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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_(1937-1940)" title="الحكومة المؤقتة لجمهورية الصين (1937-1940) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحكومة المؤقتة لجمهورية الصين (1937-1940)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_provisional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_China" title="Gobierno provisional de la República de China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno provisional de la República de China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B0-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B3%DB%B7)" title="دولت موقت جمهوری چین (۱۹۴۰-۱۹۳۷) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت موقت جمهوری چین (۱۹۴۰-۱۹۳۷)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_provisoire_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_de_Chine" title="Gouvernement provisoire de la république de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement provisoire de la république de Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9E%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80_(1937%EB%85%84)" title="중화민국 임시정부 (1937년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중화민국 임시정부 (1937년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Sementara_Republik_Tiongkok" title="Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_provvisorio_della_Cina" title="Governo provvisorio della Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo provvisorio della Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorlopige_Regering_van_de_Republiek_China" title="Voorlopige Regering van de Republiek China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorlopige Regering van de Republiek China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1937%E5%B9%B4-1940%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民国臨時政府 (1937年-1940年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中華民国臨時政府 (1937年-1940年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_provisoriske_regjering" title="Kinas provisoriske regjering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinas provisoriske regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_(1937%D8%A1%E2%80%931940%D8%A1)" title="جمہوریہ چین دی عارضی حکومت (1937ء–1940ء) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمہوریہ چین دی عارضی حکومت (1937ء–1940ء)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_Provis%C3%B3rio_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_da_China" title="Governo Provisório da República da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo Provisório da República da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9)" title="Временное правительство (Северный Китай) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Временное правительство (Северный Китай)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9)" title="Тимчасовий уряд (Північний Китай) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тимчасовий уряд (Північний Китай)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_(1937%D8%A1%E2%80%931940%D8%A1)" title="جمہوریہ چین کی عارضی حکومت (1937ء–1940ء) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ چین کی عارضی حکومت (1937ء–1940ء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_L%C3%A2m_th%E1%BB%9Di_Trung_Hoa_D%C3%A2n_Qu%E1%BB%91c_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Chính phủ Lâm thời Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (1937–1940) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ Lâm thời Trung Hoa Dân Quốc (1937–1940)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1937%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941940%E5%B9%B4)" title="中華民國臨時政府 (1937年—1940年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中華民國臨時政府 (1937年—1940年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q704714#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Provisional Government<br />of the Republic of China</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">中華民國臨時政府</span><br /><i>Zhōnghuá Mínguó Línshí Zhèngfǔ</i><br /><i>Chūka Minkoku Rinji Seifu</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1937–1940</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1939%E2%80%931940).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)"><img alt="Flag of Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Five_Races_Under_One_Union" title="Five Races Under One Union">Five Races Under One Union Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinminism (page does not exist)">Xinminism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:新民主義">ja</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Song_to_the_Auspicious_Cloud" title="Song to the Auspicious Cloud">Song to the Auspicious Cloud</a></i><br />(1937–1940)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-卿雲歌-Modified_from_1921-1928_(Beiyang_government)_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg/Song-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASong-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASong-to-the-Auspicious-Cloud-%E5%8D%BF%E9%9B%B2%E6%AD%8C-Modified_from_1921-1928_%28Beiyang_government%29_Anthem.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Reformed,_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_(1937-1940)_-_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)"><img alt="Location of Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/250px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/375px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg/500px-Map_of_Reformed%2C_Provisional_Gov_of_ROC_and_Mengjiang_%281937-1940%29_-_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">Unrecognized state</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Chinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President of the Executive Council<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1937–1940 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Government established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merged into <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1940</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The sign of the government unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a> in Beijing on December 14, 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg/220px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg/330px-%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Signs on Tiananmen Gate hailing the founding of the government in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Provisional Government of the Republic of China</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> that existed from 1937 to 1940 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. It had been formed largely on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> commanders in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">north China</a>, before securing approval from Japanese government authorities in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. Thus the Provisional Government had nominal authority in Japanese occupied zones in north China, while to the south the <a href="/wiki/Central_China_Expeditionary_Army" title="Central China Expeditionary Army">Central China Expeditionary Army</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a> in 1938, which had authority in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> area. Both essentially served as a local organ of the Japanese military authorities, due to the presence and extensive powers of Japanese advisors within the Provisional Government over native Chinese bureaucrats, and because it never made any attempt to secure <a href="/wiki/International_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition">international recognition</a>, even from Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Northern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern China">Northern China</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> authorized the creation of a collaborationist regime as part of its overall <a href="/wiki/North_China_Buffer_State_Strategy" title="North China Buffer State Strategy">strategy</a> to establish an autonomous buffer zone between China and Japanese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Initially, this resulted in the creation of local and provincial autonomous administrations, such as the <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a>. But plans were drawn up throughout 1937 to unite all of these smaller regimes into one that would serve as a future central government of China. The Provisional Government united these smaller local councils and nominally controlled the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>. However, the regime's real influence was largely limited to where Japanese military control extended permanently, which meant its jurisdiction was in larger cities and railways. The authority of the Provisional Government was further limited by the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Inner Mongolian autonomous government</a> and the continued resistance of the East Hebei Government to fully integrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings199792_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings199792-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrune2002521_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrune2002521-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was officially inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> Minister of Finance and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> banker, on 14 December 1937, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Wang was assisted by <a href="/wiki/Tang_Erho" title="Tang Erho">Tang Erho</a>, who served as chairman of the Legislative Yuan and Minister of Education. Initially Major General <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Kita" title="Seiichi Kita">Seiichi Kita</a>, the head of the local Japanese special services and foremost "puppeteer" in north China on whose initiative the Provisional Government would be formed, wanted the head of state to be either <a href="/wiki/Cao_Kun" title="Cao Kun">Cao Kun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a>, former warlords of the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">early republican period</a> who had some national fame in China. But neither one took up the post because their price for collaboration was too high. In the end, the Provisional Government leadership did not include anyone of renown or fame. Many of its members were older bureaucrats whose careers spanned the early republican era (1910s and 1920s) and even the preceding <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. Some had picked the wrong side during the warlord era and thus were bitterly anti-Kuomintang. The difficulty that Kita and other Japanese faced in recruiting members for the puppet regime caused a delay of its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197288–89_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197288–89-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its activities were carefully prescribed and overseen by advisors provided by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Northern_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Northern China Area Army">Japanese Northern China Area Army</a>. The failure of the Japanese to give any real authority to the Provisional Government discredited it in the eyes of the local inhabitants, and made its existence of only limited propaganda utility to the Japanese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200234_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200234-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Provisional Government was, along with the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a>, merged into <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>'s Nanjing-based <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">reorganized national government</a> on 30 March 1940, but in practical terms actually remained virtually independent under the name of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=North_China_Political_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North China Political Council (page does not exist)">North China Political Council</a>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">華北政務委員會</span></span>) until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2007166_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2007166-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the same members of the Provisional Government continued to serve the Japanese in north China throughout the 1940s in their original capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main source of its sovereignty was a constitution written by an unelected committee. The internal structure of the Provisional Government was similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, but in practice there was little division of power between the different branches, which were the four yuan: Executive, Legislative, Control, and Judicial (the <a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a>'s powers had been given to the ministry of education). The <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a> was abolished not long after the government was established. The <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a> was given great powers at the expense of the other branches, however, such as deciding all legislation and having the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> (whose members were appointed by the Executive) merely rubber stamp its decisions. The Executive supervised five ministries, which did not include either a foreign affairs or military ministry, most notably (although there was a ministry of public security). The Provisional Government never made any serious attempt to secure international recognition, not even from Japan. Some representatives had been sent to Tokyo but these were more "ambassadors of goodwill" rather than officially accredited diplomats. No formal treaties or other agreements were concluded by the Provisional Government, with all negotiations done directly with the authorities of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/North_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North China Area Army">North China Area Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its official ideology was <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and it condemned the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek for destroying China with their policies. The Provisional Government took the view that the Kuomintang took unnecessarily hostile actions towards Japan, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communists</a>, and thus ended up damaging China. The ideas of Confucianism, such as the "kingly way," were considered by the government to be antidotes to the social damage caused by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>. As it sought to distance itself from the Chinese Nationalist principles this later brought contention with the other collaborator <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> when negotiations occurred to bring the Provisional Government under the fold of his new <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a> in 1940, which portrayed itself as the legitimate heirs of the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972105_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972105-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Education Ministry and the "New People's Society" were in charge of spreading these aforementioned ideas through the usage of propaganda. The latter group had been established as the brainchild of Major General Seiichi Kita, modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. It was essentially a political organ that was designed to spread the government's ideas to the public and mobilize economic and military support for the Provisional Government and Japan. The New People's Society was not a mass organization with millions of members but a small tight-knit group that included many smaller sub-organizations. Among their activities ranged from training future civil servants, sending students to Japan, giving medical services to remote villages, providing disaster relief, establish free tea houses, promoting Chinese art and pilgrimages to Confucian temples, as well as discussing political events in their radio stations and official newspaper, the New People's Daily. The core values emphasized were Confucian virtues, familial piety, respect for authority, and devotion to scholarship. In the end, however, the organization failed to rally mass public support for the Provisional Government and Japan, being countered by the Communist Party's propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197292–95_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197292–95-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officials">Officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" width="56%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" width="38%">Minister </th> <th>Post </th> <th>Former Post in the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">Beiyang Government</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Kemin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wang_Kemin.jpg/100px-Wang_Kemin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wang_Kemin.jpg/150px-Wang_Kemin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wang_Kemin.jpg/200px-Wang_Kemin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1409" /></a></span> </td> <td>President of the Executive Council<br />Minister of Administration </td> <td>Minister of Finance </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tang_Erho" title="Tang Erho">Tang Erho</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Erhe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tang_Erhe.jpg/80px-Tang_Erhe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tang_Erhe.jpg/120px-Tang_Erhe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tang_Erhe.jpg/160px-Tang_Erhe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="488" /></a></span> </td> <td>President of the Discussion Council<br />Minister of Education </td> <td>Minister of Finance </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Kang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Kang (page does not exist)">Dong Kang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%BA%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:董康">zh</a>]</span> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dong_Kang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dong_Kang.jpg/80px-Dong_Kang.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dong_Kang.jpg/120px-Dong_Kang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dong_Kang.jpg/160px-Dong_Kang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td>President of the Judiciary Council </td> <td>Minister of Justice<br />Minister of Finance </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yitang" title="Wang Yitang">Wang Yitang</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Yitang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wang_Yitang.JPG/100px-Wang_Yitang.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wang_Yitang.JPG/150px-Wang_Yitang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wang_Yitang.JPG/200px-Wang_Yitang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="418" /></a></span> </td> <td>Minister of the Interior </td> <td>Minister of Interior Affairs </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xieyuan" title="Qi Xieyuan">Qi Xieyuan</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qi_Xieyuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Qi_Xieyuan.jpg/80px-Qi_Xieyuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Qi_Xieyuan.jpg/120px-Qi_Xieyuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Qi_Xieyuan.jpg/160px-Qi_Xieyuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="418" /></a></span> </td> <td>Minister of Security<br />Commander-in-chief of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_China_Pacification_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North China Pacification Army (page does not exist)">North China Pacification Army</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89%E5%86%9B" class="extiw" title="zh:华北治安军">zh</a>]</span> </td> <td>Military Inspector of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yintai" title="Wang Yintai">Wang Yintai</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Yintai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wang_Yintai.jpg/80px-Wang_Yintai.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wang_Yintai.jpg/120px-Wang_Yintai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Wang_Yintai.jpg/160px-Wang_Yintai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="413" /></a></span> </td> <td>Minister of Industry </td> <td>Minister of Foreign Affairs<br />Minister of Justice </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chaozong" title="Jiang Chaozong">Jiang Chaozong</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Chaozong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jiang_Chaozong.jpg/80px-Jiang_Chaozong.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jiang_Chaozong.jpg/120px-Jiang_Chaozong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jiang_Chaozong.jpg/160px-Jiang_Chaozong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td>Mayor of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Special City </td> <td>Infantry Commander </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gao_Lingwei" title="Gao Lingwei">Gao Lingwei</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg/80px-%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg/120px-%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg/160px-%E9%AB%98%E5%87%8C%E9%9C%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="439" /></a></span> </td> <td>Mayor of the <a href="/wiki/Tianjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianjing">Tianjing</a> Special City </td> <td>Minister of Interior Affairs<br />Acting <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1938 the Japanese had the Provisional Government establish a "Federal Reserve Bank" with the primary intent of severing north China's financial structures from the rest of Kuomintang-controlled China, as well as to shatter the finances of the Kuomintang government by destabilizing its currency. The Provisional Government declared that the Chinese national currency used by the Nationalists could only remain in circulation for one year before its own Federal Reserve Bank notes would become the primary currency of the region. It allowed the regime to offset its lack of ability to collect tax revenues from its nominal territory, for a time. </p><p>However, it was not long before mass inflation began and neither Chinese merchants nor Japanese businessmen decided to accept the new bank notes. The Kuomintang currency remained in use everywhere outside of the Japanese military's immediate reach, while <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</a> guerrillas operating in north China declared it illegal to possess Federal Reserve Bank notes. Also, foreign businesses operating in the port of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> refused to accept the new currency. The circulation of Japanese military scrips for the purchases of local goods and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> notes also added to the confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federal Reserve Notes continued to be one of three separate currencies in the Japanese-occupied areas of China until the Japan's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 95–96">: 95–96 </span></sup> </p><p>The trafficking of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> also played a major role in the financial activities of the Japanese military in north China. A so-called "Opium Prohibition Bureau" had been established, but it actually had the task of bringing the narcotics trade under the control of the authorities rather than suppressing it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the major industries in north China had been placed under the control of Japanese businesses, and while a Sino-Japanese Economic Council had been established in March 1938 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> with the intent of being used to resolve disputes over economic matters, in the end the final decisions regarding the economy were still made in Tokyo. Industries such as resource production (iron, coal, electricity, etc.) as well as communications and transportation had been placed in the hands of either the China Development Company, an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway Company">South Manchurian Railway Company</a> that was under the Japanese military's control, or major Japanese firms. However, there was little Japanese or Chinese capital attracted to such ventures in north China, and as the war went on Japan's primary emphasis was placed on resource extraction for its war effort, rather than such projects as in improving the local infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972100–103_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972100–103-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1938 the Provisional Government nationalised railway and bus companies, and the <a href="/wiki/North_China_Transportation_Company" title="North China Transportation Company">North China Transportation Company</a> was established to manage all railway and bus services in the government's territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army#Provisional_Government" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army § Provisional Government</a></div> <p>The security of the Provisional Government was at first based around a 5,000-man police force. The Provisional Government Army began to be organized in May 1938 with the organization of a Japanese-run military academy in <a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongzhou District, Beijing">Tongzhou</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">Non-commissioned officers</a> (NCOs) began six months of training in February 1939 and the army officially formed in September 1939. At first the Army had to fill most of the officer and NCO slots with former Nationalist officers until the newly trained officers could take charge. The army's target strength was to consist of 13,200 men in eight <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> of 1,650 men each. Six of the regiments were organized in three <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a> of two regiments each and put under the command of a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> with a Japanese advisor. In addition, a 400-man-strong bodyguard was formed to protect government officials after all of Wang Kemin's Japanese bodyguards were assassinated. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200444_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200444-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The order of battle as of September 1939 was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200444_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200444-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1st Brigade '<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>' (Maj. Gen. Liu Fengzhi) <ul><li>1st Regiment (Beijing)</li> <li>2nd Regiment (Tongzhou)</li></ul></li> <li>2nd Brigade '<a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a>' (Maj. Gen. Huang Nanbeng) <ul><li>3rd Regiment (Baoding)</li> <li>4th Regiment (<a href="/wiki/Zhengding_County" title="Zhengding County">Zhengding</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>3rd Brigade '<a href="/wiki/Kaiping" title="Kaiping">Kaiping</a>' (Maj. Gen. Lu Zhensheng) <ul><li>5th Regiment (Kaiping)</li> <li>6th Regiment (Tangshan)</li></ul></li> <li>7th Independent Regiment '<a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>' (Col. Sun Zhizhang)</li> <li>8th Independent Regiment '<a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>' (Col. Ma Wenzhi)</li></ul> <p>After the formation of the Nanjing Nationalist Government under Wang Jingwei, the troops that had formerly been under the Provisional Government effectively remained under the authority of the North China Political Council led by Wang Kemin. By 1940, it was reported that the local army in north China numbered some 26,000 men, which were increased to 41,000 due to a recruitment drive, organized into 22 regiments along with eight independent and training regiments. Local police forces numbered some 135,000 while local militia were around 200,000, but the latter were regarded as completely unreliable by the Japanese due to lack of training and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200485–87_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200485–87-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of the Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modified version used in 1921–1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">行政委員會委員長</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">行政委员会委员长</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xíngzhèng Wěiyuánhuì Wěiyuánzhǎng</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國臨時政府</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中华民国临时政府</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Mínguó Línshí Zhèngfǔ</span></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">中華民国臨時政府</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūka Minkoku Rinji Seifu</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings199792-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings199792_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1997">Jennings (1997)</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrune2002521-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrune2002521_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrune2002">Brune (2002)</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197283–85_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197290–91_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197288–89-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197288–89_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200234-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200234_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2002">Black (2002)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2007166-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2007166_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2007">Li (2007)</a>, p. 166.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLi2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972105-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972105_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197292–95-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197292–95_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 92–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle197297–99_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:023_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoble2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parks_M._Coble" title="Parks M. Coble">Coble, Parks M.</a> (2023). <i>The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War</i>. Cambridge New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5"><bdi>978-1-009-29761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+Nationalist+China%3A+How+Chiang+Kai-shek+Lost+China%27s+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-29761-5&rft.aulast=Coble&rft.aufirst=Parks+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972100–103-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1972100–103_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1972">Boyle (1972)</a>, pp. 100–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200444-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200444_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200444_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowett200485–87-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowett200485–87_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowett2004">Jowett (2004)</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2002" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2002). <i>World War Two: A Military History</i>. Routeledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30535-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30535-7"><bdi>0-415-30535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+Two%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Routeledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-30535-7&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1972" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, John H. (1972). <i>China and Japan at War, 1937-1945; The Politics of Collaboration</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804708002" title="Special:BookSources/0804708002"><bdi>0804708002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Japan+at+War%2C+1937-1945%3B+The+Politics+of+Collaboration&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0804708002&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrune2002" class="citation book cs1">Brune, Lester H. (2002). <i>Chronological History of US Foreign Relations</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93916-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93916-X"><bdi>0-415-93916-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+History+of+US+Foreign+Relations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-93916-X&rft.aulast=Brune&rft.aufirst=Lester+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1997" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, John (1997). <i>The Opium Empire: Japanese Imperialism and Drug Trafficking in Asia, 1895-1945</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275957594" title="Special:BookSources/0275957594"><bdi>0275957594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opium+Empire%3A+Japanese+Imperialism+and+Drug+Trafficking+in+Asia%2C+1895-1945&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0275957594&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2004" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Phillip S. (2004). <i>Rays of the Rising Sun</i>. Vol. 1. Helion & Co., Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874622-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-874622-21-3"><bdi>1-874622-21-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rays+of+the+Rising+Sun&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-874622-21-3&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman1999" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Bernard (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretwarinshang00bern"><i>Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-98537-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-98537-4"><bdi>0-395-98537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+War+in+Shanghai%3A+An+Untold+Story+of+Espionage%2C+Intrigue%2C+and+Treason+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-395-98537-4&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretwarinshang00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiDray-NoveyKong2007" class="citation book cs1">Li, Lillian M.; Dray-Novey, Alison J.; Kong, Haili (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beijingfromimper00lili"><i>Beijing: From Imperial Capital to Olympic City</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60527-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60527-5"><bdi>978-0-230-60527-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing%3A+From+Imperial+Capital+to+Olympic+City&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60527-5&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Lillian+M.&rft.au=Dray-Novey%2C+Alison+J.&rft.au=Kong%2C+Haili&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeijingfromimper00lili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProvisional+Government+of+the+Republic+of+China+%281937%E2%80%931940%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdoc.enpchina.eu/">Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China</a></i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937-1940)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937-1940)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937-1940)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">National Government</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1927–1948)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Provisional Government of the Republic of China </b><br />1937–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei's reorganized National Government</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1940–1945)</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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<a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Occupied Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Occupied West Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Occupied Malaya</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Occupied British Borneo</a></div></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Occupied Hong Kong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Occupied Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Occupied Guam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Occupied Nauru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Occupied Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Occupied Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Occupied New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704714#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704714#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124323829">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79091141">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550348705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937–1940)&oldid=1253915467">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937–1940)&oldid=1253915467</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1937_establishments_in_China" title="Category:1937 establishments in China">1937 establishments 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