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href="#Relationship_to_the_celestial_equator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relationship to the celestial equator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_the_celestial_equator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obliquity of the ecliptic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plane_of_the_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plane_of_the_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plane of the Solar System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plane_of_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celestial_reference_plane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celestial_reference_plane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Celestial reference plane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celestial_reference_plane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eclipses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eclipses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eclipses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eclipses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equinoxes_and_solstices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equinoxes_and_solstices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Equinoxes and solstices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equinoxes_and_solstices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In the constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Astrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecliptic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnebaan" title="Sonnebaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sonnebaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="فلك البروج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلك البروج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eclíptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%CC%82g-t%C5%8D" title="N̂g-tō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="N̂g-tō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Экліптыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экліптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еклиптика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еклиптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eclíptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Εκλειπτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλειπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eclíptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptiko" title="Ekliptiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekliptiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="دایرةالبروج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دایرةالبروج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cliptique" title="Écliptique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écliptique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclitiche" title="Eclitiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Eclitiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89iclipteach" title="Éiclipteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éiclipteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eclíptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EB%8F%84" title="황도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Խավարածիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խավարածիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5" title="सूर्यपथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूर्यपथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptiko" title="Ekliptiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekliptiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ecliptic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lbaugur" title="Sólbaugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sólbaugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclittica" title="Eclittica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eclittica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מישור המילקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מישור המילקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಕ್ರಾಂತಿವೃತ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಾಂತಿವೃತ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ეკლიპტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკლიპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njia_ya_Jua" title="Njia ya Jua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Njia ya Jua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_ecliptica" title="Linea ecliptica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linea ecliptica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еклиптика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еклиптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രാന്തിവൃത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രാന്തിവൃത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="क्रांतिवृत्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रांतिवृत्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="دایرةالبروج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دایرةالبروج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekliptik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptica_(astronomie)" title="Ecliptica (astronomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecliptica (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%81%93" title="黄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptikken" title="Ekliptikken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekliptikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptikken" title="Ekliptikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ekliptikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptica" title="Ecliptica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecliptica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਸੂਰਜੀ ਪੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਰਜੀ ਪੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptyka" title="Ekliptyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekliptyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecl%C3%ADptica" title="Eclíptica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eclíptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic%C4%83" title="Ecliptică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecliptică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еклиптика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еклиптика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecliptic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1" title="خولگەی خۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خولگەی خۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Еклиптика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еклиптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekliptika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekliptikan" title="Ekliptikan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekliptikan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эклиптика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эклиптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జ్యోతిశ్చక్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జ్యోతిశ్చక్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5" title="สุริยวิถี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุริยวิถี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutulum" title="Tutulum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tutulum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Екліптика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екліптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="دائرۃ البروج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ البروج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Hoàng đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoàng đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" title="黃道 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黃道" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" title="黃道 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黃道" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" title="黃道 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黃道" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%81%93" title="黄道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黄道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif/330px-Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif/500px-Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif/960px-Ecliptic_with_earth_and_sun_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>As seen from the orbiting <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_motion" title="Diurnal motion">appears to move</a> with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">fixed stars</a>, and the ecliptic is the yearly path the Sun follows on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>. This process repeats itself in a cycle lasting a little over <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">365 days</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>ecliptic</b> or <b>ecliptic plane</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital plane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth around the Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AA2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a central concept in a number of ancient sciences, providing the framework for key measurements in astronomy, astrology and calendar-making. </p><p>From the perspective of an observer on Earth, the Sun's movement around the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> over the course of a year traces out a path along the ecliptic against the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_stars" title="Fixed stars">background of stars</a> – specifically the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a> constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> can also be seen along the ecliptic, because their orbital planes are very close to Earth's. The Moon's orbital plane is also similar to Earth's; the ecliptic is so named because the ancients noted that <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> only occur when the Moon is crossing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ecliptic is an important <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of reference">reference plane</a> and is the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">ecliptic coordinate system</a>. Ancient scientists were able to calculate Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> by comparing the ecliptic plane to that of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sun's_apparent_motion"><span id="Sun.27s_apparent_motion"></span>Sun's apparent motion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sun's apparent motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecliptic is the apparent path of the Sun throughout the course of a <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun, the apparent position of the Sun takes one year to make a complete circuit of the ecliptic. With slightly more than 365 days in one year, the Sun moves a little less than 1° eastward<sup id="cite_ref-celes_direc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celes_direc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every day. This small difference in the Sun's position against the stars causes any particular spot on Earth's surface to catch up with (and stand directly north or south of) the Sun about four minutes later each day than it would if Earth did not orbit; a day on Earth is therefore 24 hours long rather than the approximately 23-hour 56-minute <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal day</a>. Again, this is a simplification, based on a hypothetical Earth that orbits at a uniform angular speed around the Sun. The actual speed with which Earth orbits the Sun varies slightly during the year, so the speed with which the Sun seems to move along the ecliptic also varies. For example, the Sun is north of the celestial equator for about 185 days of each year, and south of it for about 180 days.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variation of orbital speed accounts for part of the <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">equation of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the movement of Earth around the Earth–Moon <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>, the apparent path of the Sun wobbles slightly, with a period of about <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">one month</a>. Because of further <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> by the other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> of the Solar System, the Earth–Moon <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a> wobbles slightly around a mean position in a complex fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_the_celestial_equator">Relationship to the celestial equator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to the celestial equator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg/350px-Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg/525px-Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg/700px-Earths_orbit_and_ecliptic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">plane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> projected in all directions forms the reference plane known as the ecliptic. Here, it is shown projected outward (gray) to the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, along with Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">polar axis</a> (green). The plane of the ecliptic intersects the celestial sphere along a <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a> (black), the same circle on which the Sun seems to move as Earth orbits it. The intersections of the ecliptic and the equator on the celestial sphere are the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> (red), where the Sun seems to cross the celestial equator. </figcaption></figure> <p>Because <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotational axis</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a>, Earth's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial plane</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Coplanarity" title="Coplanarity">coplanar</a> with the ecliptic plane, but is inclined to it by an angle of about 23.4°, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">obliquity of the ecliptic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the equator is projected outward to the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a>, it crosses the ecliptic at two points known as the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>. The Sun, in its apparent motion along the ecliptic, crosses the celestial equator at these points, one from south to north, the other from north to south.<sup id="cite_ref-celes_direc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celes_direc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossing from south to north is known as the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a>, also known as the <i>first point of Aries</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">ascending node</a> of the ecliptic</i> on the celestial equator.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossing from north to south is the <a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">descending node</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Axial precession</a></div> <p>The orientation of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's axis</a> and equator are not fixed in space, but rotate about the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic pole">poles of the ecliptic</a> with a period of about 26,000 years, a process known as <i>lunisolar <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a></i>, as it is due mostly to the gravitational effect of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> on <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Earth's equatorial bulge</a>. Likewise, the ecliptic itself is not fixed. The gravitational perturbations of the other bodies of the Solar System cause a much smaller motion of the plane of Earth's orbit, and hence of the ecliptic, known as <i>planetary precession</i>. The combined action of these two motions is called <i>general precession</i>, and changes the position of the equinoxes by about 50 <a href="/wiki/Minute_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minute of arc">arc seconds</a> (about 0.014°) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_nutation" title="Astronomical nutation">Astronomical nutation</a></div> <p>Once again, this is a simplification. Periodic motions of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and apparent periodic motions of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (actually of Earth in its orbit) cause short-term small-amplitude periodic oscillations of Earth's axis, and hence the celestial equator, known as <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_nutation" title="Astronomical nutation">nutation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adds a periodic component to the position of the equinoxes; the positions of the celestial equator and (March) equinox with fully updated precession and nutation are called the <i>true equator and equinox</i>; the positions without nutation are the <i>mean equator and equinox</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic">Obliquity of the ecliptic <span class="anchor" id="Obliquity"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Obliquity of the ecliptic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Obliquity of the ecliptic">Obliquity of the ecliptic</a></div> <p><i>Obliquity of the ecliptic</i> is the term used by astronomers for the inclination of Earth's equator with respect to the ecliptic, or of Earth's rotation axis to a perpendicular to the ecliptic. It is about 23.4° and is currently decreasing 0.013 degrees (47 arcseconds) per hundred years because of planetary perturbations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The angular value of the obliquity is found by observation of the motions of Earth and other planets over many years. Astronomers produce new <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_ephemeris" title="Fundamental ephemeris">fundamental ephemerides</a> as the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observation</a> improves and as the understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Analytical_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical dynamics">dynamics</a> increases, and from these ephemerides various astronomical values, including the obliquity, are derived. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG/330px-Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG/500px-Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG/960px-Obliquity_of_the_ecliptic_laskar.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1221" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Obliquity of the ecliptic for 20,000 years, from Laskar (1986).<sup id="cite_ref-laskar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laskar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that the obliquity varies only from 24.2° to 22.5° during this time. The red point represents the year 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1983 the obliquity for any date was calculated from <a href="/wiki/Newcomb%27s_Tables_of_the_Sun" title="Newcomb's Tables of the Sun">work of Newcomb</a>, who analyzed positions of the planets until about 1895: </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i> = 23°27′08.26″ − 46.845″ <i>T</i> − 0.0059″ <i>T</i><sup>2</sup> + 0.00181″ <i>T</i><sup>3</sup></span> </p><p>where <span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i></span> is the obliquity and <span class="texhtml"><i>T</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">tropical centuries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">B1900.0</a> to the date in question.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory_Development_Ephemeris" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris">Jet Propulsion Laboratory's DE series</a> of computer-generated ephemerides took over as the fundamental ephemeris of the <i>Astronomical Almanac</i>. Obliquity based on DE200, which analyzed observations from 1911 to 1979, was calculated: </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i> = 23°26′21.45″ − 46.815″ <i>T</i> − 0.0006″ <i>T</i><sup>2</sup> + 0.00181″ <i>T</i><sup>3</sup></span> </p><p>where hereafter <span class="texhtml"><i>T</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">Julian centuries</a> from <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">J2000.0</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JPL's fundamental ephemerides have been continually updated. The <i>Astronomical Almanac</i> for 2010 specifies:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="texhtml"><i>ε</i> = 23°26′21.406″ − 46.836769″ <i>T</i> − 0.0001831″ <i>T</i><sup>2</sup> + 0.00200340″ <i>T</i><sup>3</sup> − 0.576×10<sup>−6</sup>″ <i>T</i><sup>4</sup> − 4.34×10<sup>−8</sup>″ <i>T</i><sup>5</sup></span> </p><p>These expressions for the obliquity are intended for high precision over a relatively short time span, perhaps several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. Laskar computed an expression to order <span class="texhtml"><i>T</i><sup>10</sup></span> good to <span class="texhtml">0.04″</span>/1000 years over 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-laskar_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laskar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these expressions are for the <i>mean</i> obliquity, that is, without the nutation of the equator included. The <i>true</i> or instantaneous obliquity includes the nutation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plane_of_the_Solar_System">Plane of the Solar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plane of the Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:center;margin: 0em 0em .5em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="200px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecliptic_plane_top_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ecliptic_plane_top_view.gif/200px-Ecliptic_plane_top_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ecliptic_plane_top_view.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> </td> <td width="200px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecliptic_plane_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ecliptic_plane_side_view.gif/200px-Ecliptic_plane_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Ecliptic_plane_side_view.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> </td> <td width="200px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG/250px-FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG/330px-FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG/500px-FourPlanetSunset_hao_annotated.JPG 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="1108" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Top and side views of the plane of the ecliptic, showing planets <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Most of the planets orbit the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> very nearly in the same plane in which Earth orbits, the ecliptic. </td> <td colspan="1">Five planets (Earth included) lined up along the ecliptic in July 2010, illustrating how the planets orbit the Sun in nearly the same plane. Photo taken at sunset, looking west over Surakarta, Java, Indonesia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the major bodies of the Solar System orbit the Sun in nearly the same plane. This is likely due to the way in which the Solar System formed from a <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>. Probably the closest current representation of the disk is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a> of the Solar System</i>. Earth's orbit, and hence, the ecliptic, is inclined a little more than 1° to the invariable plane, Jupiter's orbit is within a little more than ½° of it, and the other major planets are all within about 6°. Because of this, most Solar System bodies appear very close to the ecliptic in the sky. </p><p>The invariable plane is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> of the entire Solar System, essentially the vector sum of all of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotation#Astronomy" title="Rotation">rotational</a> angular momenta of all the bodies of the system; more than 60% of the total comes from the orbit of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-meanplane_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meanplane-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That sum requires precise knowledge of every object in the system, making it a somewhat uncertain value. Because of the uncertainty regarding the exact location of the invariable plane, and because the ecliptic is well defined by the apparent motion of the Sun, the ecliptic is used as the reference plane of the Solar System both for precision and convenience. The only drawback of using the ecliptic instead of the invariable plane is that over geologic time scales, it will move against fixed reference points in the sky's distant background.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celestial_reference_plane">Celestial reference plane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Celestial reference plane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">Celestial equator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Ecliptic coordinate system</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecliptic_vs_equator_small.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The apparent motion of the Sun along the ecliptic (red) as seen on the inside of the celestial sphere. Ecliptic coordinates appear in (red). The celestial equator (blue) and the equatorial coordinates (blue), being inclined to the ecliptic, appear to wobble as the Sun advances."><img alt="The apparent motion of the Sun along the ecliptic (red) as seen on the inside of the celestial sphere. Ecliptic coordinates appear in (red). The celestial equator (blue) and the equatorial coordinates (blue), being inclined to the ecliptic, appear to wobble as the Sun advances." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ecliptic_vs_equator_small.gif/250px-Ecliptic_vs_equator_small.gif" decoding="async" width="209" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ecliptic_vs_equator_small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The apparent motion of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> along the ecliptic (red) as seen on the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Ecliptic coordinates</a> appear in (red). The <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> (blue) and the <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial coordinates</a> (blue), being inclined to the ecliptic, appear to wobble as the Sun advances.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 430px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inclination of the ecliptic over 200,000 years, from Dziobek (1892).[24] This is the inclination to the ecliptic of 101,800 CE. Note that the ecliptic rotates by only about 7° during this time, whereas the celestial equator makes several complete cycles around the ecliptic. The ecliptic is a relatively stable reference compared to the celestial equator."><img alt="Inclination of the ecliptic over 200,000 years, from Dziobek (1892). This is the inclination to the ecliptic of 101,800 CE. Note that the ecliptic rotates by only about 7° during this time, whereas the celestial equator makes several complete cycles around the ecliptic. The ecliptic is a relatively stable reference compared to the celestial equator." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG/368px-Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG" decoding="async" width="368" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG/552px-Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG/735px-Ecliptic_inclination_dziobek.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inclination of the ecliptic over 200,000 years, from Dziobek (1892).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the inclination to the ecliptic of 101,800 CE. Note that the ecliptic rotates by only about 7° during this time, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> makes several complete cycles around the ecliptic. The ecliptic is a relatively stable reference compared to the celestial equator.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>The ecliptic forms one of the two fundamental <a href="/wiki/Plane_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (geometry)">planes</a> used as reference for positions on the celestial sphere, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a>. Perpendicular to the ecliptic are the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic pole">ecliptic poles</a>, the north ecliptic pole being the pole north of the equator. Of the two fundamental planes, the ecliptic is closer to unmoving against the background stars, its motion due to planetary <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> being roughly 1/100 that of the celestial equator.<sup id="cite_ref-montenbruck_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montenbruck-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system" title="Spherical coordinate system">Spherical coordinates</a>, known as ecliptic longitude and latitude or celestial longitude and latitude, are used to specify positions of bodies on the celestial sphere with respect to the ecliptic. Longitude is measured positively eastward<sup id="cite_ref-celes_direc_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celes_direc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 0° to 360° along the ecliptic from the March equinox, the same direction in which the Sun appears to move. Latitude is measured perpendicular to the ecliptic, to +90° northward or −90° southward to the poles of the ecliptic, the ecliptic itself being 0° latitude. For a complete spherical position, a distance parameter is also necessary. Different distance units are used for different objects. Within the Solar System, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> are used, and for objects near <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth radii</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometers</a> are used. A corresponding right-handed <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">rectangular coordinate system</a> is also used occasionally; the <i>x</i>-axis is directed toward the March equinox, the <i>y</i>-axis 90° to the east, and the <i>z</i>-axis toward the north ecliptic pole; the astronomical unit is the unit of measure. Symbols for ecliptic coordinates are somewhat standardized; see the table.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0em 1em .5em 0em;"> <caption>Summary of notation for ecliptic coordinates<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#89CFF0"> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#89CFF0"><b>Spherical</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#89CFF0"><b>Rectangular</b> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#89CFF0" align="center"> <td>Longitude </td> <td>Latitude </td> <td>Distance </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#89CFF0"><b>Geocentric</b> </td> <td><i>λ</i> </td> <td><i>β</i> </td> <td><i>Δ</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#89CFF0"><b>Heliocentric</b> </td> <td><i>l</i> </td> <td><i>b</i> </td> <td><i>r</i> </td> <td><i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasional use; <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>z</i> are usually reserved for <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial coordinates</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ecliptic coordinates are convenient for specifying positions of Solar System objects, as most of the planets' orbits have small <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclinations</a> to the ecliptic, and therefore always appear relatively close to it on the sky. Because Earth's orbit, and hence the ecliptic, moves very little, it is a relatively fixed reference with respect to the stars. </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precessional motion of the equinox</a>, the ecliptic coordinates of objects on the celestial sphere are continuously changing. Specifying a position in ecliptic coordinates requires specifying a particular equinox, that is, the equinox of a particular date, known as an <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a>; the coordinates are referred to the direction of the equinox at that date. For instance, the <i>Astronomical Almanac</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric#Modern_use_of_geocentric_and_heliocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentric">heliocentric</a> position of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> at 0h <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a>, 4 January 2010 as: longitude 118°09′15.8″, latitude +1°43′16.7″, true heliocentric distance 1.6302454 AU, mean equinox and ecliptic of date. This specifies the <a href="/wiki/Mean_equinox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean equinox">mean equinox</a> of 4 January 2010 0h TT <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Relationship_to_the_equator">as above</a>, without the addition of nutation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eclipses">Eclipses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eclipses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons,_annotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg/220px-Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg/330px-Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg/440px-Eclipse_vs_new_or_full_moons%2C_annotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>As the Earth revolves around the Sun, approximate <a href="/wiki/Axial_parallelism" title="Axial parallelism">axial parallelism</a> of the Moon's orbital plane (<a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">tilted</a> five degrees to the ecliptic) results in the revolution of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar nodes">lunar nodes</a> relative to the Earth. This causes an <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_season" title="Eclipse season">eclipse season</a> approximately every six months, in which a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> can occur at the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> phase and a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">lunar eclipse</a> can occur at the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> phase.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">orbit of the Moon</a> is inclined only about 5.145° to the ecliptic and the Sun is always very near the ecliptic, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> always occur on or near it. Because of the inclination of the Moon's orbit, eclipses do not occur at every <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)">conjunction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(planets)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (planets)">opposition</a> of the Sun and Moon, but only when the Moon is near an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_node" title="Orbital node">ascending or descending node</a> at the same time it is at conjunction (<a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new</a>) or opposition (<a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full</a>). The ecliptic is so named because the ancients noted that eclipses only occur when the Moon is crossing it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equinoxes_and_solstices">Equinoxes and solstices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equinoxes and solstices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg/290px-Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg/435px-Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg/580px-Optical_effect_march_sunset_-_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's poles">Earth's poles</a> the Sun appears at the horizon only and all day around <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinox</a>, marking the change between the half year long <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar day">polar day</a>. The picture shows the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> right before March equinox, with the Sun appearing through <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> despite being still below the horizon.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;margin:0em 0 .5em 1em;"> <caption><b>Positions of <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#F4C2C2">  </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">ecliptic</a></b> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_coordinate_system" title="Equatorial coordinate system">equatorial</a></b> </td></tr> <tr align="center" bgcolor="#F4C2C2"> <td>longitude </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a></b> </td> <td>0° </td> <td>0h </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/June_solstice" title="June solstice">June solstice</a></b> </td> <td>90° </td> <td>6h </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/September_equinox" title="September equinox">September equinox</a></b> </td> <td>180° </td> <td>12h </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td bgcolor="#F4C2C2"><b><a href="/wiki/December_solstice" title="December solstice">December solstice</a></b> </td> <td>270° </td> <td>18h </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equinox_(celestial_coordinates)" title="Equinox (celestial coordinates)">Equinox (celestial coordinates)</a></div> <p>The exact instants of <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a> are the times when the apparent <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">ecliptic longitude</a> (including the effects of <a href="/wiki/Aberration_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration of light">aberration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutation" title="Nutation">nutation</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> is 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. Because of <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a> and anomalies of <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">the calendar</a>, the dates of these are not fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_constellations">In the constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constellations,_equirectangular_plot,_Menzel_families.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg/330px-Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg/500px-Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg/960px-Constellations%2C_equirectangular_plot%2C_Menzel_families.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of the modern constellations with a dotted line denoting the ecliptic. Constellations are colour-coded by family and year established.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ecliptic currently passes through the following thirteen <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(constellation)" title="Libra (constellation)">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus" title="Ophiuchus">Ophiuchus</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a></li></ul></div> <p>There are twelve constellations that are not on the ecliptic, but are close enough that the Moon and planets can occasionally appear in them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mosley_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosley-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetus_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetus (constellation)">Cetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutum_(constellation)" title="Scutum (constellation)">Scutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpens_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpens (constellation)">Serpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(constellation)" title="Corvus (constellation)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_(constellation)" title="Crater (constellation)">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextans_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextans (constellation)">Sextans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Minor_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis Minor (constellation)">Canis Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriga_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auriga (constellation)">Auriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astrology">Astrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Astrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></div> <p>The ecliptic forms the center of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, a celestial belt about 20° wide in latitude through which the Sun, Moon, and planets always appear to move.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, this region is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">signs</a> of 30° longitude, each of which approximates the Sun's motion in one month.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, the signs corresponded roughly to 12 of the constellations that straddle the ecliptic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These signs are sometimes still used in modern terminology. The "<a href="/wiki/First_Point_of_Aries" class="mw-redirect" title="First Point of Aries">First Point of Aries</a>" was named when the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">March equinox</a> Sun was actually in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a>; it has since moved into <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">precession of the equinoxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">Invariable plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">Celestial coordinate system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strictly, the plane of the mean orbit, with minor variations averaged out.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AA2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AA2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUSNO_Nautical_Almanac_OfficeUK_Hydrographic_Office,_HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">USNO</a> Nautical Almanac Office; UK Hydrographic Office, <a href="/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office" title="HM Nautical Almanac Office">HM Nautical Almanac Office</a> (2008). <i>The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a>. p. M5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7077-4082-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7077-4082-9"><bdi>978-0-7077-4082-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+Almanac+for+the+Year+2010&rft.pages=M5&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7077-4082-9&rft.au=USNO+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rft.au=UK+Hydrographic+Office%2C+HM+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Glossary/Glossary_E.html">"LEVEL 5 Lexicon and Glossary of Terms"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LEVEL+5+Lexicon+and+Glossary+of+Terms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fned.ipac.caltech.edu%2Flevel5%2FGlossary%2FGlossary_E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.dur.ac.uk/john.lucey/users/solar_year.html">"The Ecliptic: the Sun's Annual Path on the Celestial Sphere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ecliptic%3A+the+Sun%27s+Annual+Path+on+the+Celestial+Sphere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.dur.ac.uk%2Fjohn.lucey%2Fusers%2Fsolar_year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ball_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBall1908" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Robert S. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonsphe00ballgoog"><i>A Treatise on Spherical Astronomy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonsphe00ballgoog/page/n98">83</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Spherical+Astronomy&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonsphe00ballgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Naval_Observatory_Nautical_Almanac_Office1992" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office (1992). P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.). <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i>. University Science Books, Mill Valley, CA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7"><bdi>0-935702-68-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.pub=University+Science+Books%2C+Mill+Valley%2C+CA&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-935702-68-7&rft.au=U.S.+Naval+Observatory+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celes_direc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celes_direc_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celes_direc_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celes_direc_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The directions <i>north</i> and <i>south</i> on the celestial sphere are in the sense <i>toward the north <a href="/wiki/Celestial_pole" title="Celestial pole">celestial pole</a></i> and <i>toward the south celestial pole</i>. <i>East</i> is <i>the direction toward which Earth rotates</i>, <i>west</i> is opposite that.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Astronomical Almanac 2010</i>, sec. C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1992), sec. 1.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1992), p. 733</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Astronomical Almanac 2010</i>, p. M2 and M6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1992), sec. 1.322 and 3.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Naval_Observatory_Nautical_Almanac_OfficeH.M._Nautical_Almanac_Office1961" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (1961). <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac</i>. H.M. Stationery Office, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Ephemeris+and+the+American+Ephemeris+and+Nautical+Almanac&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office%2C+London&rft.date=1961&rft.au=U.S.+Naval+Observatory+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rft.au=H.M.+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span> , sec. 2C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1992), p. 731 and 737</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChauvenet1906" class="citation book cs1">Chauvenet, William (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yobvAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy</i></a>. Vol. I. J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Spherical+and+Practical+Astronomy&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+Co.%2C+Philadelphia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Chauvenet&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyobvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, art. 365–367, p. 694–695, at Google books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laskar-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laskar_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laskar_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaskar1986" class="citation journal cs1">Laskar, J. (1986). "Secular Terms of Classical Planetary Theories Using the Results of General Relativity". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>157</b> (1): 59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986A&A...157...59L">1986A&A...157...59L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Secular+Terms+of+Classical+Planetary+Theories+Using+the+Results+of+General+Relativity&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986A%26A...157...59L&rft.aulast=Laskar&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, table 8, at SAO/NASA ADS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1961), sec. 2B</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Naval_ObservatoryH.M._Nautical_Almanac_Office1989" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Naval Observatory, Nautical Almanac Office; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office (1989). <i>The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1990</i>. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-886934-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-886934-5"><bdi>0-11-886934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astronomical+Almanac+for+the+Year+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+Govt.+Printing+Office&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-11-886934-5&rft.aulast=U.S.+Naval+Observatory&rft.aufirst=Nautical+Almanac+Office&rft.au=H.M.+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, p. B18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Astronomical Almanac 2010</i>, p. B52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb1906" class="citation book cs1">Newcomb, Simon (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acompendiumsphe00newcgoog"><i>A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy</i></a>. MacMillan Co., New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendium+of+Spherical+Astronomy&rft.pub=MacMillan+Co.%2C+New+York&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facompendiumsphe00newcgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 226-227, at Google books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeeus1991" class="citation book cs1">Meeus, Jean (1991). <i>Astronomical Algorithms</i>. Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-35-2"><bdi>0-943396-35-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Algorithms&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.%2C+Richmond%2C+VA&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-943396-35-2&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, chap. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meanplane-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meanplane_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603143144/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif">"The Mean Plane (Invariable Plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter"</a>. 3 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kpheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mean+Plane+%28Invariable+Plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkpheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span> produced with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVitagliano" class="citation web cs1">Vitagliano, Aldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5gOzK38bc?url=http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">"Solex 10"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(computer program)</span> on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solex+10&rft.aulast=Vitagliano&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.unina.it%2F~alvitagl%2Fsolex%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanby1988" class="citation book cs1">Danby, J.M.A. (1988). <i>Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics</i>. Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA. section 9.1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-20-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-20-4"><bdi>0-943396-20-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Celestial+Mechanics&rft.pages=section-9.1&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.%2C+Richmond%2C+VA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-943396-20-4&rft.aulast=Danby&rft.aufirst=J.M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy1988" class="citation book cs1">Roy, A.E. (1988). <i>Orbital Motion</i> (third ed.). Institute of Physics Publishing. section 5.3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85274-229-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85274-229-0"><bdi>0-85274-229-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orbital+Motion&rft.pages=section-5.3&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85274-229-0&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDziobek1892" class="citation book cs1">Dziobek, Otto (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTEaAAAAYAAJ&q=dziobek+mathematical"><i>Mathematical Theories of Planetary Motions</i></a>. Register Publishing Co., Ann Arbor, Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+Theories+of+Planetary+Motions&rft.pub=Register+Publishing+Co.%2C+Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Dziobek&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTEaAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddziobek%2Bmathematical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 294, at Google books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montenbruck-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-montenbruck_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontenbruck1989" class="citation book cs1">Montenbruck, Oliver (1989). <i>Practical Ephemeris Calculations</i>. Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-50704-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-50704-3"><bdi>0-387-50704-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Ephemeris+Calculations&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-387-50704-3&rft.aulast=Montenbruck&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>, sec 1.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1961), sec. 2A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Explanatory Supplement</i> (1961), sec. 1G</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Astronomical Almanac 2010</i>, p. E14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meeus (1991), chap. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFServiss1908" class="citation book cs1">Serviss, Garrett P. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomywithna02servgoog"><i>Astronomy With the Naked Eye</i></a>. Harper & Brothers, New York and London. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomywithna02servgoog/page/n151">105</a>, 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+With+the+Naked+Eye&rft.pages=105%2C+106&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+New+York+and+London&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Serviss&rft.aufirst=Garrett+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomywithna02servgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKidger2005" class="citation book cs1">Kidger, Mark (2005). <i>Astronomical Enigmas: Life on Mars, the Star of Bethlehem, and Other Milky Way Mysteries</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880261" title="Special:BookSources/9780801880261"><bdi>9780801880261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Enigmas%3A+Life+on+Mars%2C+the+Star+of+Bethlehem%2C+and+Other+Milky+Way+Mysteries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801880261&rft.aulast=Kidger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosley-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosley_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMosley2011" class="citation web cs1">Mosley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ips-planetarium.org/?page=a_mosley1999b">"The Real, Real Constellations of the Zodiac"</a>. International Planetarium Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701021831/http://www.ips-planetarium.org/?page=a_mosley1999b">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real%2C+Real+Constellations+of+the+Zodiac&rft.pub=International+Planetarium+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-planetarium.org%2F%3Fpage%3Da_mosley1999b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant1907" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Walter W. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqLifAK2zJkC&q=history+of+astronomy"><i>A History of Astronomy</i></a>. Forgotten Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440057922" title="Special:BookSources/9781440057922"><bdi>9781440057922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Astronomy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9781440057922&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Walter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqLifAK2zJkC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bastronomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant (1907), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeo1899" class="citation book cs1">Leo, Alan (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8CwSAAAAYAAJ"><i>Astrology for All</i></a>. L.N. Fowler & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8CwSAAAAYAAJ/page/n13">8</a>. <q>astrology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrology+for+All&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=L.N.+Fowler+%26+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Leo&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8CwSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVallado2001" class="citation book cs1">Vallado, David A. (2001). <i>Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications</i> (2nd ed.). El Segundo, CA: Microcosm Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881883-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-881883-12-4"><bdi>1-881883-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Astrodynamics+and+Applications&rft.place=El+Segundo%2C+CA&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Microcosm+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-881883-12-4&rft.aulast=Vallado&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecliptic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ecliptic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ecliptic">ecliptic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ecliptic" class="extiw" title="v:Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></b></i> at <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ecliptic/Quizzes" class="extiw" title="v:Ecliptic/Quizzes">Quizzes</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/john.lucey/users/solar_year.html">The Ecliptic: the Sun's Annual Path on the Celestial Sphere</a> Durham University Department of Physics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion1/animations/seasons_ecliptic.html">Seasons and Ecliptic Simulator</a> University of Nebraska-Lincoln</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/celsph.html">MEASURING THE SKY A Quick Guide to the Celestial Sphere</a> James B. Kaler, University of Illinois</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">Earth's Seasons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000301/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/EarthSeasons.php">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> U.S. Naval Observatory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrologyclub.org/articles/ecliptic/ecliptic.htm">The Basics - the Ecliptic, the Equator, and Coordinate Systems</a> AstrologyClub.Org</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinoshitaAoki1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kinoshita, H.; Aoki, S. (1983). "The definition of the ecliptic". <i>Celestial Mechanics</i>. <b>31</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">329–</span>338. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983CeMec..31..329K">1983CeMec..31..329K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01230290">10.1007/BF01230290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122913096">122913096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+the+ecliptic&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122913096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01230290&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983CeMec..31..329K&rft.aulast=Kinoshita&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Aoki%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcliptic" class="Z3988"></span>; comparison of the definitions of LeVerrier, Newcomb, and Standish.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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title="Gemini (astrology)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(astrology)" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts in <br /><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Western astrology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_the_classical_elements" title="Astrology and the classical elements">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_(astrology)" title="House (astrology)">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign#The_three_modalities" title="Astrological sign">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign#Polarity" title="Astrological sign">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplicity" title="Triplicity">Triplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Axial precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellations</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Ecliptic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus_(astrology)" title="Ophiuchus (astrology)">Ophiuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbols" title="Planetary symbols">symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">Zodiacal light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomers43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim astronomers">Astronomers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_by_century51"> <ul><li>by century</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nahavandi" title="Ahmad Nahavandi">Ahmad Nahavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Naubakht" title="Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht">Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" title="Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb_ibn_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq">Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Khayyat" title="Abu Ali al-Khayyat">Abu Ali al-Khayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Gorgani" title="Abu Said Gorgani">Abu Said Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Al-Farghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani">Al-Mahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">Al-Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Asturlabi" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi">Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers" title="Banū Mūsā brothers">Banū Mūsā brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Abd_al%E2%80%90Malik_al%E2%80%90Marwarrudhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi">Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_ibn_Bishr" title="Sahl ibn Bishr">Sahl ibn Bishr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra">Thābit ibn Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Abi_Mansur" title="Yahya ibn Abi Mansur">Yahya ibn Abi Mansur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">al-Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adami" title="Ibn al-Adami">Ibn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adami" title="Al-Adami">Al-Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">al-Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja'far al-Khazin">al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_al-Quhi" title="Abu Sahl al-Quhi">al-Qūhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa' Buzjani">Abu al-Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmad ibn Yusuf">Ahmad ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">al-Battani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabisi" title="Al-Qabisi">Al-Qabisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-A%27lam" title="Ibn al-A'lam">Ibn al-A'lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi">Al-Nayrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saghani">Al-Saghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A2aidan%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī">Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">al-Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BBIjliyyah" title="Al-ʻIjliyyah">Al-ʻIjliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastulus" title="Nastulus">Nastulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfadl_Harawi" title="Abolfadl Harawi">Abolfadl Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseb-i_Tabari" title="Haseb-i Tabari">Haseb-i Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti" title="Maslama al-Majriti">al-Majriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ahwazi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi">Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">Al-Zarqālī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Samh" title="Ibn al-Samh">Ibn al-Samh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Alhazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Saffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Saffar">Ibn al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushyar_Gilani" title="Kushyar Gilani">Kushyar Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Andalusi" title="Said al-Andalusi">Said al-Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Said_al-Sahli" title="Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli">Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Jayyani" title="Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani">Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Al-Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Khalaf" title="Ali ibn Khalaf">Ali ibn Khalaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji" title="Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji">Al-Bitruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharaq%C4%AB" title="Al-Kharaqī">Al-Kharaqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Salt">Abu al-Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kammad" title="Ibn al-Kammad">Ibn al-Kammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah" title="Jabir ibn Aflah">Jabir ibn Aflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna%27_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi">Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Ha%27im_al%E2%80%90Ishbili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili">Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_Bukhari" title="Jamal ad-Din Bukhari">Jamal ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_al-Hanafi" title="Alam al-Din al-Hanafi">Alam al-Din al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al%E2%80%90Din_al%E2%80%90Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al‐Din al‐Misri">Najm al‐Din al‐Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_al-Din_al-Maghribi" title="Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi">Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-Urdi" title="Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi">al-Urdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al%E2%80%90Farisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi">Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hasan_al-Marrakushi" title="Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi">Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq_al-Tunisi" title="Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi">Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Umar_II" title="Al-Ashraf Umar II">Al-Ashraf Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Akhlati" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati">Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Khalili" title="Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah al-Khalili">Al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muqri_Mohammed_al-Battiwi" title="Abu Muqri Mohammed al-Battiwi"> al-Battiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al%E2%80%90%CA%BFUq%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū al‐ʿUqūl">Abū al‐ʿUqūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabkanawi" title="Al-Wabkanawi">Al-Wabkanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jadiri" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jadiri"> al-Jadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar" title="Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar">Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathullah_Shirazi" title="Fathullah Shirazi">Fathullah Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Kuşçu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al%E2%80%90Wajid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al‐Wajid">Abd al‐Wajid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_al-Kashi" title="Jamshid al-Kashi">Jamshid al-Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī">Kadızade Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_al-Maridini" title="Sibt al-Maridini">Sibt al-Maridini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Majdi" title="Ibn al-Majdi">Ibn al-Majdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i">al-Wafa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Kubunani" title="Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani">al-Kubunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i">'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Al-Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Khafri" title="Shams al-Din al-Khafri">al-Khafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_al-%27Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-din al-'Amili">Baha' al-din al-'Amili </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf">Takiyüddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Guangxian" title="Yang Guangxian">Yang Guangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmed%C3%AA_Xan%C3%AE" title="Ehmedê Xanî">Ehmedê Xanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Achsasi_al_Mouakket" title="Al Achsasi al Mouakket">Al Achsasi al Mouakket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Rudani" title="Muhammad al-Rudani">Muhammad al-Rudani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Works112" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic star names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat" title="Aja'ib al-Makhluqat">Aja'ib al-Makhluqat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huihui_Lifa" title="Huihui Lifa">Huihui Lifa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledan_Tables" title="Toledan Tables">Toledan Tables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani">Zij-i Ilkhani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Sultani" title="Zij-i Sultani">Zij-i Sultani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sullam_al-sama%27" title="Sullam al-sama'">Sullam al-sama'</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Instruments" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alidade" title="Alidade">Alidade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">Analog computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorium" title="Equatorium">Equatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" title="Mariner's astrolabe">Navigational astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octant_(instrument)" title="Octant (instrument)">Octant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">Planisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomy)" title="Sextant (astronomy)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_square" title="Shadow square">Shadow square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Schema for horizontal sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almucantar" title="Almucantar">Almucantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">Gravitational energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Islamic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwaqqit" title="Muwaqqit">Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Obliquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">Salah times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepidation" title="Trepidation">Trepidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">Triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Observatories" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Observatories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din" title="Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din">Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_astronomy126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_astronomy" title="Template talk:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_astronomy126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Aryabhata II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Chakrabarti" title="Sandip Chakrabarti">Sandip Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhagobinda_Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Radhagobinda Chandra">Radhagobinda Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amil_Kumar_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Amil Kumar Das">Amil Kumar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Devadas" class="mw-redirect" title="P Devadas">P. Devadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_K_Das_Gupta" class="mw-redirect" title="M K Das Gupta">M. K. Das Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyesthadeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyesthadeva">Jyesthadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagadha">Lagadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalla" title="Lalla">Lalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavira (mathematician)">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Radhakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Radhakrishnan">Venkatraman Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Rawal" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Rawal">J. J. Rawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megh_Nad_Saha" class="mw-redirect" title="Megh Nad Saha">Megh Nad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_II_of_Amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jai Singh II of Amber">Jai Singh II of Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripati">Sripati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Suri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Suri">Mahendra Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Swarup" title="Govind Swarup">Govind Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpala_(astronomer)" title="Utpala (astronomer)">Utpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahamihira" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahamihira">Varahamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankara_Variyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shankara Variyar">Shankara Variyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathani_Samanta" title="Pathani Samanta">Pathani Samanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhat_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" title="Bṛhat Saṃhitā">Bṛhat Saṃhitā</a></i></span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganitagannadi" title="Ganitagannadi">Ganitagannadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Shulba Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khandakhadyaka" title="Khandakhadyaka">Khandakhadyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi_(astronomy_book)" title="Mahadevi (astronomy book)">Mahādevī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makarandasarini" title="Makarandasarini">Makarandasarini</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Siddhanta_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhanta (astronomy)">Siddhantas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maha-Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Siddhanta">Maha-Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancha-siddhantika" title="Pancha-siddhantika">Pancha-Siddhantika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paitamaha_Siddhanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paitamaha Siddhanta">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81jam%E1%B9%9Bg%C4%81%E1%B9%85ka_(astronomy_book)" title="Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)">Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasangraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrasangraha">Tantrasangraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81kyakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vākyakaraṇa">Vākyakaraṇa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanga_Jyotisha" title="Vedanga Jyotisha">Vedanga Jyotisha</a></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Cross-staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_sundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial sundial">Equatorial sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextant (astronomical)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantraraja" title="Yantraraja">Yantraraja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">Cardinal direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">Celestial equator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">Celestial sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychonic_system" title="Tychonic system">Geoheliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jyoti%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotiṣa">Jyotiṣa</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_ahargana" title="Kali ahargana">Kali ahargaṇa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)">Kalpa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karana_(pancanga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karana (pancanga)">Karana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">Nakshatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityayoga" title="Nityayoga">Nityayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritu (Indian season)">Ritu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi" title="Tithi">Tithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81ra_(astronomy)" title="Vāra (astronomy)">Vāra</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">Zodiacal sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">Islamic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_Medieval_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Medieval Western Europe">European astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Vedic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaisakha">Vaisakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jyeshta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aashaadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashaadha">Aashaadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Shraavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaadra">Bhadrapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Ashvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana"> Margashirsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Pausha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Maagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phalguna</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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