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data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_comunal" class="extiw" title="es:Consejo comunal">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(May 2021)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fes.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConsejo_comunal&sl=es&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Consejo comunal]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Consejo comunal}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Talk:Venezuelan communal councils">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In April 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Venezuela" title="Government of Venezuela">Government of Venezuela</a> passed The Law of <b>Communal Councils</b> (<i>consejos comunales</i>) which empowers local citizens to form neighbourhood-based elected councils that initiate and oversee local policies and projects towards community development. Many Communal Councils became <a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">colectivos</a> after they were armed by the Venezuelan government.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 19,500<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> councils were registered throughout the country and billions of dollars have been distributed to support their efforts by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communal councils are a group of elected persons from a self-defined residential neighbourhood of about 150 to 400 families in urban areas, or closer to 20 families in rural areas, and potentially 10 in indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOBAL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOBAL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal decision making body of a communal council is the citizens' assembly. The formal functioning committee is composed of the following five units:<sup id="cite_ref-GLOBAL_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOBAL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Citizens' Assembly</li> <li>Executive Body</li> <li>Financial Management Unit</li> <li>Unit of Social Oversight (Anti-corruption)</li> <li>Community Coordination Collective</li></ul> <p>All council persons are people within the community elected by the citizens' assembly for a period of 2 years. No person can occupy positions in more than one unit at time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit_of_social_oversight">Unit of social oversight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unit of social oversight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unit of Social Oversight is a group of five community members elected by the Citizens' Assembly. They are an independent group who monitor and report on the application of council resources and activities towards the community development plan. They are also known as the Anti-corruption Unit.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_Coordination_Collective">Community Coordination Collective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Community Coordination Collective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Community Coordination Collective (composed of one elected spokesperson from the Executive Body, Financial Management Unit & Anti-Corruption Unit respectively) is charged with galvanizing community organization, informing and training community members, and coordinating with the local militia reserves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International">International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communal councils circles exist in other countries and are widespread in Europe, North America, and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a June 2014 publication by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_a_Secure_Free_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for a Secure Free Society (page does not exist)">Center for a Secure Free Society</a>, it was stated that even though some of those circles in Canada had disbanded </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there were about 15 circles throughout the United States in 2005. In an article by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i>, the circles were present in cities such as Cincinnati, Boston, Miami, Salt Lake City, Knoxville and Milwaukee, with the largest organization in Miami having about 185 members.<sup id="cite_ref-MH2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MH2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_situation">Present situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eight months after the law was passed, over 16,000 councils had already formed throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12,000 of them had received funding for community projects – $1 billion total, out of a national budget of $53 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The councils had established nearly 300 communal banks, which have received $70 million for micro-loans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2007 19,500 councils were registered.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law of Communal Councils was last reaffirmed and updated in November 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Land_Committees" title="Urban Land Committees">Urban Land Committees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Venezuela: A Mafia State?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Medellin,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medellin, Colombia">Medellin, Colombia</a>: <a href="/wiki/InSight_Crime" title="InSight Crime">InSight Crime</a>. 2018. pp. 3–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+A+Mafia+State%3F&rft.place=Medellin%2C+Colombia&rft.pages=3-84&rft.pub=InSight+Crime&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Últimas Noticias (5 March 2007)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aporrea.org/poderpopular/n94588.html">"Minpades registra 19 mil 500 consejos comunales"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://participedia.net/method/5370">"Venezuelan Communal Councils"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuelan+Communal+Councils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparticipedia.net%2Fmethod%2F5370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLOBAL-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GLOBAL_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLOBAL_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215622/http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/venezuela/communalcouncils.html">"The Special Law on Communal Councils"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Exchange" title="Global Exchange">Global Exchange</a></i>. 29 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/venezuela/communalcouncils.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Exchange&rft.atitle=The+Special+Law+on+Communal+Councils&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalexchange.org%2Fcountries%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela%2Fcommunalcouncils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cclahorqueta.es.tl/Contraloria-Social.htm">"Organo de Contraloria Social"</a> [Body for Social Comptrollership] (in Spanish). Community Council "La Horqueta" San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organo+de+Contraloria+Social&rft.pub=Community+Council+%22La+Horqueta%22+San+Fernando+de+Apure%2C+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcclahorqueta.es.tl%2FContraloria-Social.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702060307/http://bolivariancircle.org/">"Bolivarian Circles | Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolivariancircle.org">the original</a> on 2 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolivarian+Circles+%26%23124%3B+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolivariancircle.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span> Bolivarian Circles in Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MH2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MH2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachelet2005" class="citation news cs1">Bachelet, Pablo (21 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125055531/http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/13221493.htm">"Chávez builds base with grass-roots circles in U.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/13221493.htm">the original</a> on 25 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+builds+base+with+grass-roots+circles+in+U.S.&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft.aulast=Bachelet&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miami.com%2Fmld%2Fmiamiherald%2F13221493.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVenezuelan+communal+councils" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wynter, Coral & Jim McIlroy (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenleft.org.au/2006/693/35989">“Marta Harnecker: Venezuela's experiment in popular power,”</a> Green Left Weekly, issue #693, 6 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Universal (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2006/12/09/eco_art_104901.shtml">“Fides entregó más de un billón para consejos comunales,”</a> El Universal, 6 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ultimas Noticias (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aporrea.org/dameverbo.php?docid=86144">“Bancos comunales satisfacen necesidades de crédito,”</a> Ultimas Noticias, November 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Últimas Noticias 5 March 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aporrea.org/poderpopular/n94588.html">[1]</a>></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venezuelan_communal_councils&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"LEY DE LOS CONSEJOS COMUNALES" Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. No 5806. April 10, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/venezuela/communalcouncils.html">English HTML version</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ve/ns2/leyes.asp?id=735">Spanish HTML version</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funtha.gov.ve/fundacite2005b/download/Ley_de_Consejos_Comunales.pdf">Spanish PDF version</a></li> <li>Marcano, L. Ciro (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hugeog.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=145:tnlbttsc&catid=39:v2n3&Itemid=64">"From the Neo-Liberal Barrio to the Socialist Commune"</a>, Human Geography, A New Radical Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minpades.gob.ve/view/Consejos%20Comunales.php">"Consejos Comunales"</a>, Ministerio de Participacion Popular y Desarrollo Social, Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laescueladeciudadanos.org.ve/lista.asp?sec=26">La Escuela de Ciudadanos, Consejos Comunales section</a> - list recent news articles about the councils.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zcommunications.org/venezuela-peoples-power-by-site-administrator">Video interview</a> with Michael Albert about Communal Councils in Carora and elsewhere in Venezuela.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template talk:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Tenure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Decree 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Danilo_Anderson" title="Assassination of Danilo Anderson">Assassination of Danilo Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Maria_Lourdes_Afiuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni">Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yare_prison_riot" title="Yare prison riot">Yare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Uribana_prison_riot" title="2013 Uribana prison riot">2013 Uribana prison riot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda_affair" title="Rodrigo Granda affair">Rodrigo Granda affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" title="2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations">2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Energy_Summit" title="South American Energy Summit">South American Energy Summit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Maniceros_massacre" title="Los Maniceros massacre">Los Maniceros massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_trade_union_leadership_referendum" title="2000 Venezuelan trade union leadership referendum">2000 trade union referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">2004 recall referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2007 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Florentino" title="Mission Florentino">Florentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Habitat" title="Mission Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Identidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Piar" title="Mission Piar">Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Vuelta al Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Vuelvan Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Foreign_Commerce" title="National Center for Foreign Commerce">National Center for Foreign Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snitch_Law" title="Snitch Law">Snitch Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Con mis hijos no te metas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Altamira_military" title="Plaza Altamira military">Plaza Altamira military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–2003 general strike</a></li> <li>Protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llaguno_Overpass_events" title="Llaguno Overpass events">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004</a></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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