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id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy and evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy and evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Subspecies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Domestication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonymous_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonymous_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Synonymous species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonymous_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behaviour_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behaviour_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Social behaviour and life cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behaviour_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behaviour and ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_sheltering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_sheltering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Habitat and sheltering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_sheltering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Predators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstructed_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructed_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reconstructed range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructed_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Present range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_in_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_in_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Status in Great Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_in_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_to_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_to_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Introduction to North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_to_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_and_lack_of_control_in_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_and_lack_of_control_in_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Introduction and lack of control in South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_and_lack_of_control_in_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pest_control_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_control_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Pest control in Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_control_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_other_habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_other_habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Effect on other habitats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_other_habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Diseases and parasites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Relationships with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationships with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_game_animal_and_food_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_game_animal_and_food_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 As a game animal and food source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_game_animal_and_food_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crop_and_garbage_raiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_and_garbage_raiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Crop and garbage raiding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_and_garbage_raiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Attacks on humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wild boar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="እሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vild%C3%A2%C5%A1ahe" title="Vildâšahe – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vildâšahe" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eofor" title="Eofor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eofor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="خنزير بري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خنزير بري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengllar" title="Sengllar – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sengllar" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Лъункари – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъункари" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6ldonuzu" title="Çöldonuzu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çöldonuzu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A4%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88" title="چؤل‌دونوزو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چؤل‌دونوزو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9l%C3%A9ng_alas" title="Céléng alas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Céléng alas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="দেশি বুনো শুয়োর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেশি বুনো শুয়োর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa%E2%81%BF-ti" title="Soaⁿ-ti – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soaⁿ-ti" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡабан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡабан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Дзік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Дзік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дива свиня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дива свиня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuidsau" title="Wuidsau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wuidsau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlja_svinja" title="Divlja svinja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Divlja svinja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoc%27h-gouez" title="Hoc'h-gouez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hoc'h-gouez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senglar" title="Senglar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Senglar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хир сысни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хир сысни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prase_divok%C3%A9" title="Prase divoké – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prase divoké" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cignali" title="Cignali – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cignali" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baedd_gwyllt" title="Baedd gwyllt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baedd gwyllt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vildsvin" title="Vildsvin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vildsvin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildschwein" title="Wildschwein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wildschwein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_bis%C3%B3odi_a%C5%82chin%C3%AD" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ bisóodi ałchiní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ bisóodi ałchiní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metssiga" title="Metssiga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metssiga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αγριόχοιρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγριόχοιρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%C3%A0l" title="Signàl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Signàl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Идем туво – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Идем туво" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apro" title="Apro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basurde" title="Basurde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basurde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="گراز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گراز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanglier" title="Sanglier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sanglier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everswyn" title="Everswyn – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Everswyn" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torc_allta" title="Torc allta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Torc allta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torc_fiadhaich" title="Torc fiadhaich – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Torc fiadhaich" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabaril" title="Xabaril – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xabaril" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BB" title="Sân-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sân-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%A7%EB%8F%BC%EC%A7%80" title="멧돼지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멧돼지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6" title="Վարազ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" title="जंगली सूअर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जंगली सूअर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlja_svinja" title="Divlja svinja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Divlja svinja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apro" title="Apro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_celeng" title="Babi celeng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Babi celeng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Хъæддагхуы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъæддагхуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villisv%C3%ADn" title="Villisvín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Villisvín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8" title="חזיר בר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזיר בר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C3%A8ng" title="Cèlèng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cèlèng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಾಡುಹಂದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಡುಹಂದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къабан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къабан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გარეული ღორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარეული ღორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%95%D9%84%D8%A0_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جنٛگٕلؠ سور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جنٛگٕلؠ سور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C3%ABk" title="Dzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B0" title="Жабайы шошқа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жабайы шошқа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngulu_ya_musitu" title="Ngulu ya musitu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ngulu ya musitu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafibol_(Sus_scrofa)" title="Wafibol (Sus scrofa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Wafibol (Sus scrofa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beraz%C3%AA_kov%C3%AE" title="Berazê kovî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berazê kovî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Доңуз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Доңуз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ирсасна – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ирсасна" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="ВацӀлул дунгъуз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ВацӀлул дунгъуз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEa_c%C5%ABka" title="Meža cūka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meža cūka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ernas" title="Šernas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šernas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2rco_sarv%C3%A6go" title="Pòrco sarvægo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pòrco sarvægo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngul%C3%BAb%C9%9B" title="Ngulúbɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngulúbɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senglar" title="Senglar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Senglar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaddiszn%C3%B3" title="Vaddisznó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaddisznó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Дива свиња – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дива свиња" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambo_dia" title="Lambo dia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lambo dia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="കാട്ടുപന്നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാട്ടുപന്നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaka_mohoao" title="Poaka mohoao – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Poaka mohoao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0" title="रानडुक्कर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रानडुक्कर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="خنزير برى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خنزير برى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="وراز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وراز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_hutan" title="Babi hutan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Babi hutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Зэрлэг гахай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэрлэг гахай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တောဝက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောဝက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_zwijn" title="Wild zwijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wild zwijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="बँदेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बँदेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B7" title="イノシシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イノシシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilswin" title="Wilswin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wilswin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villsvin" title="Villsvin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Villsvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villsvin" title="Villsvin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Villsvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlar" title="Singlar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Singlar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBng%CA%BBiz" title="Toʻngʻiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toʻngʻiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_fafoy_no_lotok" title="O fafoy no lotok – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="O fafoy no lotok" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جنگلی سور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگلی سور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singial" title="Singial – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Singial" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildswien" title="Wildswien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wildswien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzik_euroazjatycki" title="Dzik euroazjatycki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzik euroazjatycki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javali" title="Javali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Javali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistre%C8%9B" title="Mistreț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mistreț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portg_selvadi" title="Portg selvadi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Portg selvadi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кабан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83" title="Тороху – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тороху" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kiwmah" title="kiwmah – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kiwmah" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱨ ᱥᱩᱠᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirbone" title="Sirbone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sirbone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wild boar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowyak" title="Bowyak – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bowyak" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derri_i_eg%C3%ABr" title="Derri i egër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Derri i egër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigniali" title="Cigniali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cigniali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%8C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="වල් ඌරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වල් ඌරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wild boar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diviak_lesn%C3%BD" title="Diviak lesný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Diviak lesný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divja_svinja" title="Divja svinja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Divja svinja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="بەراز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەراز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlja_svinja" title="Divlja svinja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Divlja svinja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divlja_svinja" title="Divlja svinja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Divlja svinja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9l%C3%A9ng" title="Céléng – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Céléng" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villisika" title="Villisika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Villisika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vildsvin" title="Vildsvin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vildsvin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="காட்டுப்பன்றி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டுப்பன்றி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butagant" title="Butagant – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Butagant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Кабан дуңгызы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кабан дуңгызы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bzyok_qnhyun" title="bzyok qnhyun – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bzyok qnhyun" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="หมูป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมูป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Гуроз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуроз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaban_domuzu" title="Yaban domuzu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaban domuzu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dekegapan" title="Ýekegapan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýekegapan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кырпарсь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кырпарсь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Свиня дика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Свиня дика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جنگلی سور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگلی سور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AD%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%B2" title="ياۋا توڭگۇز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋا توڭگۇز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" title="Sus scrofa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sus scrofa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsiga" title="Mecsiga – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mecsiga" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A3n_r%E1%BB%ABng" title="Lợn rừng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lợn rừng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Boar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boar (disambiguation)">Boar (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wild boar (disambiguation)">Wild boar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For pigs descended from escaped, domesticated animals, see <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Feral pig</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Wild boar <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: Early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildschwein,_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wildschwein%2C_N%C3%A4he_Pulverstampftor_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1800" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male <a href="/wiki/Central_European_boar" title="Central European boar">Central European boar</a> (S. s. scrofa) </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-iucn-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">S. scrofa</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Sus scrofa <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg/220px-Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg/330px-Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg/440px-Sus_scrofa_range_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="635" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Reconstructed native range of wild boar (green) and introduced populations (blue) except in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">andamanensis <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blyth" title="Edward Blyth">Blyth</a>, 1858<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">aruensis Rosenberg, 1878<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">babi <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller_Jr." title="Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.">Miller</a>, 1906<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">ceramensis Rosenberg, 1878<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">enganus ><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ward_Lyon_Jr." title="Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.">Lyon</a>, 1916<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">floresianus <a href="/wiki/Fredericus_Anna_Jentink" title="Fredericus Anna Jentink">Jentink</a>, 1905<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">goramensis <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_Beaux" title="Oscar de Beaux">De Beaux</a>, 1924<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">natunensis Miller, 1901<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">nicobaricus Miller, 1902<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">niger Finsch, 1886<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">papuensis <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson" title="René Lesson">Lesson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosper_Garnot" title="Prosper Garnot">Garnot</a>, 1826<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">scropha <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1827<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">ternatensis Rolleston, 1877<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">tuancus Lyon, 1916<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Boar.Grwls(1).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Boar.Grwls(1).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/Boar.Grwls%281%29.ogg/Boar.Grwls%281%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Boar.Grwls%281%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Boar growls</figcaption></figure> The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine,<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> common wild pig,<a href="#cite_note-oliver1993-5">[5]</a> Eurasian wild pig,<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> or simply wild pig,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">suid</a> native to much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and has been introduced to <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. The species is now one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world, as well as the most widespread <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">suiform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oliver1993-5">[5]</a> It has been assessed as <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> due to its wide range, high numbers, and adaptability to a diversity of habitats.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-1">[1]</a> It has become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in part of its introduced range. Wild boars probably originated in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a><a href="#cite_note-chen2007-8">[8]</a> and outcompeted other suid species as they spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kurten1968-9">[9]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_boar&action=edit">[update]</a>, up to 16 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> are recognized, which are divided into four regional groupings based on skull height and <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal bone</a> length.<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> The species lives in matriarchal societies consisting of interrelated females and their young (both male and female). Fully grown males are usually solitary outside the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marsan75-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> is the wild boar's main predator in most of its natural range except in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, where it is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-auffenberg1981-12">[12]</a> The wild boar has a long history of association with <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, having been the ancestor of most <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a> breeds and a <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big-game animal</a> for millennia. Boars have also re-<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> in recent decades with <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">feral pigs</a>; these <a href="/wiki/Boar%E2%80%93pig_hybrid" title="Boar–pig hybrid">boar–pig hybrids</a> have become a serious pest wild animal in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> As true wild boars became extinct in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> before the development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boar#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:boar">boar</a> stems from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bar#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:bar">bār</a>, which is thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/bair#Proto-West_Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bair">bair</a>, of unknown origin.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Boar is sometimes used specifically to refer to males, and may also be used to refer to male domesticated pigs, especially breeding males that have not been castrated.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Sow, the traditional name for a female, again comes from Old English and Germanic; it stems from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>, and is related to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sus">sus</a> and Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%97%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὗς">hus</a>, and more closely to the <a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sau#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sau">Sau</a>. The young may be called piglets or boarlets.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The animals' specific name <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scrofa#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:scrofa">scrofa</a> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'sow'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3></div> In hunting terminology, boars are given different designations according to their age:<a href="#cite_note-cabanau24-18">[18]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsed" cellpadding="5"> <tbody><tr> <th>Designation</th> <th>Age</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>Squeaker</td> <td>0–10 months</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG/150px-Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG/225px-Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG/300px-Augen_zu_und_schlafen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Juvenile</td> <td>10–12 months</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Wild_Boar_(5696463735).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg/150px-Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg/225px-Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg/300px-Young_Wild_Boar_%285696463735%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="2220" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pig of the sounder</td> <td>Two years</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boar of the 4th/5th/6th year</td> <td>3–5 years</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg/150px-Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg/225px-Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg/300px-Jabal%C3%AD_13._F._FOTO-ARDEIDAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5258" data-file-height="3534" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Old boar</td> <td>Six years</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grand old boar</td> <td>Over seven years</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="418" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_strozzii_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sus_strozzii_1.JPG/220px-Sus_strozzii_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sus_strozzii_1.JPG/330px-Sus_strozzii_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sus_strozzii_1.JPG/440px-Sus_strozzii_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <a href="/wiki/Sus_strozzi" title="Sus strozzi">Sus strozzii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze" title="Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze">Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> suid that was outcompeted by S. scrofa</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">MtDNA</a> studies indicate that the wild boar originated from islands in Southeast Asia such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and subsequently spread onto mainland Eurasia and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-chen2007-8">[8]</a> The earliest fossil finds of the species come from both Europe and Asia, and date back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ruvinsky-19">[19]</a> By the late <a href="/wiki/Villafranchian" title="Villafranchian">Villafranchian</a>, S. scrofa largely displaced the related <a href="/wiki/Sus_strozzi" title="Sus strozzi">S. strozzii</a>, a large, possibly swamp-adapted suid ancestral to the modern <a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">S. verrucosus</a> throughout the Eurasian mainland, restricting it to insular Asia.<a href="#cite_note-kurten1968-9">[9]</a> Its closest wild relative is the <a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">bearded pig</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and surrounding islands.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg/220px-Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg/330px-Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg/440px-Sus_scrofa_%26_Sus_scrofa_domesticus_MWNH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Wild boar (left) and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a> (right) skulls: Note the greatly shortened facial region of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_boar&action=edit">[update]</a>, 16 subspecies are recognised, which are divided into four regional groupings:<a href="#cite_note-msw3-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>Western: Includes S. s. scrofa, S. s. meridionalis, S. s. algira, S. s. attila, S. s. lybicus, S. s. majori and S. s. nigripes. These subspecies are typically high-skulled (though lybicus and some scrofa are low-skulled), with thick underwool and (excepting scrofa and attila) poorly developed manes.<a href="#cite_note-groves1993-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Indian: Includes S. s. davidi and S. s. cristatus. These subspecies have sparse or absent underwool, with long manes and prominent bands on the snout and mouth. While S. s. cristatus is high-skulled, S. s. davidi is low-skulled.<a href="#cite_note-groves1993-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Eastern: Includes S. s. sibiricus, S. s. ussuricus, S. s. leucomystax, S. s. riukiuanus, S. s. taivanus and S. s. moupinensis. These subspecies are characterised by a whitish streak extending from the corners of the mouth to the lower jaw. With the exception of S. s. ussuricus, most are high-skulled. The underwool is thick, except in S. s. moupinensis, and the mane is largely absent.<a href="#cite_note-groves1993-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Indonesian: Represented solely by S. s. vittatus, it is characterised by its sparse body hair, lack of underwool, fairly long mane, a broad reddish band extending from the muzzle to the sides of the neck.<a href="#cite_note-groves1993-21">[21]</a> It is the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> of the four groups, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition and unspecialised cranial structure.<a href="#cite_note-hemmer1990-22">[22]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable collapsed" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#115a6c;"> <th>Subspecies </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Trinomial authority </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Synonyms </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_European_boar" title="Central European boar">Central European boar</a> S. s. scrofa <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">Nominate subspecies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locha(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/150px-Locha%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/225px-Locha%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Locha%28js%29.jpg/300px-Locha%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2024" /></a> </td> <td>Linnaeus, 1758 </td> <td>A medium-sized, dark to rusty brown-haired subspecies with long and relatively narrow lacrimal bones<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>Much of continental Europe and into Eurasia </td> <td><div style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>wild populations:<a href="#cite_note-WR642-23">[23]</a> aper (Erxleben, 1777),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> castilianus (<a href="/wiki/Oldfield_Thomas" title="Oldfield Thomas">Thomas</a>, 1911),<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> europaeus (Pallas, 1811),<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> fasciatus (von Schreber, 1790),<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> ferox (Moore, 1870),<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> ferus (Gmelin, 1788),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> setosus <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Boddaert" title="Pieter Boddaert">Boddaert</a>, 1785<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a>: anglicus (Reichenbach, 1846), asiaticus (Sanson, 1878), bavaricus (Reichenbach, 1846), campanogallicus (Reichenbach, 1846), capensis (Reichenbach, 1846), celticus (Sanson, 1878), chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758), crispus (Fitzinger, 1858), deliciosus (Reichenbach, 1846), domesticus (Erxleben, 1777), gambianus (Gray, 1847), hispidus (von Schreber, 1790), hungaricus (Reichenbach, 1846), ibericus (Sanson, 1878), italicus (Reichenbach, 1846), juticus (Fitzinger, 1858), lusitanicus (Reichenbach, 1846), macrotis (Fitzinger, 1858), monungulus (G. Fischer [von Waldheim], 1814), moravicus (Reichenbach, 1846), nanus (Nehring, 1884), palustris (Rütimeyer, 1862), pliciceps (Gray, 1862), polonicus (Reichenbach, 1846), sardous (Reichenbach, 1846), sennaarensis (Fitzinger, 1858), sennaarensis (Gray, 1868), sennaariensis (Fitzinger, 1860), siamensis (von Schreber, 1790), sinensis (Erxleben, 1777), suevicus (Reichenbach, 1846), syrmiensis (Reichenbach, 1846), turcicus (Reichenbach, 1846), variegatus (Reichenbach, 1846), vulgaris (S. D. W., 1836), wittei (Reichenbach, 1846)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>New Guinea pig:<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> aruensis (Rosenberg, 1878), ceramensis (Rosenberg, 1878), goramensis (De Beaux, 1924), niger (Finsch, 1886), papuensis (Lesson and Garnot, 1826), ternatensis (Rolleston, 1877)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/North_African_boar" title="North African boar">North African boar</a> S. s. algira </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_(1920)_(Sus_scrofa_algira).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg/150px-Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg/225px-Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg/300px-Annual_report_-_New_York_Zoological_Society_%281920%29_%28Sus_scrofa_algira%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1400" /></a> </td> <td>Loche, 1867 </td> <td>Sometimes considered a <a href="/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym">junior synonym</a> of S. s. scrofa, but smaller and with proportionally longer tusks<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon-37">[37]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>barbarus (Sclater, 1860) sahariensis (Heim de Balzac, 1937) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Carpathian boar S. s. attila </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg/150px-%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg/225px-%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg/300px-%C3%87%C3%B6l_donuzu_-_Ab%C5%9Feron_Milli_Park%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3530" /></a> </td> <td>Thomas, 1912 </td> <td>A large-sized subspecies with long lacrimal bones and dark hair, though lighter-coloured than S. s. scrofa<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> coast, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>falzfeini (Matschie, 1918) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_boar" title="Indian boar">Indian boar</a> S. s. cristatus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg/150px-Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg/225px-Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg/300px-Sus_scrofa_cristatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="1984" /></a> </td> <td>Wagner, 1839 </td> <td>A long-maned subspecies with a coat that is <a href="/wiki/Brindled" class="mw-redirect" title="Brindled">brindled</a> black unlike S. s. davidi,<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> it is more lightly built than S. s. scrofa. Its head is larger and more pointed than that of S. s. scrofa and its ears smaller and more pointed. The plane of the forehead is straight, while it is concave in S. s. scrofa.<a href="#cite_note-sterndale-39">[39]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>affinis (Gray, 1847), aipomus (Gray, 1868), aipomus (Hodgson, 1842), bengalensis (Blyth, 1860), indicus (Gray, 1843), isonotus (Gray, 1868), isonotus (Hodgson, 1842), jubatus (Miller, 1906), typicus (Lydekker, 1900), zeylonensis (Blyth, 1851) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_boar" title="Central Asian boar">Central Asian boar</a> S. s. davidi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg/150px-Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg/225px-Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg/300px-Sus_scrofa_davidi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="486" /></a> </td> <td>Groves, 1981 </td> <td>A small, long-maned and light brown subspecies<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and northwestern India to southeastern Iran </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_boar" title="Japanese boar">Japanese boar</a> S. s. leucomystax </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg/150px-Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg/225px-Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg/300px-Sus_scrofa_leucomystax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1048" /></a> </td> <td>Temminck, 1842 </td> <td>A small, almost maneless, yellowish-brown subspecies<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>All of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, save for <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> </td> <td>japonica (Nehring, 1885) nipponicus (Heude, 1899) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_boar" title="Anatolian boar">Anatolian boar</a> S. s. libycus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:TAUZoo_eman110.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TAUZoo_eman110.JPG/150px-TAUZoo_eman110.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TAUZoo_eman110.JPG/225px-TAUZoo_eman110.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/TAUZoo_eman110.JPG/300px-TAUZoo_eman110.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1388" /></a> </td> <td>Gray, 1868 </td> <td>A small, pale and almost maneless subspecies<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>lybicus (Groves, 1981) mediterraneus (Ulmansky, 1911) reiseri (Bolkay, 1925) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maremman_boar" title="Maremman boar">Maremman boar</a> S. s. majori </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/150px-Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/225px-Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/300px-Sus_scrofa_majoris_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1260" /></a> </td> <td>De Beaux and Festa, 1927 </td> <td>Smaller than S. s. scrofa, with a higher and wider skull; since the 1950s, it has crossed extensively with S. s. scrofa, largely due to the two being kept together in meat farms and artificial introductions by hunters of S. s. scrofa specimens into S. s. majori habitats.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi86-40">[40]</a> Its separation from S. s. scrofa is doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-marsan14-41">[41]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maremma" title="Maremma">Maremma</a> (central Italy) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Mediterranean boar S. s. meridionalis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/150px-Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/225px-Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg/300px-Sus_scrofa_meridionalis_-_Museo_Civico_di_Storia_Naturale_Giacomo_Doria_-_Genoa%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2176" /></a> </td> <td>Forsyth Major, 1882 </td> <td>The subspecies is significantly smaller than S. s. scrofa. The fur is dull olive-fawn, the underwool is sparse and individuals mostly lack a mane.<a href="#cite_note-wpsg-42">[42]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> </td> <td>baeticus (Thomas, 1912) sardous (Ströbel, 1882) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_boar" title="Northern Chinese boar">Northern Chinese boar</a> S. s. moupinensis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._80)_(6947132294).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg/150px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg/225px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg/300px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%286947132294%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1232" /></a> </td> <td>Milne-Edwards, 1871 </td> <td>There are significant variations within this subspecies and it is possible there are actually several subspecies involved.<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>Coastal China south to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and west to <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> </td> <td>acrocranius (Heude, 1892), chirodontus (Heude, 1888), chirodonticus (Heude, 1899), collinus (Heude, 1892), curtidens (Heude, 1892), dicrurus (Heude, 1888), flavescens (Heude, 1899), frontosus (Heude, 1892), laticeps (Heude, 1892), leucorhinus (Heude, 1888), melas (Heude, 1892), microdontus (Heude, 1892), oxyodontus (Heude, 1888), paludosus (Heude, 1892), palustris (Heude, 1888), planiceps (Heude, 1892), scrofoides (Heude, 1892), spatharius (Heude, 1892), taininensis (Heude, 1888) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Middle Asian boar S. s. nigripes </td> <td> </td> <td>Blanford, 1875 </td> <td>A light coloured subspecies with black legs which, though varied in size, is generally quite large, the lacrimal bones and facial region of the skull are shorter than those of S. s. scrofa and S. s. attila.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Asia">Middle Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashgar_Prefecture" title="Kashgar Prefecture">Kashgar</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and southern Iran </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Ryukyu boar S. s. riukiuanus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:RyukyuWildBoar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RyukyuWildBoar.jpg/150px-RyukyuWildBoar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RyukyuWildBoar.jpg/225px-RyukyuWildBoar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/RyukyuWildBoar.jpg/300px-RyukyuWildBoar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> </td> <td>Kuroda, 1924 </td> <td>A small subspecies<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Trans-Baikal boar S. s. sibiricus </td> <td> </td> <td>Staffe, 1922 </td> <td>The smallest subspecies of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> region, it has dark brown, almost black hair and a light grey patch extending from the cheeks to the ears. The skull is squarish and the lacrimal bones short.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Transbaikalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transbaikalia">Transbaikalia</a>, northern and northeastern Mongolia </td> <td>raddeanus (Adlerberg, 1930) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Formosan boar S. s. taivanus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District,_Taipei,_Zoo,_Sus_scrofa_taivanus,_Formosan_wild_boar,_Taiwan_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG/225px-2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-2010_07_19400_7206_Wenshan_District%2C_Taipei%2C_Zoo%2C_Sus_scrofa_taivanus%2C_Formosan_wild_boar%2C_Taiwan_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="738" /></a> </td> <td>Swinhoe, 1863 </td> <td>A small blackish subspecies<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Ussuri boar S. s. ussuricus </td> <td> </td> <td>Heude, 1888 </td> <td>The largest subspecies, it has usually dark hair and a white band extending from the corners of the mouth to the ears. The lacrimal bones are shortened, but longer than those of S. s. sibiricus.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_Bay" title="Ussuri Bay">Ussuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur Bay</a> </td> <td>canescens (Heude, 1888), continentalis (Nehring, 1889), coreanus (Heude, 1897), gigas (Heude, 1892), mandchuricus (Heude, 1897), songaricus (Heude, 1897) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Banded_pig" title="Banded pig">Banded pig</a> S. s. vittatus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Banded_Pig_(Sus_scrofa_vittatus)_(8750051577).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg/150px-Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg/225px-Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg/300px-Banded_Pig_%28Sus_scrofa_vittatus%29_%288750051577%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2745" /></a> </td> <td>Boie, 1828 </td> <td>A small, short-faced and sparsely furred subspecies with a white band on the muzzle; it might be a separate species and shows some similarities with some other suid species in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-groves2008-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, and in Indonesia from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> </td> <td>andersoni (Thomas and Wroughton, 1909), jubatulus (Miller, 1906), milleri (Jentink, 1905), pallidiloris (Mees, 1957), peninsularis (Miller, 1906), rhionis (Miller, 1906), typicus (Heude, 1899) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg/220px-Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg/330px-Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg/440px-Sanglochon_male_2014-09-06_17.14.59.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Male wild boar-domestic pig hybrid</figcaption></figure> With the exception of domestic pigs in <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (which appear to be of <a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Sulawesi warty pig</a> stock), the wild boar is the ancestor of most <a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">pig breeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hemmer1990-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animal">domesticated</a> from wild boar as early as 13,000–12,700 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> Basin,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There was also a separate domestication in China, which took place about 8,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-giuffra-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence from sub-fossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe had been brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boars, resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. Modern domesticated pigs have involved complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported in turn to the ancient Near East.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-giuffra-47">[47]</a> Domestic pigs tend to have much more developed hindquarters than their wild boar ancestors, to the point where 70% of their body weight is concentrated in the posterior, which is the opposite of wild boar, where most of the muscles are concentrated on the head and shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi87-51">[51]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonymous_species">Synonymous species</h3></div> The Heude's pig (Sus bucculentus), also known as the Indochinese warty pig or Vietnam warty pig, was an alleged pig species found in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. It was virtually unknown and was feared <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>, until the discovery of a skull from a recently killed individual in the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Range</a>, Laos, in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Subsequent studies indicated that Sus bucculentus was not a valid taxon.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> As of 2022 the Mammal Diversity Database included it in Sus scrofa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildBoarSkull.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WildBoarSkull.JPG/220px-WildBoarSkull.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WildBoarSkull.JPG/330px-WildBoarSkull.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WildBoarSkull.JPG/440px-WildBoarSkull.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The skull of a wild boar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animaldentition_susscrofa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animaldentition_susscrofa.png/220px-Animaldentition_susscrofa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animaldentition_susscrofa.png/330px-Animaldentition_susscrofa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Animaldentition_susscrofa.png/440px-Animaldentition_susscrofa.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Dentition, as illustrated by Charles Knight</figcaption></figure> The wild boar is a bulky, massively built suid with short and relatively thin legs. The trunk is short and robust, while the hindquarters are comparatively underdeveloped. The region behind the shoulder blades rises into a hump and the neck is short and thick to the point of being nearly immobile. The animal's head is very large, taking up to one-third of the body's entire length.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The structure of the head is well suited for digging. The head acts as a plough, while the powerful neck muscles allow the animal to upturn considerable amounts of soil:<a href="#cite_note-marsan70-56">[56]</a> it is capable of digging 8–10 cm (3.1–3.9 in) into frozen ground and can upturn rocks weighing 40–50 kg (88–110 lb).<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> The eyes are small and deep-set and the ears long and broad. The species has well developed <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a>, which protrude from the mouths of adult males. The medial hooves are larger and more elongated than the lateral ones and are capable of quick movements.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The animal can run at a maximum speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) and jump at a height of 140–150 cm (55–59 in).<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> is very pronounced in the species, with males being typically 5–10% larger and 20–30% heavier than females. Males also sport a mane running down the back, which is particularly apparent during autumn and winter.<a href="#cite_note-marsan26-57">[57]</a> The canine teeth are also much more prominent in males and grow throughout life. The upper canines are relatively short and grow sideways early in life, though they gradually curve upwards. The lower canines are much sharper and longer, with the exposed parts measuring 10–12 cm (3.9–4.7 in) in length. In the breeding period, males develop a coating of <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">subcutaneous tissue</a>, which may be 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) thick, extending from the shoulder blades to the rump, thus protecting vital organs during fights. Males sport a roughly chicken egg–sized sac of unclear function near the opening of the penis that collects urine and emits a sharp odour.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PigSkelLyd2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PigSkelLyd2.png/220px-PigSkelLyd2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PigSkelLyd2.png/330px-PigSkelLyd2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PigSkelLyd2.png/440px-PigSkelLyd2.png 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoffmann,_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg/220px-Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg/330px-Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg/440px-Hoffmann%2C_Hans_-_A_Wild_Boar_Piglet_-_1578.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A European wild boar piglet, painted by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann_(painter)" title="Hans Hoffmann (painter)">Hans Hoffman</a> in 1578. Note the stripes, a characteristic feature of piglets.</figcaption></figure> Adult size and weight is largely determined by environmental factors; boars living in arid areas with little productivity tend to attain smaller sizes than their counterparts inhabiting areas with abundant food and water. In most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, males average 75–100 kg (165–220 lb) in weight, 75–80 cm (30–31 in) in shoulder height and 150 cm (59 in) in body length, whereas females average 60–80 kg (130–180 lb) in weight, 70 cm (28 in) in shoulder height and 140 cm (55 in) in body length. In Europe's <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Mediterranean regions</a>, males may reach average weights as low as 50 kg (110 lb) and females 45 kg (99 lb), with shoulder heights of 63–65 cm (25–26 in). In the more productive areas of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, males average 110–130 kg (240–290 lb) in weight, 95 cm (37 in) in shoulder height and 160 cm (63 in) in body length, while females weigh 95 kg (209 lb), reach 85–90 cm (33–35 in) in shoulder height, and reach 145 cm (57 in) in body length. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, the largest males weigh 200 kg (440 lb) and females 120 kg (260 lb). In Northeastern Asia, large males can reach <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>-like sizes, weighing 270 kg (600 lb) and measuring 110–118 cm (43–46 in) in shoulder height. Some adult males in <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Ussuriland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> have been recorded to weigh 300–350 kg (660–770 lb) and measure 125 cm (49 in) in shoulder height. Adults of this size are generally immune from wolf predation.<a href="#cite_note-marsan28-58">[58]</a> Such giants are rare in modern times, as past overhunting has prevented animals from attaining their full growth.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The winter coat consists of long, coarse bristles underlaid with short brown downy fur. The length of these bristles varies along the body, with the shortest being around the face and limbs and the longest running along the back. These back bristles form the aforementioned mane prominent in males and stand erect when the animal is agitated. Colour is highly variable; specimens around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a> are very lightly coloured, and can even be white, while some boars from <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and Ussuriland can be black. Some subspecies sport a light-coloured patch running backward from the corners of the mouth. Coat colour also varies with age, with piglets having light brown or rusty-brown fur with pale bands extending from the flanks and back.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The wild boar produces a number of different sounds which are divided into three categories: <ul><li>Contact calls: Grunting noises which differ in intensity according to the situation.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau29-59">[59]</a> Adult males are usually silent, while females frequently grunt and piglets whine.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> When feeding, boars express their contentment through purring. Studies have shown that piglets imitate the sounds of their mother, thus different litters may have unique vocalisations.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau29-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Alarm calls: Warning cries emitted in response to threats.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau29-59">[59]</a> When frightened, boars make loud huffing ukh! ukh! sounds or emit screeches transcribed as gu-gu-gu.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Combat calls: High-pitched, piercing cries.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau29-59">[59]</a></li></ul> Its sense of <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a> is very well developed to the point that the animal is used for drug detection in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau28-60">[60]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> is also acute, though its <a href="/wiki/Eyesight" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyesight">eyesight</a> is comparatively weak,<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> lacking <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a><a href="#cite_note-cabanau28-60">[60]</a> and being unable to recognise a standing human 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) away.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Pigs are one of four known mammalian taxa which possess mutations in the <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> that protect against snake venom. <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Mongooses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">honey badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, and pigs all have modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents the <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">snake venom</a> <a href="/wiki/Snake_venom#Neurotoxins" title="Snake venom">α-neurotoxin</a> from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_behaviour_and_life_cycle">Social behaviour and life cycle</h2></div> Boars are typically social animals, living in <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">female-dominated</a> sounders consisting of barren sows and mothers with young led by an old matriarch. Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8–15 months, while females either remain with their mothers or establish new territories nearby. Subadult males may live in loosely knit groups, while adult and elderly males tend to be solitary outside the breeding season.<a href="#cite_note-marsan75-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[a]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG/220px-Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG/330px-Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG/440px-Wildschweinbache_s%C3%A4ugt_ihre_Jungen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Central European wild boar (S. s. scrofa) piglets suckling</figcaption></figure> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>breeding period in most areas lasts from November to January, though most mating only lasts a month and a half. Prior to mating, the males develop their subcutaneous armour in preparation for confronting rivals. The <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a> double in size and the glands secrete a foamy yellowish liquid. Once ready to reproduce, males travel long distances in search of a sounder of sows, eating little on the way. Once a sounder has been located, the male drives off all young animals and persistently chases the sows. At this point, the male fiercely fights potential rivals.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> A single male can mate with 5–10 sows.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> By the end of the rut, males are often badly mauled and have lost 20% of their body weight,<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> with bite-induced injuries to the penis being common.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> varies according to the age of the expecting mother. For first-time breeders, it lasts 114–130 days, while it lasts 133–140 days in older sows. Farrowing occurs between March and May, with litter sizes depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The average litter consists of 4–6 piglets, with the maximum being 10–12.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[b]</a> The piglets are <a href="/wiki/Whelping" class="mw-redirect" title="Whelping">whelped</a> in a nest constructed from twigs, grasses and leaves. Should the mother die prematurely, the piglets are adopted by the other sows in the sounder.<a href="#cite_note-marsan83-67">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg/220px-Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg/330px-Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg/440px-Wild_boar_standing_in_grass_-_DPLA_-_e1926c3d4c4f242801a5836b44eca6ac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Piglet standing in grass. All wild boar piglets are dark brown with pale longitudinal stripes. After three to four months, these stripes disappear completely.</figcaption></figure> Newborn piglets weigh around 600–1,000 grams, lacking underfur and bearing a single milk incisor and canine on each half of the jaw.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> There is intense competition between the piglets over the most milk-rich nipples, as the best-fed young grow faster and have stronger constitutions.<a href="#cite_note-marsan83-67">[65]</a> The piglets do not leave the lair for their first week of life. Should the mother be absent, the piglets lie closely pressed to each other. By two weeks of age, the piglets begin accompanying their mother on her journeys. Should danger be detected, the piglets take cover or stand immobile, relying on their camouflage to keep them hidden. The neonatal coat fades after three months, with adult colouration being attained at eight months. Although the <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> period lasts 2.5–3.5 months, the piglets begin displaying adult feeding behaviours at the age of 2–3 weeks. The <a href="/wiki/Permanent_teeth" title="Permanent teeth">permanent dentition</a> is fully formed by 1–2 years. With the exception of the canines in males, the teeth stop growing during the middle of the fourth year. The canines in old males continue to grow throughout their lives, curving strongly as they age. Sows attain <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at the age of one year, with males attaining it a year later. However, <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> usually first occurs after two years in sows, while males begin participating in the rut after 4–5 years, as they are not permitted to mate by the older males.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The maximum lifespan in the wild is 10–14 years, though few specimens survive past 4–5 years.<a href="#cite_note-marsan87-68">[66]</a> Boars in captivity have lived for 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_and_sheltering">Habitat and sheltering</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg/220px-Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg/330px-Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg/440px-Wild_Boar_Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary_East_Sikkim_India_19.10.2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An individual from higher ridges of Himalayas at 2,900 m (9,600 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Pangolakha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary">Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, Sikkim, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg/220px-Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg/330px-Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg/440px-Wild_Boar_Habbitat_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Wild boars frequently wallow in mud, possibly to regulate temperature or remove parasites</figcaption></figure> The wild boar inhabits a diverse array of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> from boreal <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taigas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> In mountainous regions, it can even occupy <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> zones, occurring up to 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and up to 3,600–4,000 m (11,800–13,100 ft) in the mountains in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> In order to survive in a given area, wild boars require a habitat fulfilling three conditions: heavily brushed areas providing shelter from predators, water for drinking and bathing purposes and an absence of regular snowfall.<a href="#cite_note-marsan55-69">[67]</a> The main habitats favored by boars in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> are <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">mixed forests</a>, with the most favorable areas consisting of forest composed of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> enclosing <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadows</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>, the animal's primary habitat consists of well-developed <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree" title="Broad-leaved tree">broad-leaved</a> and mixed forests, along with marshy mixed forests, with <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">coniferous</a> forests and undergrowths being of secondary importance. Forests made up entirely of oak groves and beeches are used only during the fruit-bearing season. This is in contrast to the Caucasian and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasian</a> mountain areas, where boars will occupy such fruit-bearing forests year-round. In the mountainous areas of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, the species inhabits <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">nutpine</a> groves, hilly mixed forests where <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian oak">Mongolian oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pine">Korean pine</a> are present, swampy mixed taiga and coastal oak forests. In <a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikalia</a>, boars are restricted to river valleys with nut pine and shrubs. Boars are regularly encountered in <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> groves in winter in some areas of <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, while in spring they migrate to open deserts; boar have also colonized deserts in several areas they have been introduced to.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-marsan55-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> On the islands of <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a>, the boar mostly inhabits savanna or open monsoon forests, avoiding heavily forested areas unless pursued by humans.<a href="#cite_note-auffenberg1981-12">[12]</a> Wild boar are known to be competent swimmers, capable of covering long distances. In 2013, one boar was reported to have completed the 11-kilometre (7 mi) swim from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. Due to concerns about disease, it was shot and incinerated.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Wild boar rest in shelters, which contain insulating material like <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> branches and dry <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>. These resting places are occupied by whole families (though males lie separately) and are often located in the vicinity of streams, in swamp forests and in tall grass or shrub thickets. Boars never defecate in their shelters and will cover themselves with soil and pine needles when irritated by insects.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg/220px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg/330px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg/440px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Male Indian boar (S. s. cristatus) feeding on a <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> (Axis axis) carcass</figcaption></figure> The wild boar is a highly versatile <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a>, whose diversity in choice of food is comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marsan70-56">[56]</a> Their foods can be divided into four categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a>, all of which are dug up throughout the year in the animal's whole range.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, which are consumed when ripened and are dug up from the snow when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">Leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, twigs and <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">garbage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">Earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">insectivores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_egg" title="Bird egg">bird eggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>. Most of these prey items are taken in warm periods.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a></li></ul> A 50 kg (110 lb) boar needs around 4,000–4,500 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> of food per day, though this required amount increases during winter and pregnancy,<a href="#cite_note-marsan70-56">[56]</a> with the majority of its diet consisting of food items dug from the ground, like underground plant material and burrowing animals.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beechnuts</a> are invariably its most important food items in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> as they are rich in the <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> necessary for the buildup of fat reserves needed to survive lean periods.<a href="#cite_note-marsan70-56">[56]</a> In Western Europe, underground plant material favoured by boars includes <a href="/wiki/Pteridium_aquilinum" title="Pteridium aquilinum">bracken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilobium" title="Epilobium">willow herb</a>, bulbs, meadow herb roots and bulbs and the bulbs of cultivated crops. Such food is favoured in early spring and summer, but may also be eaten in autumn and winter during beechnut and acorn crop failures. Should regular wild foods become scarce, boars will eat tree bark and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, as well as visit cultivated <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichoke</a> fields.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> Boar soil disturbance and foraging have been shown to <a href="/wiki/Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">facilitate</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Boars of the vittatus subspecies in <a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a> in Java differ from most other populations by their primarily frugivorous diet, which consists of 50 different fruit species, especially <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, thus making them important seed dispersers.<a href="#cite_note-oliver1993-5">[5]</a> The wild boar can consume numerous genera of <a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">poisonous plants</a> without ill effect, including <a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">Aconitum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemone" title="Anemone">Anemone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calla" title="Calla">Calla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltha" title="Caltha">Caltha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferula" title="Ferula">Ferula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridium">Pteridium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> Boars may occasionally prey on small <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> like newborn <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> fawns, <a href="/wiki/Leporidae" title="Leporidae">leporids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">galliform</a> chicks.<a href="#cite_note-marsan70-56">[56]</a> Boars inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a> and near some lakes and rivers of Kazakhstan have been recorded to feed extensively on fish like <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vobla" class="mw-redirect" title="Vobla">Caspian roach</a>. Boars in the former area will also feed on <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a> chicks, <a href="/wiki/Juliidae" title="Juliidae">bivalved molluscs</a>, trapped <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a> and mice.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> There is at least one record of a boar killing and eating a <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_macaque" title="Bonnet macaque">bonnet macaque</a> in southern India's <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a>, though this may have been a case of <a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">intraguild predation</a>, brought on by <a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">interspecific competition</a> for human handouts.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> There is also at least one recorded case of a group of wild boar attacking, killing, and eating an adult, healthy female axis deer (<a href="/wiki/Axis_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis axis">Axis axis</a>) as a pack.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Stable isotope analysis of fossil wild boar tooth enamel from the late Middle Pleistocene found in Thailand indicate that it fed on a versatile mixed vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators">Predators</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg/220px-Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg/330px-Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg/440px-Tiger%27s_killing_wild_boar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tigers</a> killing a wild boar in <a href="/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kanha Tiger Reserve">Kanha Tiger Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> Piglets are vulnerable to attack from medium-sized felids like <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a> (Lynx lynx), <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cats</a> (Felis chaus), and <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopards</a> (Panthera uncia), as well as other carnivorans like <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> (Ursus arctos) and <a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">yellow-throated martens</a> (Martes flavigula).<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> (Canis lupus) is the main predator of wild boar throughout most of its range. A single wolf can kill around 50 to 80 boars of differing ages in one year.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> In Italy<a href="#cite_note-marsan96-78">[76]</a> and Belarus' <a href="/wiki/Belovezhskaya_Pushcha_National_Park" title="Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park">Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park</a>, boars are the wolf's primary prey, despite an abundance of alternative, less powerful ungulates.<a href="#cite_note-marsan96-78">[76]</a> Wolves are particularly threatening during the winter, when deep snow impedes the boars' movements. In the Baltic regions, heavy snowfall can allow wolves to eliminate boars from an area almost completely. Wolves primarily target piglets and subadults and only rarely attack adult sows. Adult males are usually avoided entirely.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dholes</a> (Cuon alpinus) may also prey on boars, to the point of keeping their numbers down in northwestern Bhutan, despite there being many more <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> in the area.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_feeding.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dragon_feeding.png/220px-Dragon_feeding.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dragon_feeding.png/330px-Dragon_feeding.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dragon_feeding.png/440px-Dragon_feeding.png 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banded_pig" title="Banded pig">Banded pig</a> (S. s. vittatus) being eaten by <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragons</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopards</a> (Panthera pardus) are predators of wild boar in the Caucasus (particularly Transcaucasia), the Russian Far East, India, China<a href="#cite_note-sovietleopard-80">[78]</a> and Iran. In most areas, boars constitute only a small part of the leopard's diet. However, in Iran's Sarigol National Park, boars are the second most frequently targeted prey species after <a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">mouflon</a> (Ovis gmelini), though adult individuals are generally avoided, as they are above the leopard's preferred weight range of 10–40 kg (22–88 lb).<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> This dependence on wild boar is largely due in part to the local leopard subspecies' large size.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Boars of all ages were once the primary prey of the <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> (Panthera tigris) in Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Middle Asia and the Far East up until the late 19th century. In modern times, tiger numbers are too low to have a limiting effect on boar populations. A single tiger can systematically destroy an entire sounder by preying on its members one by one, before moving on to another sounder. Tigers have been noted to chase boars for longer distances than with other prey. In two rare cases, boars were reported to gore a small tiger and a tigress to death in self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-soviettiger-83">[81]</a> A "large male tiger" died of wounds inflicted by an old wild boar it had killed in "a battle royal" between the two animals.<a href="#cite_note-Prynn-1980-84">[82]</a>: 500  In the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur region</a>, wild boars are one of the two most important prey species for <a href="/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tigers</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_wapiti" title="Manchurian wapiti">Manchurian wapiti</a> (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), with the two species collectively comprising roughly 80% of the felid's prey.<a href="#cite_note-j1-85">[83]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sikhote_Alin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhote Alin">Sikhote Alin</a>, a tiger can kill 30–34 boars a year.<a href="#cite_note-baskin2003-11">[11]</a> Studies of tigers in India indicate that boars are usually secondary in preference to various <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">cervids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">bovids</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] though when boars are targeted, healthy adults are caught more frequently than young and sick specimens.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> On the islands of <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, the boar's main predator is the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> (Varanus komodoensis).<a href="#cite_note-auffenberg1981-12">[12]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstructed_range">Reconstructed range</h3></div> The species originally occurred in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>; from the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>. The northern limit of its range extended from southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> to southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Within this range, it was only absent in extremely dry deserts and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> zones. It was once found in North Africa along the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley up to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. The species occurs on a few <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, sometimes swimming between islands.<a href="#cite_note-masseti2012-87">[85]</a> The reconstructed northern boundary of the animal's Asian range ran from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> (at 60°N) through the area of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> into the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Urals</a>, where it reached 52°N. From there, the boundary passed <a href="/wiki/Ishim,_Tyumen_Oblast" title="Ishim, Tyumen Oblast">Ishim</a> and farther east the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> at 56°N. In the eastern <a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>) the boundary turned steep south, encircled the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and went again eastward including the <a href="/wiki/Tannu-Ola_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannu-Ola Mountains">Tannu-Ola Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. From here, the boundary went slightly north of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> eastward to its lower reaches at the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, there are only <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> reports of wild boar. The southern boundaries in Europe and Asia were almost invariably identical to the seashores of these continents. It is absent in the dry regions of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> from 44 to 46°N southward, in China westward of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and in India north of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. It is absent in the higher elevations of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, though they do occur in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and on the lower slopes of the Tien Shan.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_range">Present range</h3></div> In recent centuries, the range of wild boar has changed dramatically, largely due to hunting by humans and more recently because of captive wild boar escaping into the wild. Prior to the 20th century, boar populations had declined in numerous areas, with British populations probably becoming extinct during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-britishwildboar.org.uk-88">[86]</a> In the warm period after the ice age, wild boar lived in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and north of Lake Ladoga in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> It was previously thought that the species did not live in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> during prehistory because no prehistoric wild boar bones had been found within the borders of the country.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> It was not until 2013, when a wild boar bone was found in <a href="/wiki/Askola" title="Askola">Askola</a>, that the species was found to have lived in Finland more than 8,000 years ago. It is believed, however, that man prevented its establishment by hunting.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the last boar was shot at the beginning of the 19th century, and by 1900 they were absent in Tunisia and Sudan and large areas of Germany, Austria and Italy. In Russia, they were extirpated in wide areas by the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The last boar in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> reportedly died on 20 December 1912 in the <a href="/wiki/Giza_Zoo" title="Giza Zoo">Giza Zoo</a>, with wild populations having disappeared by 1894–1902. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kamal_el_Dine_Hussein" title="Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein">Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein</a> attempted to repopulate <a href="/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun" title="Wadi El Natrun">Wadi El Natrun</a> with boars of Hungarian stock, but they were quickly exterminated by poachers.<a href="#cite_note-osborn1980-94">[92]</a> A revival of boar populations began in the middle of the 20th century. By 1950, wild boar had once again reached their original northern boundary in many parts of their Asiatic range. By 1960, they reached <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> and Moscow and by 1975, they were to be found in <a href="/wiki/Archangelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangelsk">Archangelsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>. In the 1970s they again occurred in Denmark and Sweden, where captive animals escaped and now survive in the wild. In England, wild boar populations re-established themselves in the 1990s, after escaping from specialist farms that had imported European stock.<a href="#cite_note-britishwildboar.org.uk-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_in_Great_Britain">Status in Great Britain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg/220px-Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg/330px-Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg/440px-Wild_Boar_at_Culzie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1017910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Mixed sounder of wild boar and domestic pigs at Culzie, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> By the 11th century, wild boars were apparently already becoming rare in Britain. A 1087 forestry law enacted by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> punished through blinding the unlawful killing of a boar. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> attempted to reintroduce the species into the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, but this population was exterminated in the 17th century during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. Between their medieval extinction and the 1980s, when wild boar farming began, only a handful of captive wild boar, imported from the continent, were present in Britain. Occasional escapes of wild boar from wildlife parks have occurred as early as the 1970s, but since the early 1990s significant populations have re-established themselves after escapes from farms, the number of which has increased as the demand for meat from the species has grown. A 1998 <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (United Kingdom)">MAFF</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">DEFRA</a>) study on wild boar living wild in Britain confirmed the presence of two populations of wild boar living in Britain; one in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> and another in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britishwildboar.org.uk-88">[86]</a> Another DEFRA report, in February 2008,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> confirmed the existence of these two sites as 'established breeding areas' and identified a third in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">Forest of Dean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ross_on_Wye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross on Wye">Ross on Wye</a> area. A 'new breeding population' was also identified in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>. There is another significant population in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>. Populations estimates were as follows: <ul><li>The largest population, in Kent/East Sussex, was then estimated at 200 animals in the core distribution area.</li> <li>The smallest, in west Dorset, was estimated to be fewer than 50 animals.</li> <li>Since winter 2005–2006 significant escapes/releases have also resulted in animals colonizing areas around the fringes of <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>. These are considered as an additional single 'new breeding population' and currently estimated to be up to 100 animals.</li></ul> Population estimates for the Forest of Dean are disputed as, at the time that the DEFRA population estimate was 100, a photo of a boar sounder in the forest near Staunton with over 33 animals visible was published and at about the same time over 30 boar were seen in a field near the original escape location of Weston under Penyard many kilometres or miles away. In early 2010 the Forestry Commission embarked on a cull,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> with the aim of reducing the boar population from an estimated 150 animals to 100. By August it was stated that efforts were being made to reduce the population from 200 to 90, but that only 25 had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The failure to meet cull targets was confirmed in February 2011.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Wild boars have crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a> into <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, Wales. Iolo Williams, the BBC Wales wildlife expert, attempted to film Welsh boar in late 2012.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Many other sightings, across the UK, have also been reported.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The effects of wild boar on the U.K.'s woodlands were discussed with Ralph Harmer of the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a> on the BBC Radio's <a href="/wiki/Farming_Today" title="Farming Today">Farming Today</a> radio programme in 2011. The programme prompted activist writer <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> to propose a thorough population study, followed by the introduction of permit-controlled <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">culling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_blog_zoophobic_legacy-101">[99]</a> In Scotland, wild boar are professionally referred to as 'feral pigs' as the genetics of the established feral populations may come from a mix of both wild boar and domestic pigs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> They are now known to be present in <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a> and a number of sites in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>, mainly centred around the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> They can be killed there legally without a license and are culled by land managers as wild populations appear occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_boar&action=edit">[update]</a>, an agency that advises the Scottish government estimates that Scotland is home to a few thousand wild boars. Locals around Loch Ness that were interviewed by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> believed that the boars were becoming an increasingly worse problem, and farmers noted that they had killed and eaten several lambs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_to_North_America">Introduction to North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG/220px-Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG/330px-Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG/440px-Florida-_1745_Gators_vs_Pigs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorbacks</a>" confronting an <a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></figcaption></figure> Wild boars are an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in the Americas, having been introduced by European explorers and settlers in the 16th century to serve as a source of food. Wild boars now cause problems including out-competing native species for food, destroying the nests of ground-nesting species, killing fawns and young domestic livestock, destroying agricultural crops, eating tree seeds and seedlings, destroying native vegetation and wetlands through wallowing, damaging water quality, coming into violent conflict with humans and pets and carrying pig and human diseases including <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">trichinosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudorabies" title="Pseudorabies">pseudorabies</a>. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal to import, breed, release, possess, sell, distribute, trade, transport, hunt, or trap Eurasian boars. Hunting and trapping is done systematically, to increase the chance of eradication and to remove the incentive to illegally release boars, which have mostly been spread deliberately by sport hunters.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div> While domestic pigs, both captive and feral (popularly termed "razorbacks"), have been in North America since the earliest days of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a>, pure wild boars were not introduced into the New World until the 19th century. The suids were released into the wild by wealthy landowners as big game animals. The initial introductions took place in fenced enclosures, though several escapes occurred, with the escapees sometimes intermixing with already established feral pig populations. The first of these introductions occurred in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> in 1890. Thirteen wild boars from Germany were purchased by <a href="/wiki/Austin_Corbin" title="Austin Corbin">Austin Corbin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> and released into a 9,500-hectare (23,000-acre) game preserve in <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Sullivan County, New Hampshire">Sullivan County</a>. Several of these boars escaped, though they were quickly hunted down by locals. Two further introductions were made from the original stocking, with several escapes taking place due to breaches in the game preserve's fencing. These escapees have ranged widely, with some specimens having been observed crossing into <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> In 1902, 15–20 wild boar from Germany were released into a 3,200-hectare (7,900-acre) estate in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton County</a>, New York. Several specimens escaped six years later, dispersing into the <a href="/wiki/William_C._Whitney_Wilderness_Area" title="William C. Whitney Wilderness Area">William C. Whitney Wilderness Area</a>, with their descendants surviving for at least 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> The most extensive boar introduction in the US took place in western <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in 1912, when 13 boars of undetermined European origin were released into two fenced enclosures in a game preserve in <a href="/wiki/Hooper_Bald" title="Hooper Bald">Hooper Bald</a>, Graham County. Most of the specimens remained in the preserve for the next decade, until a large-scale hunt caused the remaining animals to break through their confines and escape. Some of the boars migrated to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, where they intermixed with both free-ranging and feral pigs in the area. In 1924, a dozen Hooper Bald wild pigs were shipped to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and released in a property between <a href="/wiki/Carmel_River_(California)" title="Carmel River (California)">Carmel Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a>. These hybrid boar were later used as breeding stock on various private and public lands throughout the state, as well as in other states like <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> Several wild boars from <a href="/wiki/Leon_Springs,_Texas" title="Leon Springs, Texas">Leon Springs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Zoo_and_Aquarium" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio Zoo and Aquarium">San Antonio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoo" title="Saint Louis Zoo">Saint Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoos</a> were released in the Powder Horn Ranch in <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Texas" title="Calhoun County, Texas">Calhoun County</a>, Texas, in 1939. These specimens escaped and established themselves in surrounding ranchlands and coastal areas, with some crossing the <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_Bay" title="Espiritu Santo Bay">Espiritu Santo Bay</a> and colonizing <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Island" title="Matagorda Island">Matagorda Island</a>. Descendants of the Powder Horn Ranch boars were later released onto <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Island_(Texas)" title="San José Island (Texas)">San José Island</a> and the coast of <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a>, Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> Wild boar of unknown origin were stocked in a ranch in the <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Plateau" title="Edwards Plateau">Edwards Plateau</a> in the 1940s, only to escape during a storm and hybridize with local feral pig populations, later spreading into neighboring counties.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> Starting in the mid-1980s, several boars purchased from the San Diego Zoo and <a href="/wiki/Tierpark_Berlin" title="Tierpark Berlin">Tierpark Berlin</a> were released into the United States. A decade later, more specimens from farms in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and Białowieża Forest were let loose. In recent years, wild pig populations have been reported in 44 states within the US, most of which are likely wild boar–feral hog hybrids. Pure wild boar populations may still be present, but are extremely localized.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2009-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_and_lack_of_control_in_South_America">Introduction and lack of control in South America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png/250px-Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png/375px-Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png/500px-Distribution_of_feral_pigs_and_wild_boars_in_Brazil.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of wild boar and "javaporco" in Brazil as of 2022. In red: <a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">States</a> with registered sightings.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the European boar is believed to have been introduced for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> around the 20th century for breeding purposes.<a href="#cite_note-ref01-108">[106]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the creation of wild boar and hybrids started on a large scale in the mid-1990s. With the invasion of wild boar that crossed the border and entered <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> around 1989, and the escape and intentional release by several Brazilian breeders in the late 1990s – in response to a <a href="/wiki/IBAMA" class="mw-redirect" title="IBAMA">IBAMA</a> decision against the import and breeding of wild boar in 1998 – numerous <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> species formed a growing population, which progressively advances in Brazilian territory.<a href="#cite_note-ref02-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref03-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pest_control_in_Brazil">Pest control in Brazil</h4></div> As a form of control for the wild boar population, hunting and killing are allowed for <a href="/wiki/Collectors,_Shooters_and_Hunters" title="Collectors, Shooters and Hunters">Collectors, Shooters and Hunters</a> (CACs)<a href="#cite_note-cacjvl-111">[109]</a> duly registered by the environmental control agency, <a href="/wiki/IBAMA" class="mw-redirect" title="IBAMA">IBAMA</a>, which, on the other hand, seeks to encourage the preservation of similar species of native <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>, such as the "<a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">queixada</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">caititu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-pltstn-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbrbp-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbrl-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_on_other_habitats">Effect on other habitats</h4></div> Wild boars negatively impact other habitats through the destruction of the environment, or homes of wildlife. When wild boars invade new areas, they adapt to the new area by trampling and rooting, as well as displacing many saplings/nutrients. This causes a decrease in growing of many plants and trees. Water is also affected negatively by wild boars. When wild boars are active in streams, or small pools of water, it causes increased turbidity (excessive silt and particle suspension).<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In some cases, the fecal coliform concentration increases to dangerous levels because of wild boars. Aquatic wildlife is affected, more prominently fish, and amphibians. Wild boars have caused a great decrease in over 300 animal or plant species, 250 being endangered or threatened.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> The boars cause many habitats to become less diverse because of their feeding behaviors and predation. Wild boars will dig up eggs of species and eat them, as well as killing other wildlife for food. When these boars compete with other species for resources, they usually come out successful.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> A study published in the Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology was conducted on the results of Feral Swine control. Only two years after the control started, the amount of turtle nests jumped from 57 to 143, and the turtle nest predation percent dropped from 74 to 15.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> They kill and eat deers, lizards, birds, snakes, and more. These boars are called "opportunist omnivores", which means they eat almost anything. This means they can survive almost anywhere. A big surplus of food and the ability to adapt to any new place causes lots of breeding. All of these factors make it difficult to get rid of wild boars.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTB_in_boar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BTB_in_boar.png/220px-BTB_in_boar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BTB_in_boar.png/330px-BTB_in_boar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BTB_in_boar.png/440px-BTB_in_boar.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Lesions consistent with <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_bovis" title="Mycobacterium bovis">bovine tuberculosis</a> on the lower jaw and lung of a wild boar</figcaption></figure> Wild boars are known to host at least 20 different parasitic worm species, with maximum infections occurring in summer. Young animals are vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Helminth" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminth">helminths</a> like <a href="/wiki/Metastrongylus" title="Metastrongylus">Metastrongylus</a>, which are consumed by boars through earthworms and cause death by parasitising the lungs. Wild boar also carry parasites known to infect humans, including <a href="/wiki/Gastrodiscoides" title="Gastrodiscoides">Gastrodiscoides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taenia_solium" title="Taenia solium">Taenia solium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balantidium_coli" title="Balantidium coli">Balantidium coli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toxo-120">[118]</a> Wild boar in southern regions are frequently infested with <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermacentor" title="Dermacentor">Dermacentor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus" title="Rhipicephalus">Rhipicephalus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyalomma" title="Hyalomma">Hyalomma</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Haematopinus_suis" title="Haematopinus suis">hog lice</a>. The species also suffers from blood-sucking <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a>, which it escapes by bathing frequently or hiding in dense shrubs.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_swine_fever" title="Classical swine fever">Swine plague</a> spreads very quickly in wild boar, with <a href="/wiki/Epizootic" title="Epizootic">epizootics</a> being recorded in Germany, Poland, Hungary, Belarus, the Caucasus, the Far East, Kazakhstan and other regions. <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">Foot-and-mouth disease</a> can also take on epidemic proportions in boar populations. The species occasionally, but rarely contracts <a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_septicemia" title="Hemorrhagic septicemia">hemorrhagic sepsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>. Wild boar may on occasion contract swine <a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">erysipelas</a> through rodents or hog lice and ticks.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altamira_paintings_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Altamira_paintings_01.jpg/220px-Altamira_paintings_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Altamira_paintings_01.jpg/330px-Altamira_paintings_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Altamira_paintings_01.jpg/440px-Altamira_paintings_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Altamira</a>, Spain. This is a modern interpretation of one of the earliest known depictions of the species.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau63-121">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PELSO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/220px-PELSO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/330px-PELSO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PELSO.png/440px-PELSO.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of wild boars at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> on silver dish (part of the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Sevso_Treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevso Treasure">Sevso Treasure</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/170px-Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/255px-Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg/340px-Luum%C3%A4ki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The head of a wild boar on the left side of the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Luum%C3%A4ki" title="Luumäki">Luumäki</a>, Finland. A wild boar refers to the <a href="/wiki/Svinhufvud_(family)" title="Svinhufvud (family)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a> <a href="/wiki/P._E._Svinhufvud" class="mw-redirect" title="P. E. Svinhufvud">P. E. Svinhufvud</a> from Luumäki (Svinhufvud literally means the "swine head").<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> The wild boar features prominently in the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> people, many of which saw the animal as embodying warrior virtues.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Cultures throughout Europe and Asia Minor saw the killing of a boar as proof of one's valor and strength. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter_gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter gatherers">hunter gatherers</a> depicted reliefs of ferocious wild boars on their temple pillars at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> some 11,600 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Virtually all heroes in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> fight or kill a boar at one point. The <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigod</a> <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_Hercules" title="Labours of Hercules">third labour</a> involves the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Erymanthian Boar">Erymanthian Boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> slays the wild sow <a href="/wiki/Crommyonian_Sow" title="Crommyonian Sow">Phaea</a>, and a disguised <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> is recognised by his handmaiden <a href="/wiki/Eurycleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia">Eurycleia</a> by the scars inflicted on him by a boar during a hunt in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-mallory1997-127">[125]</a> To the mythical <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperboreans</a>, the boar represented spiritual authority.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau63-121">[119]</a> Several Greek myths use the boar as a symbol of darkness, death and winter.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> One example is the story of the youthful <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, who is killed by a boar and is permitted by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> to depart from <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a> only during the spring and summer period. This theme also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian mythology</a>, where the animal is explicitly linked to the month of October, therefore autumn. This association likely arose from aspects of the boar's actual nature. Its dark colour was linked to the night, while its solitary habits, proclivity to consume crops and nocturnal nature were associated with evil.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi14-129">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">foundation myth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> has the city being built over the site where Prince Androklos of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> killed a boar.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi16-130">[128]</a> Boars were frequently depicted on Greek funerary monuments alongside <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, representing gallant losers who have finally met their match, as opposed to victorious hunters as lions are. The theme of the doomed, yet valorous boar warrior also occurred in <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> culture, where it was traditional to sacrifice a boar alongside a dog and a prisoner of war after a military defeat.<a href="#cite_note-mallory1997-127">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg/220px-Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg/330px-Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg/440px-Clan_member_crest_badge_-_Clan_Campbell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>The head of wild boar is prominent in the <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Clan Campbell</a>. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg/220px-WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg/330px-WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg/440px-WLA_lacma_Varaha_the_Boar_Avatar_of_Vishnu_Mathura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>3rd century sandstone Varaha sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, depicting the Hindu boar god <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> rescuing the earth, depicted as a goddess dangling from his tusks.</figcaption></figure> The boar as a warrior also appears in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic cultures</a>, with its image having been frequently engraved on shields and swords. They also feature on <a href="/wiki/Germanic_boar_helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic boar helmets">Germanic boar helmets</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Benty_Grange_helmet" title="Benty Grange helmet">Benty Grange helmet</a>, where it was believed to offer protection to the wearer and has been theorised to have been used in spiritual transformations into swine, similar to <a href="/wiki/Berserkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Berserkers">berserkers</a>. The boar features heavily in religious practice in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> where it is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and has also been suggested to have been a totemic animal to the Swedes, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Yngling" title="Yngling">Yngling royal dynasty</a> who claimed descent from the god.<a href="#cite_note-Kovářová-131">[129]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic people">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a> featured boars on their helmets and may have also worn boar masks. The boar and pig were held in particularly high esteem by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, who considered them to be their most important sacred animal. Some <a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a> linked to boars include <a href="/wiki/Moccus" title="Moccus">Moccus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veteris" title="Veteris">Veteris</a>. It has been suggested that some early myths surrounding the Welsh hero <a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a> involved the character being the son of a boar god.<a href="#cite_note-mallory1997-127">[125]</a> Nevertheless, the importance of the boar as a culinary item among Celtic tribes may have been exaggerated in popular culture by the <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a> series, as wild boar bones are rare among Celtic archaeological sites and the few that do occur show no signs of butchery, having probably been used in sacrificial rituals.<a href="#cite_note-green2002-132">[130]</a> The boar also appears in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic mythology">Vedic mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>. A story present in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanas">Brahmanas</a> has the god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> slaying an avaricious boar, who has stolen the treasure of the <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">asuras</a>, then giving its carcass to the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, who offered it as a sacrifice to the gods. In the story's retelling in the <a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a>, the boar is described as a form of <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> and is credited with having raised the Earth from the primeval waters. In the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, the same boar is portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg/220px-Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg/330px-Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg/440px-Herakles_Erymanthian_boar_BM_B213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> brings <a href="/wiki/Eurystheus" title="Eurystheus">Eurystheus</a> the <a href="/wiki/Erymanthian_boar" title="Erymanthian boar">Erymanthian boar</a>, as depicted on a black-figure amphora (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550 BC) from <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a>, the boar is widely seen as a fearsome and reckless animal, to the point that several words and expressions in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> referring to recklessness include references to boars. The boar is the last animal of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Oriental zodiac</a>, with people born during the <a href="/wiki/Pig_(zodiac)" title="Pig (zodiac)">year of the Pig</a> being said to embody the boar-like traits of determination and impetuosity. Among Japanese hunters, the boar's courage and defiance is a source of admiration and it is not uncommon for hunters and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a> to name their sons after the animal inoshishi (猪). Boars are also seen as symbols of fertility and prosperity; in some regions, it is thought that boars are drawn to fields owned by families including pregnant women, and hunters with pregnant wives are thought to have greater chances of success when boar hunting. The animal's link to prosperity was illustrated by its inclusion on the <a href="/wiki/%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="¥">¥</a>10 note during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> and it was once believed that a man could become wealthy by keeping a clump of boar hair in his wallet.<a href="#cite_note-knight2003-134">[132]</a> In the folklore of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian people">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a> tribe, the wild boar was associated with the watery underworld, as it was thought that the spirits of the dead entered the animal's head, to be ultimately transported to the water.<a href="#cite_note-pegg2001-135">[133]</a> Prior to the conversion to Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a> believed that they were descended from boars and thus did not eat pork. In <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a> mythology, the forefathers of the Buryats descended from heaven and were nourished by a boar.<a href="#cite_note-holmberg1927-136">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the boar is the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cabanau63-121">[119]</a> The boar (<a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">sanglier</a>) is frequently displayed in <a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_heraldry" title="Welsh heraldry">Welsh heraldry</a>. As with the <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lion</a>, the boar is often shown as armed and <a href="/wiki/Langued" class="mw-redirect" title="Langued">langued</a>. As with the <a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">bear</a>, Scottish and Welsh heraldry displays the boar's head with the neck cropped, unlike the English version, which retains the neck.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/White_boar" title="White boar">white boar</a> served as the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">King Richard III of England</a>, who distributed it among his northern retainers during his tenure as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_game_animal_and_food_source">As a game animal and food source</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Boar_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wild_Boar_shop.jpg/220px-Wild_Boar_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wild_Boar_shop.jpg/330px-Wild_Boar_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wild_Boar_shop.jpg/440px-Wild_Boar_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wild boar haunches and <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg/220px-Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg/330px-Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg/440px-Wild_Pork_at_Chico%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A wild boar dish served in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> Humans have been hunting boar for millennia, the earliest artistic depictions of such activities dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mallory1997-127">[125]</a> The animal was seen as a source of food among the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greeks</a>, as well as a sporting challenge and source of epic narratives. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> inherited this tradition, with one of its first practitioners being <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a>. Boar hunting became particularly popular among the young nobility during the 3rd century BC as preparation for manhood and battle. A typical Roman boar hunting tactic involved surrounding a given area with large nets, then flushing the boar with dogs and immobilizing it with smaller nets. The animal would then be dispatched with a venabulum, a short <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Crossguard" title="Crossguard">crossguard</a> at the base of the blade. More than their Greek predecessors, the Romans extensively took inspiration from boar hunting in their art and sculpture. With the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, boar hunting took on Christian allegorical themes, with the animal being portrayed as a "black beast" analogous to <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">the dragon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi9-139">[137]</a> Boar hunting continued after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, though the Germanic tribes considered the <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> to be a more noble and worthy quarry. The post-Roman nobility hunted boar as their predecessors did, but primarily as training for battle rather than sport. It was not uncommon for medieval hunters to deliberately hunt boars during the breeding season when the animals were more aggressive. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> reduced boar numbers, boar hunting became the sole prerogative of the nobility, one of many charges brought up against the rich during the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi9-139">[137]</a> During the mid-20th century, 7,000–8,000 boars were caught in the Caucasus, 6,000–7,000 in Kazakhstan and about 5,000 in Central Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> period, primarily through the use of dogs and beats.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> In Nepal, farmers and poachers eliminate boars by baiting balls of wheat flour containing explosives with kerosene oil, with the animals' chewing motions triggering the devices.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Wild boar can thrive in captivity, though piglets grow slowly and poorly without their mothers. Products derived from wild boar include meat, hide and bristles.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a> devotes a whole chapter to the cooking of boar meat, providing 10 recipes involving roasting, boiling and what sauces to use. The Romans usually served boar meat with <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi30-141">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's head</a> was the centrepiece of most medieval <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> celebrations among the nobility.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Although growing in popularity as a captive-bred source of food, the wild boar takes longer to mature than most domestic pigs and it is usually smaller and produces less meat. Nevertheless, wild boar meat is leaner and healthier than <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>,<a href="#cite_note-harris2009-143">[141]</a> being of higher <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_value" title="Nutritional value">nutritional value</a> and having a much higher concentration of essential <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> Most meat-dressing organizations agree that a boar carcass should yield 50 kg (110 lb) of meat on average. Large specimens can yield 15–20 kg (33–44 lb) of fat, with some giants yielding 30 kg (66 lb) or more. A boar hide can measure 3 <a href="/wiki/Square_metre" title="Square metre">m2</a> (4,700 sq in) and can yield 350–1,000 grams (12–35 oz) of bristle and 400 grams (14 oz) of underwool.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman relief of a dog confronting a boar, Cologne"><img alt="Roman relief of a dog confronting a boar, Cologne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg/120px-EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg/180px-EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg/240px-EberreliefmitHund-3Jhrnchr-FOKoeln2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="1213" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman relief of a dog confronting a boar, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern Indian depiction of boar hunt, c. 1540"><img alt="Southern Indian depiction of boar hunt, c. 1540" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg/120px-S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg/180px-S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg/240px-S%C3%BCdindischer_Meister_um_1540_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern Indian depiction of boar hunt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Pig-Sticking_(1914)_A._E._Wardrop_I.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pig-sticking in British India"><img alt="Pig-sticking in British India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png/120px-Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png/180px-Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png/240px-Modern_Pig-Sticking_%281914%29_A._E._Wardrop_I.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="483" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pig-sticking in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boar shot in Volgograd Oblast, Russia"><img alt="Boar shot in Volgograd Oblast, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/120px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/180px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg/240px-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="381" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boar shot in <a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd Oblast</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Boar Hunt – Hans Wertinger, c. 1530, the Danube Valley"><img alt="The Boar Hunt – Hans Wertinger, c. 1530, the Danube Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg/120px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg/180px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg/240px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Boar_Hunt_-_Hans_Wertinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="416" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Boar Hunt – Hans Wertinger, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1530, the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Valley">Danube Valley</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_and_garbage_raiding">Crop and garbage raiding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg/220px-Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg/330px-Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg/440px-Dziki_na_smieciach_Berlina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>An adult sow and young that have broken open a litter bag in Berlin seeking food</figcaption></figure> Boars can be damaging to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in situations where their natural habitat is sparse. Populations living on the outskirts of towns or farms can dig up <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a> and damage <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. However, they generally only encroach upon farms when natural food is scarce. In the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Belovezh forest</a> for example, 34–47% of the local boar population will enter fields in years of moderate availability of natural foods. While the role of boars in damaging crops is often exaggerated,<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> cases are known of boar depredations causing <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>, as was the case in <a href="/wiki/Hachinohe,_Aomori" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachinohe, Aomori">Hachinohe</a>, Japan in 1749, where 3,000 people died of what became known as the "wild boar famine". Still, within Japanese culture, the boar's status as vermin is expressed through its title as "king of pests" and the popular saying (addressed to young men in rural areas) "When you get married, choose a place with no wild boar."<a href="#cite_note-knight2003-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In Central Europe, farmers typically repel boars through distraction or fright, while in Kazakhstan it is usual to employ guard dogs in plantations. However, research shows that when compared with other mitigation tactics, hunting is the only strategy to significantly reduce crop damage by boars.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Although large boar populations can play an important role in limiting forest growth, they are also useful in keeping pest populations such as <a href="/wiki/European_chafer" title="European chafer">June bugs</a> under control.<a href="#cite_note-heptner1988-4">[4]</a> The growth of urban areas and the corresponding decline in natural boar habitats has led to some sounders entering human habitations in search of food. As in natural conditions, sounders in peri-urban areas are matriarchal, though males tend to be much less represented and adults of both sexes can be up to 35% heavier than their forest-dwelling counterparts. As of 2010, at least 44 cities in 15 countries have experienced problems of some kind relating to the presence of habituated wild boar.<a href="#cite_note-cahill2012-147">[145]</a> A 2023 study found that allowing wild pigs to forage on edible garbage in large regional landfills results in those animals getting physically large/heavier, having larger litters of piglets, and causing more wild pig-vehicle collisions in the vicinity of the landfill. The effects of letting these pigs scavenge in these landfills can present unique challenges to population management, control, public safety, and disease transmission. Wild pigs foraging on edible food waste in landfills has also been identified as a vector that facilitates the spread of African swine fever virus.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3></div> Actual attacks on humans are rare, but can be serious, resulting in penetrating injuries to the lower part of the body. They generally occur during the boars' <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rutting</a> season from November to January, in agricultural areas bordering forests or on paths leading through forests. The animal typically attacks by charging and pointing its tusks towards the intended victim, with most injuries occurring on the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> region. Once the initial attack is over, the boar steps back, takes position and attacks again if the victim is still moving, only ending once the victim is completely incapacitated.<a href="#cite_note-manipady2006-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-gunduz2007-150">[148]</a> Boar attacks on humans have been documented throughout history. The Romans and Ancient Greeks wrote of these attacks (<a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> was wounded by a boar and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> was killed by one). A 2012 study compiling recorded attacks from 1825 to 2012 found accounts of 665 human victims of both wild boars and feral pigs, with the majority (19%) of attacks in the animal's native range occurring in India. Most of the attacks occurred in rural areas during the winter months in non-hunting contexts and were committed by solitary males.<a href="#cite_note-mayer2013-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3></div> Managing wild boar is a pressing task in both native and invasive contexts as they can be disruptive to other systems when not addressed. Wild boar find their success through adaptation of daily patterns to circumvent threats. They avoid human contact through nocturnal lifestyles, despite the fact that they are not evolutionarily predisposed, and alter their diets substantially based on what is available.<a href="#cite_note-:02-152">[150]</a> These "adaptive generalists", can survive in a variety of landscapes, making the prediction of their movement patterns and any potential close contact areas crucial to limiting damage.<a href="#cite_note-:2-153">[151]</a> All of these qualities make them equally difficult to manage or limit. Within Central Europe, the native habitat of the wild boar, there has been a push to re-evaluate interactions between wild boar and humans, with the priority of fostering positive engagement. Negative media and public perception of wild boar as "crop raiders" have made those living alongside them less willing to accept the economic damages of their behaviors, as wild boar are seen as pests. This media tone impacts management policy, with every 10 negative articles increasing wild boar policy activity by 6.7%.<a href="#cite_note-:3-154">[152]</a> Contrary to this portrayal, wild boar, when managed well within their natural environments, can be a crucial part of forest ecosystems. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg/220px-Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg/330px-Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg/440px-Feral_Hog_hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Recreational wild boar hunting</figcaption></figure> Defining the limits of proper management is difficult, but the exclusion of wild boar from rare environments is generally agreed upon, as when not properly managed, they can damage agricultural ventures and harm vulnerable plant life.<a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[153]</a> These damages are estimated at $800 million yearly in environmental and financial costs for the United States alone.<a href="#cite_note-:1-155">[153]</a> The breadth of this damage is due to prior inattention and lack of management tactics for extended lengths of time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-154">[152]</a> Managing wild boar is a complex task, as it involves coordinating a combination of crop harvest techniques, fencing, toxic bait, corrals, and hunting. The most common tactic employed by private land owners in the United States is recreational hunting, however, this is generally not as effective on its own.<a href="#cite_note-:4-156">[154]</a> Management strategies are most successful when they take into account reproduction, dispersion, and the differences between ideal resources for males and females.<a href="#cite_note-:2-153">[151]</a> According to a study, wild boars are causing soil disturbance that, among other problems, globally results in annual carbon dioxide emissions equivalent to that of ~1.1 million passenger vehicles (4.9 Mt, 0.01% of all GHG emissions as of 2022), implying that as of 2021 hunted boar meat – unlike other meat products – has beneficial effects on the environment<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> even though the effect would diminish if boars are introduced for meat production and consistently retaining small populations of boars may be preferable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/64px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babirusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar-baiting" title="Boar-baiting">Boar-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boars in heraldry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> It is from the male boar's solitary habits that the species gets its name in numerous <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word for 'boar' was aper, the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> sanglier and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> cinghiale derive from singularis porcus, which is Latin for 'solitary pig'.<a href="#cite_note-scheggi20-62">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Thirteen has been observed in a captive specimen.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeuling,_O.Leus,_K.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Keuling, O.; Leus, K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41775/44141833">"Sus scrofa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2019: e.T41775A44141833. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41775A44141833.en</a>. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Species+Sus+scrofa&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=637-722&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Grubb&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14200054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_J.E.1827" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gray, J.E. 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IUCN SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group. pp. 112–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8317-0141-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-8317-0141-4"><bdi>2-8317-0141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Common+Wild+Pig+%28Sus+scrofa%29&rft.btitle=Pigs%2C+Peccaries%2C+and+Hippos+%E2%80%93+1993+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.pages=112-121&rft.pub=IUCN+SSC+Pigs+and+Peccaries+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2-8317-0141-4&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=W.+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=SUS&species=scrofa&id=1006377">"Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. mammaldiversity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028140029/https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=SUS&species=scrofa&id=1006377">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. 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Int J Biol Sci. 3 (3): 153–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fijbs.3.153">10.7150/ijbs.3.153</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1802013">1802013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17384734">17384734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=Genetic+Resources%2C+Genome+Mapping+and+Evolutionary+Genomics+of+the+Pig+%28Sus+scrofa%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=153-165&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1802013%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17384734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7150%2Fijbs.3.153&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1802013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurten1968-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurten1968_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurten1968_9-1">b</a> Kurtén, Björn (1968). Pleistocene mammals of Europe. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 153–155 </li> <li id="cite_note-marsan75-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marsan75_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marsan75_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsanMattioli2013">Marsan & Mattioli 2013</a>, pp. 75–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-baskin2003-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baskin2003_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskinDanell2003" class="citation book cs1">Baskin, L.; Danell, K. (2003). 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Retrieved 8 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dboar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boar">"boar"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629152128/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boar">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=boar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fboar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/boar">"boar"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217045345/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/boar">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=boar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fboar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnier2020" class="citation news cs1">Magnier, Eileen (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2020/0505/1136581-boarlets-donegal/">"Wild boarlets born in Donegal believed to be first in 800 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RTE" class="mw-redirect" title="RTE">RTE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513213330/https://www.rte.ie/news/ulster/2020/0505/1136581-boarlets-donegal/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. 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Wilson">Wilson, D.E.</a>; Reeder, D.M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA637">Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</a> (3rd ed.). 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Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica : sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico, et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Vol. 1. pp. 265–267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219071616/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92513#page/295/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sus+europaeus&rft.btitle=Zoographia+Rosso-Asiatica+%3A+sistens+omnium+animalium+in+extenso+Imperio+Rossico%2C+et+adjacentibus+maribus+observatorum+recensionem%2C+domicilia%2C+mores+et+descriptiones%2C+anatomen+atque+icones+plurimorum&rft.pages=265-267&rft.date=1831&rft.au=Pallas%2C+P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F92513%23page%2F295%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreber,_J._C._D.1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schreber, J. C. D. (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135015#page/978/mode/1up">Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen</a>. Vol. Das Pferd. Der Elephant. Das Nashorn. Das Flusspferd. Der Tapir. Das Schwein. p. 426, plate 322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219071620/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/135015#page/978/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+S%C3%A4ugthiere+in+Abbildungen+nach+der+Natur%2C+mit+Beschreibungen&rft.pages=426%2C+plate+322&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Schreber%2C+J.+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F135015%23page%2F978%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Ch.1869" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Ch. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12660618#page/63/mode/1up">"The Mammalia and other Remains from Drift Deposits in the Bath Basin"</a>. Proceeding of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. II (1): 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219071617/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12660618#page/63/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceeding+of+the+Bath+Natural+History+and+Antiquarian+Field+Club&rft.atitle=The+Mammalia+and+other+Remains+from+Drift+Deposits+in+the+Bath+Basin&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Moore%2C+Ch.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F12660618%23page%2F63%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> LINNÉ, C., GMELIN, J. F. Caroli a Linné ... Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis Tomus 1. Lipsiae impensis G. E. Beer. 1788. p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoddaert,_P.1784" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boddaert, P. (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pboddaertmeddoct00bodd/page/156/mode/2up">"Sus"</a>. Elenchus animalium. Vol. I. Sistens quadrupedia huc usque nota, eorumque varietates : ad ductum naturae, quantum fieri potuit disposita. Roterodami: C.R. 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Dresden, Leipzig: Expedition der vollständigsten Naturgeschichte. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+vollst%C3%A4ndige+Naturgeschichte+des+In-+und+Auslandes&rft.place=Dresden%2C+Leipzig&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Expedition+der+vollst%C3%A4ndigsten+Naturgeschichte&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Reichenbach%2C+H.+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzinger,_L._J.1858" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzinger, L. J. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/233406">"Über die Racen des zahmen oder Haussschweines"</a>. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wiss. Mathematisch-naturwissenschafltichen Klasse: 361. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221219071618/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/233406">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Kaiserlichen+Akademie+der+Wiss.+Mathematisch-naturwissenschafltichen+Klasse&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Racen+des+zahmen+oder+Haussschweines&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Fitzinger%2C+L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F233406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobney,_K.Cucchi,_T.Larson,_G.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dobney, K.; Cucchi, T. & Larson, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/5759/1/5759.pdf">"The pigs of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific : new evidence for taxonomic status and human-mediated dispersal"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 47 (1): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2008.0009">10.1353/asi.2008.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55390219">55390219</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223104138/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/5759/1/5759.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+pigs+of+Island+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific+%3A+new+evidence+for+taxonomic+status+and+human-mediated+dispersal&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2008.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55390219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dobney%2C+K.&rft.au=Cucchi%2C+T.&rft.au=Larson%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F5759%2F1%2F5759.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Sillitoe, P (2007) Pigs in the New Guinea Highlands: An ethnographic example. In: Albarella A, Dobney K, Ervynck A, et al. (eds) Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 330–356, p. 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1981" class="citation book cs1">Groves, C.P. (1981). Ancestors for the Pigs: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus. Technical bulletin (Australian National University. Dept. of Prehistory). Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909596-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909596-75-0"><bdi>978-0-909596-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors+for+the+Pigs%3A+Taxonomy+and+Phylogeny+of+the+Genus+Sus&rft.series=Technical+bulletin+%28Australian+National+University.+Dept.+of+Prehistory%29&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Department+of+Prehistory%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-909596-75-0&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> LYDEKKER, R. Catalogue of the Ungulate Mammals in the British Museum vol. 4. London: Trustees of the British Museum. 1915. p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingdon-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon_37-0">^</a> Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. p. 329. Academic Press Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-408355-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-408355-2">0-12-408355-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-groves2008-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves2008_38-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves,_C.2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Groves" title="Colin Groves">Groves, C.</a> (2008). "Current views on the taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus". In Albarella, U.; Dobney, K.; Ervynck, A.; Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds.). Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920704-6"><bdi>978-0-19-920704-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Current+views+on+the+taxonomy+and+zoogeography+of+the+genus+Sus&rft.btitle=Pigs+and+Humans%3A+10%2C000+Years+of+Interaction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=15-29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920704-6&rft.au=Groves%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sterndale-39"><a href="#cite_ref-sterndale_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterndale,_R._A.1884" class="citation book cs1">Sterndale, R. A. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00ster#page/414/mode/2up">"Sus scrofa"</a>. Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink. pp. 415–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sus+scrofa&rft.btitle=Natural+history+of+the+Mammalia+of+India+and+Ceylon&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=415-42&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Sterndale%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnaturalhistoryof00ster%23page%2F414%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scheggi86-40"><a href="#cite_ref-scheggi86_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheggi1999">Scheggi 1999</a>, pp. 86–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-marsan14-41"><a href="#cite_ref-marsan14_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsanMattioli2013">Marsan & Mattioli 2013</a>, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-wpsg-42"><a href="#cite_ref-wpsg_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild_Pig_Specialist_group" class="citation web cs1">Wild Pig Specialist group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910004025/https://sites.google.com/site/wildpigspecialistgroup/home/Sus-scrofa">"LC – Eurasian Wild Pig"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/wildpigspecialistgroup/home/Sus-scrofa">the original</a> on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LC+%E2%80%93+Eurasian+Wild+Pig&rft.au=Wild+Pig+Specialist+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fwildpigspecialistgroup%2Fhome%2FSus-scrofa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/subjects/genetic_and_biodiversity/commercial_farming_of_collared_peccary">The related</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620131302/http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/subjects/genetic_and_biodiversity/commercial_farming_of_collared_peccary">Archived</a> 20 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a> (Dicotyles tajacu) has been domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. "Commercial Farming of Collared Peccary: A Large-scale Commercial Farming of Collared Peccary (Tayassu tajacu) in North-eastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>", 2007-4-30. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah M. (1998). Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in prehistory. UPenn Museum of Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931707091" title="Special:BookSources/9781931707091"><bdi>9781931707091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors+for+the+Pigs%3A+Pigs+in+prehistory&rft.pub=UPenn+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781931707091&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Rosenberg M, Nesbitt R, Redding RW, Peasnall BL (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1998_num_24_1_4667">Hallan Çemi, pig husbandry, and post-Pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zagros Arc (Turkey)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601194835/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1998_num_24_1_4667">Archived</a> 1 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 174–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiger&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=174-185&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Heptner%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Sludskij%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov221992gept%23page%2F174%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prynn-1980-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Prynn-1980_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrynn1980" class="citation journal cs1">Prynn, David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605300029227">"Tigers and Leopards in Russia's Far East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oryx_(journal)" title="Oryx (journal)">Oryx</a>. 15 (5). <a href="/wiki/Fauna_%26_Flora_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna & Flora International">Fauna & Flora International</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">CUP</a>): 496–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605300029227">10.1017/s0030605300029227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-6053">0030-6053</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86199390">86199390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Tigers+and+Leopards+in+Russia%27s+Far+East&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=496-503&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86199390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0030-6053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0030605300029227&rft.aulast=Prynn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0030605300029227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j1-85"><a href="#cite_ref-j1_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiquelle,_Dale_G.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Miquelle, Dale G.; et al. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101192450/http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Miquelle_Quigley_1996_Food_habits_of_Amur_tigers.pdf">"Food habits of Amur tigers in the Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation"</a> (PDF). Journal of Wildlife Research. 1 (2): 138. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/Miquelle_Quigley_1996_Food_habits_of_Amur_tigers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Food+habits+of+Amur+tigers+in+the+Sikhote-Alin+Zapovednik+and+the+Russian+Far+East%2C+and+implications+for+conservation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Miquelle%2C+Dale+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panthera.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FMiquelle_Quigley_1996_Food_habits_of_Amur_tigers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller,_G1967" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, G (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOVGHXfod0wC">The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226736570" title="Special:BookSources/9780226736570"><bdi>9780226736570</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305145213/https://books.google.com/books?id=KOVGHXfod0wC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+deer+and+the+tiger%3A+a+study+of+wildlife+in+India&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780226736570&rft.au=Schaller%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOVGHXfod0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-masseti2012-87"><a href="#cite_ref-masseti2012_87-0">^</a> Masseti, M. (2012), Atlas of terrestrial mammals of the Ionian and Aegean islands, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 139–141, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-025458-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-025458-1">3-11-025458-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-britishwildboar.org.uk-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britishwildboar.org.uk_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britishwildboar.org.uk_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britishwildboar.org.uk_88-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/britain.htm">"Wild boar in Britain"</a>. Britishwildboar.org.uk. 21 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724013218/http://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/britain.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+boar+in+Britain&rft.pub=Britishwildboar.org.uk&rft.date=1998-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishwildboar.org.uk%2Fbritain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNummi,_Petri1988" class="citation book cs1">Nummi, Petri (1988). Suomeen istutetut riistaeläimet. Helsingin yliopisto, Maatalous- ja Metsäeläintieteen Laitos. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-45-4760-8" title="Special:BookSources/951-45-4760-8"><bdi>951-45-4760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomeen+istutetut+riistael%C3%A4imet&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Helsingin+yliopisto%2C+Maatalous-+ja+Mets%C3%A4el%C3%A4intieteen+Laitos&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=951-45-4760-8&rft.au=Nummi%2C+Petri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notes.helsinki.fi/halvi/tiedotus/vanhatvaitokset.nsf/504ca249c786e20f85256284006da7ab/f174390c39f4c294c2256b13004dcc6f?OpenDocument">Jääkauden jälkeläiset – Suomen nisäkkäiden varhainen historia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214152/http://notes.helsinki.fi/halvi/tiedotus/vanhatvaitokset.nsf/504ca249c786e20f85256284006da7ab/f174390c39f4c294c2256b13004dcc6f?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoivisto,_M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Koivisto, M. (2004). Jääkaudet. WSOY. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-29101-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-29101-3"><bdi>951-0-29101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4%C3%A4kaudet&rft.pages=207-208&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=951-0-29101-3&rft.au=Koivisto%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Tiedon jyvät – Villisika eli Suomessa jo kivikaudella. Helsingin Sanomat, 2014-12-05, p. B15. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091924/http://epaper.hansaprint.fi/sluonto/SL13_04/files/assets/basic-html/page6.html">"Villisika eli Suomessa jo kivikaudella"</a> (in Finnish). Suomen Luonto 4/2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.hansaprint.fi/sluonto/SL13_04/files/assets/basic-html/page6.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Villisika+eli+Suomessa+jo+kivikaudella&rft.pub=Suomen+Luonto+4%2F2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.hansaprint.fi%2Fsluonto%2FSL13_04%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fbasic-html%2Fpage6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-osborn1980-94"><a href="#cite_ref-osborn1980_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn,_D.J.Helmy,_I.1980" class="citation book cs1">Osborn, D.J.; Helmy, I. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryland05osbo#page/474/mode/2up">"Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Field Museum of Natural History. pp. 475–477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sus+scrofa+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft.btitle=The+contemporary+land+mammals+of+Egypt+%28including+Sinai%29&rft.pages=475-477&rft.pub=Field+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Osborn%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Helmy%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcontemporaryland05osbo%23page%2F474%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504155956/http://www.defra.gov.uk/news/2008/080219b.htm">Government supports local communities to manage wild boar</a>. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 19 February 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/8439997.stm">"Wild boar cull is given go ahead"</a>. BBC News. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228224122/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/gloucestershire/8439997.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wild+boar+cull+is+given+go+ahead&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fgloucestershire%2F8439997.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-11034307">"Forest of Dean rangers battle to meet boar cull target"</a>. BBC News. 20 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824035711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-11034307">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Forest+of+Dean+rangers+battle+to+meet+boar+cull+target&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-gloucestershire-11034307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530120926/http://www.theforester.co.uk/news.cfm?id=7400&searchword=wild">Cull failing to control wild boar</a>. The Forester. 25 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/species/mammals/wild_boar.shtml">"BBC Wales – Nature – Wildlife – Wild boar"</a>. BBC. 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123031236/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/sites/species/mammals/wild_boar.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Wales+%E2%80%93+Nature+%E2%80%93+Wildlife+%E2%80%93+Wild+boar&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fnature%2Fsites%2Fspecies%2Fmammals%2Fwild_boar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/">"Wild Boar in Britain"</a>. Britishwildboar.org.uk. 31 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014130048/http://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wild+Boar+in+Britain&rft.pub=Britishwildboar.org.uk&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishwildboar.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_blog_zoophobic_legacy-101"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_blog_zoophobic_legacy_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonbiot,_George2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">Monbiot, George</a> (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/sep/16/zoophobic-wild-boar">"How the UK's zoophobic legacy turned on wild boar"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001011420/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2011/sep/16/zoophobic-wild-boar">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2011. <q>I was prompted to write this article by an item I heard on the BBC's Farming Today programme at the beginning of the week. It was an interview with Ralph Harmer, who works for the Forestry Commission, about whether or not the returning boars are damaging our woodlands. I was struck by what the item did not say. Not once did the programme mention that this is a native species. The boar was discussed as if it were an exotic invasive animal, such as the mink or the grey squirrel. […] Then, once we've found out how many boars, […] should be culled to allow a gentle expansion but not an explosion, permits to shoot them should be sold, and the money used to compensate farmers whose crops the boar have damaged. Other hunting should be banned. This is how they do it in France.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+UK%27s+zoophobic+legacy+turned+on+wild+boar&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.au=Monbiot%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fgeorgemonbiot%2F2011%2Fsep%2F16%2Fzoophobic-wild-boar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasseiWard2022" class="citation web cs1">Massei, G.; Ward, A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-research-report-876-preliminary-assessment-completed-2015-feasibility-maintaining#:~:text=estimates%20suggest%2050%2D100%20animals,and%20private%20estates%20in%20Scotland.">"Preliminary assessment completed in 2015 of the feasibility of maintaining, limiting or eradicating feral pigs in Scotland"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft.atitle=Hogs+Gone+Wild&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwf.org%2FHome%2FMagazines%2FNational-Wildlife%2F2019%2FOct-Nov%2FAnimals%2FFeral-Hogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBy2019" class="citation web cs1">By (1 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/feral-pig-problem/">"Feral pigs are ruining ecosystems across 35 states and hunting is making it worse"</a>. Popular Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113184630/https://www.popsci.com/feral-pig-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. 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Acta Vet Scand. 57 (1): 42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13028-015-0133-z">10.1186/s13028-015-0133-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524169">4524169</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26239110">26239110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Vet+Scand&rft.atitle=Seroprevalence+of+Toxoplasma+gondii+in+free-ranging+wild+boars+hunted+for+human+consumption+in+Estonia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26239110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13028-015-0133-z&rft.aulast=Jokelainen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Velstr%C3%B6m%2C+K.&rft.au=Lassen%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabanau63-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabanau63_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabanau63_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabanau63_121-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCabanau2001">Cabanau 2001</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Finland: Wet Threats". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 14 December 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finland%3A+Wet+Threats&rft.date=1931-12-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suomen kunnallisvaakunat (in Finnish). 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 426–428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=426-428&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Evans Lansing (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6ujnlUsMFgC&pg=PA254">The Hero Journey in Literature: Parables of Poesis</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. pp. 253–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-761-80509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-761-80509-0"><bdi>978-0-761-80509-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305145157/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6ujnlUsMFgC&pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. 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Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-66531-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-66531-8"><bdi>1-134-66531-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Celtic+Life+and+Myth&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-134-66531-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Macdonell, A. A. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305145147/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&pg=PA41">Vedic Mythology</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC&pg=PA41">the original</a> on 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knight2003-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knight2003_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-knight2003_134-1">b</a> Knight, J. 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Global Change Biology. 28 (3): 877–882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.15769">10.1111/gcb.15769</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2486">1365-2486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34288288">34288288</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236157683">236157683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Unrecognized+threat+to+global+soil+carbon+by+a+widespread+invasive+species&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=877-882&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1365-2486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236157683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34288288&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgcb.15769&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Bryan&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Patton%2C+Nicholas+R.&rft.au=Hone%2C+Jim&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Jesse+S.&rft.au=Berdejo-Espinola%2C+Violeta&rft.au=Risch%2C+Derek+R.&rft.au=Holden%2C+Matthew+H.&rft.au=McDonald-Madden%2C+Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanau2001" class="citation book cs1">Cabanau, Laurent (2001). The Hunter's Library: Wild Boar in Europe. Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-5528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-5528-4"><bdi>978-3-8290-5528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunter%27s+Library%3A+Wild+Boar+in+Europe&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-5528-4&rft.aulast=Cabanau&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsanMattioli2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marsan, Andrea; Mattioli, Stefano (2013). Il Cinghiale (in Italian). Il Piviere (collana Fauna selvatica. Biologia e gestione). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96348-178" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-96348-178"><bdi>978-88-96348-178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Cinghiale&rft.pub=Il+Piviere+%28collana+Fauna+selvatica.+Biologia+e+gestione%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-88-96348-178&rft.aulast=Marsan&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Mattioli%2C+Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheggi1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheggi, Massimo (1999). La bestia nera: Caccia al cinghiale fra mito, storia e attualità (in Italian). Editoriale Olimpia (collana Caccia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-253-7904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-253-7904-4"><bdi>978-88-253-7904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bestia+nera%3A+Caccia+al+cinghiale+fra+mito%2C+storia+e+attualit%C3%A0&rft.pub=Editoriale+Olimpia+%28collana+Caccia%29&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-253-7904-4&rft.aulast=Scheggi&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Apollonio, M. et al. (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11250008809386619">"The systematics of the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) in Italy"</a>, Bolletino di Zoologiaa, 3:213–221</li> <li>Carden, R.F. (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invasives.biodiversityireland.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/natural_history_wild_boar_ireland_carden2012_final_report.pdf">"Review of the Natural History of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) on the island of Ireland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017090135/http://invasives.biodiversityireland.ie/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/natural_history_wild_boar_ireland_carden2012_final_report.pdf">Archived</a> 17 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Report prepared by Ruth Carden for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Northern Ireland, UK, National Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland and the National Museum of Ireland – Education & Outreach Department.</li> <li>(in French) Durantel, P. (2007), Le sanglier et ses chasses, Editions Artemis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2844166032" title="Special:BookSources/2844166032">2844166032</a></li> <li>Greene, J. (2011), The Golden-Bristled Boar: Last Ferocious Beast of the Forest, University of Virginia Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-3103-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-3103-7">0-8139-3103-7</a></li> <li>Hatto, A. T. (1957) "Snake‐swords and Boar‐helms in Beowulf". In: English Studies, 38:1–6, 145–160. DOI: 10.1080/00138385708596994</li> <li>(in French) Marillier, B. (2003), Le sanglier héraldique, Editions Cheminements, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2844781845" title="Special:BookSources/2844781845">2844781845</a></li> <li>Mayer, J. J. & Shedrow, C. B. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026085810/http://www.wildpigconference.com/pdf/Wild%20Pig%20Annotated%20Bibliography.pdf">Annotated Bibliography of the Wild Pig (Sus scrofa): Environmental Information Document</a>, Washington Savannah River Company</li> <li>(in Italian) Padiglione, V. (1989), Il cinghiale cacciatore: Antropologia simbolica della caccia in Sardegna, Armando Editore (collana Antropologia culturale)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_M._Nowak1999" class="citation cs2">Ronald M. Nowak (1999), Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98023686">98023686</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98023686&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.au=Ronald+M.+Nowak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sus scrofa">Sus scrofa</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wild_boar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wild boar">Wild boar</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114225543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/598.shtml">BBC profile</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Boar,_Wild">"Boar, Wild" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boar%2C+Wild&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokelainenNäreahoHälliHeinonen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jokelainen, P.; Näreaho, A.; Hälli, O.; Heinonen, M.; Sukura, A. (2012). "Farmed wild boars exposed to Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp". Veterinary Parasitology. 187 (1–2): 323–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2011.12.026">10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22244535">22244535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Farmed+wild+boars+exposed+to+Toxoplasma+gondii+and+Trichinella+spp.&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=323-327&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2011.12.026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22244535&rft.aulast=Jokelainen&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=N%C3%A4reaho%2C+A.&rft.au=H%C3%A4lli%2C+O.&rft.au=Heinonen%2C+M.&rft.au=Sukura%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWild+boar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/vertebrates/wild-boar">Species Profile- Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)</a>, National Invasive Species Information Center, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">United States National Agricultural Library</a>. Lists general information and resources for wild boar.</li> <li>View the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=susScr3">susScr3</a> genome assembly in the <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCags7wQiwQ">A sounder of wild boars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5mudY3gcBI">Wild pigs with piglets – white piglets with black spots</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=LfvFDC12qT8">Sow feeding piglets, Lodz (Poland)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMtealf55vo&t">A wild boar struggling with plastic film, Lodz (Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Pigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Suinae" title="Suinae">Suinae</a></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></li> <li>Species <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Sus domesticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_pig_breeds" title="List of pig breeds">Breeding</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_show" title="Pig show">Shows</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hog_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Hog farming">Farming</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive farming</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sty" title="Sty">Sty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">Pannage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Toilet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hog_oiler" title="Hog oiler">Hog oiler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gestation_crate" title="Gestation crate">Gestation crate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cross-fostering" title="Cross-fostering">Cross-fostering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swineherd" title="Swineherd">Swineherd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>As food</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bondiola_sandwich" title="Bondiola sandwich">Bondiola</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capocollo" title="Capocollo">Capocollo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chitterlings" title="Chitterlings">Chitterlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_scalder" title="Pig scalder">Scalder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_slaughter" title="Pig slaughter">Slaughter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Suckling_pig" title="Suckling pig">Suckling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blood_as_food" title="Blood as food">Blood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">Religious restrictions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_pork_taboo" title="Scottish pork taboo">Scottish pork taboo</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cut_of_pork" title="Cut of pork">Cuts</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Back_bacon" title="Back bacon">Back bacon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boston_butt" title="Boston butt">Boston butt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ham_hock" title="Ham hock">Ham hock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_trotters" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig's trotters">Pig's trotters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_belly" title="Pork belly">Pork belly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_chop" title="Pork chop">Pork chop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_jowl" title="Pork jowl">Pork jowl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_loin" title="Pork loin">Loin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_tenderloin" title="Pork tenderloin">Tenderloin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_ribs" title="Pork ribs">Ribs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spare_ribs" title="Spare ribs">Spare ribs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_rind" title="Pork rind">Pork rind</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_steak" title="Pork steak">Pork steak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig%27s_ear_(food)" title="Pig's ear (food)">Ear</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pork_tail" title="Pork tail">Tail</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other uses</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_bladder" title="Pig bladder">Bladder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_racing" title="Pig racing">Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/War_pig" title="War pig">War</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pig_wrestling" title="Pig wrestling">Wrestling</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Truffle_hog" title="Truffle hog">Truffling</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/135px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/203px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sow_with_piglet.jpg/270px-Sow_with_piglet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1674" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">feral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wild boar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%E2%80%93pig_hybrid" title="Boar–pig hybrid">Boar–pig hybrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_the_Pig" title="Freddy the Pig">Freddy the Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_of_bacon_custom" title="Flitch of bacon custom">Flitch of bacon custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa%E2%80%93Minnesota_football_rivalry" title="Iowa–Minnesota football rivalry">Floyd of Rosedale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Piggy" title="Miss Piggy">Miss Piggy</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs in Space">Pigs in Space</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porky_Pig" title="Porky Pig">Porky Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piglet_(Winnie-the-Pooh)" title="Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)">Piglet</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Little_Pigs" title="The Three Little Pigs">The Three Little Pigs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_(film)" title="Babe (film)">Babe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe:_Pig_in_the_City" title="Babe: Pig in the City">Babe: Pig in the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Piggies" title="Bad Piggies">Bad Piggies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandings_Castle" title="Blandings Castle">Blandings Castle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_of_Blandings" title="Empress of Blandings">Empress of Blandings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Brother_the_Pig" title="My Brother the Pig">My Brother the Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep-Pig" title="The Sheep-Pig">The Sheep-Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppa_Pig" title="Peppa Pig">Peppa Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonde_Burin" title="Tonde Burin">Super Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butareba:_The_Story_of_a_Man_Turned_into_a_Pig" title="Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig">Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair,_then_Partly_Piggy" title="Fair, then Partly Piggy">Fair, then Partly Piggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakers!_The_Adventures_of_Piggley_Winks" title="Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks">Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoops!" title="Kazoops!">Kazoops!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_(fictional_pig)" title="Olivia (fictional pig)">Olivia (character)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_(TV_series)" title="Olivia (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd_pigs" title="Pink Floyd pigs">Pink Floyd pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_Perky" title="Pinky and Perky">Pinky and Perky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Pig" title="Preston Pig">Preston Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasher_(comics)" title="Rasher (comics)">Rasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porco_Rosso" title="Porco Rosso">Porco Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider-Ham" title="Spider-Ham">Spider-Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider pig">Spider pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Little_Pig_Robinson" title="The Tale of Little Pig Robinson">The Tale of Little Pig Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Pigling_Bland" title="The Tale of Pigling Bland">The Tale of Pigling Bland</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Little_Piggy" title="This Little Piggy">This Little Piggy</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toot_%26_Puddle_(TV_series)" title="Toot & Puddle (TV series)">Toot & Puddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_Pig" title="Huxley Pig">Huxley Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wibbly_Pig" title="Wibbly Pig">Wibbly Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Bajie" title="Zhu Bajie">Zhu Bajie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_and_the_Ferocious_Beast" title="Maggie and the Ferocious Beast">Hamilton Hocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_City_(TV_series)" title="Pig City (TV series)">Pig City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_pigs" title="List of individual pigs">List of individual pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pigs" title="List of fictional pigs">List of fictional pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piganino" title="Piganino">Piganino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigasus_(politics)" title="Pigasus (politics)">Pigasus (politics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pigs" title="Category:Pigs">Category: Pigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artiodactyla" title="Template talk:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (A. americana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (O. johnstoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (G. giraffa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (M. fuscus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (T. napu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (M. feae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (D. dama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (A. axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (A. porcinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (R. eldii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (E. davidianus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (R. timorensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (R. unicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (C. elaphus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (C. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (C. nippon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (A. alces)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (H. inermis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (C. capreolus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (R. tarandus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (H. antisensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (M. americana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (M. bororo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (M. bricenii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (M. nana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (M. rufina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (M. temama)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (P. pudu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (O. hemionus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (H. equinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (H. niger)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (O. beisa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (O. dammah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (O. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (A. nasomaculatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (K. kob)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (K. leche)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (K. megaceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (K. vardonii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (A. melampus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (B. hunteri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (D. lunatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (D. pygargus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (C. gnou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (A. lervia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (B. taxicolor)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (C. aegagrus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (C. falconeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (C. hircus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (C. ibex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (C. walie)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (C. crispus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (C. rubidus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (N. baileyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (N. goral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (N. griseus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (O. americanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (O. moschatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (O. ammon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (O. aries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (O. dalli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (O. gmelini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (O. nivicola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (O. vignei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (P. nayaur)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (R. rupicapra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (B. arnee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (B. bison)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (B. bonasus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (B. domesticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (B. frontalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (B. gaurus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (B. grunniens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (B. indicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (B. javanicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (B. mutus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (B. taurus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (P. nghetinhensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (S. caffer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (T. angasii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (T. eurycerus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (T. spekeii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (T. derbianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (T. oryx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (A. clarkei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (A. marsupialis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (G. bennettii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (L. walleri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (N. dama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (N. granti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (N. notatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (N. petersii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (P. picticaudata)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (D. megalotis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (N. moschatus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (O. ourebi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (R. campestris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (C. adersi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (C. brookei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (C. callipygus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (C. dorsalis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (C. natalensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (C. niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (C. zebra)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (P. monticola)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (P. walteri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (S. grimmia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (P. africanus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (P. salvania)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (P. larvatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (P. porcus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (S. domesticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (S. heureni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wild boar (S. scrofa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (D. tajacu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (L. glama)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (L. guanicoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (L. pacos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (L. vicugna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Sus scrofa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58697" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q58697">Q58697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sus_scrofa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sus scrofa">Sus scrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sus_scrofa/">Sus_scrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Sus_scrofa">Sus_scrofa</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20880">20880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=12365">12365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/53HGR">53HGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328663">328663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SUXXSC">SUXXSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305279">305279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/ae1f1d0d-70b0-4101-93b3-0cc5127d6f99">ae1f1d0d-70b0-4101-93b3-0cc5127d6f99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7705930">7705930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42134">42134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10425427">10425427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180722">180722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/41775">41775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006377">1006377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200054">14200054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105520/">2.105520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000005142">NBNSYS0000005142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9823">9823</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e03bb3c4-5dc0-4fb9-a697-4a1550395dc0">e03bb3c4-5dc0-4fb9-a697-4a1550395dc0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/432/">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=730013">730013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104172">104172</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=17081">17081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1469456">1469456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/F352F5EE-8CA7-4C90-91E9-C3A8A5C3537C">F352F5EE-8CA7-4C90-91E9-C3A8A5C3537C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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[\"CITEREFDobney,_K.Cucchi,_T.Larson,_G.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrabeckDeanJansa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDébora_Spitzcovsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaglesham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErxleben,_J._C._P.1777\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelipe_Pedrosaa,_Rafael_Salernob,_Fabio_Vinicius_Borges_Padilhac_and_Mauro_Galetti2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernanda_Testa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzinger,_L._J.1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisserReyer2004–2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiuffraKijasAmargerCarlborg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray,_J.E.1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayRoloffKramerEtter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves,_C.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroves1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrovesMeijaard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrovesSchallerAmatoKhounboline1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunduz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta,_S.Sinha,_A.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeptner,_V._G.Sludskij,_A._A.1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeptnerNasimovichBannikovHoffman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Denis_VigneAnne_TressetJean-Pierre_Digard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohannHandschuhLinderothDormann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJokelainenNäreahoHälliHeinonen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJokelainenVelströmLassen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeuling,_O.Leus,_K.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoivisto,_M.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKovářová2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonAlbarellaDobneyRowley-Conwy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLashley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonell1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnier2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManipady2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsanMattioli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasseiWard2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayerEdwardsGarabedianKilgo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijaardGroves2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerOppWebb2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiquelle,_Dale_G.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonbiot,_George2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore,_Ch.1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurilo_Souza_and_Cláudia_Lemos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNummi,_Petri1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldfieldEvans2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborn,_D.J.Helmy,_I.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’BryanPattonHoneLewis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPallas,_P._S.1831\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrynn1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPushkinaBocherensChaimaneeJaeger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichenbach,_H._G._L.1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsRossAllenMatisoo-Smith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_M._Nowak1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaller,_G1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheggi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreber,_J._C._D.1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharbafiFarhadiniaRezaieBraczkowski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterndale,_R._A.1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaghdisi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThinleyKamlerWangLham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas,_O.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTierneyCushman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVigneZazzoSaliègePoplin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVininha_F._Carvalho2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWild_Pig_Specialist_group\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Artiodactyla\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Clear\"] = 8,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 36,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 20,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"MSW3 Artiodactyla\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pigs\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 15,\n [\"Smalldiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"UCSC genomes\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","17.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","200","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","180","9.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.3"],["type","60","3.2"],["[others]","460","24.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-tsmbh","timestamp":"20241128015606","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Wild 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