">819654973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%96%BC%E6%88%B2%E8%A3%A1%E8%AA%AA%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=190-196%2C+Preface&rft.edition=Chu+ban&rft.pub=%E5%B9%BF+%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819654973&rft.isbn=9789577135032&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=Han+Tang+%28%E7%A7%A6%E6%BC%A2%E5%94%90%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2009" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William T. (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe"><i>China's last empire: the great Qing</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe/page/n76">68</a>, 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066243"><bdi>9780674066243</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256">316327256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+last+empire%3A+the+great+Qing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=68%2C+40-41&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316327256&rft.isbn=9780674066243&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinaslastempire00rowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1998" class="citation book cs1">Paludan, Ann (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu/page/195"><i>Chronicle of the Chinese emperors: the reign-by-reign record of the rulers of Imperial China</i></a>. New York: Thames and Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500050903" title="Special:BookSources/9780500050903"><bdi>9780500050903</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40407732">40407732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Chinese+emperors%3A+the+reign-by-reign+record+of+the+rulers+of+Imperial+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40407732&rft.isbn=9780500050903&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofchine00palu%2Fpage%2F195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feng-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feng_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feng, Erkang. <i>A Biography of Yongzheng</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">雍正传</span>) China Publishing Group, People's Publishing House, Beijing: 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-01-004192-X" title="Special:BookSources/7-01-004192-X">7-01-004192-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yizhongtian21-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian21_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbxCwAAQBAJ&dq=lu%E1%BA%ADn+anh+h%C3%B9ng&pg=PT1">[1]</a> Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF周2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">周, 汝昌 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U4lnAAAAIAAJ"><i>曹雪芹传</i></a> (in Chinese). 百花文艺出版社. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5306-3704-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5306-3704-3"><bdi>978-7-5306-3704-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9B%B9%E9%9B%AA%E8%8A%B9%E4%BC%A0&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-7-5306-3704-3&rft.aulast=%E5%91%A8&rft.aufirst=%E6%B1%9D%E6%98%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU4lnAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF林2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">林, 乾 (15 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqMeEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>雍正十三年</i></a> (in Chinese). 中華書局（香港）有限公司－非凡出版. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8862-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8862-06-1"><bdi>978-988-8862-06-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80%EF%BC%88%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%EF%BC%89%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%EF%BC%8D%E9%9D%9E%E5%87%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.isbn=978-988-8862-06-1&rft.aulast=%E6%9E%97&rft.aufirst=%E4%B9%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqMeEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF戴罗1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">戴, 逸; 罗, 明 (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FWEAAAAIAAJ"><i>清代人物研究</i></a> (in Chinese). 巴蜀书社. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80523-409-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80523-409-0"><bdi>978-7-80523-409-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=%E5%B7%B4%E8%9C%80%E4%B9%A6%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-7-80523-409-0&rft.aulast=%E6%88%B4&rft.aufirst=%E9%80%B8&rft.au=%E7%BD%97%2C+%E6%98%8E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FWEAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE林202464,74-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE林202464,74_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE林202464,74_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF林2024">林 2024</a>, p. 64,74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE杨19901398–140-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE杨19901398–140_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF杨1990">杨 1990</a>, pp. 1398–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF秦2018" class="citation web cs1">秦, 晖 (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisixiang.com/data/114029.html">"秦晖：从戏说乾隆到胡说雍正_爱思想"</a>. <i>www.aisixiang.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aisixiang.com&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%A6%E6%99%96%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E6%88%8F%E8%AF%B4%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%88%B0%E8%83%A1%E8%AF%B4%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3_%E7%88%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=%E7%A7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E6%99%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisixiang.com%2Fdata%2F114029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF戴" class="citation web cs1">戴, 逸. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ifeng.com/history/shixueyuan/200911/1106_7183_1423202.shtml">"清史研究泰斗戴逸：雍正继位为何怕康熙亡灵"</a>. <i>news.ifeng.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ifeng.com&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%97%E6%88%B4%E9%80%B8%EF%BC%9A%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%A7%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%80%95%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E4%BA%A1%E7%81%B5&rft.aulast=%E6%88%B4&rft.aufirst=%E9%80%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fshixueyuan%2F200911%2F1106_7183_1423202.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeizheng2015" class="citation book cs1">Weizheng, Zhu (21 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTu2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Rereading Modern Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29331-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29331-1"><bdi>978-90-04-29331-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+Modern+Chinese+History&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29331-1&rft.aulast=Weizheng&rft.aufirst=Zhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTu2CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF杨1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">杨, 珍 (1990). "满文档案中所见允禵皇位继承人地位的新证据". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vsUwAAAAMAAJ"><i>中国史研究, No. 1-4</i></a>. pp. 158–160<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%BB%A1%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E4%B8%AD%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81%E5%85%81%E7%A6%B5%E7%9A%87%E4%BD%8D%E7%BB%A7%E6%89%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B0%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%2C+No.+1-4&rft.pages=158-160&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=%E6%9D%A8&rft.aufirst=%E7%8F%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvsUwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yizhongtian22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian22_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbxCwAAQBAJ&dq=lu%E1%BA%ADn+anh+h%C3%B9ng&pg=PT1">[2]</a> Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academia-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Academia_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lan, Wenli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=2184"><bdi lang="zh">雍正繼統之謎</bdi></a> [The mystery surrounding Yongzhen's succession of the throne]. <i><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a></i> (in Chinese). Taiwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523140708/https://ndaip.sinica.edu.tw/content.jsp?option_id=2441&index_info_id=2184">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia+Sinica&rft.atitle=%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%B9%BC%E7%B5%B1%E4%B9%8B%E8%AC%8E&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=Wenli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndaip.sinica.edu.tw%2Fcontent.jsp%3Foption_id%3D2441%26index_info_id%3D2184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digiarch.sinica.edu.tw/classic/show_img.jsp?img_path=03_wm">"Kangxi Emperor's final will"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a></i> (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518144721/https://digiarch.sinica.edu.tw/classic/show_img.jsp?img_path=03_wm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia+Sinica&rft.atitle=Kangxi+Emperor%27s+final+will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigiarch.sinica.edu.tw%2Fclassic%2Fshow_img.jsp%3Fimg_path%3D03_wm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppleDaily-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AppleDaily_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AppleDaily_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/daily/article/20130831/18402991"><bdi lang="zh">康熙遺詔曝光揭傳位雍正真相</bdi></a> [Kangxi's final will revealed, casting a light on the truth behind passing the throne to Yongzheng]. <i>Liaoshen Evening News (via <a href="/wiki/Apple_Daily" title="Apple Daily">Apple Daily</a>)</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623050033/https://hk.news.appledaily.com/international/daily/article/20130831/18402991">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liaoshen+Evening+News+%28via+Apple+Daily%29&rft.atitle=%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E9%81%BA%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89+%E6%8F%AD%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%8D%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhk.news.appledaily.com%2Finternational%2Fdaily%2Farticle%2F20130831%2F18402991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">张, 星海 (2007). "皇室后裔确认雍正系篡夺皇位". In 文, 欢 (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlIFAQAAIAAJ"><i>历史不忍细看</i></a> (in Chinese). 河南文艺出版社. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80623-792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-80623-792-2"><bdi>978-7-80623-792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%90%8E%E8%A3%94%E7%A1%AE%E8%AE%A4%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AF%A1%E5%A4%BA%E7%9A%87%E4%BD%8D&rft.btitle=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8D%E5%BF%8D%E7%BB%86%E7%9C%8B&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-7-80623-792-2&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0&rft.aufirst=%E6%98%9F%E6%B5%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlIFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cctv.com/science/20080619/107991.shtml">"皇室后裔揭秘：雍正伪造遗诏篡夺皇位真相(图)_cctv.com提供"</a>. <i>news.cctv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.cctv.com&rft.atitle=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4%E5%90%8E%E8%A3%94%E6%8F%AD%E7%A7%98%EF%BC%9A%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E4%BC%AA%E9%80%A0%E9%81%97%E8%AF%8F%E7%AF%A1%E5%A4%BA%E7%9A%87%E4%BD%8D%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%28%E5%9B%BE%29_cctv.com%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2Fscience%2F20080619%2F107991.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF金" class="citation web cs1">金, 恒源. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpm.org.cn/court/talk/252838.html?hl=%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E8%AF%8D..">"《康熙遗言与康熙遗诏的关系——雍正帝继位合法性质疑》"</a>. <i>故宫博物院</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E9%81%97%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E9%81%97%E8%AF%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D%E7%BB%A7%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%91%E3%80%8B&rft.aulast=%E9%87%91&rft.aufirst=%E6%81%92%E6%BA%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpm.org.cn%2Fcourt%2Ftalk%2F252838.html%3Fhl%3D%25E6%2590%259C%25E7%25B4%25A2%25E5%2585%25B3%25E9%2594%25AE%25E8%25AF%258D..&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-07/09/content_16751914.htm">"The best-known inheritance dispute in china"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. 9 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525141429/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-07/09/content_16751914.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=The+best-known+inheritance+dispute+in+china&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fbusiness%2F2013-07%2F09%2Fcontent_16751914.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETToday-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ETToday_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266053.htm"><bdi lang="zh">「康熙遺詔」現身！破解四爺篡改遺詔之謎？</bdi></a> [Kangxi's Final Will revealed! Does it solve the mysteries surrounding the Fourth Lord's changing of the will?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Broadcasting_Company" title="Eastern Broadcasting Company">ETToday</a></i> (in Traditional Chinese). 4 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523140653/https://www.ettoday.net/news/20130904/266053.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ETToday&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E9%81%BA%E8%A9%94%E3%80%8D%E7%8F%BE%E8%BA%AB%EF%BC%81%E7%A0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E5%9B%9B%E7%88%BA%E7%AF%A1%E6%94%B9%E9%81%BA%E8%A9%94%E4%B9%8B%E8%AC%8E%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ettoday.net%2Fnews%2F20130904%2F266053.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dikötter, F., Laaman, L. & Xun, Z. (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mS9vZgpIiRYC&dq=madak&pg=PA32">Narcotic Culture: A History of Drugs in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023307/https://books.google.com/books?id=mS9vZgpIiRYC&pg=PA32&dq=madak&hl=en&ei=mZGfTMCUN46ZOJHt7ZcL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=madak&f=false">Archived</a> 2017-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Étienne2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pierre-Étienne, Will (2002). "Creation, Conflict, and Routinization: The Appointment of Officials by Drawing Lots, 1594–1700". <i>Ming Qing Yanjiu</i>: 73–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ming+Qing+Yanjiu&rft.atitle=Creation%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Routinization%3A+The+Appointment+of+Officials+by+Drawing+Lots%2C+1594%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=73-121&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pierre-%C3%89tienne&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Daniel, Koss (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911816001200">"Political Geography of Empire: Chinese Varieties of Local Government"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>76</b>: 159–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911816001200">10.1017/S0021911816001200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164507400">164507400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Political+Geography+of+Empire%3A+Chinese+Varieties+of+Local+Government.&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=159-184&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911816001200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164507400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Koss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911816001200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Zhengguo (2011). "Qingdai Dao, Fu, Ting, Zhou, Xian Dengji Zhidu De Queding.[Determination of Importance Rating System of Circuit, Prefecture, Subprefecture, Department and County in Qing Dynasty]". <i>A Collection of Essays on the Ming and Qing Dynasties</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Collection+of+Essays+on+the+Ming+and+Qing+Dynasties.&rft.atitle=Qingdai+Dao%2C+Fu%2C+Ting%2C+Zhou%2C+Xian+Dengji+Zhidu+De+Queding.%5BDetermination+of+Importance+Rating+System+of+Circuit%2C+Prefecture%2C+Subprefecture%2C+Department+and+County+in+Qing+Dynasty%5D&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhengguo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbxCwAAQBAJ&dq=lu%E1%BA%ADn+anh+h%C3%B9ng&pg=PT1">[3]</a> Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbxCwAAQBAJ&dq=lu%E1%BA%ADn+anh+h%C3%B9ng&pg=PT1">[4]</a> Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 23-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yizhongtian26-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yizhongtian26_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yi Zhongtian. Pin Ren Lu (Analysis of People). Translated to Vietnamese by Vũ Ngọc Quỳnh. Literature Publishing House, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovbxCwAAQBAJ&dq=lu%E1%BA%ADn+anh+h%C3%B9ng&pg=PT1">[5]</a> Part V: Yongzheng, Chapter 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.2009" class="citation book cs1">T., Rowe, William (2009). <i>China's last empire : the great Qing</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066243"><bdi>9780674066243</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256">316327256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+last+empire+%3A+the+great+Qing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316327256&rft.isbn=9780674066243&rft.aulast=T.&rft.aufirst=Rowe%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan2016" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan, Porter (2016). <i>Imperial China, 1350-1900</i>. Lanham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922" title="Special:BookSources/9781442222922"><bdi>9781442222922</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520">920818520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%2C+1350-1900&rft.place=Lanham&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920818520&rft.isbn=9781442222922&rft.aulast=Jonathan&rft.aufirst=Porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petech, Luciano (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n263/mode/2up?q=slicing"><i>China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet</i></a>. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420" title="Special:BookSources/9004034420"><bdi>9004034420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Tibet+in+the+Early+Xviiith+Century%3A+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Chinese+Protectorate+in+Tibet&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9004034420&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.260262%2Fpage%2Fn263%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dslicing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petech, Luciano (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GkmBOQLkAC&q=%22mala+and+the+sub-chancellor%22&pg=PA269"><i>China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet</i></a>. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420" title="Special:BookSources/9004034420"><bdi>9004034420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Tibet+in+the+Early+Xviiith+Century%3A+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Chinese+Protectorate+in+Tibet&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9004034420&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1GkmBOQLkAC%26q%3D%2522mala%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsub-chancellor%2522%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petech, Luciano (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n148/mode/2up?q=slicing"><i>China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet</i></a>. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420" title="Special:BookSources/9004034420"><bdi>9004034420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Tibet+in+the+Early+Xviiith+Century%3A+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Chinese+Protectorate+in+Tibet&rft.pages=133-134&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9004034420&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.260262%2Fpage%2Fn148%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dslicing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petech, Luciano (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GkmBOQLkAC&q=%22mala+and+the+sub-chancellor%22&pg=PA269"><i>China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet</i></a>. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. pp. 268, 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420" title="Special:BookSources/9004034420"><bdi>9004034420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Tibet+in+the+Early+Xviiith+Century%3A+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Chinese+Protectorate+in+Tibet&rft.pages=268%2C+269&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9004034420&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1GkmBOQLkAC%26q%3D%2522mala%2Band%2Bthe%2Bsub-chancellor%2522%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Petech, Luciano (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260262/page/n264/mode/2up?q=slicing"><i>China and Tibet in the Early Xviiith Century: History of the Establishment of Chinese Protectorate in Tibet</i></a>. Vol. 1 of T'oung pao, archives concernant l'histoire, les langues, la géographie, l'ethnographie et les arts de l'Asie orientale. Monographie (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004034420" title="Special:BookSources/9004034420"><bdi>9004034420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Tibet+in+the+Early+Xviiith+Century%3A+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Chinese+Protectorate+in+Tibet&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9004034420&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.260262%2Fpage%2Fn264%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dslicing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, pp. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="zh">大義覺迷錄</bdi> [Record of how great righteousness awakens the misguided]. <bdi lang="zh">近代中國史料叢刊</bdi> [<i>Collectanea of materials on modern Chinese history</i>]. Vol. 36. Taipei: 文海出版社 [Wenhai Publishing Press]. 1966. pp. 351–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%A9%E8%A6%BA%E8%BF%B7%E9%8C%84&rft.btitle=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=351-2&rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E6%B5%B7%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE+%5BWenhai+Publishing+Press%5D&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2009" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, William (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe"><i>China's last empire : the great Qing</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaslastempire00rowe/page/n84">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066243" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066243"><bdi>9780674066243</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316327256">316327256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+last+empire+%3A+the+great+Qing&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316327256&rft.isbn=9780674066243&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinaslastempire00rowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Mark T. (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli"><i>The Manchu way : the eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China</i></a></span>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchuwayeightba00elli/page/n265">240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804746842" title="Special:BookSources/0804746842"><bdi>0804746842</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44818294">44818294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+way+%3A+the+eight+banners+and+ethnic+identity+in+late+imperial+China&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44818294&rft.isbn=0804746842&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanchuwayeightba00elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_C._Elliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Mark C. Elliott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA241"><i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2"><bdi>0-8047-4684-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231223407/http://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA241">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-29</span></span>. <q>The Lord of Heaven is Heaven itself. ...In the empire we have a temple for honouring Heaven and sacrificing to Him. We Manchus have Tiao Tchin. The first day of every year we burn incense and paper to honour Heaven. We Manchus have our own particular rites for honouring Heaven; the Mongols, Chinese, Russians, and Europeans also have their own particular rites for honouring Heaven. I have never said that he [Urcen, a son of Sunu] could not honour heaven but that everyone has his way of doing it. As a Manchu, Urcen should do it like us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+Way%3A+The+Eight+Banners+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-4684-2&rft.au=Mark+C.+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qtgoTIAiKUC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2016" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Johnathan (2016). <i>Imperial China, 1350–1900</i>. Lanham. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922" title="Special:BookSources/9781442222922"><bdi>9781442222922</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520">920818520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%2C+1350%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920818520&rft.isbn=9781442222922&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic_91-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ic_91_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic_91_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2016" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Johnathan (2016). <i>Imperial China, 1350-1900</i>. Lanham. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442222922" title="Special:BookSources/9781442222922"><bdi>9781442222922</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/920818520">920818520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%2C+1350-1900&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F920818520&rft.isbn=9781442222922&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_C._Elliott2001" class="citation book cs1">Mark C. Elliott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA240"><i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4684-2"><bdi>0-8047-4684-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023949/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-29</span></span>. <q>In his indictment of Sunu and other Manchu nobles who had converted to Christianity, the Yongzheng Emperor reminded the rest of the Manchu elite that each people had its own way of honoring Heaven and that it was incumbent upon Manchus to observe Manchu practice in this regard</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+Way%3A+The+Eight+Banners+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-4684-2&rft.au=Mark+C.+Elliott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qtgoTIAiKUC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas H. Reilly (2004), <i>The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire</i>, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 43ff, 14ff, 150ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295984309" title="Special:BookSources/0295984309">0295984309</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0295984309">[6]</a>, accessed 18 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marinescu2008-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marinescu2008_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocelyn_M._N._Marinescu2008" class="citation book cs1">Jocelyn M. N. Marinescu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhoKD1vyfKwC&pg=PA240"><i>Defending Christianity in China: The Jesuit Defense of Christianity in the "Lettres Edifiantes Et Curieuses" & "Ruijianlu" in Relation to the Yongzheng Proscription of 1724</i></a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-59712-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-59712-4"><bdi>978-0-549-59712-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704133028/http://books.google.com/books?id=PhoKD1vyfKwC&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Christianity+in+China%3A+The+Jesuit+Defense+of+Christianity+in+the+%22Lettres+Edifiantes+Et+Curieuses%22+%26+%22Ruijianlu%22+in+Relation+to+the+Yongzheng+Proscription+of+1724&rft.pages=240&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-59712-4&rft.au=Jocelyn+M.+N.+Marinescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhoKD1vyfKwC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_B2qrn5BVGcC&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si,+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else,+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble,+their+secreting+weapons,+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: Brow[ns]-Clancy</i></a>. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Brow%5Bns%5D-Clancy&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Appleton&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_B2qrn5BVGcC%26dq%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%2C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%2C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%2C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%2C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot1973" class="citation book cs1">Groot, Jan J. M. de (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jIqAQAAMAAJ&q=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si,+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else,+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble,+their+secreting+weapons,+and+various+other+illegal+acts."><i>Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, Volume 2</i></a> (reprint ed.). Irish University Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716520346" title="Special:BookSources/0716520346"><bdi>0716520346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+and+Religious+Persecution+in+China%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=269&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Irish+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0716520346&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+J.+M.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jIqAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%2C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%2C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%2C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%2C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gIjAQAAIAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, Part 3</i></a>. Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+Part+3&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gIjAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%252C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%252C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%252C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%252C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFU_AQAAMAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA680"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 3</i></a>. Appleton. 1908. p. 680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=680&rft.pub=Appleton&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFU_AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%252C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%252C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%252C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%252C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroot1904" class="citation book cs1">Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2R9BAQAAMAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA269"><i>Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Volume 2</i></a>. J. Müller. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+and+Religious+Persecution+in+China%3A+A+Page+in+the+History+of+Religions%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=J.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2R9BAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%252C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%252C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%252C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%252C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKxLAAAAYAAJ&dq=they+muster+strongest+in+shen-si%2C+and+there+they+are+more+persecuted+more+than+anywhere+else%2C+on+account+of+their+clubbing+together+to+gamble%2C+their+secreting+weapons%2C+and+various+other+illegal+acts.&pg=PA269"><i>Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions</i></a>. J. Miller. 1904. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sectarianism+and+Religious+Persecution+in+China%3A+A+Page+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=J.+Miller&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrKxLAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dthey%2Bmuster%2Bstrongest%2Bin%2Bshen-si%252C%2Band%2Bthere%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bpersecuted%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Banywhere%2Belse%252C%2Bon%2Baccount%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclubbing%2Btogether%2Bto%2Bgamble%252C%2Btheir%2Bsecreting%2Bweapons%252C%2Band%2Bvarious%2Bother%2Billegal%2Bacts.%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306081631/http://www.chinaculture.org/library/2008-02/09/content_22919.htm">Yongzheng</a>, chinaculture.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". <i>Modern China</i>. <b>32</b> (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349">10.1177/0097700405282349</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627">20062627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144587815">144587815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Reinventing+China+Imperial+Qing+Ideology+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chinese+National+Identity+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144587815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20062627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700405282349&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bartlett, Beatrice S. (1991). <i>Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ch'ing China, 1723–1820</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520065913" title="Special:BookSources/0520065913">0520065913</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel1943" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Hummel_Sr." title="Arthur W. Hummel Sr.">Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.</a>, ed. (1943). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period/Yin-chên"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period/Yin-ch%C3%AAn">"Yin-chên" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eminent_Chinese_of_the_Ch%27ing_Period" title="Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period">Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yin-ch%C3%AAn&rft.btitle=Eminent+Chinese+of+the+Ch%27ing+Period&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYongzheng+Emperor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yongzheng_Emperor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yongzheng_Emperor" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng Emperor</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Yongzheng Emperor </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro">House of Aisin-Gioro</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 13 December 1678</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 8 October 1735</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">Emperor of the Qing dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> </b><br />1722–1735 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_emperors" title="Template talk:Qing emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">Emperors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Later Jin rulers posthumously regarded as Qing emperors</b></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Taizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Taizong</a></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Enthroned in 1626 as <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> changed the dynastic name to "Great Qing" in 1636 and claimed the title of emperor.<br />In 1644, the <a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi Emperor</a> began to rule over <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Shunzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yongzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Jiaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1889%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty"><img alt="Flag of the Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qing_dynasty_qinwangs_(first-rank_princes)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs" title="Template:Qing dynasty qinwangs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty qinwangs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_qinwangs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty qinwangs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_qinwangs_(first-rank_princes)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty#Male_members" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty"><i>qinwang</i>s (first-rank princes)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">the Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Prince Bao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaqing_Emperor" title="Jiaqing Emperor">Prince Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Prince Zhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Non-downgrading peerages<br />(<a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro#Iron-cap_princes_and_their_descendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">"iron-cap" princes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Li_(%E7%A6%AE)" title="Prince Li (禮)">Prince Li ** Prince Xun ** Prince Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%9D%BF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rui (睿)">Prince Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Yu_(%E8%B1%AB)" title="Prince Yu (豫)">Prince Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Zheng" title="Prince Zheng">Prince Zheng (Prince Jian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Su" title="Prince Su">Prince Su (Prince Xian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Zhuang" title="Prince Zhuang">Prince Chengze (Prince Zhuang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Shuncheng" title="Prince Shuncheng">Prince Shuncheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Yi_(%E6%80%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Yi (怡)">Prince Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_(peerage)" title="Prince Gong (peerage)">Prince Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E9%86%87)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chun (醇)">Prince Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Qing" title="Prince Qing">Prince Qing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Demoted but non-downgrading peerages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Keqin" title="Prince Keqin">Prince Cheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Downgrading peerages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jingjin" title="Prince Jingjin">Prince Jingjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ying_(%E7%A9%8E)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ying (穎)">Prince Ying (穎)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ying_(%E8%8B%B1)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ying (英)">Prince Ying (英)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Duanzhong" title="Prince Duanzhong">Prince Duanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_An" title="Prince An">Prince An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomubogor" title="Bomubogor">Prince Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Yu_(%E8%A3%95)" title="Prince Yu (裕)">Prince Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gong_(peerage)" title="Prince Gong (peerage)">Prince Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E7%B4%94)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chun (純)">Prince Chun (純)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Li_(%E7%90%86)" title="Prince Li (理)">Prince Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heng" title="Prince Heng">Prince Heng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Chun_(%E6%B7%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Chun (淳)">Prince Chun (淳)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunsi" title="Yunsi">Prince Lian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_L%C3%BC" title="Prince Lü">Prince Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Guo" title="Prince Guo">Prince Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Xian_(%E8%AB%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Xian (諴)">Prince Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_He" title="Prince He">Prince He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ding" title="Prince Ding">Prince Ding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rong" title="Prince Rong">Prince Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Shen" title="Prince Shen">Prince Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Yi_(%E5%84%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Yi (儀)">Prince Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Cheng_(%E6%88%90)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Cheng (成)">Prince Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Dun" title="Prince Dun">Prince Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rui_(%E7%91%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Rui (瑞)">Prince Rui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hui_(first_rank)" title="Prince Hui (first rank)">Prince Hui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Posthumous titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor#Sons" title="Shunzhi Emperor">Prince Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honghui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honghui (page does not exist)">Prince Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuhui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuhui (page does not exist)">Prince Huai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongcong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongcong (page does not exist)">Prince Zhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317839#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317839#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317839#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077291046">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20599972">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/90364/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcRftJkYCDJGjXFPPvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123855888">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82049591">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150884921">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150884921">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00624529">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36732187">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2006333801&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/254157">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140615180">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98070635">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yongzheng, Ķīnas imperators, 1677-1735"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000222912&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620443">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knt3br5b6xnmz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/307838">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276733105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0863776X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372570">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/6d042b1d-9d79-49c8-9d1e-d50021bfa15e">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/442617">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/140886206">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&oldid=1259021510">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&oldid=1259021510</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1678_births" title="Category:1678 births">1678 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1735_deaths" title="Category:1735 deaths">1735 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Chinese_monarchs" title="Category:18th-century Chinese monarchs">18th-century Chinese monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Category:Emperors of the Qing dynasty">Emperors of the Qing dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kangxi_Emperor%27s_sons" title="Category:Kangxi Emperor's sons">Kangxi Emperor's sons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_critics_of_Christianity" title="Category:Chinese critics of Christianity">Chinese critics of Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_reformers" title="Category:Chinese reformers">Chinese reformers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Traditional_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hant)" title="Category:CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)">CS1 Traditional Chinese-language sources (zh-hant)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(Hong_Kong)-language_sources_(zh-hk)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)">CS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_June_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2021">Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 23:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Emperor&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xlg8p","wgBackendResponseTime":254,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.308","walltime":"1.600","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10248,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":261977,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27989,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":244385,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1364.180 1 -total"," 25.23% 344.153 2 Template:Infobox"," 25.13% 342.848 2 Template:Reflist"," 24.80% 338.356 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 14.57% 198.740 31 Template:Cite_book"," 11.57% 157.782 3 Template:Br_separated_entries"," 8.60% 117.377 21 Template:Lang"," 6.30% 85.959 2 Template:Plainlist"," 5.93% 80.936 2 Template:Marriage"," 5.67% 77.312 1 Template:Qing_emperors"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.751","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24902660,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFDaniel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroot1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroot1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJocelyn_M._N._Marinescu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_C._Elliott2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPaludan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetech1972\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierre-Étienne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFQin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchirokauerBrown2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeizheng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF周2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF张2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF戴\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF戴罗1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF杨1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF林2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF秦2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF金\"] = 1,\n [\"Continued_battle_against_princes\"] = 1,\n [\"Descendants_of_the_Ming_dynasty\u0026#039;s_imperial_family\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed_succession_to_the_throne\"] = 1,\n [\"Military_expansion_in_the_northwest\"] = 2,\n [\"Reign_over_China\"] = 1,\n [\"The_cases_of_Nian_Gengyao_and_Longkodo\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ECCP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite contribution\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Yongzheng Emperor\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"External links\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 21,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 3,\n [\"ManchuSibeUnicode\"] = 4,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"MongolUnicode\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 3,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Qing dynasty qinwangs\"] = 1,\n [\"Qing emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 14,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-sf7pf","timestamp":"20241130110358","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yongzheng Emperor","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yongzheng_Emperor","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q317839","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q317839","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-12T20:28:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T23:22:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Portrait_of_the_Yongzheng_Emperor_in_Court_Dress.jpg","headline":"emperor of Qing-dynasty China from 1722 to 1735"}</script> </body> </html>