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id="toc-Cuman-Kipchak_and_the_Golden_Horde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuman-Kipchak_and_the_Golden_Horde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cuman-Kipchak and the Golden Horde </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuman-Kipchak_and_the_Golden_Horde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kazakh Khanate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Russian Kazakhstan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Kazakh SSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Municipal divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Urban centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Foreign trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_direct_investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_direct_investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Foreign direct investment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_direct_investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Banking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_competitiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_competitiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Economic competitiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_competitiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fine arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 UNESCO World Heritage sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Public holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kazakhstan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 277 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-277" aria-hidden="true" > 277 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Къазахъстэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къазахъстэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ካዛክስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካዛክስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कजाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casahstan" title="Casahstan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Casahstan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9E%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҟазахсҭан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҟазахсҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquist%C3%A1n" title="Cazaquistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cazaquistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%99%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܩܙܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܙܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղազախիստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ղազախիստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখাস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাজাখাস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A1n" title="Kazakstán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kazakstán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahit%C3%A3" title="Kasahitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kasahitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъазахъистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъазахъистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaq_suyu" title="Qasaq suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qasaq suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1stan" title="Qazaxıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazaxıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازاخیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قازاخیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজাখস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ҡаҙағстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙағстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कजाकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahistan" title="Kasahistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kasahistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%9F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀཟ་ཀ་སྟན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀཟ་ཀ་སྟན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khasakstan" title="Khasakstan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Khasakstan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachst%C3%A1n" title="Kazachstán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kazachstán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazajist%C3%A1n" title="Kazajistán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kazajistán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhistani" title="Kazakhistani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kazakhistani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacchistanu" title="Cazacchistanu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cazacchistanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Casachstan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކަޒަކިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަޒަކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC_%C5%83deiltihii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bilį́į́ʼ Ńdeiltihii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilį́į́ʼ Ńdeiltihii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahstan" title="Kasahstan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasahstan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Καζακστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Казахстан Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Казахстан Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazajist%C3%A1n" title="Kazajistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kazajistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C4%A5io" title="Kazaĥio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kazaĥio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazast%C3%A1n" title="Cazastán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cazastán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazachie" title="Cazachie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cazachie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chasacst%C3%A1in" title="An Chasacstáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chasacstáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chassaghstaan" title="Yn Chassaghstaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chassaghstaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachst%C3%A0n" title="Casachstàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Casachstàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casaquist%C3%A1n" title="Casaquistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casaquistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="ГӀазакхстане – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ГӀазакхстане" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="કઝાકિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કઝાકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कझाकस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कझाकस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="카자흐스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakana" title="Kasakana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kasakana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղազախստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղազախստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कज़ाख़िस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कज़ाख़िस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজাখস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কাজাখস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaqstan" title="Qazaqstan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Qazaqstan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%B2%E1%93%B4%E1%92%83%E1%96%A2%E1%93%87_%E1%93%84%E1%93%87" title="ᑲᓴᒃᖢᓇ ᓄᓇ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑲᓴᒃᖢᓇ ᓄᓇ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъазахстан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъазахстан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="קזחסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קזחסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakisitan%C9%A9" title="Kazakisitanɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kazakisitanɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ಥಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ಥಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazastan" title="Kazastan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kazastan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазакъстан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къазакъстан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაზახეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Қазақстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Kazagh" title="Pow Kazagh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Kazagh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakisitani" title="Kazakisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kazakisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaxistan" title="Qazaxistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qazaxistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казакстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казакстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Casachstan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазахсттан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къазахсттан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາຊັກສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາຊັກສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaheja" title="Kazaheja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Kazaheja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstania" title="Kazachstania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kazachstania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahst%C4%81na" title="Kazahstāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kazahstāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Къазакъстан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къазакъстан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstanas" title="Kazachstanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kazachstanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A1ni" title="Kazakstáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kazakstáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kazaksTAN" title="kazaksTAN – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kazaksTAN" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahszt%C3%A1n" title="Kazahsztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazahsztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakst%C3%A0na" title="Kazakstàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kazakstàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="കസാഖ്സ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കസാഖ്സ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%BCakistan" title="Każakistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Każakistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katat%C4%81nga" title="Katatānga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Katatānga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कझाकस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कझाकस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ყაზახეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყაზახეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كازاخستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كازاخستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="قزاقستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قزاقستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯓꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯓꯥꯈꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquiston" title="Cazaquiston – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cazaquiston" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကာဇက်စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဇက်စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाख्स्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कजाख्स्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="カザフスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кхазакхстан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кхазакхстан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstaan" title="Kasachstaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kasachstaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstaan" title="Kazakstaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kazakstaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kasakstan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cazacstan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="କାଜାଖସ୍ତାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଜାଖସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaazaakistaan" title="Kaazaakistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaazaakistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozog%CA%BBiston" title="Qozogʻiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozogʻiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕ਼ਜ਼ਾਕ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕ਼ਜ਼ਾਕ਼ਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कजाकस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कजाकस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaxtan" title="Kazaxtan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kazaxtan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="កាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Καζακστάν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaquist%C3%A3o" title="Cazaquistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cazaquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaqstan" title="Qazaqstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qazaqstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazahistan" title="Qazahistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qazahistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasaqsuyu" title="Qasaqsuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qasaqsuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Казахстаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakisitana" title="Kasakisitana – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kasakisitana" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कजाखस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कजाखस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱡᱟᱠᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachist%C3%A0n" title="Kazachistàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kazachistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kasachstan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistani" title="Kazakistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kazakistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="කසක්ස්තානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කසක්ස්තානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قزاقستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قزاقستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhazakhi" title="IKhazakhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhazakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Каꙁахстанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Каꙁахстанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachst%C5%AFn" title="Kazachstůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kazachstůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کازاخستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کازاخستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstan" title="Kazakstan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kazakstan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakistan" title="Kasakistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasakistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கசக்கஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கசக்கஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaxestan" title="Kazaxestan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kazaxestan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казакъстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казакъстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵႃႇၸၢၵ်ႈသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కజకస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కజకస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistaun" title="Kazakistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kazakistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศคาซัคสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศคาซัคสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Қазоқистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қазоқистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakisitani" title="Kasakisitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kasakisitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%8E%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%82" title="ᎧᏎᎧᏍᏕᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏎᎧᏍᏕᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ತಾನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕಜಾಕಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan" title="Kazakistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazagystan" title="Gazagystan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gazagystan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨀᨍᨀᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨍᨀᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахстан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازقستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قازقستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قازاقىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قازاقىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A0kistan" title="Kazàkistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kazàkistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahstan" title="Kazahstan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kazahstan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasak%C3%A4n" title="Kasakän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kasakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasastan" title="Kasastan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kasastan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazaxhistan" title="Cazaxhistan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cazaxhistan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈薩克斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="哈薩克斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasahistan" title="Kasahistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasahistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakistaan" title="Kasakistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kasakistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈萨克斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קאזאכסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאזאכסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0s%C3%A0kst%C3%A1n" title="Kàsàkstán – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kàsàkstán" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="哈薩克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈薩克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazax%C4%B1stan" title="Qazaxıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qazaxıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachstan" title="Kazachstan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kazachstan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakstans" title="Kazakstans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kazakstans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈萨克斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kasakhstan" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=48_N_68_E_scale:20000000_source:GNS">48°N 68°E / 48°N 68°E / 48; 68</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qazaqstan" redirects here. For the Kazakh state television broadcaster, see <a href="/wiki/Qazaqstan_(TV_channel)" title="Qazaqstan (TV channel)">Qazaqstan (TV channel)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Kazakhstan</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Қазақстан Республикасы (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>) Qazaqstan Respublikasy</li><li>Республика Казахстан (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>) Respublika Kazakhstan</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan_(President_of_Kazakhstan_website).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kazakhstan"><img alt="Flag of Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg/135px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg/203px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  Менің Қазақстаным (Kazakh) <a href="/wiki/Men%C4%B1%C3%B1_Qazaqstanym" title="Menıñ Qazaqstanym">Menıñ Qazaqstanym</a> "My Kazakhstan"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="100" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/National_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=kk-cyrl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-Cyrl" label="қазақша (кирил) ‪(kk-cyrl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=kk-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk-Latn" label="qazaqşa (latın) ‪(kk-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=kk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kk" label="қазақша ‪(kk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Kazakhstan%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kazakhstan"><img alt="Location of Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Kazakhstan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=51_10_N_71_26_E_type:city">51°10′N 71°26′E / 51.167°N 71.433°E / 51.167; 71.433</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=43_16_39_N_76_53_45_E_type:city">43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.27750°N 76.89583°E / 43.27750; 76.89583</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a><a href="#cite_note-language1-2">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-language2-3">[b]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>71.0% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a></li><li>14.9% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russian</a></li><li>3.3% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Kazakhstan">Uzbek</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainian</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghur</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Kazakhstan">German</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Tatars_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatars in Kazakhstan">Tatar</a></li><li>5.2% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021EthnicStatistics-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viktorova-7">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>69.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Islam</a></li><li>17.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Christianity</a></li><li>11.0% No response</li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Irreligion in Kazakhstan">Atheism</a></li><li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kazakh Kazakhstani<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> government<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Majilis">Majilis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1465</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirghiz ASSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 June 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Declaration of sovereignty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Recognised</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1995</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,075,271<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">62nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">236th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $830.610 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CL-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $41,366<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CL-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $292.553 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CL-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16,570<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CL-13">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 27.8<a href="#cite_note-WB1-14">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.802<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-15">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">67th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge</a> (₸) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KZT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">+5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Kazakhstan" title="Time in Kazakhstan">West / East</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KZ" title="ISO 3166-2:KZ">KZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7" title=".қаз">.қаз</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kazakhstan,<a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> officially the Republic of Kazakhstan,<a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> primarily in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/European_Kazakhstan" title="European Kazakhstan">small portion</a> of its territory in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a> It borders <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Kazakhstan–Russia border">north and west</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_border" title="China–Kazakhstan border">east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border">southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan border">south</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border">southwest</a>, with a coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>. Kazakhstan is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">ninth-largest country by land area</a> and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">one of the lowest population densities</a> in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> constitute a majority, while <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">ethnic Russians</a> form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority country</a> with a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan">Christian community</a>. Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic era</a>. In antiquity, various nomadic <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> dominated the territory, with the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a> expanding towards the southern region. <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. Following the disintegration of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> in the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">jüz</a> (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917 Russian Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Kazakhstan was the last <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">constituent republic</a> of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">its dissolution</a>. Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">economically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">politically</a>, accounting for 60 percent of the region's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, primarily through its <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan">oil and gas industry</a>; it also has vast mineral resources.<a href="#cite_note-time-23">[17]</a> Kazakhstan also has the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> ranking in the region. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> constitutional republic;<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> however, its government is <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-index2010-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-index2022-26">[20]</a> Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English word Kazakh, meaning a member of the Kazakh people, derives from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: казах.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> The native name is <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: қазақ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Kazakh">romanized</a>: qazaq. It might originate from the Turkic word verb qaz-, 'to wander', reflecting the Kazakhs' <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomadic</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-etym-28">[22]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> is of the same origin.<a href="#cite_note-etym-28">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian">Turko-Persian</a> sources, the term Özbek-Qazaq first appeared during the mid-16th century, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatayid</a> prince of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, which locates Kazakh in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Desht-i_Qipchaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Desht-i Qipchaq">Desht-i Qipchaq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Vasily Bartold</a>, the Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> Though Kazakh traditionally referred only to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">ethnic Kazakhs</a>, including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including residents of other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History of Kazakhstan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kazakhstan" title="Special:EditPage/Kazakhstan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kazakhstan%22">"Kazakhstan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kazakhstan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kazakhstan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kazakhstan%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kazakhstan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Central Asia, including modern Kazakhstan, during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> when it was populated by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai culture</a> (3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian" title="Ancient North Eurasian">Ancient North Eurasians</a>, while also displaying some <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">Ancient East Asian</a> admixture.<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a> developed during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. The population was <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Route" title="Steppe Route">Steppe Route</a>, the ancestor of the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Road UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Silk Roads</a>. Archaeologists believe that humans first <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domesticated the horse</a> in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> later early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith49-37">[31]</a> and later Indo-Iranians such as the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B_68-38">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-D_37-39">[33]</a> Other groups included the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya cultures</a>, precursors to the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Scythian_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian cultures">Scythian cultures</a>, were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe herders</a> and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> In 329 BC, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian</a> army fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaxartes" title="Battle of Jaxartes">Battle of Jaxartes</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> along the Jaxartes River, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuman-Kipchak_and_the_Golden_Horde">Cuman-Kipchak and the Golden Horde</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol tradition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumania_(1200)_eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/220px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/330px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/440px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak confederation</a> in Eurasia circa 1200. The Kazakhs are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> and other Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes.</figcaption></figure> The main <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Iranian</a>, into primarily of East Asian descent.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">first Turkic Khaganate</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin</a> in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> drove before them various peoples: <a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xionites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uar_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uar (tribe)">Uar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Oghurs</a> and others. These seem to have merged into the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Bulgars</a>. Within 35 years, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">eastern half</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century. The <a href="/wiki/Cuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman people">Cumans</a> entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak people">Kipchak</a> and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a> (Aulie-Ata) and <a href="/wiki/Hazrat-e_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazrat-e Turkestan">Hazrat-e Turkestan</a> had long served as important way-stations along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division of the Mongol Empire</a> in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During the Golden Horde period, a <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol tradition</a> emerged among the ruling elite wherein <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkicised</a> descendants of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and continued to reign over the lands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakh_Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></div> In 1465, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> emerged as a result of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Established by <a href="/wiki/Janibek_Khan" title="Janibek Khan">Janibek Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerei_Khan" title="Kerei Khan">Kerei Khan</a>, it continued to be ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> clan of Tore (<a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochid</a> dynasty). Throughout this period, traditional <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. In the 15th century, a distinct <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> identity began to emerge among the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribes. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_War_of_Independence" title="Kazakh War of Independence">Kazakh War of Independence</a>, where the Khanate gained its sovereignty from the <a href="/wiki/Shaybanids" title="Shaybanids">Shaybanids</a>. The process was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">language</a>, culture, and economy. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/250px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/375px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg/500px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Junior_Juz" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior Juz">Junior Juz</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Middle_Juz" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Juz">Middle Juz</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Juz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Juz (page does not exist)">Great Juz</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emirs</a> and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian-speaking peoples</a> to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a>. The Kazakh Khanate's territories would expand deep into Central Asia. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">jüz</a>). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. The <a href="/wiki/Khiva_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiva Khanate">Khiva Khanate</a> used this opportunity and annexed the <a href="/wiki/Mangyshlak_Peninsula" title="Mangyshlak Peninsula">Mangyshlak Peninsula</a>. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival. During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>, a federation of western <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 <a href="/wiki/Kazakh-Dzungar_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh-Dzungar Wars">war against the Dzungar Khanate</a>, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abul_Khair_Khan" title="Abul Khair Khan">Abul Khair Khan</a>, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_A%C3%B1yraqai" title="Battle of Añyraqai">Battle of Añyraqai</a> in 1729.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ablai_Khan" title="Ablai Khan">Ablai Khan</a> participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "batyr" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakhs suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Khanate">Kokand Khanate</a> used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a> before the Russians gained dominance.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Kazakhstan">Russian Kazakhstan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG/220px-Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG/330px-Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG/440px-Battle_Cossacks_with_Kyrgyz_1826.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ural_Cossacks" title="Ural Cossacks">Ural Cossacks</a> skirmish with Kazakhs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg/220px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg/330px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg/440px-Kazakhs_19th_Century_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kazakh woman in wedding clothes, 19th century</figcaption></figure> In the first half of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> constructed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irtysh_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irtysh line (page does not exist)">Irtysh line</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Иртышская линия">ru</a>], a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> (1716), <a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semipalatinsk</a> (1718), <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a> (1720), <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> (1743) and <a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavlovsk</a> (1752),<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of <a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a>, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a> settlements.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The "<a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907">Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsars</a> effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, <a href="/wiki/Orsk" title="Orsk">Orsk</a>, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations. Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakhs, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture. From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonizing</a> the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of <a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Semirechye</a>. The number of settlers rose still further once the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Aral_Railway" title="Trans-Aral Railway">Trans-Aral Railway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Balabanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasile Balabanov">Vasile Balabanov</a> was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time. The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The most serious uprising, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian revolt</a>, occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakh_SSR">Kazakh SSR</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg/220px-Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg/330px-Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg/440px-Stanitsa_Sofiiskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Stanitsa Sofiiskaya, <a href="/wiki/Talgar" title="Talgar">Talgar</a>, 1920s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/220px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/330px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg/440px-Young_Pioneers_in_Kazakh_SSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneer_organization_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union">Young Pioneers</a> at a Young Pioneer camp in the Kazakh SSR</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">collapse of central government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the <a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a>) before eventually succumbing to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>' rule. On 26 August 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%9325)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)">Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazak ASSR</a> and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of <a href="/wiki/Kyzylorda" title="Kyzylorda">Kyzylorda</a>, and in April 1927 to <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Alma-Ata</a>. Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Kazakhstan_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33">Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33</a>).<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">policies of political reprisals</a> pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 5 December 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR) and made the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, a full <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">union republic</a> of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> deported from the <a href="/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in September–October 1941, and then later the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Soviet labour camps</a> (the Gulag), including <a href="/wiki/Akmol" title="Akmol">ALZhIR</a> camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people".<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> Many moved due to the policy of <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">population transfer in the Soviet Union</a> and others were forced into <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union">involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg/220px-International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg/330px-International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/International_conference_on_Primary_Health_Care_-_Conferencia_Internacional_sobre_Atenci%C3%B3n_Primaria_de_Salud_-_Almaty_-1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>The International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alma_Ata_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma Ata Declaration">Alma-Ata Declaration</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Soviet-German War</a> (1941–1945) led to an increase in industrialisation and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral extraction">mineral extraction</a> in support of the war effort. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agricultural economy. In 1953, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a> designed to turn the traditional pasturelands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> (in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> had become a minority, making up 30 percent of the population. Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> accounted for 43 percent.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> In 1947, the USSR, as part of its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">atomic bomb project</a>, founded an <a href="/wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site" title="Semipalatinsk Test Site">atomic bomb test site</a> near the north-eastern town of <a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semipalatinsk</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">first Soviet nuclear bomb</a> test was conducted in 1949. Hundreds of nuclear tests were conducted until 1989 with adverse consequences for the nation's environment and population.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan">Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan</a> became a major political force in the late 1980s. In April 1961, <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a> became the springboard of <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>, a spacecraft with Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> being the first human to enter space. In December 1986, mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the <a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a> riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kazakhstan" title="Communist Party of Kazakhstan">Communist Party</a> of the Kazakh SSR <a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Konayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinmukhamed Konayev">Dinmukhamed Konayev</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Kolbin" title="Gennady Kolbin">Gennady Kolbin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed.<a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s policy of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> ("openness"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3></div> On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">coup attempt</a> in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstani Independence Day">independence</a> on 16 December 1991, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">ceased to exist</a>. Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>, became the country's first President. Nazarbayev ruled in an authoritarian manner. An emphasis was placed on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind economic advances. By 2006, Kazakhstan was generating 60 percent of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-time-23">[17]</a> In 1997, the government moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, renamed Nur-Sultan on 23 March 2019,<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections to the Majilis</a> in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government <a href="/wiki/Nur-Otan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-Otan">Otan Party</a>, headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the <a href="/wiki/Asar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Asar Party">Asar Party</a>, founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. The opposition parties which were officially registered and competed in the elections won a single seat. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan&action=edit">[update]</a>, Kazakhstan was reported on the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian regime">authoritarian regime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-index2010-25">[19]</a> which was still the case as of the 2022 report.<a href="#cite_note-index2022-26">[20]</a> On 19 March 2019, Nazarbayev announced his resignation from the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> Kazakhstan's senate speaker <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2019_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2019 Kazakh presidential election">2019 presidential election</a> that was held on 9 June.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> His first official act was to rename the capital after his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> In January 2022, the country plunged into <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakhstan_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Kazakhstan unrest">political unrest</a> following a spike in fuel prices.<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> In consequence, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev took over as head of the powerful Security Council, removing his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev from the post.<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> In September 2022, the name of the country's capital was changed back to Astana from Nur-Sultan.<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography of Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">List of cities in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/220px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/330px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg/440px-Kazakhstan_BMNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3803" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Kazakhstan (November 2004)</figcaption></figure> As it extends across both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>, considered the dividing line separating Europe and Asia, Kazakhstan is one of only two <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked countries</a> in the world that <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental countries">has territory in two continents</a> (the other is <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>). With an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to Western Europe – Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> province,<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> and some to Uzbekistan's <a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a> autonomous republic during Soviet years. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/220px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/330px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg/440px-Eurasian_steppe_belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> Belt (in   on the map).</figcaption></figure> It shares borders of 6,846 kilometres (4,254 mi) with Russia, 2,203 kilometres (1,369 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, 1,533 kilometres (953 mi) with China, 1,051 kilometres (653 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and 379 kilometres (235 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. Major cities include <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy">Qarağandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96skemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Öskemen">Öskemen</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40°</a> and <a href="/wiki/56th_parallel_north" title="56th parallel north">56° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/46th_meridian_east" title="46th meridian east">46°</a> and <a href="/wiki/88th_meridian_east" title="88th meridian east">88° E</a>. While located primarily in Asia, a <a href="/wiki/European_Kazakhstan" title="European Kazakhstan">small portion</a> of Kazakhstan is also located west of the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Altay_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Altay Mountains">Altay Mountains</a> and north to south from the plains of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Western Siberia</a> to the oases and deserts of Central Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a> (plain), with an area of around 804,500 square kilometres (310,600 sq mi), occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Zaysan" title="Lake Zaysan">Lake Zaysan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charyn_Canyon" title="Charyn Canyon">Charyn River and gorge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishim_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishim River">Ishim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> rivers, and the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> until it largely dried up in one of the world's worst environmental disasters.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/220px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/330px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg/440px-Steppe_of_western_Kazakhstan_in_the_early_spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Kazakh Steppe in the early spring</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Charyn_Canyon" title="Charyn Canyon">Charyn Canyon</a> is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long, cutting through a red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> ("Heavenly Mountains", 200 km (124 mi) east of Almaty) at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=43_21_1.16_N_79_4_49.28_E_">43°21′1.16″N 79°4′49.28″E / 43.3503222°N 79.0803556°E / 43.3503222; 79.0803556</a>. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between 150 and 300 metres (490 and 980 feet). The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash tree</a>, Fraxinus sogdiana, which survived the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> there and has now also grown in some other areas.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bigach_crater" title="Bigach crater">Bigach crater</a>, at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=48_30_N_82_00_E_">48°30′N 82°00′E / 48.500°N 82.000°E / 48.500; 82.000</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a>, 8 km (5 mi) in diameter and estimated to be 5±3 million years old. Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> region is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Mynzhylky_mountain_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynzhylky mountain plateau">Mynzhylky mountain plateau</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Energy in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg/220px-Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg/330px-Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg/440px-Reserve_Karkaraly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy Region">Qarağandy Region</a></figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of petroleum, natural gas, and mineral extractions has attracted most of the over $40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57 percent of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13 percent of gross domestic product). According to some estimates,<a href="#cite_note-Homestead-71">[65]</a> Kazakhstan has the second largest <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, lead, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> reserves; the third largest <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> reserves; the fifth largest copper reserves; and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold. It is also an exporter of diamonds. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> One such location is the <a href="/wiki/Tokarevskoye_gas_condensate_field" title="Tokarevskoye gas condensate field">Tokarevskoye gas condensate field</a>. In total, there are 160 deposits with over 2.7 billion tonnes (2.7 billion long tons) of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian shore</a> are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that 3.5 billion tonnes (3.4 billion long tons) of oil and 2.5 billion cubic metres (88 billion cubic feet) of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is 6.1 billion tonnes (6.0 billion long tons). However, there are only three <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a> within the country, situated in <a href="/wiki/Atirau" class="mw-redirect" title="Atirau">Atyrau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a>. These are not capable of processing the total crude output, so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, Kazakhstan was producing approximately 1,540,000 barrels (245,000 m3) of oil per day in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">phosphorite</a>. Two of the largest deposits include the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and the Chilisai deposit of the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Актобинский фосфоритоносный бассейн">Aqtobe phosphorite basin</a> located in northwestern Kazakhstan, with resources of 500–800 million tonnes of 9 percent ore.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> On 17 October 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative</a> (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/328px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="328" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/492px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/656px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_KAZ_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Kazakhstan 1991–2020</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan has an "extreme" <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold steppe">cold steppe climate</a>, and sits solidly inside the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh steppe</a>, with hot summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>July (°C) </th> <th>July (°F) </th> <th>January (°C) </th> <th>January (°F) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td> <td>30/18</td> <td>86/64</td> <td>0/−8</td> <td>33/17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a></td> <td>32/17</td> <td>91/66</td> <td>4/−4</td> <td>39/23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy">Qarağandy</a></td> <td>27/14</td> <td>80/57</td> <td>−8/−17</td> <td>16/1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td>27/15</td> <td>80/59</td> <td>−10/−18</td> <td>14/−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a></td> <td>28/15</td> <td>82/59</td> <td>−11/−20</td> <td>12/−5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aqtobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqtobe">Aqtobe</a></td> <td>30/15</td> <td>86/61</td> <td>−8/−16</td> <td>17/2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kazakhstan" title="Wildlife of Kazakhstan">Wildlife of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_corsac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vulpes_corsac.jpg/170px-Vulpes_corsac.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vulpes_corsac.jpg/255px-Vulpes_corsac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Vulpes_corsac.jpg/340px-Vulpes_corsac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox</a></figcaption></figure> There are ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of protected areas of Kazakhstan">nature reserves</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kazakhstan" title="List of national parks of Kazakhstan">national parks</a> in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. In total there are twenty five <a href="/wiki/Conservancy_areas_of_Kazakhstan" title="Conservancy areas of Kazakhstan">areas of conservancy</a>. Common plants are <a href="/wiki/Astragalus_(plant)" title="Astragalus (plant)">Astragalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagea" title="Gagea">Gagea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxytropis" title="Oxytropis">Oxytropis</a>; endangered plant species include native wild apple (<a href="/wiki/Malus_sieversii" title="Malus sieversii">Malus sieversii</a>), wild grape (<a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a>) and several wild <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> species (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tulipa_greigii" title="Tulipa greigii">Tulipa greigii</a>) and rare onion species <a href="/wiki/Allium_karataviense" title="Allium karataviense">Allium karataviense</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Iris_willmottiana" title="Iris willmottiana">Iris willmottiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulipa_kaufmanniana" title="Tulipa kaufmanniana">Tulipa kaufmanniana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Kazakhstan had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.23/10, ranking it 26th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-82">[76]</a> Common mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">corsac fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">argali</a> (the largest species of sheep), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopards" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow leopards">snow leopards</a>, several of which are protected. Kazakhstan's Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichens.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a> has been reintroduced to the steppes after nearly 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government of Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics of Kazakhstan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_system">Political system</h3></div> Officially, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, constitutional <a href="/wiki/Unitary_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary republic">unitary republic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> led the country from 1991 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-tokayev-wins-88">[82]</a> The president may veto legislation that has been passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">parliament</a> and is also the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">armed forces</a>. The prime minister chairs the cabinet of ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_(2022-06-17)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev_%282022-06-17%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="386" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oljas_Bektenov_(2024-02-06,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg/120px-Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg/180px-Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg/240px-Oljas_Bektenov_%282024-02-06%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1306" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oljas_Bektenov" title="Oljas Bektenov">Oljas Bektenov</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister of Kazakhstan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kazakhstan has a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> parliament composed of the <a href="/wiki/Majilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Majilis">Majilis</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan" title="Senate of Kazakhstan">senate</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>).<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the Majilis; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The senate has 48 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4slihat" title="Mäslihat">mäslihats</a>) of Kazakhstan's twenty principal <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">administrative divisions</a> (seventeen regions and three nationally significant cities).<a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Kazakhstan-91">[85]</a> The president appoints the remaining fifteen senators. Majilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the parliament. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> rated Kazakhstan as a "consolidated <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> regime", stating that <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> is not respected and "Kazakhstan's electoral laws do not provide for <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a>."<a href="#cite_note-kaz2-92">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reforms">Political reforms</h3></div> Reforms have begun to be implemented after the election of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in June 2019. Tokayev supports a culture of opposition, public assembly, and loosening rules on forming political parties.<a href="#cite_note-poleform-93">[87]</a> In June 2019, Tokayev established the National Council of Public Trust as a public platform for national conversation regarding government policies and reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_Daily-94">[88]</a> In July 2019, the President of Kazakhstan announced a concept of a 'listening state' that quickly and efficiently responds to all constructive requests of the country's citizens.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> A law will be passed to allow representatives from other parties to hold chair positions on some Parliamentary committees, to foster alternative views and opinions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] The minimum membership threshold needed to register a political party will be reduced from 40,000 to 20,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_Daily-94">[88]</a> Special places for peaceful rallies in central areas will be allocated and a new draft law outlining the rights and obligations of organisers, participants and observers will be passed.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_Daily-94">[88]</a> In an effort to increase public safety, President Tokayev has strengthened the penalties for those who commit crimes against individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Iran_Daily-94">[88]</a> On 17 September 2022, Tokayev signed a decree that limits presidential tenure to one term of seven years.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> He furthermore announced the preparation of a new reform package to "decentralize" and "distribute" power between government institutions. The reform package also seeks to modify the electoral system and increase the decision-making authorities of Kazakhstan's regions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[91]</a> The powers of the parliament were expanded at the expense of those of the president, relatives of whom are now also barred from holding government positions, while the Constitutional Court was restored and the death penalty abolished.<a href="#cite_note-:0-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions of Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts of Kazakhstan</a></div> Kazakhstan is divided into twenty <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: облыстар, oblystar; Russian: области, oblasti) and three cities independent of their geographic region.<a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Kazakhstan-91">[85]</a> The regions are subdivided into 177 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: аудандар, audandar; Russian: районы, rayony).<a href="#cite_note-OECD-99">[93]</a> The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements and villages without an associated municipal government.<a href="#cite_note-Adilet-100">[94]</a> The cities of <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a> has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_cosmodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikonur cosmodrome">Baikonur cosmodrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-101">[95]</a> In June 2018 the city of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a> became a "city of republican significance".<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> Each region is headed by an <a href="/wiki/Akim" title="Akim">äkim</a> (regional governor) appointed by the president. District äkimi are appointed by regional akims. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_divisions">Municipal divisions</h3></div> Municipalities exist at each level of administrative division in Kazakhstan. Cities of republican, regional, and district significance are designated as urban inhabited localities; all others are designated rural.<a href="#cite_note-Adilet-100">[94]</a> At the highest level are the cities of Almaty and Astana, which are classified as cities of republican significance on the administrative level equal to that of a region.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-99">[93]</a> At the intermediate level are cities of regional significance on the administrative level equal to that of a district. Cities of these two levels may be divided into city districts.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-99">[93]</a> At the lowest level are cities of district significance, and over two-thousand villages and rural settlements (aul) on the administrative level equal to that of rural districts.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-99">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Kazakhstan <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Almaty"><img alt="Almaty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png/120px-View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png/180px-View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png/240px-View_of_Almaty_from_the_hills.png 2x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="652" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Astana_020000,_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astana"><img alt="Astana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/120px-Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/180px-Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg/240px-Astana_020000%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,854,656 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Unnamed_Road,_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_(44).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Şymkent"><img alt="Şymkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/120px-Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/180px-Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg/240px-Unnamed_Road%2C_Kazakhstan_-_panoramio_%2844%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Qaraghandy,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qarağandy"><img alt="Qarağandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/120px-Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/180px-Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/240px-Qaraghandy%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy">Qarağandy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,078,384 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eymkent" class="mw-redirect" title="Şymkent">Şymkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,009,086 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy">Qarağandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy Region">Qarağandy</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">497,712 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aqtobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqtobe">Aqtobe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aqtobe_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqtobe Region">Aqtobe</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">487,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Taraz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jambyl_Region" title="Jambyl Region">Jambyl</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">357,791 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pavlodar_Region" title="Pavlodar Region">Pavlodar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,989 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96skemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Öskemen">Öskemen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="East Kazakhstan Region">East Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">331,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Semey" title="Semey">Semey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abai_Region" title="Abai Region">Abai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">323,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Region" title="Atyrau Region">Atyrau</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">269,720 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea,_March_2012-15.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_South_Korea%2C_March_2012-15.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nazarbayev</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Kyrgyzstan and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a> in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> for the first time on 12 November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC). It is an active participant in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation</a> <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-pfpsigs-106">[100]</a> In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly">Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly</a>. The official response of the Assembly was that because Kazakhstan is partially located in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> it could apply for full membership, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at the council until its democracy and human rights records improved. Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multi-vector foreign policy" (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China, as well as with the United States and the rest of the Western world.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Russia leases approximately 6,000 square kilometres (2,317 sq mi) of territory enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> and the well-known space station <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>. On 11 April 2010, presidents Nazarbayev and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic prosperity, and universal values.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> Since 2014, the Kazakhstani government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018.<a href="#cite_note-AT5-112">[106]</a> On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.<a href="#cite_note-UN-113">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg/220px-Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg/330px-Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg/440px-Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization_member_states_Summit_gets_underway_in_Samarkand_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and other leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a> summit in Samarkand, 16 September 2022</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan has supported UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire.<a href="#cite_note-TN1-114">[108]</a> In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakhstani military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through specialised UN training; they had to be fluent in English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TN1-114">[108]</a> In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya_(confederation)" title="Novorossiya (confederation)">Ukraine's southeastern regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gpostukraine1-115">[109]</a> President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine's independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-ukrainenaz-116">[110]</a> Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan's relations with the European Union will remain normal.<a href="#cite_note-CarnegieUkraniepiece-117">[111]</a> It is believed that Nazarbayev's mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-CarnegieUkraniepiece-117">[111]</a> Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in south-eastern Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-ukrainejan26statement-118">[112]</a> In 2018, Kazakhstan signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Putin-Tokayev_meeting_(2022-11-28)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg/220px-Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg/330px-Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg/440px-Putin-Tokayev_meeting_%282022-11-28%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 28 November 2022</figcaption></figure> On 6 March 2020, the Concept of the Foreign Policy of Kazakhstan for 2020–2030 was announced. The document outlines the following main points: <ul><li>An open, predictable and consistent foreign policy of the country, which is progressive in nature and maintains its endurance by continuing the course of the First President – the country at a new stage of development;</li> <li>Protection of human rights, development of humanitarian diplomacy and environmental protection;</li> <li>Promotion of the country's economic interests in the international arena, including the implementation of state policy to attract investment;</li> <li>Maintaining international peace and security;</li> <li>Development of regional and multilateral diplomacy, which primarily involves strengthening mutually beneficial ties with key partners – Russia, China, the United States, Central Asian states and the EU countries, as well as through multilateral structures – the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and others.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSTOMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CSTOMap.png/220px-CSTOMap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CSTOMap.png/330px-CSTOMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/CSTOMap.png/440px-CSTOMap.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Member states of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO)</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan's memberships of international organisations include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CRKSOY" class="mw-redirect" title="TÜRKSOY">TÜRKSOY</a> community. (The national language, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, is related to the other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, with which it shares cultural and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">historical ties</a>)</li> <li>United Nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, where Kazakhstan is a member of its <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-121">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> as a participating government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-wtokz-122">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Islamic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Islamic Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)<a href="#cite_note-oicmems-123">[117]</a></li></ul> Based on these principles, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Kazakhstan has increasingly pursued an independent foreign policy, defined by its own foreign policy objectives and ambitions<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> through which the country attempts to balance its relations with "all the major powers and an equally principled aversion towards excessive dependence in any field upon any one of them, while also opening the country up economically to all who are willing to invest there."<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Kazakhstan is the 59th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/220px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/330px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG/440px-Kazakhstan_Republican_Guard.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Kazakhstan)" title="Republican Guard (Kazakhstan)">Kazakhstan Republican Guard</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P(modified).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg/220px-A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg/330px-A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg/440px-A_Kazakh_Sukhoi_Su-27P%28modified%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>A Kazakhstan <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27</a></figcaption></figure> Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a>' <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Military_District" title="Turkestan Military District">Turkestan Military District</a>. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the <a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="40th Army (Soviet Union)">40th Army</a> (the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments, and a large amount of equipment that had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a>. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005. The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41 <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29s</a>, 44 <a href="/wiki/MiG-31" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-31">MiG-31s</a>, 37 <a href="/wiki/Su-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-24">Su-24s</a> and 60 <a href="/wiki/Su-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-27">Su-27s</a>. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> Kazakhstan sent 29 military engineers to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">US post-invasion mission in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified 718 cubic metres (25,400 cu ft) of water.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan">National Security Committee</a> (UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered the most important part of KNB. Its director is <a href="/wiki/Nurtai_Abykayev" title="Nurtai Abykayev">Nurtai Abykayev</a>. Since 2002, the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the <a href="/wiki/KAZBAT" title="KAZBAT">KAZBAT</a> peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the U.S. Military.<a href="#cite_note-steppe1-131">[125]</a> In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.<a href="#cite_note-un1-132">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights in Kazakhstan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> has consistently ranked Kazakhstan as an "authoritarian regime" in its <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>, ranking it 128th out of 167 countries for 2020.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Kazakhstan was ranked 122nd out of 180 countries in <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>' <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> for 2022; previously it ranked 155th for 2021.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> Kazakhstan's human rights situation has been described as poor by independent observers. In its 2015 report of human rights in the country, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> said that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion."<a href="#cite_note-World_Report_2015:_Kazakhstan-136">[130]</a> It has also described the government as authoritarian.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practising religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kozlov_(politician)" title="Vladimir Kozlov (politician)">Vladimir Kozlov</a>, remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention."<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> However, Kazakhstan has achieved significant progress in reducing the prison population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform."<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> Some critics of the government have been <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">arrested</a> for allegedly spreading <a href="/wiki/False_information" class="mw-redirect" title="False information">false information</a> about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan">COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> Various police reforms, like creation of local police service and zero-tolerance policing, aimed at bringing police closer to local communities have not improved cooperation between police and ordinary citizens.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> According to a U.S. government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan: <blockquote><div class="poem"> The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to an attorney">right to an attorney</a>, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee's attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defense attorneys to gather evidence. [...]<a href="#cite_note-countryreport-143">[137]</a> The law does not adequately provide for an <a href="/wiki/Independent_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent judiciary">independent judiciary</a>. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited <a href="/wiki/Bribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribes">bribes</a> in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-countryreport-143">[137]</a> </div></blockquote> Kazakhstan's global rank in the <a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a>'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).<a href="#cite_note-WJP2015-144">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ABA_Rule_of_Law_Initiative" title="ABA Rule of Law Initiative">ABA Rule of Law Initiative</a> of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-ABArol-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABAback-146">[140]</a> Kazakhstan's Supreme Court has taken steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country's legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and accountability of Kazakhstan's judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-ABAjr-147">[141]</a> In an effort to increase transparency in the criminal justice and court system, and improve human rights, Kazakhstan intended to digitise all investigative, prosecutorial and court records by 2018.<a href="#cite_note-digitise-148">[142]</a> Many criminal cases are closed before trial on the basis of reconciliation between the defendant and the victim because they simplify the work of the law-enforcement officers, release the defendant from punishment, and pay little regard to the victim's rights.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Homosexuality has been legal in Kazakhstan since 1997, although it is still socially unacceptable in most areas.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Discrimination against <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT people</a> in Kazakhstan is widespread.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png/220px-Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png/330px-Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png/440px-Kazakstan_GDP_per_capita_1973%E2%80%932022.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Kazakhstan since 1973</figcaption></figure> In 2018, Kazakhstan had a GDP of $179.332 billion and an annual growth rate of 4.5 percent. Per capita, Kazakhstan's GDP stood at $9,686.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> Buoyed by high world <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9 percent and 13.5 percent from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1 to 3 percent in <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2008 and 2009</a>, and then rising again from 2010.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> Kazakhstan's economy grew by 4.6 percent in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-BRICplus-157">[151]</a> The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">oil prices</a> and the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian crisis">Ukrainian crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> The country devalued its currency by 19 percent in February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> Another 22 percent devaluation occurred in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.<a href="#cite_note-IMFrepay-161">[155]</a> Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprise">small and medium enterprises</a> (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country's GDP, with $4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-ft21bn-162">[156]</a> During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan's economy contracted by 1.2 percent in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5 percent and 5 percent in 2011 and 2012, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-imfarticleiv-163">[157]</a> Kazakhstan's government continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-kzwbprofile-164">[158]</a> In March 2002, the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Commerce">U.S. Department of Commerce</a> granted Kazakhstan <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> status under <a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_2002" title="Trade Act of 2002">US trade law</a>. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency <a href="/wiki/Convertibility" title="Convertibility">convertibility</a>, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources. In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> to receive an investment grade <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit rating</a> from a major international <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> By late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $4.2 billion, 14 percent of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP was 21.7 percent in 2000, 17.5 percent in 2001, and 15.4 percent in 2002. In 2019, it rose to 19.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg/220px-Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg/330px-Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg/440px-Yacht_club_in_Aktau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4553" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aqtau" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqtau">Aqtau</a> is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced <a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax rates around the world">tax rates</a> was adopted. The <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax, payable by all employers, from 21 percent to 20 percent, and the personal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> from 30 percent to 20 percent. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5 percent for personal income in the form of dividends and 10 percent for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003. Kazakhstan instituted a pension reform program in 1998. By January 2012, the pension assets were about $17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatised</a> in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates pension funds. The growing demand of pension funds for investment outlets triggered the development of the debt <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, including the government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan was studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> Kazakhstan climbed to 41st on the 2018 Economic Freedom Index published by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EFI2018-168">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG/350px-2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG/525px-2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG/700px-2013Kazakhstani_imports.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A map of Kazakhstan's imports, 2013</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan's increased role in <a href="/wiki/Global_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Global trade">global trade</a> and central positioning on the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">new Silk Road</a> gave the country the potential to open its markets to billions of people.<a href="#cite_note-priSilkRoad-169">[163]</a> Kazakhstan joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a> turnover in 2018 was $93.5 billion, which is 19.7 percent more than in 2017. Export in 2018 reached $67 billion (up 25.7 percent in comparison to 2017) and import was $32.5 billion (up 9.9 percent in comparison to 2017).<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> Exports accounted for 40.1 percent of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2018. Kazakhstan exports 800 products to 120 countries.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0(3264-2448).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%283264-2448%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Grain fields near <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6k%C5%9Fetau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kökşetau">Kökşetau</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a> accounts for approximately 5 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-101">[95]</a> Grain, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, melons and livestock are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than 846,000 square kilometres (327,000 sq mi). The available agricultural land consists of 205,000 km2 (79,000 sq mi) of arable land and 611,000 km2 (236,000 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> and hay land. Over 80 percent of the country's total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70 percent occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).<a href="#cite_note-wb1-173">[167]</a> Chief livestock products are <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, leather, meat, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. The country's major crops include wheat, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, cotton, and rice. Wheat exports, a major source of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a>, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakhstani agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakh wine</a> is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/220px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/330px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png/440px-Caspian_region_oil_and_natural_gas_infrastructure.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">oil reserves</a> in the Caspian Sea region.</figcaption></figure> Energy has been the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_condensate" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas condensate">natural gas condensate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_basins_of_Kazakhstan" title="Oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan">oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan</a> amounted to 79.2 million tonnes (77.9 million <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 87.3 million <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) in 2012 up from 51.2 million tonnes (50.4 million long tons; 56.4 million short tons) in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13 percent higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to 13.9 billion cubic metres (490 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>), up 22.7 percent compared to 2002, including natural gas production of 7.3 billion cubic metres (260 billion cubic feet). Kazakhstan holds about 4 billion tonnes (3.9 billion long tons; 4.4 billion short tons) of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometres (480 cubic miles) of gas. Kazakhstan is the 19th largest oil-producing nation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $7 billion, representing 65 percent of overall exports and 24 percent of the GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Field" title="Tengiz Field">Tengiz</a> with 7 billion barrels (1.1 billion cubic metres); <a href="/wiki/Karachaganak_Field" title="Karachaganak Field">Karachaganak</a> with 8 billion barrels (1.3 billion cubic metres) and 1,350 cubic kilometres (320 cubic miles) of natural gas; and <a href="/wiki/Kashagan_Field" title="Kashagan Field">Kashagan</a> with 7 to 9 billion barrels (1.4 billion cubic metres). <a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a> (KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The <a href="/wiki/Tengiz_Field" title="Tengiz Field">Tengiz Field</a> was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year <a href="/wiki/Tengizchevroil" title="Tengizchevroil">Tengizchevroil</a> venture between <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Texaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron Texaco">Chevron Texaco</a> (50 percent), US <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> (25 percent), <a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a> (20 percent), and <a href="/wiki/LukArco" title="LukArco">LukArco</a> (5 percent).<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karachaganak_Field" title="Karachaganak Field">Karachaganak</a> natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by <a href="/wiki/BG_Group" title="BG Group">BG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agip" title="Agip">Agip</a>, ChevronTexaco, and <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ogj280612-177">[171]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> oil companies are involved in Kazakhstan's oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. It committed Kazakhstan to meet 50 percent of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> The green economy was projected to increase GDP by 3 percent and create some 500,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> The government set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12), for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants 16.71 tenges ($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenges ($0.18).<a href="#cite_note-renewableprices-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport in Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_(kk).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png/220px-Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png/330px-Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png/440px-Railway_Map_of_Kazakhstan_%28kk%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kazakhstan railway network</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg/220px-KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg/330px-KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg/440px-KTZ_2TE10U_Aynabulak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4364" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>Train 22 Kyzylorda – Semipalatinsk, hauled by a Kazakhstan Temir Zholy 2TE10U diesel locomotive. Picture taken near Aynabulak, Kazakhstan.</figcaption></figure> Railways provide 68 percent of all cargo and passenger traffic to over 57 percent of the country. There are 15,333 km (9,527 mi) in common carrier service, excluding industrial lines.<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-182">[176]</a>15,333 km (9,527 mi) of <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">1,520 mm</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge, 4,000 km (2,500 mi) electrified, in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-182">[176]</a> Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> (the southernmost city) to <a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavl</a> (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Zholy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Temir Zholy">Kazakhstan Temir Zholy</a> (KTZ) is the national railway company. KTZ cooperates with French locomotive manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> in developing Kazakhstan's railway infrastructure. As of 2018, Alstom has more than 600 staff and two joint ventures with KTZ and its subsidiary in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> In July 2017, Alstom opened its first locomotive repairing centre in Kazakhstan. It is the only repairing centre in Central Asia and the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astana_Nurly_Zhol_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Nurly Zhol railway station">Astana Nurly Zhol railway station</a>, the most modern railway station in Kazakhstan, was opened in Astana on 31 May 2017. According to Kazakhstan Railways (KTZ), the 120,000m2 station was expected to be used by 54 trains and would have the capacity to handle 35,000 passengers a day.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> There is a small 8.56 km (5.32 mi) <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>. Second and third metro lines were planned for the future. The second line would intersect with the first line at <a href="/wiki/Alatau_(Almaty_Metro)" title="Alatau (Almaty Metro)">Alatau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhibek_Zholy_(Almaty_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhibek Zholy (Almaty Metro)">Zhibek Zholy</a> stations.<a href="#cite_note-urbanrail.net-186">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Astana_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Metro">Astana Metro</a> system has been under construction, but was abandoned at one point in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> In May 2015, an agreement was signed for the project to be resumed.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> There is an 86 km (53 mi) tram network, which began service in 1965 with, as of 2012, 20 regular and three special routes.<a href="#cite_note-Pavlodar-189">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khorgos_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorgos Gateway">Khorgos Gateway</a> dry port is one of Kazakhstan's primary <a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry ports</a> for handling trans-Eurasian trains, which travel more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) between China and Europe. The Khorgos Gateway dry port is surrounded by Khorgos Eastern Gate SEZ which officially commenced operations in December 2016.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklisted</a> all Kazakh air carriers with a sole exception of <a href="/wiki/Air_Astana" title="Air Astana">Air Astana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> Thereafter, Kazakhstan took measures to modernise and revamp its air safety oversight. In 2016 the European air safety authorities removed all Kazakh airlines from the blacklist, saying there was "sufficient evidence of compliance" with international standards by Kazakh Airlines and the Civil Aviation Committee.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Tourism in Kazakhstan">Tourism in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83,_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C,_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD._%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%2C_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Burabay" title="Lake Burabay">Lake Burabay</a>, view from Mount Bolectau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG/220px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG/330px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG/440px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shymbulak" title="Shymbulak">Shymbulak</a> ski resort in Almaty</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">ninth-largest country by area</a> and the largest landlocked country in the world. As of 2014, tourism accounted for 0.3 percent of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government had plans to increase it to 3 percent by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a> of 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan was $3.08 billion or only 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranked Kazakhstan 80th in its 2019 report.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> In 2017, Kazakhstan ranked 43rd in the number of tourist arrivals. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described tourism in Kazakhstan as "hugely underdeveloped", despite the country's mountain, lake and desert landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-Lillis-196">[190]</a> Factors hampering an increase in tourism were said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure", "poor service" and the difficulties of travel in a large underdeveloped country.<a href="#cite_note-Lillis-196">[190]</a> Even for Kazakhs, going for a holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-Lillis-196">[190]</a> The <a href="#Government_and_politics">Kazakh Government</a>, long characterised as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition,<a href="#cite_note-time-23">[17]</a> in 2015 issued a "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020." It aimed to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> city, <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> city, <a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="East Kazakhstan Region">East Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Kazakhstan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kazakhstan Region">South Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Region" title="West Kazakhstan Region">West Kazakhstan</a> Oblasts. It also sought investment of $4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lillis-196">[190]</a> Kazakhstan has offered a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and for up to 30 days to citizens of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. It also established a visa-free regime for citizens of 54 countries, including the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/OECD#Member_countries" title="OECD">OECD member states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tim-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfa.kz-199">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_direct_investment">Foreign direct investment</h3></div> Kazakhstan has attracted $330 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI) from more than 120 countries since its independence (1991).<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> In 2015, the U.S. State Department said Kazakhstan was widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region.<a href="#cite_note-2013ICS-201">[195]</a> In 2014, President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which included a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an eight-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes.<a href="#cite_note-taxnews-202">[196]</a> Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation.<a href="#cite_note-taxnews-202">[196]</a> In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $14 billion of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> inflows into the country at a 7 percent growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> In 2018, $24 billion of FDI was directed into Kazakhstan, a significant increase since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_of_Reconstruction_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bank of Reconstruction and Development">European Bank of Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD) and Kazakhstan created the partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan's economy.<a href="#cite_note-EBRDprrp-205">[199]</a> As of May 2014, Kazakhstan had attracted $190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it led the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita.<a href="#cite_note-AstanaT-206">[200]</a> The OECD 2017 Investment Policy Review noted that "great strides" had been made to open up opportunities to foreign investors and improve policy to attract FDI.<a href="#cite_note-oecdkzpolicyreview-207">[201]</a> China is one of the main economic and trade partners of Kazakhstan. In 2013, China launched the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI) in which Kazakhstan functions as a transit hub.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3></div> The banking industry of Kazakhstan went through a boom-and-bust cycle in the early 21st century. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including <a href="/wiki/BTA_Bank" title="BTA Bank">BTA Bank</a> J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon thereafter. The industry shrank and was restructured, with system-wide loans dropping from 59 percent of GDP in 2007 to 39 percent in 2011. The <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">Kazakh National Bank</a> introduced deposit insurance in a campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Several major foreign banks had branches in Kazakhstan, including <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">RBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kookmin_Bank" title="Kookmin Bank">Kookmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/UniCredit" title="UniCredit">UniCredit</a> both entered Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">stake</a>-building. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_competitiveness">Economic competitiveness</h3></div> According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> One year later, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> In the 2020 Doing Business Report by the World Bank, Kazakhstan ranked 25th globally and as the number one best country globally for protecting minority investors' rights.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013 and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a> that was published at the beginning of September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-AT1-212">[206]</a> Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the CIS in almost all of the report's pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education.<a href="#cite_note-AT1-212">[206]</a> The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.<a href="#cite_note-AT1-212">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries<a href="#cite_note-OECD1-214">[208]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country.<a href="#cite_note-OECD1-214">[208]</a> A 2017 OECD report on Kazakhstan indicated that Kazakhstan has reformed laws with regard to the civil service, judiciary, instruments to prevent corruption, <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">access to information</a>, and prosecuting corruption.<a href="#cite_note-oecdreport2017-215">[209]</a> Kazakhstan has implemented anticorruption reforms that have been recognised by organizations like <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tpi-216">[210]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> confiscated US$48 million in Kazakhstani assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-basel-217">[211]</a> US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakhstani officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$84 million in the US and another US$60 million in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-basel-217">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-MLATfeb15-218">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s 2023 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Kazakhstan a score of 39. When ranked by score, Kazakhstan ranked 93rd among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Eastern European and Central Asian countries <a href="#cite_note-221">[g]</a> was 53, the average score was 35 and the lowest score was 18.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia,_2001%E2%88%922013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/220px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/330px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/440px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3.</figcaption></figure> Research remains largely concentrated in Kazakhstan's largest city and former capital, Almaty, home to 52 percent of research personnel. Public research is largely confined to institutes, with universities making only a token contribution. Research institutes receive their funding from national research councils under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education and Science. Their output, however, tends to be disconnected from market needs. In the business sector, few industrial enterprises conduct research themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:02-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana,_Kazakhstan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG/150px-The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG/225px-The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG/300px-The_irradiation_experiments_at_the_ion_accelerator_DC-60._Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Group of Kazakhstan physicists in collaboration with Uzbek researchers working at the ion accelerator DC-60</figcaption></figure> One of the most ambitious targets of the State Programme for Accelerated Industrial and Innovative Development adopted in 2010 is to raise the country's level of expenditure on research and development to 1 percent of GDP by 2015. By 2013, this ratio stood at 0.18 percent of GDP. It will be difficult to reach the target as long as economic growth remains strong.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Since 2005, the economy has grown faster (by 6 percent in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$598 million to PPP$714 million between 2005 and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> Innovation expenditure more than doubled in Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2011, representing KZT 235 billion (circa US$1.6 billion), or around 1.1 percent of GDP. Some 11 percent of the total was spent on research and development. This compares with about 40 to 70 percent of innovation expenditure in developed countries. This augmentation was due to a sharp rise in product design and the introduction of new services and production methods over this period, to the detriment of the acquisition of machinery and equipment, which has traditionally made up the bulk of Kazakhstan's innovation expenditure. Training costs represented just 2 percent of innovation expenditure, a much lower share than in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-:02-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> Kazakhstan was ranked 78th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> In December 2012, President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> announced the Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy with the slogan "Strong Business, Strong State." This pragmatic strategy proposes sweeping socio-economic and political reforms to hoist Kazakhstan among the top 30 economies by 2050. In this document, Kazakhstan gives itself 15 years to evolve into a knowledge economy. New sectors are to be created during each five-year plan. The first of these, covering the years 2010–2014, focused on developing industrial capacity in car manufacturing, aircraft engineering and the production of locomotives, passenger and cargo railroad cars. During the second five-year plan to 2019, the goal is to develop export markets for these products. To enable Kazakhstan to enter the world market of geological exploration, the country intends to increase the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors such as oil and gas. It also intends to develop rare earth metals, given their importance for electronics, laser technology, communication and medical equipment. The second five-year plan coincides with the development of the Business 2020 roadmap for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which makes provision for the allocation of grants to SMEs in the regions and for microcredit. The government and the National Chamber of Entrepreneurs also plan to develop an effective mechanism to help start-ups.<a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/220px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/330px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/440px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> is the world's oldest and largest operational <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceport</a>.</figcaption></figure> During subsequent five-year plans to 2050, new industries will be established in fields such as mobile, multi-media, nano- and space technologies, robotics, genetic engineering and alternative energy. Food processing enterprises will be developed with an eye to turning the country into a major regional exporter of beef, dairy and other agricultural products. Low-return, water-intensive crop varieties will be replaced with vegetable, oil and fodder products. As part of the shift to a "green economy" by 2030, 15% of acreage will be cultivated with water-saving technologies. Experimental agrarian and innovational clusters will be established and drought-resistant <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a> developed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy fixes a target of devoting 3 percent of GDP to research and development by 2050 to allow for the development of new high-tech sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-224">[217]</a> The Digital Kazakhstan program was launched in 2018 to boost the country's economic growth through the implementation of digital technologies. Kazakhstan's digitization efforts generated 800 billion tenges (US$1.97 billion) in two years. The program helped create 120,000 jobs and attracted 32.8 billion tenges (US$80.7 million) of investment into the country. Around 82 percent of all public services became automated as part of the Digital Kazakhstan program.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics of Kazakhstan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg/220px-Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg/330px-Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg/440px-Kazakhstan_Population_Pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a>, 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/220px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/330px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/440px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Central Asian ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> International Database lists the population of Kazakhstan as 18.9 million (May 2019),<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> while United Nations sources such as the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-228">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-229">[222]</a> give an estimate of 19,196,465. Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 20 million as of November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Негізгі-230">[223]</a> In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7 percent growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> The 2009 population estimate is 6.8 percent higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3 and 51.7 percent of the population, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_demography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan">Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan</a></div> As of 2024, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> are 71 percent of the population and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a> are 14.9 percent, although their numbers has declined since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">breakup of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> Other groups include <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (1.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> (1.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> (3.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (1.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> (1.5 percent), <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungans">Dungans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in the former Soviet Union">Poles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>. Some minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> (0.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a>, and Russian political opponents of the regime, had been <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported to Kazakhstan</a> in the 1930s and 1940s by Josef Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labour_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour camp">labour camps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>) existed in the country.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dzhasybay_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dzhasybay_beach.jpg/220px-Dzhasybay_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dzhasybay_beach.jpg/330px-Dzhasybay_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dzhasybay_beach.jpg/440px-Dzhasybay_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Kazakhstanis on a <a href="/wiki/Lake_Jasybay" title="Lake Jasybay">Lake Jasybay</a> beach, <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar_Region" title="Pavlodar Region">Pavlodar Region</a> </figcaption></figure> Significant Russian immigration was also connected with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a> In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8 percent of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about one million <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans in Kazakhstan</a>, mostly descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, most of them emigrated to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> Most members of the smaller <a href="/wiki/Pontian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontian Greek">Pontian Greek</a> minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> in the Soviet Union were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">deported to Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> These people are now known as <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a>, a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakhstani population are higher birthrates and <a href="/wiki/Oralman" title="Oralman">immigration of ethnic Kazakhs</a> from China, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and Russia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Languages of Kazakhstan</a></div> Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak sub-branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>)<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> is proficiently spoken by 80.1% of the population according to 2021 census,<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> and has the status of "state language". <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, on the other hand, is spoken by 83.7% as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> It has equal status to Kazakh as an "official language", and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> However, only 63.4% of ethnic Kazakhs and 49.3% of the country's population are daily speakers of Kazakh language, according to the same census.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> The government announced in January 2015 that the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> will replace <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-inform.kz-246">[239]</a> Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In Nazarbayev's resignation speech of 2019, he projected that the people of Kazakhstan in the future will speak three languages (Kazakh, Russian and English).<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion in Kazakhstan</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Kazakhstan (2021 census)<a href="#cite_note-2021EthnicStatistics-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viktorova-7">[5]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:69.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">69.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:17.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">No response</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:11.01%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.01%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Irreligion in Kazakhstan">Atheism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:2.25%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.25%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Other religions</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Mosque_in_Astana,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/220px-Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/330px-Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/440px-Grand_Mosque_in_Astana%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Astana_Grand_Mosque" title="Astana Grand Mosque">Astana Grand Mosque</a> in the capital Astana. Islam is the majority religion in the country.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg/220px-Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg/330px-Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg/440px-Zenkov_Cathedral_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Cathedral,_Almaty" title="Ascension Cathedral, Almaty">Ascension Cathedral</a> in Almaty</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4055" data-file-height="2703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima,_Karaganda" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima, Karaganda">Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima</a> is the biggest Catholic church in Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> According to the 2021 census, 69.3% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Muslim</a>, 17.2% are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Christian</a>, 0.2% follow <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">other religions</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Kazakhstan">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Jewish</a>), 11.01% chose not to answer, and 2.25% identify as <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2021EthnicStatistics-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viktorova-7">[5]</a> Kazakhstan is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> whose constitution guarantees religious freedoms. Article 39 of the constitution states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council affirmed these rights in a 2009 declaration, which stated that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Islam</a> is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>. After decades of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">religious suppression by the Soviet Union</a>, the coming of independence witnessed a surge in the expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious beliefs</a> and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of mosques, churches, and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.<a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-250">[243]</a> Some figures show that <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> These include ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, who constitute about 7% of the population, as well as ethnic <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uighurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Uighurs">Uighurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usstate-253">[246]</a> Less than 1% are part of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Shafi%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi`i">Shafi`i</a> school (primarily <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>). There are also some <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a> Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> There are a total of 2,300 mosques,<a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-250">[243]</a> all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> is recognised as a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-250">[243]</a> One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.<a href="#cite_note-USCOIRFk2009-257">[250]</a> Other Christian groups include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kazakhstan" title="Catholic Church in Kazakhstan">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholics">Greek Catholics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usstate-253">[246]</a> There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches (9 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic">Greek Catholic</a>), and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox Christmas is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-kazakhrel-250">[243]</a> Other religious groups include Judaism, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Kazakhstan" title="Baháʼí Faith in Kazakhstan">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Kazakhstan" title="Hinduism in Kazakhstan">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usstate-253">[246]</a> According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Arts_Shabyt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Kazakh National University of Arts</figcaption></figure> Education is universal and mandatory through to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary level</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">adult literacy rate</a> is 99.5%.<a href="#cite_note-collegeatlas-259">[252]</a> On average, these statistics are equal to both women and men in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> Education consists of three main phases: primary education (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts three or four years.<a href="#cite_note-UNEVOC-261">[254]</a> (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, magnet schools, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyceum#Lyceums_in_today's_education" title="Lyceum">lyceums</a> and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or technical schools, lyceums or colleges and vocational schools.<a href="#cite_note-collegeatlas-259">[252]</a> At present, there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of universities in Kazakhstan">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academies</a> and institutes, <a href="/wiki/College_or_university_school_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="College or university school of music">conservatories</a>, higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic higher education that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a>; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the master's degree. Postgraduate education leads to the <a href="/wiki/Kandidat_Nauk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandidat Nauk">Kandidat Nauk</a> ("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (PhD). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed. Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-WB11-263">[256]</a> The project aims to provide training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and employees in need of training.<a href="#cite_note-WB11-263">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture of Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Kazakh clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Kazakh wedding ceremony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestrian_heritage,_Kazakhstan.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG/170px-Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG/255px-Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG/340px-Equestrian_heritage%2C_Kazakhstan.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A Kazakhstani performer demonstrates the long equestrian heritage as part of the gala concert during the opening ceremonies of the Central Asian Peacekeeping Battalion.</figcaption></figure> Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced into the region with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and spread northward.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy: <a href="/wiki/Abay_Qunanbayuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abay Qunanbayuli">Abay Qunanbayuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Auezov" title="Mukhtar Auezov">Mukhtar Auezov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabit_Musirepov" title="Gabit Musirepov">Gabit Musirepov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanysh_Satpayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanysh Satpayev">Kanysh Satpayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Shakhanov" title="Mukhtar Shakhanov">Mukhtar Shakhanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saken_Seyfullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saken Seyfullin">Saken Seyfullin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambyl_Jabayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambyl Jabayev">Jambyl Jabayev</a>, among many others. Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism-related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Ukraine are now partners, and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European, and Central Asian countries in the tourism market. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakh literature</a></div> Kazakh literature is defined as "the body of literature, both <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral</a> and written, produced in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakh people</a> of Central Asia".<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> Kazakh literature expands from the current territory of Kazakhstan, also including the era of <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, Kazakh recognised territory under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>. There is some overlap with several complementary themes, including the literature of Turkic tribes that inhabited Kazakhstan over the course of its history and literature written by ethnic Kazakhs. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg/220px-USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg/330px-USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg/440px-USSR_stamp_A.Qunanbayuli_1965_4k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>1965 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> stamp honouring Kazakh essayist and poet <a href="/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly" title="Abai Qunanbaiuly">Abai Qunanbaiuly</a></figcaption></figure> According to Chinese written sources from the 6th–8th centuries CE, the Turkic tribes of Kazakhstan had an oral poetry tradition. These came from earlier periods and were primarily transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a>: professional storytellers and musical performers.<a href="#cite_note-Nurmanova-267">[260]</a> Traces of this tradition are shown on <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Orkhon script</a> stone carvings dated 5th–7th centuries CE that describe rule of Kultegin and Bilge, two early Turkic rulers ("kagans").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Amongst the Kazakhs, the bard was a primarily, though not exclusively, male profession. Since at least the 17th century, Kazakh bards could be divided into two main categories: the zhıraws (zhiraus, žyraus), who passed on the works of others, usually not creating and adding their own original work; and the <a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">aqyns</a> (akyns), who improvised or created their own poems, stories or songs.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> There were several types of works, such as <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> termes, <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac</a> tolgaws, and <a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">epic</a> zhırs.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> Although the origins of such tales are often unknown, most of them were associated with bards of the recent or more distant past, who supposedly created them or passed them on, by the time most Kazakh poetry and prose was first written down in the second half of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> There are clear stylistic differences between works first created in the 19th century, and works dating from earlier periods but not documented before the 19th century, such as those attributed to such 16th- and 17th-century bards as Er Shoban and Dosmombet Zhıraw (also known as Dospambet Žyrau; he appeared to have been literate, and reportedly visited <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), and even to such 15th-century bards as Shalkiz and Asan Qayghı.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> Other notable bards include Kaztugan Žyrau, Žiembet Žyrau, Axtamberdy Žyrau, and Buxar Žyrau Kalkamanuly, who was an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Ablai_Khan" title="Ablai Khan">Ablai Khan</a>, and whose works have been preserved by Mäšhür Žüsip Köpeev.<a href="#cite_note-Nurmanova-267">[260]</a> Er Targhın and <a href="/wiki/Alpamysh" title="Alpamysh">Alpamıs</a> are two of the most famous examples of Kazakh literature to be recorded in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman-266">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a> and Oguz Name (a story of an ancient Turkic king <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz Khan">Oghuz Khan</a>) are the most well-known Turkic heroic legends. Initially created around the 9th century CE, they were passed on through generations in oral form. The legendary tales were recorded by Turkish authors in 14–16th centuries C.E.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> The preeminent role in the development of modern literary Kazakh belongs to <a href="/wiki/Abai_Qunanbaiuly" title="Abai Qunanbaiuly">Abai Qunanbaiuly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Абай Құнанбайұлы, sometimes Russified to Abay Kunanbayev, Абай Кунанбаев) (1845–1904), whose writings did much to preserve Kazakh folk culture. Abai's major work is The Book of Words (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: қара сөздері, Qara sözderi), a philosophical treatise and collection of poems where he criticises Russian colonial policies and encourages other Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy. The literary magazines <a href="/wiki/Ay_Qap" title="Ay Qap">Ay Qap</a> (published between 1911 and 1915 in Arabic script) and Qazaq (published between 1913 and 1918) played an important role in the development of the intellectual and political life among early 20th-century Kazakhs.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_Kazakhstan_659.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> on stamp of Kazakhstan</figcaption></figure> The modern state of Kazakhstan is home to the Kazakh State Kurmangazy Orchestra of Folk Instruments, the Kazakh State Philharmonic Orchestra, the Kazakh National Opera and the Kazakh State Chamber Orchestra. The folk instrument orchestra was named after <a href="/wiki/Kurmangazy_Sagyrbayuly" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly">Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly</a>, a famous composer and dombra player from the 19th century. The Musical-Dramatic Training College, founded in 1931, was the first institute of higher education for music. Two years later, the Orchestra of Kazakh Folk Musical Instruments was formed.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a> The Foundation Asyl Mura is archiving and publishing historical recordings of great samples of Kazakh music both traditional and classical. The leading conservatoire is in Almaty, the Qurmanghazy Conservatoire. It competes with the national conservatoire in Astana, Kazakhstan's capital. When referring to traditional Kazakh music, authentic folklore must be separated from "folklorism". The latter denotes music executed by academically trained performers who aim at preserving the traditional music for coming generations. As far as can be reconstructed, the music of Kazakhstan from the period before a strong Russian influence consists of instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music, with the pieces ("Küy") being performed by soloists. Text is often seen in the background (or "program") for the music, as a lot of Küy titles refer to stories. Vocal music, either as part of a ceremony such as a wedding (mainly performed by women), or as part of a feast. Here we might divide into subgenres: epic singing, containing not only historical facts, but as well the tribe's genealogy, love songs, and didactic verses; and as a special form the composition of two or more singers in public (Aitys), of dialogue character and usually unexpectedly frankly in content. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astudio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Astudio.jpg/220px-Astudio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Astudio.jpg/330px-Astudio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Astudio.jpg/440px-Astudio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A-Studio" title="A-Studio">A-Studio</a> was created in 1982 in <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, then called Alma-Ata, hence called "Alma-Ata Studio".</figcaption></figure> The Russian influence on the music life in Kazakhstan can be seen in two spheres: first, the introduction of musical academic institutions such as concert houses with opera stages, and conservatories, where European music was performed and taught, and second, by trying to incorporate Kazakh traditional music into these academic structures. Controlled first by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Kazakhstan's folk and classical traditions became connected with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Russian music">ethnic Russian music</a> and Western European music. Prior to the 20th century, Kazakh folk music was collected and studied by <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> research teams including composers, music critics and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologists</a>. In the first part of the 19th century, Kazakh music was transcribed in linear <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">notation</a>. Some composers of this era set Kazakh folk songs to Russian-style <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">European classical music</a>. The Kazakhs themselves, however, did not write their own music in notation until 1931. Later, as part of the Soviet Union, Kazakh folk culture was encouraged in a sanitised manner designed to avoid political and social unrest. The result was a bland derivative of real Kazakh folk music. In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Zatayevich" title="Aleksandr Zatayevich">Aleksandr Zatayevich</a>, a Russian official, created major works of art music with melodies and other elements of Kazakh folk music. Beginning in 1928 and accelerating in the 1930s, he also adapted traditional Kazakh instruments for use in Russian-style ensembles, such as by increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">frets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strings_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strings (music)">strings</a>. Soon, these styles of modern orchestral playing became the only way for musicians to officially play; Kazakh folk was turned into patriotic, professional and socialist endeavours.<a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_art" title="Kazakh art">Kazakh art</a></div> In Kazakhstan, the fine arts, in the classical sense, have their origins in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. It was largely influenced by Russian artists, such as Vasily Vereshchagin and Nikolai Khludov, who intensively travelled in Central Asia. Khludov had a particular influence on the development of the local school of painting, becoming the teacher of many local artists. The most famous of these is Abilkhan Kasteyev, after whom the State Museum of Art of Kazakhstan was renamed in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> The Kazakh school of fine arts was fully formed by the 1940s and flourished in the 1950s. Local painters, graphic artists and sculptors, trained under the unified Soviet system of artist education, began active work, often using national motifs in their art. The painters O. Tansykbaev, J. Shardenov, K. Telzhanov, and S. Aitbaev, graphic artists E. Sidorkina and A. Duzelkhanov, and sculptors H. Nauryzbaeva and E. Sergebaeva are today counted among the key figures of Kazakhstani art. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh cuisine</a></div> In the national cuisine, livestock meat, like <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horse meat</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments include black tea, often served with milk and dried fruits (such as dried apricots) and nuts. In southern provinces, people often prefer <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>. Traditional milk-derived drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">ayran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shubat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shubat">shubat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kymyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kymyz">kymyz</a>. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beshbarmak" title="Beshbarmak">beshbarmak</a>. They also drink their national beverage, <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumys</a>, which consists of fermented mare's milk.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport in Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG/220px-Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG/330px-Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG/440px-Astana_Arena_2014-03-15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astana_Arena" title="Astana Arena">Astana Arena</a> opened in 2009.</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan consistently performs in Olympic competitions. It is especially successful in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. This has brought some attention to the Central Asian nation and increased world awareness of its athletes. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Karpov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Karpov">Dmitry Karpov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olga_Rypakova" title="Olga Rypakova">Olga Rypakova</a> are among the most notable Kazakhstani athletes. <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Karpov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Karpov">Dmitry Karpov</a> is a distinguished decathlete, taking bronze in both the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2003 World Championships in Athletics">2003</a> and <a href="/wiki/2007_World_Athletics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 World Athletics Championships">2007 World Athletics Championships</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olga_Rypakova" title="Olga Rypakova">Olga Rypakova</a> is an athlete, specialising in <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">triple jump</a> (women's), taking silver in the <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics">2011 World Championships in Athletics</a> and Gold in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>. Kazakhstan's city of <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> submitted bids twice for the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a>: in <a href="/wiki/Almaty_bid_for_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Almaty bid for the 2014 Winter Olympics">2014</a> and again for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011 Asian Winter Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> Popular sports in Kazakhstan include football, basketball, ice hockey, bandy, and boxing. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation of Kazakhstan">Football Federation of Kazakhstan</a> is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team" title="Kazakhstan national football team">men's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Kazakhstan women's national football team">women's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> national teams. Kazakhstan's most famous basketball player was <a href="/wiki/Alzhan_Zharmukhamedov" title="Alzhan Zharmukhamedov">Alzhan Zharmukhamedov</a>, who played for <a href="/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PBC CSKA Moscow">CSKA Moscow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union's national basketball team">Soviet Union's national basketball team</a> in the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan's national basketball team">Kazakhstan's national basketball team</a> was established in 1992, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Since its foundation, it has been competitive at the continental level. Its greatest accomplishment was at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2002_Asian_Games_%E2%80%93_Men" title="Basketball at the 2002 Asian Games – Men">2002 Asian Games</a>, where it defeated the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Philippines men's national basketball team">Philippines</a> in its last game to win the bronze medal. At the official <a href="/wiki/Asian_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Basketball Championship">Asian Basketball Championship</a>, now called FIBA Asia Cup, the Kazakhs' best finish was 4th place in 2007. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_bandy_team" title="Kazakhstan national bandy team">Kazakhstan national bandy team</a> is among the best in the world, and has many times won the bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship" title="Bandy World Championship">Bandy World Championship</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/2012_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2012 Bandy World Championship">2012 edition</a> when Kazakhstan hosted the tournament on home ice.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> The team won the first <a href="/wiki/Bandy_at_the_2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games">bandy tournament at the Asian Winter Games</a>. During the Soviet time, Dynamo Alma-Ata won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_bandy_champions" title="List of Russian bandy champions">Soviet Union national championships</a> in 1977 and 1990 and the <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_(bandy)" title="European Cup (bandy)">European Cup</a> in 1978. Bandy is developed in ten of the country's seventeen administrative divisions (eight of the fourteen regions and two of the three cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Akzhaiyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzhaiyk">Akzhaiyk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oral,_Kazakhstan" title="Oral, Kazakhstan">Oral</a>, however, is the only professional club. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/150px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/225px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG/300px-Nik_Antropov_Jets_2012-02-11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Antropov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Antropov">Nikolai Antropov</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" title="Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team">Kazakh national ice hockey team</a> have competed in <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> in the 1998 and <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Men%27s_World_Ice_Hockey_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships">2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Hockey_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Hockey Championship">Kazakhstan Hockey Championship</a> is held since 1992. <a href="/wiki/Barys_Astana" title="Barys Astana">Barys Astana</a> is the main domestic Kazakhstani ice hockey professional team, and having played in the Kazakhstani national league until the 2008–09 season, when they were transferred to play in the <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">Kontinental Hockey League</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Kazzinc-Torpedo" title="Kazzinc-Torpedo">Kazzinc-Torpedo</a> and play in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Hockey_League" title="Supreme Hockey League">Supreme Hockey League</a> since 1996 and the <a href="/wiki/Saryarka_Karagandy" title="Saryarka Karagandy">Saryarka Karagandy</a> since 2012. Top Kazakhstani ice hockey players include <a href="/wiki/Nik_Antropov" title="Nik Antropov">Nik Antropov</a>, Ivan Kulshov and <a href="/wiki/Evgeni_Nabokov" title="Evgeni Nabokov">Evgeni Nabokov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_amateur_boxing_athletes" title="Kazakhstan national amateur boxing athletes">Kazakh boxers</a> are generally well known in the world. In the last three Olympic Games, their performance was assessed as one of the best and they had more medals than any country in the world, except <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and Russia (in all three games). In 1996 and 2004, three Kazakhstani boxers (<a href="/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov" title="Vassiliy Jirov">Vassiliy Jirov</a> in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Artayev" title="Bakhtiyar Artayev">Bakhtiyar Artayev</a> in 2004 and <a href="/wiki/Serik_Sapiyev" title="Serik Sapiyev">Serik Sapiyev</a> in 2012) were recognised as the best boxers for their techniques with the <a href="/wiki/Val_Barker_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Barker Trophy">Val Barker Trophy</a>, awarded to the best boxer of the tournament. In <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, Kazakhstan performed well in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> in Sydney. Two boxers, <a href="/wiki/Bekzat_Sattarkhanov" title="Bekzat Sattarkhanov">Bekzat Sattarkhanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yermakhan_Ibraimov" title="Yermakhan Ibraimov">Yermakhan Ibraimov</a>, earned <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medals</a>. Another two boxers, <a href="/wiki/Bulat_Zhumadilov" title="Bulat Zhumadilov">Bulat Zhumadilov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukhtarkhan_Dildabekov" title="Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov">Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov</a>, earned <a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">silver medals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Maskaev" title="Oleg Maskaev">Oleg Maskaev</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Taraz" title="Taraz">Zhambyl</a>, representing Russia, was the <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">WBC</a> Heavyweight Champion after knocking out <a href="/wiki/Hasim_Rahman" title="Hasim Rahman">Hasim Rahman</a> on 12 August 2006. The reigning <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Association" title="World Boxing Association">WBA</a>, WBC, IBF and <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization" title="International Boxing Organization">IBO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_middleweight_boxing_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of middleweight boxing champions">middleweight champion</a> is Kazakh boxer <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin" title="Gennady Golovkin">Gennady Golovkin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natascha_Ragosina" title="Natascha Ragosina">Natascha Ragosina</a>, representing Russia, but from <a href="/wiki/Qara%C4%9Fandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarağandy">Qarağandy</a> held seven versions of the women's super middleweight title, and two heavyweight titles during her boxing career. She holds the record as the longest-reigning WBA female super middleweight champion, and the longest-reigning WBC female super middleweight champion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Cinema of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg/220px-Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg/330px-Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg/440px-Red_Carpet_at_AIAFF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Astana_Action_Film_Festival" title="International Astana Action Film Festival">International Astana Action Film Festival</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Kazakhfilm" title="Kazakhfilm">Kazakhfilm</a> studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced movies such as <a href="/wiki/Myn_Bala" title="Myn Bala">Myn Bala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Lessons" title="Harmony Lessons">Harmony Lessons</a>, and Shal.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Kazakhstan is the host of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astana_Action_Film_Festival" title="International Astana Action Film Festival">International Astana Action Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_International_Film_Festival" title="Eurasia International Film Festival">Eurasia International Film Festival</a> held annually. Hollywood director <a href="/wiki/Timur_Bekmambetov" title="Timur Bekmambetov">Timur Bekmambetov</a> is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> Serik Aprymov's Little Brother (Bauyr) won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival <a href="/wiki/GoEast" title="GoEast">goEast</a> from the German Federal Foreign Office.<a href="#cite_note-EEC-284">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media of Kazakhstan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/150px-Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/225px-Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/300px-Timur_Bekmambetov_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Timur_Bekmambetov" title="Timur Bekmambetov">Timur Bekmambetov</a>, a popular Kazakh film director</figcaption></figure> Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> A mid-March 2002 <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">court order</a>, with the government as a <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiff</a>, stated that <a href="/wiki/Respublika_(Kazakh_newspaper)" title="Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)">Respublika</a> were to stop printing for three months.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-286">[279]</a> The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as Not That Respublika.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-286">[279]</a> In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> With support from the US Department of State's <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a> (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to assist press outlets in Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-aba-288">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_sites">UNESCO World Heritage sites</h3></div> Kazakhstan has three cultural and two natural sites on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage list. The cultural sites are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui</a>, added in 2003</li> <li>Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of <a href="/wiki/Tamgaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgaly">Tamgaly</a>, added in 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor</a>, added in 2014</li></ul> The natural sites are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saryarka_-_Steppe_and_Lakes_of_Northern_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan">Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan</a>, added in 2008</li> <li>Western <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</a>, added in 2016<a href="#cite_note-UNESCOkz-289">[282]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kazakhstan" title="Public holidays in Kazakhstan">Public holidays in Kazakhstan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index of Kazakhstan-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Minerals_Group" title="Aurora Minerals Group">Aurora Minerals Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-language1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-language1_2-0">^</a> The sole state language and is used in government functions, legislation, and official matters.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2-3"><a href="#cite_ref-language2_3-0">^</a> Recognized as an official language and can be used in government institutions and organizations alongside state language.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> "Kazakhstani" refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Қазақстан, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Kazakh">romanized</a>: Qazaqstan, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qɑzɑqsˈtɑn]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Казахстан, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Kazakhstan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kəzɐxˈstan]</a></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Қазақстан Республикасы, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Kazakh">romanized</a>: Qazaqstan Respublikasy</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Республика Казахстан, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Respublika Kazakhstan</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> About 4% of Kazakhstan's territory, west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a>, lies in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Ural-19">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912">"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Article 7"</a>. Akorda.kz. Retrieved 9 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akorda.kz&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan%2C+Article+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fen%2Fconstitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/178068/file/en/">"Б-18-07-Г (англ) Т4"</a>. stat.gov.kz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%91-18-07-%D0%93+%28%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%29+%D0%A24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2Fiblock%2Felement%2F178068%2Ffile%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/178068/file/en/">Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021EthnicStatistics-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021EthnicStatistics_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021EthnicStatistics_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021EthnicStatistics_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902140633/https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT464825">"2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары"</a> [Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT464825">the original</a> on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2021+%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B+%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B+%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.pub=Agency+of+Strategic+Planning+and+Reforms+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2FgetFile%2F%3FdocId%3DESTAT464825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viktorova-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viktorova_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viktorova_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viktorova_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViktorova2022" class="citation web cs1">Viktorova, Polina (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabar.asia/en/how-the-number-of-believers-changed-in-kazakhstan">"How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan"</a>. CABAR.asia. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003022458/https://cabar.asia/en/how-the-number-of-believers-changed-in-kazakhstan">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. 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Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86219-454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86219-454-4"><bdi>978-3-86219-454-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+International+Psychology%3A+Research+Approaches+and+Personal+Dispositions%2C+Socialization+Processes+and+Organizational+Behavior&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Kassel+university+press+GmbH&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86219-454-4&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Johann+F.&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Knud+S.&rft.au=Krumov%2C+Krum&rft.au=Vazow%2C+Grigorii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_TauaCvBdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/">"Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DKZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-15"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterLye2008" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXn6qEGYv0QC&q=area%2Bof%2Bkazakhstan%2Bin%2Beurope%2Bsq%2Bkm&pg=PA14">Asia</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cherrytree+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84234-461-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Lye%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXn6qEGYv0QC%26q%3Darea%252Bof%252Bkazakhstan%252Bin%252Beurope%252Bsq%252Bkm%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Ural-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">World Factbook</a>. 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Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> Kazakhstan: Geography </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117134411/https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2023-11-16/kazakhstans-population-reaches-20-million-president-tokayev-has-congratulated-his-fellow-citizens/">"Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens"</a>. kursiv.kz. 16 November 2023. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207235354/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Comes+on+Strong&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft.aulast=Zarakhovich&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1539999%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution">"Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament of Kazakhstan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202170929/http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+of+Kazakhstan&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%2FQazaqstan+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlam.kz%2Fen%2Fconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-index2010-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-index2010_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index2010_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf">"Democracy Index 2010: Democracy in retreat"</a> (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit. 6 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213120004/http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy_Index_2010_web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2010%3A+Democracy+in+retreat&rft.pub=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.date=2010-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraphics.eiu.com%2FPDF%2FDemocracy_Index_2010_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-index2022-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-index2022_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-index2022_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/">"Democracy Index 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210003136/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democracy+Index+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fn%2Fcampaigns%2Fdemocracy-index-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Kazakh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Kazakh">"Kazakh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakh&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DKazakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-etym-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etym_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etym_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0">"Cossack (n.)"</a>. The Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024126/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cossack+%28n.%29&rft.btitle=The+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DCossack%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kenzheakhmet Nurlan (2013). The Qazaq Khanate as Documented in Ming Dynasty Sources. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qazaq+Khanate+as+Documented+in+Ming+Dynasty+Sources&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kenzheakhmet+Nurlan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Barthold, V. V. (1962). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. &thinsp, 3. Translated by V. & T. Minorsky. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Studies+on+the+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=V.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurucu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Surucu, Cengiz (2002). "Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan". <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Survey" title="Central Asian Survey">Central Asian Survey</a>. 21 (4): 385–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0263493032000053208">10.1080/0263493032000053208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-4937">0263-4937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145155985">145155985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Modernity%2C+Nationalism%2C+Resistance%3A+Identity+Politics+in+Post-Soviet+Kazakhstan&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=385-402&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145155985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0263-4937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0263493032000053208&rft.aulast=Surucu&rft.aufirst=Cengiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkawa-Smith1978" class="citation book cs1">Ikawa-Smith, Fumiko (1 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&q=kazakhstan%2Bpaleolithic&pg=PA91">Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081003-5"><bdi>978-3-11-081003-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174608/https://books.google.com/books?id=yZHmpRGYtTEC&q=kazakhstan+paleolithic&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Paleolithic+in+South+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081003-5&rft.aulast=Ikawa-Smith&rft.aufirst=Fumiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyZHmpRGYtTEC%26q%3Dkazakhstan%252Bpaleolithic%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeongBalanovskyLukianovaKahbatkyzy2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542712">"The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia"</a>. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatEE...3..966J">2019NatEE...3..966J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0878-2">10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X">2397-334X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542712">6542712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31036896">31036896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+admixture+across+inner+Eurasia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=966-976&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6542712%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatEE...3..966J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31036896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-019-0878-2&rft.issn=2397-334X&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Lukianova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Kahbatkyzy%2C+Nurzhibek&rft.au=Flegontov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Zaporozhchenko%2C+Valery&rft.au=Immel%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Ixan%2C+Olzhas&rft.au=Khussainova%2C+Elmira&rft.au=Bekmanov%2C+Bakhytzhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6542712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmagulov2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ismagulov, O; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210124931/http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7:physical-anthropology-of-kazakh-people-and-their-genesis">"Physical Anthropology of Kazakh People and their Genesis"</a>. Science of Central Asia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=4&Itemid=28">the original</a> on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=Physical+Anthropology+of+Kazakh+People+and+their+Genesis&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ismagulov&rft.aufirst=O&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificfund.kz%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D4%26Itemid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"</a>. Science. AAAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nomadic+herders+left+a+strong+genetic+mark+on+Europeans+and+Asians&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fnomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> According to Allentoft et al. (2015) and Haak et al. (2015), </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith49-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith49_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C">Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>:</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ue8BxLEMt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians." </li> <li id="cite_note-B_68-38"><a href="#cite_ref-B_68_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 68 "Modern scholars have mostly used the name Saka to refer to Iranians of the Eastern Steppe and Tarim Basin" </li> <li id="cite_note-D_37-39"><a href="#cite_ref-D_37_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamayev, M. A.</a> (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250</a>. UNESCO. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231028464" title="Special:BookSources/9231028464"><bdi>9231028464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Media+and+Achaemenid+Iran&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.+C.+to+A.+D.+250&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9231028464&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U6RlVVjpakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 365 (6457). <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>: eaat7487. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F292581">10.1101/292581</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487">10.1126/science.aat7487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6822619">6822619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488661">31488661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+human+populations+in+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=6457&rft.pages=eaat7487&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31488661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat7487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F292581%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Narasimhan&rft.aufirst=Vagheesh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6822619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaardMarchiRasmussenPeyrot2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 557 (7705): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160318/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2022. <q>The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft.au=Marchi%2C+Nina&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Peyrot%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Renaud%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Mikkel+Winther&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Amy&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma&rft.au=Baimukhanov%2C+Nurbol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> The quotation is from pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648">"Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811050147/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+to+c.+AD+1700&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKazakhstan%2FCultural-life%23toc73648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227">"Country Briefings: Kazakhstan"</a>. The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208113054/http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Country+Briefings%3A+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2282291%3Fzid%3D306%26ah%3D1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuary_20182018" class="citation web cs1">January 2018, Assel Satubaldina in Tourism on 17 (17 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2018/01/shymkent-the-city-of-medieval-culture-and-vibrant-modern-lifestyle/">"Şymkent – the city of medieval culture and vibrant modern lifestyle"</a>. The Astana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107122740/https://astanatimes.com/2018/01/shymkent-the-city-of-medieval-culture-and-vibrant-modern-lifestyle/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eymkent+%E2%80%93+the+city+of+medieval+culture+and+vibrant+modern+lifestyle&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.aulast=January+2018&rft.aufirst=Assel+Satubaldina+in+Tourism+on+17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fshymkent-the-city-of-medieval-culture-and-vibrant-modern-lifestyle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> "Russian Colonization and the Genesis of Kazak National Consciousness". S. Sabol (2003). Springer. p.27 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230599427" title="Special:BookSources/0230599427">0230599427</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview". Edward A. Allworth, Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p. 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822315211" title="Special:BookSources/0822315211">0822315211</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodger1988" class="citation book cs1">Bodger, Alan (1988). The Kazakhs and the Pugachev Uprising in Russia, 1773-1775. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789999328128" title="Special:BookSources/9789999328128"><bdi>9789999328128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kazakhs+and+the+Pugachev+Uprising+in+Russia%2C+1773-1775&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Inner+Asian+Studies%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789999328128&rft.aulast=Bodger&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan">"Kazakhstan"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 December 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1991-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415185833/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html">"Kazakhstan"</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2005y. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761566451_8%2FKazakhstan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Ertz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Simon Ertz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903203830/http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf">"The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives"</a> (PDF). Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1: 1–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford%27s+Student+Journal+of+Russian%2C+East+European%2C+and+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kazakh+Catastrophe+and+Stalin%27s+Order+of+Priorities%2C+1929%E2%80%931933%3A+Evidence+from+the+Soviet+Secret+Archives&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Simon+Ertz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzhe.stanford.edu%2Fspring05%2FKazakhstan2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPianciola,_Niccolò2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pianciola, Niccolò (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023090501/http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1">"Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934"</a>. Cahiers du monde russe. 45: 137–192. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1">the original</a> on 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.atitle=Famine+in+the+Steppe.+The+collectivization+of+agriculture+and+the+Kazak+herdsmen%2C+1928%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=137-192&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Pianciola%2C+Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonderusse.revues.org%2F2623%3Ffile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918">Children of the gulag live with amnesia</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223853/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Taipei Times, 1 January 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Flynn, Moya (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15">Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands'</a> Anthem Press. p. 15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-117-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-117-8">1-84331-117-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan" class="citation news cs1">Keenan, Jillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/">"Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202233241/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. 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Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2FgetFile%2F%3FdocId%3DESTAT305821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/">"Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council"</a>. Tengrinews.kz English. 13 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tengrinews.kz+English&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+became+member+of+UN+Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tengrinews.kz%2Fpolitics_sub%2FKazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pfpsigs-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pfpsigs_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization2006" class="citation web cs1">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (5 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm">"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129213256/http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signatures+of+Partnership+for+Peace+Framework+Document&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.au=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fpfp%2Fsig-cntr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwiński2006" class="citation web cs1">Iwiński, Tadeusz (7 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998">"Situation in Kazakhstan and its relations with the Council of Europe"</a>. Council of Europe – Parliamentary Assembly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233442/http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=9998">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2020. <q>For its part, the Assembly might decide, already at this stage, to interpret Rule 59 of its Rules of procedure, concerning special guests, in such a way as to include the Eurasian States. Two Council of Europe member States, Turkey and Russia, belong geographically to both Europe and Asia and are therefore Eurasian. Strictly speaking, the three South Caucasus States, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are located in Asia, yet their membership of political Europe is no longer in doubt. [...] This being the case, Kazakhstan, as a Eurasian State participating in the OSCE and a signatory to the International covenant on civil and political rights and the International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights, would meet the criteria laid down in Rule 59, making it eligible to apply for special guest status with the Assembly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Assembly&rft.atitle=Situation+in+Kazakhstan+and+its+relations+with+the+Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2006-07-07&rft.aulast=Iwi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2Fnw%2Fxml%2FXRef%2FX2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp%3FFileID%3D9998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornellEngvall2017" class="citation web cs1">Cornell, Svante; Engvall, Johan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2017/10/2017-cornell-engvall-kazakhstan-in-europe-why-not.pdf">"Kazakhstan in Europe: Why Not?"</a> (PDF). Institute for Security & Development Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154030/https://isdp.eu/content/uploads/2017/10/2017-cornell-engvall-kazakhstan-in-europe-why-not.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020. <q>However, by 2006, a Rapporteur for the Political Affairs Committee concluded that because of Kazakhstan's nature as a European country, the country should be considered 'eligible to apply for a special guest status.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Security+%26+Development+Policy&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+in+Europe%3A+Why+Not%3F&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante&rft.au=Engvall%2C+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisdp.eu%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2F2017-cornell-engvall-kazakhstan-in-europe-why-not.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2005" class="citation news cs1">Blank, Stephen (27 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045839/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml">"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil"</a>. 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Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-AT5-112"><a href="#cite_ref-AT5_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/">"Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation"</a>. Astanatimes.com. 27 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219170610/http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016. 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The Astana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182750/http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Nazarbayev+Offers+to+Mediate+in+Ukraine%2C+Stresses+Kazakhstan%27s+Economic+Resilience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2Fnazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarnegieUkraniepiece-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarnegieUkraniepiece_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarnegieUkraniepiece_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771">"Nazarbayev as Mediator"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144059/http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazarbayev+as+Mediator&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace+Moscow+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegie.ru%2Fcommentary%2F%3Ffa%3D57771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukrainejan26statement-118"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrainejan26statement_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/">"Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atomic+Company+Kazatomprom%2C+Kazatomprom.kz&rft.atitle=%E2%84%96+1+in+the+world&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazatomprom.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2%2F%25E2%2584%2596_1_in_the_world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/uranium-in-central-asia.aspx#:~:text=Uranium%20and%20Nuclear%20Power%20in%20Kazakhstan%20%28Updated%20June,2019%2C%20Kazakhstan%20produced%2043%25%20of%20the%20world%27s%20uranium.">"Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan"</a>. world-nuclear.org. 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Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uranium+and+Nuclear+Power+in+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=world-nuclear.org&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fothers%2Furanium-in-central-asia.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DUranium%2520and%2520Nuclear%2520Power%2520in%2520Kazakhstan%2520%2528Updated%2520June%2C2019%252C%2520Kazakhstan%2520produced%252043%2525%2520of%2520the%2520world%2527s%2520uranium.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRICplus-157"><a href="#cite_ref-BRICplus_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181513/http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/">"Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Foutofdate%2Fbgn%2Fkazakhstan%2F47484.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft21bn-162"><a href="#cite_ref-ft21bn_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN">"Kazakhstan unveils $21bn rescue package"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002103/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+unveils+%2421bn+rescue+package&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c%2CAuthorised%3Dfalse.html%3F_i_location%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk%26siteedition%3Duk%26_i_referer%3D%23axzz3tPa3koLN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfarticleiv-163"><a href="#cite_ref-imfarticleiv_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm">"IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan"</a>. 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The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140911201346/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+Profile&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fkazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kazakhstan Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information. 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But some Kazakhs are skeptical of Chinese influence"</a>. pri.org. 14 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508141306/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-09-14/chinas-new-silk-road-traverses-kazakhstan-some-kazakhs-are-skeptical-chinese">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+new+Silk+Road+traverses+Kazakhstan.+But+some+Kazakhs+are+skeptical+of+Chinese+influence&rft.pub=pri.org&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2020-09-14%2Fchinas-new-silk-road-traverses-kazakhstan-some-kazakhs-are-skeptical-chinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm">"WTO: Kazakhstan"</a>. WTO.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122807/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/kazakhstan_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO%3A+Kazakhstan&rft.pub=WTO.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fcountries_e%2Fkazakhstan_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-s-foreign-trade-turnover-rises-by-19-7-in-2018_a3497852">"Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover rises by 19.7% in 2018"</a>. Kazinform. 13 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029200840/https://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-s-foreign-trade-turnover-rises-by-19-7-in-2018_a3497852">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kazinform&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%27s+foreign+trade+turnover+rises+by+19.7%25+in+2018&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform.kz%2Fen%2Fkazakhstan-s-foreign-trade-turnover-rises-by-19-7-in-2018_a3497852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2019/04/kazakhstan-increased-exports-nearly-25-percent-in-2018/">"Kazakhstan increased exports nearly 25 percent in 2018"</a>. astanatimes.com. 18 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806005648/https://astanatimes.com/2019/04/kazakhstan-increased-exports-nearly-25-percent-in-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. 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Human Rights Watch. 22 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830121944/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Newspaper+Closing+a+Blow+to+Free+Speech&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F22%2Fkazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aba-288"><a href="#cite_ref-aba_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025650/http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html">"Access to Justice and Human Rights"</a>. American Bar Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+to+Justice+and+Human+Rights&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fadvocacy%2Frule_of_law%2Fwhere_we_work%2Feurope_eurasia%2Fkazakhstan%2Fprograms_past.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCOkz-289"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCOkz_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/KZ/">"Kazakhstan"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104414/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/Kz">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2FKZ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/en/constitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912">"Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Article 7"</a>. Akorda.kz. Retrieved 9 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akorda.kz&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan%2C+Article+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fen%2Fconstitution-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-50912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</a>, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrov1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexandrov, Mikhail (1999). Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30965-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30965-5"><bdi>0-313-30965-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uneasy+Alliance%3A+Relations+Between+Russia+and+Kazakhstan+in+the+Post-Soviet+Era%2C+1992%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-313-30965-5&rft.aulast=Alexandrov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cameron, Sarah. (2018) The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan (Cornell University Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55459">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410142038/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55459">Archived</a> 10 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClammerKohnMayhew2004" class="citation book cs1">Clammer, Paul; Kohn, Michael & Mayhew, Bradley (2004). Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86450-296-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86450-296-7"><bdi>1-86450-296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Guide%3A+Central+Asia&rft.place=Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86450-296-7&rft.aulast=Clammer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2002" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Sally (2002). Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite. London: Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-854-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-854-1"><bdi>1-86064-854-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Power+and+the+Elite&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-854-1&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemko1997" class="citation book cs1">Demko, George (1997). The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0380-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0380-2"><bdi>0-7007-0380-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Colonization+of+Kazakhstan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7007-0380-2&rft.aulast=Demko&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusJandosova2003" class="citation book cs1">Fergus, Michael & Jandosova, Janar (2003). Kazakhstan: Coming of Age. London: Stacey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900988-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-900988-61-5"><bdi>1-900988-61-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Coming+of+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stacey+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-900988-61-5&rft.aulast=Fergus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jandosova%2C+Janar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2001" class="citation book cs1">George, Alexandra (2001). Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime. Lanham: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-1964-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7618-1964-9"><bdi>0-7618-1964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+into+Kazakhstan%3A+The+True+Face+of+the+Nazarbayev+Regime&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7618-1964-9&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Virginia (2000). Law and Custom in the Steppe. Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1405-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1405-7"><bdi>0-7007-1405-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Custom+in+the+Steppe&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7007-1405-7&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316000833/https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/">Archived</a> 16 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazarbayev2001" class="citation book cs1">Nazarbayev, Nursultan (2001). Epicenter of Peace. Hollis, NH: Puritan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884186-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-884186-13-0"><bdi>1-884186-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epicenter+of+Peace&rft.place=Hollis%2C+NH&rft.pub=Puritan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-884186-13-0&rft.aulast=Nazarbayev&rft.aufirst=Nursultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazpary2002" class="citation book cs1">Nazpary, Joma (2002). Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan. London: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-1503-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-1503-8"><bdi>0-7453-1503-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Chaos%3A+Violence+and+Dispossession+in+Kazakhstan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7453-1503-8&rft.aulast=Nazpary&rft.aufirst=Joma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcott2002" class="citation book cs1">Olcott, Martha Brill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kazakhstanunfulf00olco">Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87003-189-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87003-189-9"><bdi>0-87003-189-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan%3A+Unfulfilled+Promise&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87003-189-9&rft.aulast=Olcott&rft.aufirst=Martha+Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkazakhstanunfulf00olco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRall2006" class="citation book cs1">Rall, Ted (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silkroadtoruinis0000rall">Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?</a>. New York: NBM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56163-454-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56163-454-9"><bdi>1-56163-454-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+Road+to+Ruin%3A+Is+Central+Asia+the+New+Middle+East%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NBM&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-56163-454-9&rft.aulast=Rall&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilkroadtoruinis0000rall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (2017)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Christopher (2007). In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-868-4"><bdi>978-1-86197-868-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Kazakhstan%3A+The+Land+That+Disappeared&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-868-4&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosten2005" class="citation book cs1">Rosten, Keith (2005). Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges. New York: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-32782-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-32782-6"><bdi>0-595-32782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+in+Kazakhstan%3A+The+Snow+Leopard+Emerges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-595-32782-6&rft.aulast=Rosten&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubron1994" class="citation book cs1">Thubron, Colin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostheartofasia00thub">The Lost Heart of Asia</a>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-018226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-018226-1"><bdi>0-06-018226-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Heart+of+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-06-018226-1&rft.aulast=Thubron&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostheartofasia00thub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakhstan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Kazakhstan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kazakhstan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="c:Kazakhstan">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kazakhstan">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="q:Kazakhstan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Kazakhstan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kazakhstan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kazakhstan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="voy:Kazakhstan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> General <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051159/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552643">Caspian Pipeline Controversy</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115205405/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm">Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601223919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm">Archived</a> 1 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132304/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/">Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604153204/https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> information from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309085822/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/kazakhstan/kazakhstan.html">Portals to the World</a> from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053245/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm">Kazakhstan</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.kz/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145154/http://mfa.kz/">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929170237/http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html">World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.encyclopedia.kz/">Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222042315/http://en.toikazan.kz/index.php/Main_Page">Archived</a> 22 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21541853">Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, 17 December 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222105248/http://www.economist.com/node/21541853">Archived</a> 22 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan">"Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, 20 December 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701131444/http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104065103/http://theregionaltourism.org/">The Region Initiative (TRI)</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kazakhstan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Kazakhstan">Wikimedia Atlas of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/214665">Kazakhstan</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html">Country Facts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101112856/http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/">Kazakhstan Discovery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208205735/http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/">Archived</a> 8 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175009/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119135.htm">2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ">Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630165914/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ">Archived</a> 30 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>.</li></ul> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.kz/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929145154/http://www.mfa.kz/">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en">E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100131/http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en">Archived</a> 26 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.kz/">Government of Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921123445/https://www.gov.kz/">Archived</a> 21 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917225116/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> Trade <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023152736/http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary">Archived</a> 23 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kazakhstan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Template talk:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kazakhstan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kazakhstan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek Khanate">Kimek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">White Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakh_khans" title="List of Kazakh khans">List of Kazakh khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCz" title="Jüz">Jüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Alash Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic">Kazakh ASSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan#Republic_of_Kazakhstan_(1991–present)" title="History of Kazakhstan">Republic of Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kazakhstan" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Kazakhstan">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kazakhstan" title="Coat of arms of Kazakhstan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kazakhstan" title="Geography of Kazakhstan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktogay_Canyon" title="Aktogay Canyon">Aktogay Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altay (Altai) Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Kazakhstan" title="Template:Borders of Kazakhstan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tangiri Shyngy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tien (Tian) Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetisu" title="Jetisu">Zhetysu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of cities in Kazakhstan">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kazakhstan" title="Districts of Kazakhstan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kazakhstan" title="Regions of Kazakhstan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kazakhstan" title="Foreign relations of Kazakhstan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of speech in Kazakhstan">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kazakhstan" title="Law enforcement in Kazakhstan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kazakhstan" title="List of political parties in Kazakhstan">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kazakhstan" title="Agriculture in Kazakhstan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Kazakhstan">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Bank of Kazakhstan">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Stock_Exchange" title="Kazakhstan Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Tenge (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Transport in Kazakhstan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meni%C3%B1_Qazaqstan%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Meniñ Qazaqstanım">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_clothing" title="Kazakh clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan" title="Emblem of Kazakhstan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kaznet (Internet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhs" title="List of Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kazakhstan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sport in Kazakhstan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kazakhstan" title="Squatting in Kazakhstan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kazakhstan" title="Television in Kazakhstan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Wedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Kazakh_tribes" title="Y-DNA haplogroups in Kazakh tribes">Y-DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh tribes">Kazakh tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kazakhstan" title="Demographics of Kazakhstan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Kazakhstan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Kazakhstan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Kazakhstan" title="Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Kazakhstan" title="Germans of Kazakhstan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Kazakhstan">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Kazakhstan" title="Poles in Kazakhstan">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Russians in Kazakhstan">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Kazakhstan" title="Tatars of Kazakhstan">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ukrainians in Kazakhstan">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Uyghurs in Kazakhstan">Uyghurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kazakhstan" title="Outline of Kazakhstan">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kazakhstan-related_articles" title="Index of Kazakhstan-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kazakhstan" title="Category:Kazakhstan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div 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href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_Point_for_Roma_and_Sinti_Issues" title="Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues">Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TURKSOY" title="Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TURKSOY" title="Template talk:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TURKSOY"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture_(TÜRKSOY)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> (TÜRKSOY)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/100px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/150px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/T%C3%9CRKSOY.png/200px-T%C3%9CRKSOY.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Altai_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bashkortostan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gagauzia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Găgăuzia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_Sakha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sakha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tatarstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Tuva.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Khakassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Khakassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkut_Ata_Film_Festival_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World">Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Arts_Capital_of_the_Turkic_World" title="Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World">Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Template talk:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of Turkic States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Organization_of_Turkic_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Speaking_States_summits" title="List of Turkic Speaking States summits">Turkic Speaking States summits</a> (1992-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_Council_summits" title="List of Turkic Council summits">Turkic Council summits</a> (2011-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2022 Organization of Turkic States summit">2022 (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Organization_of_Turkic_States_summit" title="2023 Organization of Turkic States summit">2023 (Astana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Flag of the Organization of Turkic States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Speaking_Countries_Cooperation_Day" title="Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day">Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;">Award</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Turkic_World" title="Supreme Order of Turkic World">Supreme Order of Turkic World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Partners_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NATO_partners" title="Template:NATO partners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NATO_partners" title="Template talk:NATO partners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NATO_partners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NATO partners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Partners_of_the_North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Partners of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> (EAPC) · <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO#Current_status" title="Enlargement of NATO">Aspirant members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Georgia–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ukraine–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Armenia–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Azerbaijan–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Moldova–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Serbia–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Austria–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Belarus–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ireland–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Malta–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Switzerland–NATO relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121884309">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124906451">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260664/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4jmDKWMFmwMcfHbyTpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029839-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92000005">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411873">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123512463">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153591554">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119411873">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123512463">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153591554">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577505">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129556&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452764">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567638105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059250962406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/92d52542-3363-351c-a8b6-d991e0bccb8f">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12636192?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/59a47a41-7971-4be7-8eb0-9729706b1a3a">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Y4JUIlVJ">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085464457">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/044997">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046437">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12201">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kazakistan">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kazakhstan&params=48_N_68_E_scale:20000000_source:GNS">48°N 68°E / 48°N 68°E / 48; 68</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan&oldid=1257919660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstan&oldid=1257919660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1991" title="Category:States and territories established in 1991">States and territories established in 1991</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kazakh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kazakh-language text">Articles containing Kazakh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Kazakh_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Kazakh IPA">Pages with Kazakh IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with 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[\"CITEREFDaily_Telegraph2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamgaardMarchiRasmussenPeyrot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamayev1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemko1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusJandosova2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaliev1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGretta_Fenner_ZinkernagelKodjo_Attisso\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGÖMEC2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINFORM.KZ2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkawa-Smith1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmagulov2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwiński2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanuary_20182018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeongBalanovskyLukianovaKahbatkyzy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoanna_Lillis_for_EurasiaNet,_part_of_the_New_East2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenzheakhmet_Nurlan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLioyKaminskiMayhewWalker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeeker1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhitdinova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarasimhan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazarbayev2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazpary2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlcott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Brummell2018\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFPianciola,_Niccolò2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterLye2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutz\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosten2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanchez2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneiderLarsenKrumovVazow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeptember_20192019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Ertz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSladeTrochevTalgatova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurucu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThubron1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrochev2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrochevSlade2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO-UNEVOC2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmarov2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUyzbayeva2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViktorova2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Feldman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarikoo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWines,_Michael2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarakhovich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFuz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Independence\"] = 1,\n [\"special_status_cities\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 5,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 155,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Colorsample\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 38,\n [\"Coord\"] = 5,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-kk\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Kazakhstan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 13,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"NATO partners\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of Turkic States\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 2,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"TURKSOY\"] = 1,\n [\"Timatic Visa Policy\"] = 1,\n [\"Track gauge\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 45,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","18.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","12.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","360","11.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","220","6.7"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-11T00:01:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T07:11:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%28President_of_Kazakhstan_website%29.svg","headline":"sovereign state in Eastern Europe and Central Asia"}</script> </body> </html>