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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sun in culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sun_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Sun in culture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sun+in+culture%22">"Sun in culture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sun+in+culture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sun+in+culture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sun+in+culture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sun+in+culture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sun+in+culture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sun_c.1700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Sun_c.1700.JPG/220px-The_Sun_c.1700.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Sun_c.1700.JPG/330px-The_Sun_c.1700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Sun_c.1700.JPG/440px-The_Sun_c.1700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Sun with rays and with a face, a Western iconographic tradition which became current in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern period">Early Modern period</a> (ceiling of the Golden Cross Tavern, <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a>, c. 1700)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, as the source of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> for life on Earth, has been a central object in <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> since prehistory. Ritual solar worship has given rise to <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deities</a> in theistic traditions throughout the world, and <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar symbolism">solar symbolism</a> is ubiquitous. Apart from its immediate connection to light and warmth, the Sun is also important in <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Timekeeping">timekeeping</a> as the main indicator of the <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_in_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/220px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/330px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg/440px-Solvognen_DO-6865_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, c. 1350 BC, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monet_-_Impression,_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/220px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/330px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg/440px-Monet_-_Impression%2C_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5773" data-file-height="4478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>'s 1872 painting <i><a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise">Impression, Sunrise</a></i> soon inspired the name of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> art movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are some artifacts that have been found that depict the Sun as early as the 14th to 26th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-k312_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest understanding of the Sun was that of a disk in the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a>, whose presence above the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> creates day and whose absence causes night. In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, this understanding was modified by assuming that the Sun is transported across the sky in a <a href="/wiki/Solar_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar barge">boat</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Solar_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar chariot">chariot</a>, and transported back to the place of sunrise during the night after passing through the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>. </p><p>Many ancient monuments were constructed with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar year">solar year</a> in mind; for example, stone <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> accurately mark the summer or winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> (some of the most prominent megaliths are in <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a>, Malta and at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, England); <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>, a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> at the vernal and autumnal <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_aspects">Religious aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_in_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/220px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/330px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png/440px-%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%9F%E9%87%91%E9%A5%B0_Golden_Sun_Bird.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Sun_Bird" title="Golden Sun Bird">Sun and Immortal Birds Gold Ornament</a> by ancient Shu people. The center is a sun pattern with twelve points around which four <a href="/wiki/Three-legged_crow" title="Three-legged crow">birds</a> fly in the same counterclockwise direction. <a href="/wiki/Shu_(kingdom)" title="Shu (kingdom)">Ancient Kingdom of Shu</a>, coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">Worship of the Sun</a> was central to civilizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> of South America and the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> of what is now Mexico. In religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the Sun is still considered a god, known as <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>. Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind; for example, stone <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> accurately mark the summer or winter <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> (for example in <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a>, Egypt; <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a>, Malta; and <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, England); <a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>, a prehistoric human-built mount in Ireland, was designed to detect the winter solstice; the pyramid of <a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">El Castillo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> at the vernal and autumnal <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. </p><p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> believed that the Sun was <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the god of justice and twin brother of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">Queen of Heaven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was identified as the planet Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Utu was identified with the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nemet1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress.<sup id="cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackGreen1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From at least the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Dynasty">Fourth Dynasty</a> of Ancient Egypt, the Sun was worshipped as the <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">god Ra</a>, portrayed as a falcon-headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk, and surrounded by a serpent. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Empire</a> period, the Sun became identified with the <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetle</a>. In the form of the sun disc <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>, the Sun had a brief resurgence during the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> when it again became the preeminent, if not only, divinity for the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhenaton">Akhenaton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ra_Barque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ra_Barque.jpg/220px-Ra_Barque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ra_Barque.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Ra on the solar barque, adorned with the sun-disk</figcaption></figure> <p>The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque, accompanied by lesser gods, and to the Greeks, he was Helios, carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses. From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">late Roman Empire</a> the Sun's birthday was a holiday celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> (literally "Unconquered Sun") soon after the winter solstice, which may have been an antecedent to <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. Regarding the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed star">fixed stars</a>, the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">planets</a> (Greek <i>planetes</i>, "wanderer"); the naming of the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">days of the weeks</a> after the seven planets dates to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almagest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almagest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European religion</a>, the Sun was personified as the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sun_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun deity"><i>*Seh<sub>2</sub>ul</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MALLORY129_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derivatives of this goddess in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(sun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sól (sun)">Sól</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> <i>Solntse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MALLORY129_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY129-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>, the sun deity was the male god Helios,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in later times was <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a> with <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, Malachi 4:2 mentions the "Sun of Righteousness" (sometimes translated as the "Sun of Justice"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> have interpreted as a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient Roman culture, <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a> was the day of the sun god. In paganism, the Sun was a source of life, giving warmth and illumination. It was the center of a popular cult among Romans, who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed. The celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> (which influenced Christmas) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun (<a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>). It was adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> day by Christians. The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians, and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions. Christian churches were built so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tonatiuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonatiuh">Tonatiuh</a>, the Aztec god of the sun,<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend1979_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was closely associated with the practice of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend1979_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a> is the most important deity in the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion,<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_110_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_110-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Japan">Japanese emperors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_110_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_110-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_in_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sun_and_moon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sun and moon">Sun and moon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar worship">Solar worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon in culture">Moon in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipses_in_history_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipses in history and culture">Eclipses in history and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun in fiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_in_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madanjeet Singh: <i>The Sun: Symbol of Power and Life</i>, Harry N Abram, 1993. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810938380" title="Special:BookSources/9780810938380">9780810938380</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k312-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k312_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2020" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Dyani (17 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosmagazine.com/history/indonesian-rocks-show-ubiquity-of-ancient-art/">"Indonesian rocks show ubiquity of ancient art"</a>. <i>Cosmos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos&rft.atitle=Indonesian+rocks+show+ubiquity+of+ancient+art&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Dyani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosmagazine.com%2Fhistory%2Findonesian-rocks-show-ubiquity-of-ancient-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColemanDavidson2015" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, J.A.; Davidson, George (2015). <i>The Dictionary of Mythology: An A–Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes</i>. London: Arcturus Publishing Limited. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-478-7"><bdi>978-1-78404-478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Mythology%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+of+Themes%2C+Legends%2C+and+Heroes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78404-478-7&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackGreen1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlackGreen1992_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana"><i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i></a>. The British Museum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120094829/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05LXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DInana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nemet1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nemet1998_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Rhea_Nemet-Nejat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (page does not exist)">Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203"><i>Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a>, Greenwood, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203">203</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29497-6"><bdi>978-0-313-29497-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29497-6&rft.aulast=Nemet-Nejat&rft.aufirst=Karen+Rhea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdailylifeinancie00neme%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeeter2011" class="citation book cs1">Teeter, Emily (2011). <i>Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84855-8"><bdi>978-0-521-84855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ritual+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84855-8&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrankfort2011" class="citation book cs1">Frankfort, Henri (2011). <i>Ancient Egyptian Religion: an Interpretation</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41138-5"><bdi>978-0-486-41138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Religion%3A+an+Interpretation&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-486-41138-5&rft.aulast=Frankfort&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154243/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/planet">"Planet"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/planet">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planet&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fplanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almagest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almagest_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1997" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1997). "Saving the phenomena : the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JHA....28....1G">1997JHA....28....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869702800101">10.1177/002182869702800101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118875902">118875902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Saving+the+phenomena+%3A+the+background+to+Ptolemy%27s+planetary+theory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118875902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869702800101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JHA....28....1G&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPtolemyToomer1998" class="citation book cs1">Ptolemy; Toomer, G.J. (1998). <i>Ptolemy's Almagest</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00260-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemy%27s+Almagest&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00260-6&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft.au=Toomer%2C+G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a>, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=Sun+goddess"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. (EIEC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331204930/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&q=Sun+goddess">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26q%3DSun%2Bgoddess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MALLORY129-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY129_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY129_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J.P. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/129">129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D371">371</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915222218/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card%3D371">Archived</a> 15 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <i>Greek Religion</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-36281-9"><bdi>978-0-674-36281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-36281-9&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Malachi#4:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Malachi">Malachi 4:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+4&version=KJV"><i>Bible, Book of Malachi</i></a>, King James Version, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140215/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi+4&version=KJV">archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible%2C+Book+of+Malachi&rft.pub=King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMalachi%2B4%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpargo1953" class="citation book cs1">Spargo, Emma Jane Marie (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUkWAAAAMAAJ&q=sol+iustitiae+malachiae+IV+2&pg=PA86"><i>The Category of the Aesthetic in the Philosophy of Saint Bonaventure</i></a>. St. Bonaventure, New York; E. Nauwelaerts, Louvain, Belgium; F. Schöningh, Paderborn, Germany: The Franciscan Institute. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417054707/https://books.google.com/books?id=SUkWAAAAMAAJ&q=sol+iustitiae+malachiae+IV+2&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Category+of+the+Aesthetic+in+the+Philosophy+of+Saint+Bonaventure&rft.place=St.+Bonaventure%2C+New+York%3B+E.+Nauwelaerts%2C+Louvain%2C+Belgium%3B+F.+Sch%C3%B6ningh%2C+Paderborn%2C+Germany&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=The+Franciscan+Institute&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Spargo&rft.aufirst=Emma+Jane+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUkWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsol%2Biustitiae%2Bmalachiae%2BIV%2B2%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Chadwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Owen Chadwick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qugouOh3KjMC&pg=PA22"><i>A History of Christianity</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-18723-1"><bdi>978-0-312-18723-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518085001/https://books.google.com/books?id=qugouOh3KjMC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-18723-1&rft.au=Owen+Chadwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqugouOh3KjMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend1979-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1979" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Richard (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statecosmosinart00town"><i>State and Cosmos in the Art of Tenochtitlan</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statecosmosinart00town/page/66">66</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Cosmos+in+the+Art+of+Tenochtitlan&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatecosmosinart00town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_110-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_110_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_110_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeremy (2010). <i>Japanese Mythology A To Z</i> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House Publishers">Chelsea House Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-435-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-435-3"><bdi>978-1-60413-435-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Mythology+A+To+Z&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-435-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1952" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Post (1952). <i>The Sacred Scriptures of the Japanese</i>. New York: Henry Schuman. pp. <span class="nowrap">393–</span>395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4254-8787-4"><bdi>978-1-4254-8787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Scriptures+of+the+Japanese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.pub=Henry+Schuman&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-1-4254-8787-4&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASun+in+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">Sunspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerman_bomb" title="Ellerman bomb">Ellerman bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_plage" title="Solar plage">Plage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_spicule" title="Solar spicule">Spicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton_wave" title="Moreton wave">Moreton wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Corona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_transition_region" title="Solar transition region">Transition region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_hole" title="Coronal hole">Coronal hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_loop" title="Coronal loop">Coronal loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoflare" title="Nanoflare">Nanoflare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_prominence" title="Solar prominence">Prominence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_streamer" title="Helmet streamer">Helmet streamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra-arcade_downflows" title="Supra-arcade downflows">Supra-arcade downflows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_moss" title="Solar moss">Moss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">Variation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cycle" title="Solar cycle">Solar cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_cycles" title="List of solar cycles">List of solar cycles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_region" title="Active region">Active region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_maximum" title="Solar maximum">Solar maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_minimum" title="Solar minimum">Solar minimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunspot_number" title="Sunspot number">Sunspot number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_turbulence" title="Solar wind turbulence">Solar wind turbulence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchback" title="Magnetic switchback">Magnetic switchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">Heliosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corotating_interaction_region" title="Corotating interaction region">Corotating interaction region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliospheric_current_sheet" title="Heliospheric current sheet">Current sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Termination_shock" title="Heliosphere">Termination shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliosphere#Heliosheath" title="Heliosphere">Heliosheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">Heliopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">Bow shock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Eclipse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipses_in_mythology_and_culture" title="Eclipses in mythology and culture">In mythology and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">Heliophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun in culture">In culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Solar deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" title="List of solar deities">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_in_fiction" title="Sun in fiction">Sun in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar activity">Solar activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar astronomy">Solar astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">Solar dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_neutrino" title="Solar neutrino">Solar neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_observation" title="Solar observation">Solar observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_phenomena" title="Solar phenomena">Solar phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">Solar physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_telescope" title="Solar telescope">Solar telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Space climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_solar_model" title="Standard solar model">Standard solar model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Spectral class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G-type main-sequence star</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar observatory">Solar observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_the_Sun" title="Category:Missions to the Sun">Category:Missions to the Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sun" title="Category:Sun">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" 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