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before</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Miocene_and_before-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Miocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Miocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Miocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Miocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Miocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Miocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late Miocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Miocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plio-Pleistocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plio-Pleistocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Plio-Pleistocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plio-Pleistocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dentition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dentition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dentition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dentition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology and behaviour</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and behaviour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sexuality and reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lifespan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interaction with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domesticated_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domesticated_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Domesticated animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domesticated_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Animal products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovidae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horingdraers" title="Horingdraers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Horingdraers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AB_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%94" title="የቶራ አስተኔ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቶራ አስተኔ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بقريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بقريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fbuynuzlular" title="Boşbuynuzlular – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boşbuynuzlular" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بوش بوینوزلولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوش بوینوزلولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="বোভিডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোভিডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BB-kho" title="Gû-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gû-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пустарогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пустарогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Быкавыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Быкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кухороги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кухороги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejeneged" title="Ejeneged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ejeneged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2vids" title="Bòvids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bòvids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turovit%C3%AD" title="Turovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufilod" title="Bufilod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bufilod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skedehornede" title="Skedehornede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skedehornede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horntr%C3%A4ger" title="Hornträger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hornträger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidee%CA%BCts%CA%BCin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bideeʼtsʼinígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bideeʼtsʼinígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veislased" title="Veislased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veislased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Βοοειδή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovedoj" title="Bovedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bovedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گاوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holhoarnigen" title="Holhoarnigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Holhoarnigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3vidos" title="Bóvidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bóvidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EA%B3%BC" title="소과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOhana_pipi" title="ʻOhana pipi – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻOhana pipi" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BB_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Սնամեջ եղջյուրավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սնամեջ եղջյուրավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F" title="बोविडाए – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोविडाए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0upljoro%C5%A1ci" title="Šupljorošci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šupljorošci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovides" title="Bovides – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bovides" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Тутсыкъаджынтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тутсыкъаджынтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%AD%C3%B0urhyrningar" title="Slíðurhyrningar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slíðurhyrningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ძროხისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძროხისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Қуысмүйізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қуысмүйізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaftol_(Bovidae)" title="Jaftol (Bovidae) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jaftol (Bovidae)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrad%C5%BEi" title="Dobradži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dobradži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannerd%C3%A9ieren" title="Rannerdéieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rannerdéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykaraginiai" title="Dykaraginiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dykaraginiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoolheurege" title="Hoolheurege – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hoolheurege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BClk%C3%B6sszarv%C3%BAak" title="Tülkösszarvúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tülkösszarvúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="गवयाद्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गवयाद्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بقريات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بقريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holhoornigen" title="Holhoornigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holhoornigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E7%A7%91" title="ウシ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウシ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurndiarten" title="Hurndiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hurndiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvegfamilien" title="Kvegfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvegfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvegdyr" title="Kvegdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvegdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haraasheeyyii" title="Haraasheeyyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haraasheeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quvushshoxlilar" title="Quvushshoxlilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quvushshoxlilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="گانواں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گانواں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Кыксюраэз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыксюраэз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82owate" title="Wołowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wołowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bov%C3%ADdeos" title="Bovídeos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bovídeos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovide" title="Bovide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bovide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Полорогие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полорогие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovid" title="Bovid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bovid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovid%C3%ABt" title="Bovidët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bovidët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovid" title="Bovid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bovid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turovit%C3%A9" title="Turovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votlorogi" title="Votlorogi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Votlorogi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шупљорога говеда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шупљорога говеда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0upljoro%C5%A1ci" title="Šupljorošci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šupljorošci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautael%C3%A4imet" title="Nautaeläimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nautaeläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slidhornsdjur" title="Slidhornsdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slidhornsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bovidae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாட்டுக் குடும்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாட்டுக் குடும்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifunasiyin" title="Tifunasiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tifunasiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="วงศ์วัวและควาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์วัวและควาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boynuzlugiller" title="Boynuzlugiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boynuzlugiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Бикові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бикові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Tr%C3%A2u_b%C3%B2" title="Họ Trâu bò – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Trâu bò" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holh%C3%B4ornign" title="Holhôornign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Holhôornign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bovidae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">20–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.23076923077px; width:6.7692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:213.23076923077px; width:6.7692307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:214.23076923077px; width:4.7692307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><small>Early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bovidae-0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bovidae-0001.jpg/220px-Bovidae-0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bovidae-0001.jpg/330px-Bovidae-0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bovidae-0001.jpg/440px-Bovidae-0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1629" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Example Bovidae (clockwise from top left) – <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax</a> (<i>Addax nasomaculatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos taurus">domestic cattle</a> (<i>Bos taurus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">mountain gazelle</a> (<i>Gazella gazella</i>), <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a> (<i>Aepyceros melampus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a> (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">mouflon</a> (<i>Ovis gmelini</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bovidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovoidea" title="Bovoidea">Bovoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1821</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aepycerotinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepycerotinae">Aepycerotinae</a> (1 genus)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a> (4 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a> (3 tribes and 14 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> (3 tribes and 15 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a> (3 tribes and 15 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalophinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalophinae">Cephalophinae</a> (3 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippotraginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippotraginae">Hippotraginae</a> (3 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotraginae</a> (1 genus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreotraginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreotraginae">Oreotraginae</a> (1 genus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a> (3 genera)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hypsodontinae" title="Hypsodontinae">Hypsodontinae</a></li></ul> <p>Alternate taxonomy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a> (10 tribes and 45 genera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> (3 tribes and 15 genera)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hypsodontinae" title="Hypsodontinae">Hypsodontinae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Bovidae</b> comprise the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">biological family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cloven-hoof" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloven-hoof">cloven-hoofed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">goat-antelopes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">goats</a>. A member of this family is called a <b>bovid</b>. With 143 <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> species and 300 known <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct species</a>, the family Bovidae consists of 11 (or two) major <a href="/wiki/Subfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilies">subfamilies</a> and thirteen major tribes. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. </p><p>The bovids show great variation in size and <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelage</a> colouration. Except some <a href="/wiki/Polled_livestock" title="Polled livestock">domesticated forms</a>, all male bovids have two or more <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>, and in many species, females possess horns, too. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always one or more pairs of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>. Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth. </p><p>Most bovids are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. Bovids typically rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. They have various methods of social organisation and <a href="/wiki/Social_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Social behaviour">social behaviour</a>, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. Most species alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed on high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Most bovids are <a href="/wiki/Polygynous_mating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygynous mating systems">polygynous</a>. Mature bovids mate at least once a year and smaller species may even mate twice. In some species, neonate bovids remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers; in other species, neonates are followers, accompanying their dams, rather than tending to remain hidden. </p><p>The greatest diversities of bovids occur in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The maximum concentration of species is in the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>. Other bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Bovidae includes a number of <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> species, including three whose use has spread worldwide, namely <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">Dairy products</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, are manufactured largely from domestic cattle. Bovids are also raised for their <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_etymology">Naming and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Bovidae" was given by the British zoologist <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">John Edward Gray</a> in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Bovidae" is the combination of the prefix <i>bov-</i> (originating from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bos</i></span>, "ox", through <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">bovinus</i></span>) and the suffix <i>-idae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bovids" title="List of bovids">List of bovids</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Bovidae is placed in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> (which includes the even-toed <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>). It includes 143 extant species, accounting for nearly 55% of the <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, and 300 known extinct species.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family <a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> (musk deer) was <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a>. However, a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study by Alexandre Hassanin (of <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History, France</a>) and colleagues, based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (biology)">nuclear</a> analyses, revealed that <a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> and Bovidae form a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> sister to <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a>. According to the study, Cervidae <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">diverged</a> from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin2003_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> is based on the 2003 study.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin2003_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin2003-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size: 100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tragulina" title="Tragulina">Tragulina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tragulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulidae">Tragulidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antilocapra_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Antilocapra_white_background.jpg/60px-Antilocapra_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Antilocapra_white_background.jpg/120px-Antilocapra_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="670" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg/60px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg/120px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_Brockhaus_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="556" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Hangul_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/60px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png/120px-The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Hangul_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="715" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg/60px-Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg/120px-Moschus_chrysogaster_white_background.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Bovidae</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_and_nature_(1901)_(14562088237)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="280" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Molecular studies have supported <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> in the family Bovidae (a group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and all their descendants).<sup id="cite_ref-gatesy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gatesy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vrba2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a> in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, molecular, <a href="/wiki/Morphological_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphological (biology)">morphological</a> and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies: <a href="/wiki/Aepycerotinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepycerotinae">Aepycerotinae</a> (consisting of just the impala), <a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a> (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a> (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> (cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a> (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), <a href="/wiki/Cephalophinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalophinae">Cephalophinae</a> (duikers), <a href="/wiki/Hippotraginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippotraginae">Hippotraginae</a> (addax, oryx and relatives) and <a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a> (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: <a href="/wiki/Hypsodontinae" title="Hypsodontinae">Hypsodontinae</a> (mid-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oiocerinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oiocerinae (page does not exist)">Oiocerinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turolian" title="Turolian">Turolian</a>) and the subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethytraginae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tethytraginae (page does not exist)">Tethytraginae</a>, which contains <i><a href="/wiki/Tethytragus" title="Tethytragus">Tethytragus</a></i> (mid-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-harrison2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tethytragus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tethytragus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, Alan W . Gentry of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a> divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">primitive</a> teeth, resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a>, whereas aegodonts have more <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary progress">advanced</a> teeth like those of goats.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A controversy exists about the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Peleinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Peleinae">Peleinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantholopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholopinae">Pantholopinae</a>, comprising the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pantholops" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholops">Pantholops</a></i> respectively, as <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a>. In 2000, American biologist <a href="/wiki/George_Schaller" title="George Schaller">George Schaller</a> and palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Vrba" title="Elisabeth Vrba">Elisabeth Vrba</a> suggested the inclusion of <i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vrba2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the grey rhebok, the sole species of <i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i>, is highly different from kobs and reduncines in morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-msw3(1)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3(1)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pantholops" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholops">Pantholops</a></i>, earlier classified in the <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>, was later placed in its own subfamily, <a href="/wiki/Pantholopinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholopinae">Pantholopinae</a>. However, molecular and morphological analysis supports the inclusion of <i><a href="/wiki/Pantholops" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantholops">Pantholops</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msw3(2)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msw3(2)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Below is a cladogram based on Yang <i>et al</i>.<i>,</i> 2013 and Calamari, 2021:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:700px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Bovidae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Boodontia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> (bison, buffalo, cattle, etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birds_and_nature_(1901)_(14562088237)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/50px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/75px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg/100px-Birds_and_nature_%281901%29_%2814562088237%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="280" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a> (nilgai and four-horned antelope) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Boselaphus_tragocamelus_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="337" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a> (kudus, nyalas etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Tragelaphus_angasi_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(<a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Aegodontia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aepycerotinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aepycerotinae">Aepycerotinae</a> (impala) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Aepyceros_melampus_white_backround.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotraginae</a> (suni and bates's antelope) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a> (gazelles, springbok, dik-dik, royal antelope, saiga, etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Gazella_thomsoni_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="446" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cephalophinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalophinae">Cephalophinae</a> (duikers etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cephalophus_natalensis_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="253" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oreotraginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreotraginae">Oreotraginae</a> (klipspringer) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a> (kobs, reedbucks, waterbucks etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Cobus_defassa_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="483" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a> (chamois, sheep, ibexes, goats, muskox, etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a> (hartebeest, topi, wildebeest etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Bubalis_busephalus_white_backround.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Bubalis_busephalus_white_backround.png/60px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Bubalis_busephalus_white_backround.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Bubalis_busephalus_white_backround.png/120px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Bubalis_busephalus_white_backround.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="412" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippotraginae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippotraginae">Hippotraginae</a> (sable antelopes, oryxes etc.) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_antelopes_(1894)_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png/50px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png/75px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png/100px-The_book_of_antelopes_%281894%29_Hippotragus_niger_I_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Alternatively, all members of the Aegodontia can be classified within the subfamily Antilopinae, with the individual subfamilies being tribes in this treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Miocene_and_before">Early Miocene and before</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Miocene and before"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG/220px-Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG/330px-Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Eotragus_sansaniensis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i>Eotragus sansaniensis</i>, a species of the ancient bovid genus <i><a href="/wiki/Eotragus" title="Eotragus">Eotragus</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the <a href="/wiki/Cervid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervid">cervids</a> (deer) and <a href="/wiki/Giraffid" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffid">giraffids</a>. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (20 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">Mya</a>) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, and probably lived in <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-MamEv_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MamEv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Eotragus" title="Eotragus">Eotragus</a></i>, the earliest known bovid, weighed 18 kg (40 lb) and was nearly the same in size as the <a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin). This early <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">split</a> between Boodontia and Aegodontia has been attributed to the continental divide between these land masses. When these continents were later rejoined, this barrier was removed, and both groups expanded into the territory of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassanin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassanin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribes <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> and Tragelaphini diverged in the early Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovids are known to have reached the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the Pleistocene by crossing the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present genera of Alcelaphinae appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>. The extinct Alcelaphine genus <i>Paramularius</i>, which was the same in size as the hartebeest, is believed to have come into being in the Pliocene, but became extinct in the middle <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several genera of Hippotraginae are known since the Pliocene and Pleistocene. This subfamily appears to have diverged from the Alcelaphinae in the latter part of early Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bovinae are believed to have <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">diverged</a> from the rest of the Bovidae in the early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bibi2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bibi2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boselaphini became extinct in Africa in the early Pliocene; their latest fossils were excavated in <a href="/wiki/Langebaanweg" title="Langebaanweg">Langebaanweg</a> (South Africa) and <a href="/wiki/Lothagam" title="Lothagam">Lothagam</a> (Kenya).<sup id="cite_ref-geraads_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geraads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Miocene">Middle Miocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Miocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The middle Miocene marked the spread of the bovids into China and the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vrba, the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation (biology)">radiation</a> of the subfamily Alcelaphinae began in the latter part of middle Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba2005_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caprinae tribes probably diverged in the early middle Miocene. The Caprini emerged in the middle Miocene, and seem to have been replaced by other bovids and cervids in Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon1989_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon1989-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossils of the antilopines are from the middle Miocene, though studies show the existence of the subfamily from the early Miocene. <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</a> <a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a> during the middle or upper Miocene, mainly in Eurasia. Tribe <a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a> seems to have appeared in Africa by the end of Miocene, and had become widespread by the Pliocene.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Miocene">Late Miocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Miocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late Miocene, around 10 Mya, the bovids rapidly <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">diversified</a>, leading to the creation of 70 new genera.<sup id="cite_ref-prothero_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prothero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This late Miocene radiation was partly because many bovids became adapted to more open, grassland habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-MamEv_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MamEv-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aepycerotinae first appeared in the late Miocene, and no significant difference in the sizes of the primitive and modern impala has been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba1984_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba1984-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of ovibovines, a tribe of Caprinae, in Africa date back to the late Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Hippotragine fossils date back to the late Miocene, and were excavated from sites such as Lothagam and <a href="/wiki/Awash_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Awash Valley">Awash Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first African fossils of Reduncinae date back to 6-7 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduncinae and Peleinae probably diverged in the mid-Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-vrba2005_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vrba2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plio-Pleistocene">Plio-Pleistocene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plio-Pleistocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>African bovids continued becoming more adapted to mixed feeding, indicated by dental mesowear evidence, as their palaeoenvironment opened up.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg/250px-Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg/330px-Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg/500px-Serengeti_Bueffel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>Bovids have unbranched horns.</figcaption></figure> <p>All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, one or more pairs of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species.<sup id="cite_ref-walton_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most bovids exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with males usually larger as well as heavier than females. Sexual dimorphism is more prominent in medium- to large-sized bovids. All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hooves</a>), while the outer two (the <a href="/wiki/Dewclaw" title="Dewclaw">dewclaws</a>) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bovids show great variation in size: the <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> can weigh more than 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), and stand 2.2 m (87 in) high at the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">royal antelope</a>, in sharp contrast, is only 25 cm (9.8 in) tall and weighs at most 3 kg (6.6 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-royal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">klipspringer</a>, another small antelope, stands 45–60 cm (18–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs just 10–20 kg (22–44 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-klipspringer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klipspringer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences occur in <a href="/wiki/Coat_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (animal)">pelage</a> colouration, ranging from a pale white (as in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-oryx_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oryx-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to black (as in the <a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">black wildebeest</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-blackwildebeest_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwildebeest-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, only the intermediate shades, such as brown and reddish brown (as in the <a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">reedbuck</a>), are commonly observed.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several species, females and juveniles exhibit a light-coloured coat, while those of males darken with age. As in the <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>, the coat may be marked with prominent or faint stripes. In some species such as the <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax</a>, the coat colour can vary by the season.<sup id="cite_ref-Krausman2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krausman2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scent_gland" title="Scent gland">Scent glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> are often present.<sup id="cite_ref-walton_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg/250px-Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg/330px-Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg/500px-Oryx_gazella_male_8054_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5484" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a> has conspicuous markings on its face, which conceal the eye, and on its legs. These may have a role in communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">sable antelope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> with strongly <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive</a> facial markings that conceal the highly recognisable eye.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species, such as gazelles, may be made to look flat, and hence to blend into the background, by <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiltie_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiltie-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outlines of many bovids are broken up with bold disruptive colouration, the strongly contrasting patterns helping to delay recognition by predators.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all the Hippotraginae (including the gemsbok) have pale bodies and faces with conspicuous markings. The zoologist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a> describes this as difficult to explain, but given that the species are diurnal, he suggests that the markings may function in communication. Strongly contrasting leg colouration is common only in the Bovidae, where for example <i>Bos</i>, <i>Ovis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">bontebok</a> and gemsbok have white stockings. Again, communication is the likely function.<sup id="cite_ref-Caro_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caro-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have horns, and in many species, females, too, possess horns. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted, or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Although horns occur in a single pair on almost all bovid species, there are exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">four-horned antelope</a><sup id="cite_ref-leslie_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslie-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_sheep" title="Jacob sheep">Jacob sheep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobsheep_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobsheep-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALBC2009_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALBC2009-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that distinguishes them from other <a href="/wiki/Pecorans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecorans">pecorans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high correlation exists between horn morphology and fighting behaviour of the individual. For instance, long horns are intended for wrestling and fencing, whereas curved horns are used in ramming.<sup id="cite_ref-horn1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horn1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males with horns directed inwards are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">monogamous</a> and solitary, while those with horns directed outwards tend to be <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_animals" title="Polygyny in animals">polygynous</a>. These results were independent of body size.<sup id="cite_ref-horns2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horns2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male horn development has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_mammals" title="Sexual selection in mammals">sexual selection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BroJ_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BroJ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horns are small spikes in the monogamous duikers and other small antelopes, whereas in the polygynous, they are large and elaborately formed (for example in a spiral structure, as in the <a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">giant eland</a>). Thus, to some extent, horns depict the degree of <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">competition</a> among males in a species.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the presence of horns in females is likely due to <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BroJ_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BroJ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stankowich_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankowich-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horns of females are usually smaller than those of males, and are sometimes of a different shape. The horns of female bovids are believed to have evolved for defence against predators or to express territoriality, as non-territorial females, which are able to use <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a> for predator defence, often do not have horns.<sup id="cite_ref-Stankowich_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stankowich-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females possess horns only in half of the bovid genera, and females in these genera are heavier than those in the rest. Females use horns mainly for stabbing.<sup id="cite_ref-packer_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-packer-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foregut_fermentation" title="Foregut fermentation">Foregut fermentation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Bison_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Bison_skeleton.jpg/220px-American_Bison_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Bison_skeleton.jpg/330px-American_Bison_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/American_Bison_skeleton.jpg/440px-American_Bison_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>American bison skeleton (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In bovids, the third and fourth <a href="/wiki/Metapodial" title="Metapodial">metapodials</a> are combined into the <a href="/wiki/Cannon_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon bone">cannon bone</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> are reduced, and fused with the radius and tibia, respectively. Long <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapulae</a> are present, whereas the clavicles are absent. Being <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a>, the stomach is composed of four chambers: the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> (80%), the <a href="/wiki/Omasum" title="Omasum">omasum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> of the rumen <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">ferment</a> the complex <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> into simpler <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, which are then absorbed through the rumen wall. Bovids have a long <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>; the length of the small intestine in <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> is 29–49 m (95–161 ft). Body temperature fluctuates through the day; for instance, in goats the temperature can change slightly from nearly 37 °C (99 °F) in the early morning to 40 °C (104 °F) in the afternoon. Temperature is regulated through sweating in cattle, whereas <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> use panting for the same. The right <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, consisting of four to five <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobes</a>, is around 1.5 times larger than the left, which has three lobes.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-walton_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentition">Dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dental_pad_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dental_pad_001.jpg/220px-Dental_pad_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dental_pad_001.jpg/330px-Dental_pad_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dental_pad_001.jpg/440px-Dental_pad_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dental pad of a domestic bovid: Note the absence of upper incisors and canines and the outward projection of the lower teeth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the upper <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> are absent, the upper <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> are either reduced or absent. Instead of the upper incisors, bovids have a thick and tough layer of tissue, called the <a href="/wiki/Dental_pad" title="Dental pad">dental pad</a>, that provides a surface to grip grasses and foliage. They are <a href="/wiki/Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">hypsodont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenodont" title="Selenodont">selenodont</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> are low-<a href="/wiki/Crown_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown (dentistry)">crowned</a> and crescent-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cusp_(anatomy)" title="Cusp (anatomy)">cusps</a>. The lower incisors and canines project forward. The incisors are followed by a long toothless gap, known as the <a href="/wiki/Diastema_(dentistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastema (dentistry)">diastema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dental formula</a> for bovids is <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;" title="upper dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">0.0.2-3.3</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;" title="lower dentition: Incisors.Canines.Premolars.Molars">3.1.3.3</span></span></span>. Most members of the family are <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>, but most duikers are <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a>. Like other ruminants, bovids have four-chambered stomachs, which allow them to digest plant material, such as <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a>, that cannot be used by many other animals. Ruminants (and some others like <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>) are able to use <a href="/wiki/Micro-organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organisms">micro-organisms</a> living in their guts to break down cellulose by <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behaviour">Ecology and behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecology and behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbuck_male_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/250px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/330px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Blackbuck_male_female.jpg/500px-Blackbuck_male_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</a> antelopes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gayal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gayal.jpg/250px-Gayal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gayal.jpg/330px-Gayal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Gayal.jpg/500px-Gayal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">gayal</a> bull from India and Burma</figcaption></figure> <p>The bovids have various methods of social organisation and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Further, these types may each be divided into territorial and non-territorial behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small bovids such as the klipspringer, <a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">oribi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">steenbok</a> are generally solitary and territorial. They hold small territories into which other members of the species are not allowed to enter. These antelopes form <a href="/wiki/Monogamous_pairing_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous pairing in animals">monogamous</a> pairs. Many species such as the <a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik-dik</a> use <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> secretions from the <a href="/wiki/Preorbital_gland" title="Preorbital gland">preorbital glands</a> and sometimes dung, as well, to mark their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-wyatt_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wyatt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offspring disperse at the time of adolescence, and males must acquire territories prior to mating.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">bushbuck</a> is the only bovid that is both solitary and not territorial. This antelope hardly displays aggression, and tends to isolate itself or form loose herds, though in a favourable habitat, several bushbuck may be found quite close to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-bushbuck_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushbuck-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excluding the cephalophines (duikers), tragelaphines (spiral-horned antelopes) and the neotragines, most African bovids are gregarious and territorial. Males are forced to disperse on attaining sexual maturity, and must form their own territories, while females are not required to do so. Males that do not hold territories form bachelor herds. Competition takes place among males to acquire dominance, and fights tend to be more rigorous in limited <a href="/wiki/Rutting_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutting season">rutting seasons</a>. With the exception of migratory males, males generally hold the same territory throughout their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the waterbuck, some male individuals, known as "satellite males", may be allowed into the territories of other males and have to wait till the owner grows old so they may acquire his territory.<sup id="cite_ref-waterbuck_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterbuck-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lek_mating" title="Lek mating">Lek mating</a>, where males gather together and competitively display to potential mates, is known to exist among <a href="/wiki/Topi" title="Topi">topis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">kobs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">lechwes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tragelaphines, cattle, sheep, and goats are gregarious and not territorial. In these species, males must gain absolute dominance over all other males, and fights are not confined to territories. Males, therefore, spend years in body growth.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity">Activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/220px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/330px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/440px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest</a> fighting for dominance</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bovids are diurnal, although a few such as the buffalo, bushbuck, reedbuck, and grysbok are exceptions. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. The bovids usually rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. Grooming is usually by licking with the tongue. Rarely do antelopes roll in mud or dust. Wildebeest and buffalo usually wallow in mud, whereas the hartebeest and topi rub their heads and horns in mud and then smear it over their bodies. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. These involve varied postures of neck, head, horns, hair, legs, and ears to convey sexual excitement, emotional state, or alarm. One such expression is the <a href="/wiki/Flehmen_response" title="Flehmen response">flehmen response</a>. Bovids usually stand motionless, with the head high and an intent stare, when they sense danger. Some like the impala, kudu, and eland can even leap to heights of a few feet.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovids may roar or grunt to caution others and warn off predators.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovids such as gazelles <a href="/wiki/Stotting" title="Stotting">stot or pronk</a> in response to predators, making high leaps on stiff legs, <a href="/wiki/Honest_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Honest signalling">indicating honestly</a> both that the predator has been seen, and that the stotting individual is strong and not worth chasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bigalke1972_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bigalke1972-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbok_pronk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/250px-Springbok_pronk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg/330px-Springbok_pronk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Springbok_pronk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stotting" title="Stotting">Stotting</a> or pronking by a young <a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">springbok</a> signals to <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> that it is a fit and fast individual, not worth chasing.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mating season, rutting males bellow to make their presence known to females. Muskoxen roar during male-male fights, and male saigas force air through their noses, producing a roar to deter rival males and attract females. Mothers also use vocal communication to locate their calves if they get separated. During fights over dominance, males tend to <a href="/wiki/Display_(zoology)" title="Display (zoology)">display</a> themselves in an erect posture with a level muzzle.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaughan_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaughan-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting techniques differ amongst the bovid families and also depend on their build. While the hartebeest fight on knees, others usually fight on all fours. Gazelles of various sizes use different methods of combat. Gazelles usually box, and in serious fights may clash and fence, consisting of hard blows from short range. Ibex, goat and sheep males stand upright and clash into each other downwards. Wildebeest use powerful head butting in aggressive clashes. If horns become entangled, the opponents move in a circular manner to unlock them. Muskoxen will ram into each other at high speeds. As a rule, only two bovids of equal build and level of defence engage in a fight, which is intended to determine the superior of the two. Individuals that are evidently inferior to others would rather flee than fight; for example, immature males do not fight with the mature bulls. Generally, bovids direct their attacks on the opponent's head rather than its body. The S-shaped horns, such as those on the <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a>, have various sections that help in ramming, holding, and stabbing. Serious fights leading to injury are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parker_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-post_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tatanka.jpg/250px-Tatanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tatanka.jpg/330px-Tatanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tatanka.jpg/500px-Tatanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Bovids are herbivores, feeding on grass, foliage, and plant products.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bovids alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While those that feed on concentrate feed and digest in short intervals, the roughage feeders take longer intervals. Only small species such as the duiker browse for a few hours during day or night.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeding habits are related to body size; while small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed upon high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Subfamilies exhibit different feeding strategies. While Bovinae species graze extensively on fresh grass and diffused forage, Cephalophinae species (with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Sylvicapra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvicapra">Sylvicapra</a></i>) primarily consume fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reduncinae and Hippotraginae species depend on unstable food sources, but the latter are specially adapted to arid areas. Members of Caprinae, being flexible feeders, forage even in areas with low productivity. Tribes Alcelaphini, Hippotragini, and Reduncini have high proportions of <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a> in their diets. On the contrary, Tragelaphini and Neotragini (with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Ourebia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ourebia">Ourebia</a></i>) feed extensively on <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gagnon_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gagnon-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No conspicuous relationship exists between body size and consumption of monocots.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality_and_reproduction">Sexuality and reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sexuality and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG/220px-2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG/330px-2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG/440px-2011_f%C3%A5r_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile sheep (lamb) near its mother</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bovids are polygynous. In a few species, individuals are monogamous, resulting in minimal male-male aggression and reduced selection for large body size in males. Thus, sexual dimorphism is almost absent. Females may be slightly larger than males, possibly due to competition among females for the acquisition of territories. This is the case in duikers and other small bovids.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krebs_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krebs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time taken for the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> by either sex varies broadly among bovids. Sexual maturity may even precede or follow mating. For instance, the impala males, though sexually mature by a year, can mate only after four years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-impala_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impala-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary <a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">barbary sheep</a> females may give birth to offspring even before they have gained sexual maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-barbarysheep_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbarysheep-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delay in male sexual maturation is more visible in sexually dimorphic species, particularly the reduncines, probably due to competition among males.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a> females become capable of reproduction within a year or two of birth, while the males become mature only when four years old.<sup id="cite_ref-blackwildebeest_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackwildebeest-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All bovids mate at least once a year, and smaller species may even mate twice. Mating seasons occur typically during the rainy months for most bovids. As such, breeding might peak twice in the equatorial regions. The sheep and goats exhibit remarkable seasonality of reproduction, in the determination of which the annual cycle of daily <a href="/wiki/Photoperiod" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoperiod">photoperiod</a> plays a pivotal role. Other factors that have a significant influence on this cycle include the temperature of the surroundings, nutritional status, social interactions, the date of parturition and the lactation period. A study of this phenomenon concluded that goats and sheep are <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_breeder#Photoperiod" title="Seasonal breeder">short-day breeders</a>. Mating in most sheep breeds begins in summer or early autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-rosa_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosa-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating in sheep is also affected by melatonin, that advances the onset of the breeding season;<sup id="cite_ref-Chemineau_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemineau-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">thyroxine</a>, that terminates the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-Prendergast_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prendergast-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">Estrus</a> lasts for at most a day in bovids, with the exception of bovines and tragelaphines. Except for the hartebeest and the topi, all bovids can detect estrus in females by testing the urine using the <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the male is assured that the female is in estrus, he begins courtship displays; these displays vary greatly from the elaborate marches among gregarious species to the fervent licking of female genitalia among solitary species. Females, initially not receptive, ultimately mates with the male which has achieved dominance over others. Receptiveness is expressed by permission for mounting by the male and setting aside the tail by the female. <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">Copulation</a> generally takes a few seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gestational_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational period">Gestational period</a> varies among bovids - while duiker gestation ranges from 120 to 150 days, gestation in African buffalo ranges from 300 to 330 days. Usually, a single offspring is born (twins are less frequent), and it is able to stand and run by itself within an hour of birth. In monogamous species, males assist in defending their young, but that is not the case in polygynous species. Most newborn calves remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers. In some bovid species, the neonates start following about their mothers immediately or within a few days, as in the impala.<sup id="cite_ref-impala_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impala-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different bovids have different strategies for the defence of juveniles. For instance, while wildebeest mothers solely defend their young, buffaloes exhibit collective defence. Weaning might occur as early as two months (as in royal antelope) or as late as a year (as in <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krebs_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krebs-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lifespan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most wild bovids live for 10 to 15 years. Larger species tend to live longer;<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> can live up to 25 years and gaur up to 30 years. The mean lifespan of domesticated individuals is nearly ten years. For example, domesticated goats have an average lifespan of 12 years. Usually males, mainly in polygynous species, have shorter lifespans than females. This can be attributed to several reasons: early dispersal of young males, aggressive male-male fights, vulnerability to predation (particularly when males are less agile, as in kudu), and malnutrition (being large in size, the male body has high nutritional requirements which may not be satisfied).<sup id="cite_ref-owensmith_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owensmith-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toigo_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toigo-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Despard_Estes" title="Richard Despard Estes">Richard Despard Estes</a> suggested that females mimic male secondary sexual characteristics like horns to protect their male offspring from dominant males. This feature seems to have been strongly selected to prevent male mortality and imbalanced <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratios</a> due to attacks by aggressive males and forced dispersal of young males during <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horn2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horn2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eland_(Taurotragus_oryx)_male_(32300677481).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg/250px-Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg/330px-Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg/500px-Eland_%28Taurotragus_oryx%29_male_%2832300677481%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4864" data-file-height="3208" /></a><figcaption>Eland occur in grasslands of Africa.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the diverse bovid species occur in Africa. The maximum concentration is in the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> of eastern Africa. Depending on their feeding habits, several species have <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiated</a> over large stretches of land, and hence several variations in dental and limb morphology are observed. Duikers inhabit the equatorial rainforests, <a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">sitatunga</a> and lechwe occur near swamps, eland inhabit grasslands, <a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">springbok</a> and oryx occur in deserts, <a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">bongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a> live in dense forests, and mountain goats and takin live at high altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-estes_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-estes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Sheep and goats are found primarily in Eurasia, though the Barbary sheep and the ibex form part of the African fauna. The muskox is confined to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic tundra">arctic tundra</a>. Several bovid species have been domesticated by human beings. The domestication of goats and sheep began 10 thousand years ago, while cattle were domesticated about 7.5 thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domesticated_animals">Domesticated animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Domesticated animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India.Mumbai.04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/250px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/330px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/India.Mumbai.04.jpg/500px-India.Mumbai.04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> oxen in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of bovids has contributed to shifting the dependence of human beings from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The Bovidae includes three domesticated species whose use has spread around the world: cattle, sheep, and goats; all are from Eurasia. Other large bovids that have been domesticated but which have less ubiquitous distributions include the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">domestic buffalo</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Domestic_yak" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic yak">domestic yak</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">wild yak</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_aurochs" title="Indian aurochs">Indian aurochs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">gayal</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some antelopes have been domesticated including the <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">elands</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Bubal_hartebeest" title="Bubal hartebeest">bubal hartebeest</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> oryxes, addaxes and bubal hartebeests are depicted in carved walls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of cattle domestication is from 8000 BC, suggesting that the process began in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-zeder_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeder-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_products">Animal products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Animal products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merino_sheep.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Merino_sheep.png/250px-Merino_sheep.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Merino_sheep.png/330px-Merino_sheep.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Merino_sheep.png/500px-Merino_sheep.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Merino_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Merino wool">Merino wool</a> is the most valued, with great fineness and softness.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">Dairy products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoghurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoghurt">yoghurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> are manufactured largely from domestic cattle, though the milk of sheep, goat, yak, and buffalo is also used in some parts of the world and for gourmet products. For example, buffalo milk is used to make <a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">mozzarella</a> in Italy and <i><a href="/wiki/Gulab_jamun" title="Gulab jamun">gulab jamun</a></i> dessert in India,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while sheep milk is used to make blue <a href="/wiki/Roquefort" title="Roquefort">Roquefort</a> cheese in France.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> is a food source high in <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="B vitamin">B vitamins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whfoods_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whfoods-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison meat is lower in fat and cholesterol than beef, but has a higher protein content.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bovid <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle leather have a wide variety of use, <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskin</a> is suited only for clothing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> from <a href="/wiki/Merino" title="Merino">Merino</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">hoggets</a> is the finest and most valuable. <a href="/wiki/Merino_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Merino wool">Merino wool</a> is 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) long and very soft. Coarse wools, being durable and resistant to <a href="/wiki/Pill_(textile)" title="Pill (textile)">pilling</a>, are used for making tough garments<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carpets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0,_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg/250px-Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg/330px-Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg/500px-Drinking_Horn_-_Brynj%C3%B3lfur_J%C3%B3nsson_of_Skar%C3%B0%2C_South_Iceland_-_1598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Drinking horn</a> made by Brynjólfur Jónsson of Skarð, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, 1598</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bone_meal" title="Bone meal">Bone meal</a> is an important <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> rich in calcium, phosphorus, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, effective in removing <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil acidity">soil acidity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kolay_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolay-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bovid horns have been used as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking vessel">drinking vessels</a> since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In human culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bovidae have featured in stories since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fables">Aesop's fables</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> around 600 BC. Fables by Aesop include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow_and_the_Sheep" title="The Crow and the Sheep">The Crow and the Sheep</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Frog_and_the_Ox" title="The Frog and the Ox">The Frog and the Ox</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Lamb" title="The Wolf and the Lamb">The Wolf and the Lamb</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mythological creature Chimera, depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, was one of the offspring of <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echidna_(mythology)" title="Echidna (mythology)">Echidna</a> and a sibling of such monsters as <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peck_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peck-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheep, synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)" title="Goat (zodiac)">goat</a> in Chinese mythology, is the eighth animal of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>, and a symbol of filial piety.<sup id="cite_ref-eberhard_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eberhard-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrubb2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grubb_(zoologist)" title="Peter Grubb (zoologist)">Grubb, P.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200485">"Family Bovidae"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D.E.</a>; Reeder, D.M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA637"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (3rd ed.). 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M.; Alba, D. M.; Galindo, J.; Robles, J. M.; Moyà-Solà, S. (2012). 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(1999-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790398905735">"CytochromebPhylogeny of the Family Bovidae: Resolution within the Alcelaphini, Antilopini, Neotragini, and Tragelaphini"</a>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>12</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MolPE..12...31M">1999MolPE..12...31M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmpev.1998.0573">10.1006/mpev.1998.0573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10222159">10222159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=CytochromebPhylogeny+of+the+Family+Bovidae%3A+Resolution+within+the+Alcelaphini%2C+Antilopini%2C+Neotragini%2C+and+Tragelaphini&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1999-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fmpev.1998.0573&rft.issn=1055-7903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10222159&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999MolPE..12...31M&rft.aulast=Matthee&rft.aufirst=Conrad+A.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Terence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1055790398905735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalamari2021" class="citation journal cs1">Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full">"Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)"</a>. <i>American Museum Novitates</i> (3970): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1206%2F3970.1">10.1206/3970.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F7267">2246/7267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0082">0003-0082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235441087">235441087</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+Novitates&rft.atitle=Total+Evidence+Phylogenetic+Analysis+Supports+New+Morphological+Synapomorphies+for+Bovidae+%28Mammalia%2C+Artiodactyla%29&rft.issue=3970&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F7267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235441087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1206%2F3970.1&rft.aulast=Calamari&rft.aufirst=Zachary+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Famerican-museum-novitates%2Fvolume-2021%2Fissue-3970%2F3970.1%2FTotal-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae%2F10.1206%2F3970.1.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MamEv-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MamEv_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MamEv_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavage,_R.J.G.Long,_M.R.1986" class="citation book cs1">Savage, R.J.G.; Long, M.R. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava"><i>Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/232">232–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1194-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Evolution%3A+an+illustrated+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=232-5&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1194-0&rft.au=Savage%2C+R.J.G.&rft.au=Long%2C+M.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalevolutioni0000sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prothero-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prothero_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProtheroSchoch2002" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, D. R.; Schoch, R. M. (2002). <i>Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7135-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7135-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-7135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horns%2C+Tusks%2C+and+Flippers%3A+the+Evolution+of+Hoofed+Mammals&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7135-1&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Schoch%2C+R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassanin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hassanin_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassanin,_D.Douzery1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hassanin, D.; Douzery, E.J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212305/http://www.isem.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Hassanin_1999-MPE.pdf">"The tribal radiation of the family Bovidae (Artiodactyla) and the evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>b</i> gene"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a></i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MolPE..13..227H">1999MolPE..13..227H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmpev.1999.0619">10.1006/mpev.1999.0619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10603253">10603253</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isem.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Hassanin_1999-MPE.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+tribal+radiation+of+the+family+Bovidae+%28Artiodactyla%29+and+the+evolution+of+the+mitochondrial+cytochrome+b+gene&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10603253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fmpev.1999.0619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999MolPE..13..227H&rft.au=Hassanin%2C+D.&rft.au=Douzery%2C+E.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isem.cnrs.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FHassanin_1999-MPE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilbert-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbertAsfaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, W. 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Chicago: University of Chicago press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-43724-8"><bdi>978-0-226-43724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+African+Mammals%3A+An+Atlas+of+Evolution+in+Africa+%28Volume+III%2C+Part+C%29&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-43724-8&rft.aulast=Kingdon&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vrba1984-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vrba1984_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanleyEldredge1984" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2025</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Dental+mesowear+from+the+Tugen+Hills+Succession+%28Baringo+Basin%2C+Kenya%29+demonstrates+increase+in+mixed-feeding+behavior+of+late+Miocene+to+Plio-Pleistocene+Bovidae&rft.volume=639&rft.pages=112058&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2024.112058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PPP...63912058G&rft.aulast=Greiner&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rft.au=El-Shaarawi%2C+Wesam&rft.au=Orlikoff%2C+Emily&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+Rowan&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Kaedan&rft.au=Kingston%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018224000476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walton-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walton_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walton_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walton_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalton1989" class="citation book cs1">Walton, D.W. (1989). <i>Fauna of Australia (Volume 1B)</i>. Canberra: Australian Government Publication Service. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0644-060-561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0644-060-561"><bdi>978-0644-060-561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fauna+of+Australia+%28Volume+1B%29&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publication+Service&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0644-060-561&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassanin,_A.2015" class="citation book cs1">Hassanin, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle"</a>. In Garrick, D.; Ruvinsky, A. (eds.). <i>The Genetics of Cattle</i> (Second ed.). Oxfordshire, Boston: Cabi. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-221-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-221-5"><bdi>978-1-78064-221-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Connochaetes_gnou/">"<i>Connochaetes gnou</i>: black wildebeest"</a>. <i>Animal Diversity Web</i>. University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005033834/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Connochaetes_gnou/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282003%29084%3C0471%3ADOSABS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Diets of Southern African Bovidae: Stable Isotope Evidence"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>84</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1542%282003%29084%3C0471%3ADOSABS%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0471:DOSABS>2.0.CO;2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Diets+of+Southern+African+Bovidae%3A+Stable+Isotope+Evidence&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1542%282003%29084%3C0471%3ADOSABS%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Sponheimer&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Lee-Thorp%2C+J.A.&rft.au=DeRuiter%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.M.&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+N.J.&rft.au=Reed%2C+K.&rft.au=Grant%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Ayliffe%2C+L.K.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+T.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252F1545-1542%25282003%2529084%253C0471%253ADOSABS%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldhamer-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feldhamer_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldhamerDrickamerVesseyMerritt2007" class="citation book cs1">Feldhamer, George A.; Drickamer, Lee C.; Vessey, Stephen H.; Merritt, Joseph F.; Krajewski, Carey (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA519"><i>Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology</i></a>. 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"Germanic Glass Drinking Horns". <i>Journal of Glass Studies</i>. <b>17</b>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4250">0075-4250</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24188063">24188063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Glass+Studies&rft.atitle=Germanic+Glass+Drinking+Horns&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24188063%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0075-4250&rft.aulast=Evison&rft.aufirst=Vera+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016062054/http://www.aesops-fables.com/">"Aesop's Fables"</a>. <i>Aesop's Fables</i>. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aesop%27s+Fables&rft.atitle=Aesop%27s+Fables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aesops-fables.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peck-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peck_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck" class="citation web cs1">Peck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=chimaera-harpers">"Entry:Chimaera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011181119/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=chimaera-harpers">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry%3AChimaera&rft.au=Peck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aentry%3Dchimaera-harpers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eberhard-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eberhard_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEberhard,_W.1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Eberhard" title="Wolfram Eberhard">Eberhard, W.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00wolf"><i>A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00228-8"><bdi>978-0-415-00228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Symbols%3A+Hidden+Symbols+in+Chinese+Life+and+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00228-8&rft.au=Eberhard%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofchin00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovidae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bovidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bovidae"><i>Bovidae</i></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bovidae"><i>Bovidae</i></a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bovidae"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bovidae">"Bovidae" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bovidae&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bovidæ"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Bovid%C3%A6">"Bovidæ" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bovid%C3%A6&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABovidae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha813" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bovidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25497" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25497">Q25497</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bovidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bovidae/">Bovidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20906">20906</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1456">1456</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/622G9">622G9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7687">7687</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BOVSF">1BOVSF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12646">12646</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8bf03201-afee-4ee5-ae8b-52238c85894b">8bf03201-afee-4ee5-ae8b-52238c85894b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9614">9614</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42241">42241</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104796">104796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180704">180704</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200485">14200485</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376179">NHMSYS0000376179</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9895">9895</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/908b94ec-0914-4e35-bc52-8b7b055b6daa">908b94ec-0914-4e35-bc52-8b7b055b6daa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=768677">768677</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42742">42742</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993624">993624</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/FB424CEF-9D02-4781-82E4-B65FC63D7D59">FB424CEF-9D02-4781-82E4-B65FC63D7D59</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1716" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25497#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160680-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bovidae"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016139">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bovidés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119788086">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bovidés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119788086">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="turovití"><a rel="nofollow" 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