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class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_1992_coup_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>February 1992 coup attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_1992_coup_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_1992_coup_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_1992_coup_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>November 1992 coup attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_1992_coup_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_1992" title="محاولتا الانقلاب في فنزويلا عام 1992 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاولتا الانقلاب في فنزويلا عام 1992" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poku%C5%A1aji_dr%C5%BEavnih_udara_u_Venecueli_1992." title="Pokušaji državnih udara u Venecueli 1992. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pokušaji državnih udara u Venecueli 1992." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intents_de_cop_d%27estat_a_Vene%C3%A7uela_del_1992" title="Intents de cop d'estat a Veneçuela del 1992 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intents de cop d'estat a Veneçuela del 1992" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_intento_de_golpe_de_Estado_de_Venezuela_de_1992" title="Primer intento de golpe de Estado de Venezuela de 1992 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primer intento de golpe de Estado de Venezuela de 1992" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentatives_de_coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_1992_au_Venezuela" title="Tentatives de coup d'État de 1992 au Venezuela – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tentatives de coup d'État de 1992 au Venezuela" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(1992)" title="Պետական հեղաշրջման փորձ Վենեսուելայում (1992) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետական հեղաշրջման փորձ Վենեսուելայում (1992)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_tentativa_de_golpe_de_Estado_na_Venezuela_em_1992" title="Primeira tentativa de golpe de Estado na Venezuela em 1992 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira tentativa de golpe de Estado na Venezuela em 1992" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5_(1992)" title="Попытка государственного переворота в Венесуэле (1992) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Попытка государственного переворота в Венесуэле (1992)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poku%C5%A1aji_dr%C5%BEavnih_udara_u_Venezuel_1992." title="Pokušaji državnih udara u Venezuel 1992. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pokušaji državnih udara u Venezuel 1992." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="View the content page [c]" 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png/300px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="525" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png/450px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_collage.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="943" /></a></span><br /><b>Top to bottom, left to right</b>: <a href="/wiki/MBR-200" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR-200">MBR-200</a> combatant seeking cover; an APC on the steps of <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a>; government loyalist troops deploying to combat MBR-200; and MBR-200 troops arrested following the coup attempt's failure</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>4–5 February 1992</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Venezuela</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Failed to depose the <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> government. </p> <ul><li>Hugo Chávez and participants arrested</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Venezuelan Government</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Armed Forces">Venezuelan Armed Forces</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">MBR-200</a></b></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Cuba (alleged)</span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">DGI</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Venezuela_%281954%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A1ndo_Ochoa_Antich" title="Fernándo Ochoa Antich">Fernando Antich</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></b></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arias_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Francisco Arias Cárdenas">Francisco Arias</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Military support</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Army loyalists</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Military rebels</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 32 killed (officially)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 130 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Venezuela" title="Category:History of Venezuela">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History of <span class="fn org label">Venezuela</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Venetiolae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Venezuela"><img alt="Coat of arms of Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/50px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/75px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Venetiolae.svg/100px-Insigne_Venetiolae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Pre-Columbian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Venezuela" title="Colonial Venezuela">1522–1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">1821–30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1830%E2%80%931908)" title="History of Venezuela (1830–1908)">1830–1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1908%E2%80%931958)" title="History of Venezuela (1908–1958)">1908–58</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Venezuela" title="Military dictatorship in Venezuela">1948–58</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">1953–99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">1999–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Province" title="Venezuela Province">Province of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/American_Confederation_of_Venezuela" title="American Confederation of Venezuela">American Confederation of Venezuela</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="First Republic of Venezuela">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Second Republic of Venezuela">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Third Republic of Venezuela">Third Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1830%E2%80%931908)" title="History of Venezuela (1830–1908)">Caudillismo</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Reforms" title="Revolution of the Reforms">Revolution of the Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_war_of_1848%E2%80%931849" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan civil war of 1848–1849">1848–1849 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Revolution_(Venezuela)" title="March Revolution (Venezuela)">March Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Revolution_(Venezuela)" title="Blue Revolution (Venezuela)">Blue Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Revolution_(Venezuela)" title="April Revolution (Venezuela)">April Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revindicating_Revolution" title="Revindicating Revolution">Revindicating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalist_Revolution" title="Legalist Revolution">Legalist Revolution</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Andean_Hegemony" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Hegemony">Andean Hegemony</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberating_Revolution_(Venezuela)" title="Liberating Revolution (Venezuela)">Liberating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">1902–03 blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1908 Venezuelan coup d'état">1908 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Oil industry history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_1928" title="Generation of 1928">Generation of 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">El Trienio Adeco</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Democratic period</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punto_Fijo_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Punto Fijo Pact">Punto Fijo Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carupanazo" title="El Carupanazo">Carupanazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">February 1992 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November 1992 coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">Bolivarian Revolution</a></b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–03 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004">2004 recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_RCTV_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 RCTV protests">2007 RCTV protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/16px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/24px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Venezuela" title="Template:History of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:History of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Venezuelan coup attempt of February 1992</b> was an attempt to seize control of the government of Venezuela by the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200</a> (MBR-200) that took place on 4 February 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Uppsala_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uppsala-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup was directed against President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> and occurred in a period marked by economic liberalization reforms, which were attempted in order to decrease the country's level of indebtedness and had caused major protests and social unrest. Despite their failure to depose the government of Carlos Andrés, the February coup attempts brought Chávez into the national spotlight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting during the coup resulted in the deaths of at least 143 people and possibly as many as several hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-Uppsala_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uppsala-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life of Hugo Chávez</a></div> <p>Venezuela had enjoyed democratic stability since 1958, and also a degree of prosperity. This prosperity was greatly enhanced in the 1970s, when oil prices increased substantially, and Venezuela, a large petroleum exporter, received large revenues, which increased per capita income by about 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StatAb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatAb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venezuela experienced modernization and had one of the highest GDP per capita in its history, while also having an exchange rate of 4 bolivares per 1 US dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the 1980s, other oil producers (especially Saudi Arabia) raised their production, and oil prices dropped. Venezuela's oil revenues dropped substantially, and per capita income declined by about 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-StatAb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatAb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This imperiled economic and social stability in general.<sup id="cite_ref-schuyler10_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schuyler10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's overspending on programs caused massive levels of debt with poverty, inflation and unemployment rising while income declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption was also widespread with crime increasing yearly, making the Venezuelan public, primarily the poor who especially felt neglected, become outraged.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> offered assistance to Venezuela with these debts, but on condition of Venezuela enacting budgetary and fiscal reforms to curtail the deficits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1989, President Pérez put these liberalization policies into effect, reducing social spending and many commodity subsidies, and removing longstanding price controls on many goods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These policies bore heavily on Venezuela's working class and lower class majority. The resultant discontent erupted in the "<a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a>" beginning on 27 February 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career of Hugo Chávez</a></div> <p>Many of the participants in the coups had been members of the <i>Partido de la Revolución Venezolana</i> (PRV) in the 1970s. The PRV was created by ex-<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> and guerrilla fighter <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bravo" title="Douglas Bravo">Douglas Bravo</a>, who after failing in an armed insurrection, sought to infiltrate the Venezuelan armed forces to reach power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, preparation for the coup began more than ten years before Pérez was re-elected in 1988. </p><p>The coup organizers rejected the ruling bipartisanship in Venezuela between the two political parties, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a> and <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">COPEI</a>, which they saw as a corrupt and <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelist</a> establishment. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200</a></i> (MBR-200) was founded in 1982 by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez Frías</a>, who was later joined by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arias_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Francisco Arias Cárdenas">Francisco Arias Cárdenas</a>. They used the Venezuelan independence hero <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> as their group's symbol. Their main complaint was the corruption of Carlos Andrés Pérez as well as Venezuela's ongoing economic difficulties and social turmoil. In the view of these two men, the entire political system had to be changed in order for social change to occur. </p><p>In February 1989 shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a>, Cuban president <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> allegedly placed <a href="/wiki/Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">sleeper agents</a> in Venezuela to create unrest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With Cuba recently entering its <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a> and experiencing economic difficulties as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>, Castro allegedly sought to establish an ally in Venezuela so Cuba could also enjoy funds from oil profits.<sup id="cite_ref-DELFINcoro_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DELFINcoro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> occurred in Soviet states, Castro had allegedly began to organize a coup in late 1989 that would indirectly use sleeper agents who participated in the Caracazo.<sup id="cite_ref-DELFIN89_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DELFIN89-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro, who was allegedly one of the main organizers according to Venezuelan Major Orlando Madriz Benítez, would instead use Chávez as the face of a civil-military action in order to avoid retaliatory actions from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DELFINchavSTRO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DELFINchavSTRO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While officially unconfirmed, Cuban involvement in and facilitation of the coup attempts was alleged by multiple sources. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> analyst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Latell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Latell (page does not exist)">Brian Latell</a> suggested that the Cuban intelligence agency, the <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Inteligencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirección General de Inteligencia">Dirección General de Inteligencia</a> (DGI), may have utilized Chávez to fulfill Cuban strategic dominance of Venezuela and its oil reserves. In Latell's view, the DGI may have either hired Chávez as an agent or provided critical aid to his coup plots.<sup id="cite_ref-LatellCuba_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatellCuba-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latell claims Cuba had previously engaged in efforts to destabilize Venezuela by aiding guerrillas in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Venezuela1960s_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venezuela1960s-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to General Carlos Julio Peñaloza in his book <i>El Delfín de Fidel</i>, both <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and the succeeding President of Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a>, knew of Chávez's coup plot.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro allegedly provided agents to convince President Pérez that there was no threat of a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the coup, Caldera, manipulated by Castro and Chávez, was then supposed to take power after Pérez was removed from the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coup_attempts">Coup attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coup attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_1992_coup_attempt">February 1992 coup attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: February 1992 coup attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an extended period of popular dissatisfaction and economic decline under administration of Carlos Andrés Pérez,<sup id="cite_ref-schuyler10_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schuyler10-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez made extensive preparations for a military-civilian coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillermoprieto_2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillermoprieto_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially planned for December 1991, Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup until the early twilight hours of 4 February 1992. Chávez at the time held the loyalty of some 10% of Venezuela's military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that date, five army units under Chávez's command moved into urban Caracas to seize key military and communications installations throughout the city, including the presidential residence (<a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a>), the defense ministry, La Carlota military airport, and the Military Museum. Chávez's ultimate goal was to intercept Pérez, take custody of him and allegedly execute him before he returned to Miraflores from an overseas trip, planning to capture the president at <a href="/wiki/Maiquetia_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiquetia Airport">Maiquetía airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png/250px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png/375px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png/500px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_troops_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Troops in the street to help defend President Pérez</figcaption></figure> <p>The coup attempt was originally supposed to be performed by Admiral Hernan Gruber Odreman, the highest-ranking officer among conspirators who was supposed to capture President Pérez when he returned to Venezuela from <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he refused after discovering that Rafael Caldera was to become head of the governing board following the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second attempt to capture Pérez was then committed hours later by then Army captain, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Torres" title="Miguel Rodríguez Torres">Miguel Rodríguez Torres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Pérez had knowledge of the coup, the president was then driven without the car lights on and his vehicle sped onto the highway.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Torres, surprised, then ordered those under his command to fire at President Pérez's fleeing vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg/250px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg/375px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg/500px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts_Miraflores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>MBR-200 troops running outside of the walls of Miraflores Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>The final attempt in the coup attempt occurred 30 minutes later at <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a> where insurgents attempted to siege the palace and kill President Pérez.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those attempting to attack Miraflores were told that the doors would be opened by the palace guards that were supposedly part of the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the attackers approached Miraflores in an armored vehicle, they were attacked by the palace guards who knew about the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firefight then ended Chávez's attack and left 3 of Pérez's bodyguards dead while Pérez hid under an overcoat eluding capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president was then able to escape from the palace and then called General Ochoa saying, "No negotiations. Give them bullets. I want to be back in soon".<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pérez then used a local TV station to rally the rest of the military against his aggressors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez's allies were also unable to broadcast Chávez's pre-recorded call for a planned mass civilian uprising against Pérez. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png/250px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png/375px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png/500px-1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Chávez speaking to media outlets following his arrest</figcaption></figure> <p>The betrayals, defections, errors, and other unforeseen circumstances left Chávez and only a small group of rebels completely cut off in the Military Museum, without any means of conveying orders to their collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, rebel forces in other parts of Venezuela made swift advances and took control of such large cities as <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Carabobo">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a> with the help of spontaneous civilian aid. Chávez's forces, however, had failed to take Caracas since he remained inside the Military Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez soon gave himself up to the government. He was then allowed to appear on national television to call for all remaining rebel detachments in Venezuela to cease hostilities. When he did so, Chávez famously quipped on national television that he had only failed "<i>por ahora</i>" ("for now"):<sup id="cite_ref-gott67_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gott67-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Comrades: Unfortunately, for the moment, the objectives that we had set for ourselves have not been achieved in the capital. That's to say that those of us here in Caracas have not been able to seize power. Where you are, you have performed well, but now is the time for a rethink; new possibilities will arise again, and the country will be able to move definitively toward a better future.<sup id="cite_ref-gott67_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gott67-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the ensuing violence, 18 soldiers were killed while 51 soldiers were injured, while the majority of those killed during the coup were civilians, with 49 killed and about 80 injured in the crossfire.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Chávez's military failure, he was immediately catapulted into the national spotlight due to his action, with many poor Venezuelans seeing him as a figure who had stood up against government corruption and <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gott67_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gott67-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward, Chávez was imprisoned at the San Carlos military stockade.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_1992_coup_attempt">November 1992 coup attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: November 1992 coup attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a></div> <p>On 27 November 1992, a second coup attempt was launched. It was led by officers from the air force and navy, including pilot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Reyes_Reyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Reyes Reyes (page does not exist)">Luis Reyes Reyes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Reyes_Reyes" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Reyes Reyes">es</a>]</span>. The group had contacts with Chávez in prison and had learned some lessons from the February coup's errors, including launching at 4:30 am instead of midnight, and obtaining communications equipment to ensure they would not be stranded without it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_response">Government response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/250px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/375px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/500px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The San Carlos military stockade, where Hugo Chávez was held after attempting a coup-d'état in 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In the process of resisting the coup attempts, government agents were reported to have killed 40 people, both civilians and surrendered rebels, either as extrajudicial executions or with disproportionate force.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW93-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arbitrary detentions numbered in the hundreds, continued for some time after the events, and included student leaders and other civic leaders not connected with the coup attempts. In addition, freedom of expression was suspended for two months in the February case and three weeks in the November case, with censorship of the media. A series of demonstrations in March/April calling for the resignation of President Pérez and the restoration of constitutional guarantees were met with state violence, including indiscriminate police firing into crowds, with a total of thirteen deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW93-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of members of the press covering the protests were severely injured by police.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW93-61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants in the February coup attempt were tried under the regular military justice system. But in response to the November coup attempt, the government created <i>ad hoc</i> courts based on the 1938 legal code of <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras" title="Eleazar López Contreras">Eleazar López Contreras</a>, drawn up twenty years before the transition to democracy. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the courts unconstitutional but not on the <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> grounds for which they were criticised. The Court instead found that the President had neglected to suspend the relevant constitutional rights (right to a defense, right to be tried by one's natural judge).<sup id="cite_ref-HRW93-71_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW93-71-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="Special:EditPage/February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22">"February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22February+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> With Pérez's growing unpopularity due to liberalization reforms and the coup attempts, the bipartisanship system in the country weakened.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The turmoil and failed coups were used by former president Rafael Caldera, who according to some versions was supposed to take power following the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caldera commented on the gradual deterioration of Venezuelan democracy and the conflation of poverty and corruption in the nation. Subsequent actions by <a href="/wiki/Los_Notables" title="Los Notables">intellectuals associated</a> with Caldera<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> resulted in Pérez's ousting from the presidency on 20 May 1993, on charges of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swift political maneuvering allowed Caldera to win the <a href="/wiki/1993_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Venezuelan presidential election">1993 presidential election</a> with a heterogeneous and non-traditional group of small independent political parties, named "<a href="/wiki/National_Convergence" title="National Convergence">National Convergence</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his campaign Caldera promised to pardon the coup plotters and later did so, which allowed Hugo Chávez to participate in (and win) the <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some coup leaders later dominated the political scenario in Venezuela, most notable case was the <a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 presidential election</a>, in which Zulia governor and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">Radical Cause</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arias_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Francisco Arias Cárdenas">Francisco Arias Cárdenas</a>, commandant in Maracaibo during February 4 coup d'état attempt, was the opposition candidate, challenging president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a> who sought re-election. Both Cárdenas and Chávez monopolized 97% of all votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Media">Media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1992, the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> focused on the possible causes of the attempted coups in Venezuela, noting the recession in Latin America and corruption in the government.<sup id="cite_ref-LA1992_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA1992-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Los Angeles Times</i> stated that the coup attempts could also be the efforts of corrupt Venezuelan officers seeking take over the government and make money from drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-LA1992_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA1992-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coup attempts were condemned by the governments of:<sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span>Brazil</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Cuba</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span>Mexico</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="638" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Tanks" title="Night of the Tanks">Night of the Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Notables" title="Los Notables">Los Notables</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018">Márquez & Sanabria 2018</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Syl03">Sylvia and Danopolous 2003</a>. p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uppsala-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uppsala_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uppsala_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a> Conflict Encyclopedia, Venezuela, War and Minor Conflict, In depth, Hugo Chávez and the 1992 coup attempt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=167&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#">http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=167&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115040925/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=167&regionSelect=5-Southern_Americas">Archived</a> 15 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Thursday, 5 December 2002, 21:30 GMT, Profile: Hugo Chavez, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326123246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm">Archived</a> 26 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson1_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNelson2009" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Brian A. (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion"><i>The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela</i></a> (online ed.). New York: Nation Books. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568584188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568584188"><bdi>978-1568584188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+silence+and+the+scorpion+%3A+the+coup+against+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+making+of+modern+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-3&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1568584188&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatAb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatAb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatAb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Statistical Abstract of the United States</i>, 1971. 1982, and 1994 editions, "Comparative International Statistics"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schuyler10-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schuyler10_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schuyler10_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchuyler2001">Schuyler 2001</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 28 February 2011 Last updated at 00:03 GMT, Victims of Venezuela's Caracazo clashes reburied, By Sarah Grainger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326123455/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085">Archived</a> 26 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soberania.org/Articulos/articulo_1139.htm"><i>La revolución de la guerrilla</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052608/http://www.soberania.org/Articulos/articulo_1139.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DELFINcoro-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DELFINcoro_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014). <i>El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1505750331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1505750331"><bdi>978-1505750331</bdi></a>. <q>On February 5, 1989, the transmission of Lusinchi's command to Pérez was effected with a lavish ceremony unprecedented in a democracy. Fidel ... was pressured by the "perestroika" that threatened the existence of the Cuban communist regime. The Soviet economic problems made it urgent to control Venezuela to enjoy its oil income ... Fidel stole the show with his Bolivarian allusions of the Latin American Union and a call to fight against Yankee imperialism ... the Cubans and their materials arrived at Caracas on a bus and the buses and trucks to the Eurobuilding hotel ... they were delivered three days before the arrival of Fidel to Cuban G2 officers who paid their rent in advance and made strange demands. ... After the "coronation", part of the Cuban contingent left the country ... sources reported from Maiquetía that fewer Cubans had left than those who had entered</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Delf%C3%ADn+de+Fidel%3A+La+historia+oculta+tras+el+golpe+del+4F&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1505750331&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=General+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DELFIN89-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DELFIN89_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014). <i>El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1505750331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1505750331"><bdi>978-1505750331</bdi></a>. <q>If the USSR were to fall, we would still be surprised by the news that the USSR disintegrated, even in those circumstances Cuba and the Cuban revolution would continue to fight. And that moment Fidel had already made the decision to promote a coup in Venezuela in late 1989.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Delf%C3%ADn+de+Fidel%3A+La+historia+oculta+tras+el+golpe+del+4F&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1505750331&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=General+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DELFINchavSTRO-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DELFINchavSTRO_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014). <i>El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1505750331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1505750331"><bdi>978-1505750331</bdi></a>. <q>... although it was said that <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bravo" title="Douglas Bravo">Douglas</a> was the head of the movement, behind the scenes the supreme director was Fidel Castro. Chavez was just the military leader of a civil-military conspiracy that would take face to avoid US reactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Delf%C3%ADn+de+Fidel%3A+La+historia+oculta+tras+el+golpe+del+4F&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1505750331&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=General+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LatellCuba-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LatellCuba_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Latell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Latell (page does not exist)">Latell, Brian</a> (2012). <i>Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, the CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27841-8"><bdi>978-1-137-27841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castro%27s+Secrets%3A+Cuban+Intelligence%2C+the+CIA+and+the+Assassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-27841-8&rft.aulast=Latell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venezuela1960s-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venezuela1960s_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatell2012">Latell 2012</a>, pp. 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENHfeb2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENHfeb2015_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Delgado2015" class="citation news cs1">Maria Delgado, Antonio (16 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/venezuela-es/article10496285.html">"Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo Chávez"</a>. El Nuevo Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111231838/https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/venezuela-es/article10496285.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libro+devela+sangriento+objetivo+de+la+intentona+golpista+de+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft.aulast=Maria+Delgado&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevoherald.com%2Fnoticias%2Fmundo%2Famerica-latina%2Fvenezuela-es%2Farticle10496285.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillermoprieto_2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guillermoprieto_2005_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuillermoprieto2005">Guillermoprieto 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2005">Gott 2005</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/world/venezuela-crushes-army-coup-attempt.html">"Venezuela Crushes Army Coup Attempt"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 February 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803113325/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/05/world/venezuela-crushes-army-coup-attempt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Crushes+Army+Coup+Attempt&rft.date=1992-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F02%2F05%2Fworld%2Fvenezuela-crushes-army-coup-attempt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2005">Gott 2005</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2005">Gott 2005</a>, pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gott67-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gott67_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gott67_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gott67_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2005">Gott 2005</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGott2005">Gott 2005</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Keefe, Derrick. (<i>Z Communications</i>, 9 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=40&ItemID=7396">"Building a Democratic, Humanist Socialism: The Political Challenge of the 21st century"</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080331062052/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=40&ItemID=7396">Archived</a> 31 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Int97">International Crisis Group 2007</a>. pp. 04–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW93-61-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW93-61_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIhkigqO-sC&q=disip">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923190736/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIhkigqO-sC&q=disip">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, pp. 61–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW93-71-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW93-71_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIhkigqO-sC">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923190844/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIhkigqO-sC">Archived</a> 23 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, pp. 71–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/21/internacional/737935217_850215.html">"El Supremo venezolano procesa por corrupción a Carlos Andrés Perez"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). 21 May 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191238/https://elpais.com/diario/1993/05/21/internacional/737935217_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+Supremo+venezolano+procesa+por+corrupci%C3%B3n+a+Carlos+Andr%C3%A9s+Perez&rft.date=1993-05-21&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1993%2F05%2F21%2Finternacional%2F737935217_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1993/12/06/internacional/755132414_850215.html">"Caldera gana las elecciones en Venezuela"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). 6 December 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191238/https://elpais.com/diario/1993/12/06/internacional/755132414_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Caldera+gana+las+elecciones+en+Venezuela&rft.date=1993-12-06&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1993%2F12%2F06%2Finternacional%2F755132414_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmo_(@BBCgolmo)2018" class="citation news cs1">Olmo (@BBCgolmo), Guillermo D. (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46463299">"Cómo era la Venezuela en la que triunfó Chávez hace 20 años (y en qué se parece a la actual)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191239/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46463299">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C%C3%B3mo+era+la+Venezuela+en+la+que+triunf%C3%B3+Ch%C3%A1vez+hace+20+a%C3%B1os+%28y+en+qu%C3%A9+se+parece+a+la+actual%29&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Olmo+%28%40BBCgolmo%29&rft.aufirst=Guillermo+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-46463299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAznárez2000" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aznárez, Juan Jesús (28 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/2000/07/29/internacional/964821605_850215.html">"Guerra sin cuartel entre las dos caras de la revolución bolivariana"</a>. <i>El País</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582">1134-6582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923191740/https://elpais.com/diario/2000/07/29/internacional/964821605_850215.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Guerra+sin+cuartel+entre+las+dos+caras+de+la+revoluci%C3%B3n+bolivariana&rft.date=2000-07-28&rft.issn=1134-6582&rft.aulast=Azn%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2000%2F07%2F29%2Finternacional%2F964821605_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LA1992-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LA1992_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LA1992_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedLong1992" class="citation news cs1">Freed, Kenneth; Long, William R. (15 December 1992). 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No. pp. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Regional+Outlook+Recession%2C+Corruption+Fuel+Latin+Coup+Jitters+the+Region+has+made+Enormous+Progress+Toward+Democracy.+but+Decades+of+Military-Dominated+History+are+Hard+to+Erase&rft.issue=pp.+6&rft.date=1992-12-15&rft.aulast=Freed&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Long%2C+William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3517106.stm">"Profile: Hugo Chávez"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, 18 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.date=2013-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F3517106.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Coppedge, Michael. "Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela". Journal of Latin American Studies and World Affairs. 36:2 (1994). 39–64.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGott2005" class="citation cs2">Gott, Richard (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051213195223/http://www.versobooks.com/books/ghij/g-titles/gott_hugo_chavez.shtml"><i>Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution</i></a>, London: Verso, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-533-3"><bdi>978-1-84467-533-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.versobooks.com/books/ghij/g-titles/gott_hugo_chavez.shtml">the original</a> on 13 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+Bolivarian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-533-3&rft.aulast=Gott&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fghij%2Fg-titles%2Fgott_hugo_chavez.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillermoprieto2005" class="citation cs2">Guillermoprieto, Alma (6 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/18302">"Don't Cry for Me, Venezuela"</a>, <i>New York Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Cry+for+Me%2C+Venezuela&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft.aulast=Guillermoprieto&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F18302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorden1998" class="citation cs2">Norden, Deborah L. (1998), "Democracy and Military Control in Venezuela: From Subordination to Insurrection", <i>Latin American Research Review</i>, <b>33</b> (2): 143–165, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100038267">10.1017/S0023879100038267</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151782423">151782423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Democracy+and+Military+Control+in+Venezuela%3A+From+Subordination+to+Insurrection&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-165&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100038267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151782423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Norden&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler2001" class="citation cs2">Schuyler, George W. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051021233246/http://www.ipsonet.org/papers/gws.pdf"><i>Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsonet.org/papers/gws.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2005</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+and+Neoliberalism%3A+Venezuela+and+Cuba&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsonet.org%2Fpapers%2Fgws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laureano_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Laureano Márquez">Márquez, Laureano</a>; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). <i>Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro</i> (1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9"><bdi>978-1-7328777-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historieta+de+Venezuela%3A+De+Macuro+a+Maduro&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Gr%C3%A1ficas+Pedrazas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Laureano&rft.au=Sanabria%2C+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Syl03" class="citation journal cs1">Sylvia, Ronald D.; Danopoulos, Constantine P.; Danopoulos, C. P. (2003). "The Chávez Phenomenon: Political Change in Venezuela". <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1): 63–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713701367">10.1080/713701367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993630">3993630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154551869">154551869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ch%C3%A1vez+Phenomenon%3A+Political+Change+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-76&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154551869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993630%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713701367&rft.aulast=Sylvia&rft.aufirst=Ronald+D.&rft.au=Danopoulos%2C+Constantine+P.&rft.au=Danopoulos%2C+C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFebruary+1992+Venezuelan+coup+attempt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Carlos_Andrés_Pérez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Template:Carlos Andrés Pérez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Carlos Andrés Pérez (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carlos Andrés Pérez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carlos_Andrés_Pérez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1974–1979) & (1989-1993)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="First presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez">First presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fundaci%C3%B3n_Gran_Mariscal_de_Ayacucho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho (page does not exist)">Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3n_Gran_Mariscal_de_Ayacucho" class="extiw" title="es:Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez#Domestic_policy" title="First presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez">Oil nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela">Petróleos de Venezuela subsidiaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpoven (page does not exist)">Corpoven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpoven" class="extiw" title="es:Corpoven">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltaven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltaven (page does not exist)">Deltaven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaven" class="extiw" title="es:Deltaven">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagoven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagoven (page does not exist)">Lagoven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoven" class="extiw" title="es:Lagoven">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maraven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maraven (page does not exist)">Maraven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraven" class="extiw" title="es:Maraven">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Venezuela_Boundary_Treaty" title="Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty">Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty">United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kidnapping_of_William_Niehous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kidnapping of William Niehous (page does not exist)">Kidnapping of William Niehous</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Niehous" class="extiw" title="es:William Niehous">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (page does not exist)">Killing of Jorge Antonio Rodríguez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez" class="extiw" title="es:Jorge Antonio Rodríguez">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra">Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_affair" title="Sierra Nevada affair">Sierra Nevada affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1978 Venezuelan general election">1978 Venezuelan general election</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_(1970-1997).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela_%281970-1997%29.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez">Second presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Second inauguration of Carlos Andrés Pérez">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Gran_Viraje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Gran Viraje (page does not exist)">El Gran Viraje</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Viraje" class="extiw" title="es:El Gran Viraje">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">February 1992 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November 1992 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Orchid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Orchid (page does not exist)">Operation Orchid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Orqu%C3%ADdea" class="extiw" title="es:Operación Orquídea">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impeachment Carlos Andrés Pérez (page does not exist)">Impeachment</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_destituci%C3%B3n_de_Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" class="extiw" title="es:Proceso de destitución de Carlos Andrés Pérez">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber of Deputies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1947 Venezuelan general election">1947 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1958 Venezuelan general election">1958 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1963 Venezuelan general election">1963 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1973 Venezuelan general election">1973 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1988 Venezuelan general election">1988 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Venezuelan parliamentary election">1998 parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanca_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Blanca Rodríguez">Blanca Rodríguez</a> (wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CAP_2_Intentos" title="CAP 2 Intentos">CAP 2 Intentos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAP_In%C3%A9dito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAP Inédito (page does not exist)">CAP Inédito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_rebeli%C3%B3n_de_los_n%C3%A1ufragos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La rebelión de los náufragos (page does not exist)">La rebelión de los náufragos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paper_Tigers_and_Minotaurs" title="Paper Tigers and Minotaurs">Paper Tigers and Minotaurs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Notables" title="Los Notables">Los Notables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_(Venezuela)" title="Twelve Apostles (Venezuela)">Twelve Apostles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luis_Herrera_Campins" title="Luis Herrera Campins">Luis Herrera Campins →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi" title="Jaime Lusinchi">← Jaime Lusinchi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jaime_Lusinchi" title="Category:Jaime Lusinchi">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups_in_Venezuela_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuelan_coups" title="Template:Venezuelan coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuelan_coups" title="Template talk:Venezuelan coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuelan_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuelan coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups_in_Venezuela_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Venezuela&#124;link=Venezuela" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1908 Venezuelan coup d'état">1908</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Venezuelan coup d'état">1945</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Venezuelan coup d'état">1948</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>1992 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>c</sup> successful coup</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_since_1991" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups since 1991</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts" title="List of coups and coup attempts">List of coups and coup attempts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_by_country" title="List of coups and coup attempts by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_and_coup_attempts_since_2010" title="List of coups and coup attempts since 2010">since 2010</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Malian coup d'état">Mali (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Soviet Union (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_Georgian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991–1992 Georgian coup d'état">Georgia (1991–1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Venezuela (1992) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sierra_Leonean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état">Sierra Leone (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">Algeria (1992)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="1992 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">Azerbaijan (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russia (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="1993 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_the_Volunteers" title="Coup of the Volunteers">Lithuania (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nigerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Nigerian coup d'état">Nigeria (1993)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Gambian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Gambian coup d'état">Gambia (1994)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Lesotho_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1994 Lesotho coup d'état">Lesotho (1994)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberian_coup_attempt" title="1994 Liberian coup attempt">Liberia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1994 Cambodian coup d'état attempt">Cambodia (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_attempt" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup attempt">Azerbaijan (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Qatari_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1995 Qatari coup d'état">Qatar (1995)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="1995 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Guinean_coup_attempt" title="1996 Guinean coup attempt">Guinea (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Iraqi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Iraqi coup attempt">Iraq (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Burundian coup d'état">Burundi (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1996 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1996)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Qatari_coup_attempt" title="1996 Qatari coup attempt">Qatar (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="1996 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">Cambodia (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1997 Turkish military memorandum">Turkey (1997)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Zambian_coup_attempt" title="1997 Zambian coup attempt">Zambia (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">Pakistan (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Ivorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Ivorian coup d'état">Côte d'Ivoire (1999)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Solomon_Islands_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Solomon Islands coup d'état">Solomon Islands (2000)</a> <sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Central African Republic (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Ivorian_coup_attempt" title="2002 Ivorian coup attempt">Côte d'Ivoire (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2003 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Central African Republic (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Mauritanian_coup_attempt" title="2003 Mauritanian coup attempt">Mauritania (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Philippines (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2003)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2003 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2004 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2004 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Equatorial_Guinea_coup_attempt" title="2004 Equatorial Guinea coup attempt">Equatorial Guinea (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2004 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylas_uprising" title="Andahuaylas uprising">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">Nepal (2005)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Togolese coup d'état">Togo (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2005)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2006 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Malagasy_coup_attempt" title="2006 Malagasy coup attempt">Madagascar (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">Fiji (2006)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_siege" title="Manila Peninsula siege">Philippines (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Omdurman_attack" title="2008 Omdurman attack">Sudan (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">Mauritania (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2008)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis" title="2009 Malagasy political crisis">Madagascar (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2010 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2010)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Madagascar_coup_attempt" title="2010 Madagascar coup attempt">Madagascar (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2011 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2011 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladeshi_coup_attempt" title="2011 Bangladeshi coup attempt">Bangladesh (2011)</a></li> <li>Mali (2012) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">March</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_counter-coup_attempt" title="2012 Malian counter-coup attempt">April</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Guinea-Bissau_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état">Guinea-Bissau (2012)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="2012 Sudanese coup attempt">Sudan (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Eritrean_Army_mutiny" title="2013 Eritrean Army mutiny">Eritrea (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Central African Republic (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Chadian_coup_attempt" title="2013 Chadian coup attempt">Chad (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">Egypt (2013)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Libyan_coup_attempt" title="2013 Libyan coup attempt">Libya (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_coup_attempts" title="2014 Libyan coup attempts">Libya (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">Thailand (2014)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2014 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Yemen (2014–15)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burundian coup attempt">Burundi (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">Turkey (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2016 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_clashes_(2016%E2%80%932018)" title="Western Libya clashes (2016–2018)">Libya (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Zimbabwe (2017)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">Yemen (2018)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gabonese_coup_attempt" title="2019 Gabonese coup attempt">Gabon (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">Sudan (2019)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region_coup_attempt" title="Amhara Region coup attempt">Ethiopia (2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2020)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2021)" title="Battle of Bangui (2021)">Central African Republic (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nigerien_coup_attempt" title="2021 Nigerien coup attempt">Niger (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">Mali (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Guinean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Guinean coup d'état">Guinea (2021)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_self-coup" title="2021 Tunisian self-coup">Tunisia (2021)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li>Sudan (2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Burkina Faso (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_coup_attempt" title="2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt">São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Gambian_coup_attempt" title="2022 Gambian coup attempt">Gambia (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudan (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Nigerien coup d'état">Niger (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gabonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2023 Gabonese coup d'état">Gabon (2023)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">Burkina Faso (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Sierra_Leone_coup_attempt" title="2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt">Sierra Leone (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guinea-Bissau_coup_attempt" title="2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt">Guinea-Bissau (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State_coup_attempt" title="Oyo State coup attempt">Nigeria (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_attempt" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt">DR Congo (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="2024 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>‡</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">Self-coup</a> or its attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>[no symbol]</small></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup</a> attempt</i></li> <li><sup><small>c</small></sup> <i>Successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></i><br />See also: <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Plots_and_conspiracies" title="Template:Plots and conspiracies">Plots and conspiracies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_in_the_Americas_since_1900" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Template talk:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas coup d'état"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_self-coups,_and_attempted_coups_in_the_Americas_since_1900" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coups</a>, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1900 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1900)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1902)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1902)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1904)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Revolt#Generalization_of_conflicts_and_coup_attempt" title="Vaccine Revolt">Brazil (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1905)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1908 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1908)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1909 Peruvian coup attempt">Peru (1909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexico (1911)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1912) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">February</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_1912_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March 1912 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">March</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">Mexico (1913)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1914_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1914 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (Jan 1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1914 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1914_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1914 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (Nov 1914)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1915)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Costa_Rican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1917 Costa Rican coup d'état">Costa Rica (1917)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1919 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1919)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Salvadoran_presidential_election#Aftermath" title="1919 Salvadoran presidential election">El Salvador (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1920 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1920)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Mexican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Mexican coup d'état">Mexico (1920)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copacabana_Fort_revolt" title="Copacabana Fort revolt">Brazil (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 Chilean coup d'état (page does not exist)">Chile (1924)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1925 Chilean coup d'état">Chile (1925)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution_(Ecuador)" title="July Revolution (Ecuador)">Ecuador (1925)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Romero_Bosque#Ending_the_Menéndez–Quiñónez_dynasty" title="Pío Romero Bosque">El Salvador (1927)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1930 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Brazil (1930)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Panamanian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Panama (1931)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1931 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1931)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1931) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo#First_presidency" title="Carlos Ibáñez del Campo">July</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931" title="Chilean naval mutiny of 1931">September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norte_Grande_insurrection" title="Norte Grande insurrection">December</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (1932) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 Chilean coup d'état (page does not exist)">June</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antofagasta_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antofagasta coup d'état (page does not exist)">September</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 Uruguayan coup d'état">Uruguay (1933)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution_of_1933" title="Cuban Revolution of 1933">Cuba (1933)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1934)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1935)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution_(Paraguay)" title="February Revolution (Paraguay)">Paraguay (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nicaraguan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Nicaraguan coup d'état">Nicaragua (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1936 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1936)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_Ecuadorian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 Ecuadorian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1937)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Brazil (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">Chile (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariostazo" title="Ariostazo">Chile (1939)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Estigarribia#Post_war" title="José Félix Estigarribia">Paraguay (1940)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Panamanian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Panama (1941)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Baldomir#World_War_II" title="Alfredo Baldomir">Uruguay (1942)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1943)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1943)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> (1944) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_of_Fallen_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike of Fallen Arms">May</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1944_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="October 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état">October</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1945)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1945)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_La_Paz_riots" title="1946 La Paz riots">Bolivia (1946)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 Haitian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Haiti (1946)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1947)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nicaraguan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Nicaraguan coup d'état">Nicaragua (1947)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Salvadoran coup d'état (page does not exist)">El Salvador (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (1948)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1949) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=January_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="January 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">January</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=February_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="February 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">February</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Colombian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Colombia (1949)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_Bolivian_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 Bolivian Civil War (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1949_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1949 Paraguayan coup d'état (page does not exist)">Paraguay (Sep 1949)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1950 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1950)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Argentine_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Argentine coup attempt (page does not exist)">Argentina (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1951 Panamanian coup d'état">Panama (1951)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamertazo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamertazo (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1951)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Cuban_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1952 Cuban coup d'état">Cuba (1952)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_National_Revolution" title="Bolivian National Revolution">Bolivia (1952)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1953)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">Paraguay (1954)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1954)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora" title="Revolución Libertadora">Argentina (1955)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1955 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacareacanga_revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacareacanga revolt (page does not exist)">Brazil (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 Honduran coup d'état (page does not exist)">Honduras (1956)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Colombian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1957 Colombian coup d'état">Colombia (1957)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_military_junta_of_1957" title="Guatemalan military junta of 1957">Guatemala (1957)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1958_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="July 1958 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">Venezuela (1958)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragar%C3%A7as_Revolt" title="Aragarças Revolt">Brazil (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuba (1959)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1960)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1961 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1961)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1961)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1962)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1962)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Dominican_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Dominican coup d'état">Dominican Republic (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1963)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1964)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">Brazil (1964)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentina (1966)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Panamanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Panamanian coup d'état">Panama (1968)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">Peru (1968)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1969)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="1970 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Bolivian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Bolivian coups d'état (page does not exist)">Bolivia (1970)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (1971) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Bolivian_coup_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Bolivian coup attempt (page does not exist)">January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">August</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1972 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1972)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carnavalazo" title="El Carnavalazo">Ecuador (1972)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Salvadoran_coup_attempt" title="1972 Salvadoran coup attempt">El Salvador (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">Uruguay (1973)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanquetazo" title="Tanquetazo">Chile (Jun 1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">Chile (Sep 1973)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Decree_11947" title="Supreme Decree 11947">Bolivia (1974)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacnazo" title="Tacnazo">August</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1975 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1975)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Ecuadorian_coup_attempt" title="1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt">Ecuador (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">Argentina (1976)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 Ecuadorian coup d'état (page does not exist)">Ecuador (1976)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (1978)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (1978) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1978_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1978 Bolivian coup d'état">July</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=November_1978_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 1978 Bolivian coup d'état (page does not exist)">November</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadian Revolution">Grenada (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">El Salvador (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Massacre" title="All Saints' Massacre">Bolivia (1979)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Surinamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Surinamese coup d'état">Suriname (1980)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Bolivian coup d'état">Bolivia (1980)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dog" title="Operation Red Dog">Dominica (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1982)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Guatemalan coup d'état">Guatemala (1983)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Austin#1983_Coup_d'etat" title="Hudson Austin">Grenada (1983)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Bolivian_coup_attempt" title="1984 Bolivian coup attempt">Bolivia (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="June 1988 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (Jun 1988)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1988_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 1988 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (Sep 1988)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Panamanian_coup_attempt" title="1988 Panamanian coup attempt">Panama (Mar 1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Panamanian_coup_attempt" title="1989 Panamanian coup attempt">Panama (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">Paraguay (1989)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt" title="Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt">Trinidad and Tobago (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Surinamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Surinamese coup d'état">Suriname (1990)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (1991)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (1992) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (1992) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup">April</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_attempt" title="1992 Peruvian coup attempt">November</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Guatemalan_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis">Guatemala (1993)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="1996 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">Ecuador (2000)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Paraguayan_coup_attempt" title="2000 Paraguayan coup attempt">Paraguay (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locumba_uprising" title="Locumba uprising">Peru (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Haitian_coup_attempt" title="2001 Haitian coup attempt">Haiti (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Venezuela (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">Haiti (2004)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andahuaylazo">Peru (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2009 Honduran coup d'état">Honduras (2009)</a><sup><small>c</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peruvian_self-coup_attempt" title="2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt">Peru (2022)</a><sup><small>‡</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Bolivian coup d'état attempt">Bolivia (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>c</sup> successful coup</li> <li><sup>‡</sup> <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></li> <li>no sign for <i>attempted coup</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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