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</button> <ul id="toc-Digital_Audio_Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growth_and_benefits_of_DAB_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_benefits_of_DAB_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Growth and benefits of DAB in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_benefits_of_DAB_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_DAB_Multiplex_Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_DAB_Multiplex_Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Criticism of DAB Multiplex Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_DAB_Multiplex_Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DAB+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DAB+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>DAB+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DAB+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DAB_frequency_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DAB_frequency_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>DAB frequency plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DAB_frequency_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VHF_Band_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VHF_Band_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>VHF Band III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VHF_Band_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_Dependencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_Dependencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Crown Dependencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_Dependencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L_Band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L_Band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>L Band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L_Band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BBC_National_DAB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BBC_National_DAB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>BBC National DAB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BBC_National_DAB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_DAB_multiplexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_DAB_multiplexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Commercial DAB multiplexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_DAB_multiplexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_scale_DAB_multiplexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_scale_DAB_multiplexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>Small scale DAB multiplexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_scale_DAB_multiplexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_terrestrial_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_terrestrial_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Digital terrestrial television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_terrestrial_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_satellite_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_satellite_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital satellite radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_satellite_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_cable_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_cable_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital cable television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_cable_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internet radio</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internet_radio-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internet radio subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internet_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5G_broadcast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5G_broadcast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>5G broadcast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5G_broadcast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Legal restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Radio_Mondiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Radio_Mondiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Digital Radio Mondiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Radio_Mondiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Digital Multimedia Broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogue_switch-over" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogue_switch-over"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Analogue switch-over</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogue_switch-over-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_and_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_and_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Application and licensing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_and_licensing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application and licensing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_and_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Application_and_licensing_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_and_licensing_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Application and licensing procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_and_licensing_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_national_ensemble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_national_ensemble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>First national ensemble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_national_ensemble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Local ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_ensembles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_ensembles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Regional ensembles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_ensembles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_national_ensemble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_national_ensemble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Second national ensemble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_national_ensemble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_licence_advertisement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_licence_advertisement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>First licence advertisement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_licence_advertisement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_licence_advertisement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_licence_advertisement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Second licence advertisement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_licence_advertisement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_Scale_DAB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_Scale_DAB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Small Scale DAB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_Scale_DAB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.1</span> <span>Trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_small_scale_DAB_rollout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_small_scale_DAB_rollout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.2</span> <span>Permanent small scale DAB rollout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_small_scale_DAB_rollout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Radio_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Radio_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Digital Radio UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Radio_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Official sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_regional_multiplex_sites_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_regional_multiplex_sites_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>National and regional multiplex sites operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_regional_multiplex_sites_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_scale_multiplex_sites_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_scale_multiplex_sites_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Small scale multiplex sites operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_scale_multiplex_sites_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_Internet_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_Internet_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>UK Internet radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_Internet_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Other sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=U.DAB&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="U.DAB">U.DAB</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg/200px-DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg/300px-DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg/400px-DAB_Digital_Radio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A typical DAB digital radio receiver with the Digital Radio Development Bureau <i>DAB digital radio</i> marketing logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the roll-out of <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a> has been proceeding since engineering test transmissions were started by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1990 followed by a public launch in September 1995. The UK currently has one of the world's biggest digital radio networks, with about 500 transmitters, three national <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a> <a href="/wiki/DAB_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB ensemble">ensembles</a>, one regional DAB ensemble, 48 local DAB ensembles and an increasing number of small-scale DAB ensembles broadcasting over 250 commercial and 34 <a href="/wiki/List_of_BBC_radio_stations" title="List of BBC radio stations">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a> across the UK. In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> there are already more than 100 different digital stations available.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to DAB and DAB+, radio stations are also broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> platform as well as <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a> in the UK. Digital radio ensemble operators and stations need a broadcasting licence from the UK's media regulator <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> to broadcast. </p><p>In the long term there will be a switchover from analogue to digital radio when the <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> services will cease. The government has set criteria on the coverage and proportion of digital listening before this occurs. In 2018 the criteria of over 50% of digital radio listening was met which will now require the UK Government to review digital radio in view of a potential switchover.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the BBC stated it would keep some FM radio for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180319_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180319-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital radio in the United Kingdom is being promoted by radio stations and the broadcasting industry on the premise that it provides superior quality sound over AM, a wider choice of radio stations, is easier to use, and is resistant to the <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a> which other broadcast media are susceptible to.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, critics say that coverage is not yet sufficient and the quality can be less than that of FM. </p><p>In the UK, 65.8% of all radio listening hours by the third quarter of 2021 were through digital platforms, with DAB making up the majority of digital radio listening (65.3% of digital radio listening).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first quarter of 2020, 66.7% of UK people aged 15+ claimed to have access to a DAB radio set at home.<sup id="cite_ref-OfcomDigitalRadioReport_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfcomDigitalRadioReport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_Audio_Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Digital Audio Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of radio stations in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/DAB_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB ensemble">DAB ensemble</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Digital_Audio_Broadcasting_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Digital Audio Broadcasting in the UK">Timeline of Digital Audio Broadcasting in the UK</a></div> <p>Experimental transmissions of the DAB Eureka 147 standard from the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a> by the BBC started in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with permanent transmissions covering London in September 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the expansion of its <a href="/wiki/Single-frequency_network" title="Single-frequency network">single-frequency network</a> in the spring of 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the BBC national ensemble was available to 65% of the UK population by 2001, 85% by 2004<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDCMS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDCMS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 96.4% by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DAB+ full-time broadcasts began in 2016.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Broadcasting Act of 1996 allowed the introduction of national, regional and local commercial ensembles in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first national ensemble licence for DAB from the <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Radio Authority</a> was advertised in 1998 and one applicant applied for the licence. The licence was awarded to the GWR Group and NTL Broadcast, who since the launch were renamed <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DigitalOne_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DigitalOne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two companies formed the <a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> ensemble, which began broadcasting on 15 November 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Digital One ensemble has grown and is currently available to over 90% of the UK population<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although an Ofcom report into Digital Radio in 2015 puts robust household coverage at 89.8% of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_benefits_of_DAB_in_the_UK">Growth and benefits of DAB in the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth and benefits of DAB in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_digital_radio_listening.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UK_digital_radio_listening.png/350px-UK_digital_radio_listening.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UK_digital_radio_listening.png/525px-UK_digital_radio_listening.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UK_digital_radio_listening.png/700px-UK_digital_radio_listening.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing the listening share of the United Kingdom's digital radio platforms – DAB(+), digital TV and online through a device or smartphone/tablet app</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the uptake of DAB has increased since the launch of the BBC national DAB ensemble in 1995. Lower prices, new radio stations and marketing have increased the uptake of DAB radio in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital radios were first sold as car radios in 1997, priced around £800, with hi-fi tuners costing up to £2,000 being released two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDCMS_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDCMS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, Digital One invested in Frontier Silicon to produce a new processing chip which would allow cheaper portable radios to be produced. <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Radio" title="Roberts Radio">Roberts Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodmans_Industries" title="Goodmans Industries">Goodmans</a> and in 2002, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Digital">Pure Digital</a>'s award-winning<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evoke series of radios broke the £100 price barrier, and DAB take up has increased since.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDCMS_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDCMS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BBC and other DAB broadcasters have been encouraging DAB take up by promoting a number of features which are either new or improve upon former technology in their sales literature. The benefit of DAB is that due to the use of multiplexing technology and encoding technology, broadcasters including the BBC and EMAP have been able to launch exclusive digital radio stations alongside their existing analogue radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadcasters also state that DAB offers better reception, without the problems of interference that are more noticeable through analogue radio.<sup id="cite_ref-Benefits_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benefits-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DAB radios also come with features such as station lists, so listeners do not need to retune their receivers, as well as scrolling text, providing information such as breaking news, travel information or the latest track information.<sup id="cite_ref-Benefits_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benefits-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DAB has also been marketed as having two major advantages over analogue radio broadcasting in that using <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">lossy audio compression</a> technology and more recently DAB+ using <a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding</a>, parts of the audio spectrum that cannot be heard by humans are discarded, meaning less data needs to be sent over the air. This, as well as <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> technology, allows a number of channels to be broadcast together on one frequency as opposed to one channel for analogue radio broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National, local and regional DAB ensembles use the same frequency for the area they cover. Using a <a href="/wiki/Single-frequency_network" title="Single-frequency network">single-frequency network</a>, an ensemble broadcasting a number of stations can cover the same area as a number of VHF frequencies which would be required to cover the same area for one station. The BBC carried out successful tests of a single-frequency network in London before launching its national DAB ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_DAB_Multiplex_Operators">Criticism of DAB Multiplex Operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism of DAB Multiplex Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DAB audibly, in some cases, provides worse audio quality than FM – perhaps due to greed of Multiplex Operators wishing to create more services within the same bandwidth; by using very low bitrates. In 2020, most commercial stations use only 32–64 kbps (DAB+ with <a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> codec) while those stations maintaining the old DAB standard (MP2) have switched to mono with 64–80 kbps.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bit rate of 256 kbps (MP2) has been judged to provide a high quality stereo broadcast signal. The <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rates</a> used by the radio stations on cable and satellite are usually higher. Many internet radio streams also use low bitrates but with MP3 rather than MP2 – providing better audio quality at the same reduced bandwidth (bit rate). On the other hand, an <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> survey, which was undertaken due to many consultation responses citing poor DAB quality, found that 94% of DAB listeners thought DAB was at least as good as FM.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Ofcom estimated that even after extra <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> has been allocated to DAB, around 90 local radio stations will be unable to transmit on DAB, either because there is no space for them on a local DAB multiplex, or because they cannot afford the high transmission costs of DAB that the multiplex operators are charging.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ofcom announced in 2005 that it regarded <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a> (DRM) as an option for local stations unable to secure carriage or unable to pay the high transmission costs of DAB.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 January 2009, Ofcom allowed electrical retailers to be granted a licence to rebroadcast DAB signals within their stores to demonstrate DAB radio sets. The United Kingdom consumer charity, <i><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a></i> warned that consumers who could not get an adequate DAB signal could be misled by the in-store sets. The Digital Radio Development Bureau replied to the <i>Which?</i> report stating that stores contain a steel structure which produce a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a> effect where DAB signals are blocked out. The DRDB recommended that consumers should check DAB coverage online with their <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postcode</a> before purchasing a DAB radio to avoid disappointment.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 November 2010, a number of commercial radio operators refused to run an <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">advertisement</a> promoting DAB, one operator stating that it would be "fundamentally immoral and dishonest" until DAB coverage matches that of FM. Commercial radio executives have argued that the BBC should pick up the majority of the cost of expanding the DAB network across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DAB+"><span id="DAB.2B"></span>DAB+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: DAB+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg/220px-Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg/330px-Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg/440px-Portable_radio_receiving_DAB%2B_transmission_in_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption>A DAB+ transmission of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Radio Anthems">Virgin Radio Anthems</a> on the Sound Digital multiplex in the UK, being received by a compatible radio</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting#DAB+" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting § DAB+</a></div> <p>DAB+ is a major upgrade to DAB. It is not backwards compatible. The main difference is the use of the more efficient <a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a> which doubles the number of stations up to about 20 in one bouquet. Most European countries quickly adopted DAB+ between 2015 and 2019. Only a small number of DAB-only receivers had been sold before which became worthless. In the UK, with the early success of DAB, the situation is different. In 2020, about half of the stations use DAB+, mostly new services, while the BBC and the big commercial stations continue to use the old DAB standard. DAB+ was first tested in the United Kingdom in 2013 before regular services were launched in 2016. The United Kingdom Government had previously ruled out any transition from DAB to DAB+ for the foreseeable future, a decision backed by the radio industry and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.<sup id="cite_ref-DABPlusParliament_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABPlusParliament-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief executive of the DRDB, Tony Moretta, mirrored the calls by the radio industry and experts not to adopt DAB+ in the UK. In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/TechRadar" title="TechRadar">TechRadar</a> website in 2009, he claimed that DAB+ was a "red herring" and may not be introduced in the UK for the foreseeable future due to the growing number of digital radio sets currently being sold and used in the future which cannot decode and therefore access DAB+ stations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent radio analyst Grant Goddard also stated that there was an economic decision not to adopt DAB+ for both the industry and consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-DABPlusParliament_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DABPlusParliament-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite opposition aired to the government regarding the introduction of DAB+ in the United Kingdom by the industry and experts, Ofcom began testing DAB+ on the Brighton Experimental ensemble in January 2013 for a period of one month.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2014, the BBC announced that it would undertake a trial of DAB+ in the UK later in the year<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 1 September 2014, Folder Media began a four-month trial of DAB+ on the North East Wales and West Cheshire ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2016, two new stations launched DAB+ services on the Portsmouth trial multiplex.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound Digital, operators of one of the national multiplexes, launched three full-time broadcasting DAB+ services on 29 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then a number of stations have launched on DAB+ or switched from DAB to DAB+. As of September 2016, there were over 30 DAB+ stations being broadcast in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017 the Brighton multiplex became the UK's first to only broadcast DAB+.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Department of Culture, Media and Sport published minimum specifications for digital radio receivers in the UK in February 2013 which states that a receiver sold in the UK must be capable of decoding a DAB+ stream of up to 144 capacity units.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radios must support DAB+ to receive the digital tick mark.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this is not mandatory and many retailers continue to sell DAB receivers that do not support DAB+. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DAB_frequency_plan">DAB frequency plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: DAB frequency plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DAB radio stations in the United Kingdom are broadcast on a number of frequency blocks on <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">Band III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKMinSpec_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKMinSpec-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original plan devised in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> for the framework of DAB in Europe was to allocate frequency blocks 11B to 12D for UK DAB broadcasting. However, as part of its Review of Radio, Ofcom has expanded the frequency allocations for DAB and has advertised local and a national ensemble licence on blocks outside the original Wiesbaden plan on 10B to 10D and 11A.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block 5A has also been reserved for the launch of local ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, additional blocks were opened up for small scale DAB trials for an initial period of nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ofcom reiterated the use of a number of frequency blocks between 7D and 9C for any future roll-out of small scale DAB multiplexes in its final report regarding the small scale DAB multiplexes published in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first permanent Small Scale DAB licensed were advertised during 2021 with the trial licenses being awarded to the trial licensees.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="VHF_Band_III">VHF Band III</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: VHF Band III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>VHF Band III <p>sub-band </p> </th> <th>Block </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>England </th> <th>Wales </th> <th>Scotland </th> <th>Northern Ireland </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>5A </td> <td>174.928 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles (not currently in use) </td> <td>None </td> <td>None </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">2 </td> <td>7D </td> <td>194.064 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>8A </td> <td>195.936 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>8B </td> <td>197.648 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>9A </td> <td>202.928 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>9B </td> <td>204.640 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>9C </td> <td>206.352 MHz </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">3 </td> <td>10B </td> <td>211.648 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles; small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>10C </td> <td>213.360 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>None </td> <td>None </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>10D </td> <td>215.072 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles; small scale DAB </td> <td>Local ensembles; small scale DAB </td> <td>None </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>11A </td> <td>216.928 MHz </td> <td>Sound Digital ensemble </td> <td>Sound Digital ensemble </td> <td>Sound Digital ensemble </td> <td>Sound Digital ensemble </td></tr> <tr> <td>11B </td> <td>218.640 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>None </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>11C </td> <td>220.352 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles; small scale DAB </td> <td>None </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>Small scale DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>11D </td> <td>222.064 MHz </td> <td>Digital One ensemble </td> <td>Digital One ensemble </td> <td>Local and regional ensembles </td> <td>Digital One ensemble </td></tr> <tr> <td>12A </td> <td>223.936 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Local ensembles (except West Wales) </td> <td>Digital One ensemble </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>12B </td> <td>225.648 MHz </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td></tr> <tr> <td>12C </td> <td>227.360 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles (except the south coast)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Local ensembles<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>12D </td> <td>229.072 MHz </td> <td>Local ensembles (except the south coast); small scale DAB </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>Local ensembles </td> <td>Local ensembles </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Crown_Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crown Dependencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The frequency plan and usage of DAB for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">crown dependencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> are co-ordinated and administered by the United Kingdom's media regulator Ofcom. The Isle of Man ensemble is granted a broadcasting licence from the <a href="/wiki/Communications_and_Utilities_Regulatory_Authority" title="Communications and Utilities Regulatory Authority">Communications and Utilities Regulatory Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>VHF Band III sub-band </th> <th>Block </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Channel Islands </th> <th>Isle of Man </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">3 </td> <td>11C </td> <td>220.352MHz </td> <td>None </td> <td>Local ensemble </td></tr> <tr> <td>12A </td> <td>223.936MHz </td> <td>Local ensemble </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>12B </td> <td>225.648MHz </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td> <td>BBC National DAB ensemble </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L_Band">L Band</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: L Band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under a Maastricht plan in 2002, the UK also has <a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> allocations for local terrestrial DAB,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there are no plans to broadcast any digital radio stations on L band. Ofcom auctioned spectrum in L band in 2008 for a number of uses, including terrestrial digital radio.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 May 2008, Ofcom declared that <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> UK Spectrum Ltd had won the auction of L band frequencies in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-QualcommLBand_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QualcommLBand-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BBC_National_DAB">BBC National DAB</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: BBC National DAB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC_National_DAB" title="BBC National DAB">BBC's national DAB</a> ensemble broadcasts on frequency block 12B (225.648 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>) across the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with coverage currently at 96.4% of UK households.<sup id="cite_ref-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiplex is owned and operated by the BBC and is transmitted from a number of transmitter sites across the country. The BBC's national multiplex carries only BBC national <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">Local BBC radio</a> stations are carried on the relevant local DAB ensemble where commercial DAB licences are operating.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_DAB_multiplexes">Commercial DAB multiplexes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commercial DAB multiplexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of commercial DAB multiplexes operators in the UK who run 48 local and regional DAB multiplexes across the United Kingdom. operators include the two national operators, <a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a> as well as local multiplex operators including NOW Digital, <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Group">Wireless Group</a>, Switch Digital and <a href="/wiki/MuxCo" title="MuxCo">MuxCo</a>. Local and regional ensembles cover 77.8% of UK households.<sup id="cite_ref-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfcomDigitalRadioReportPDF-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Small_scale_DAB_multiplexes">Small scale DAB multiplexes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Small scale DAB multiplexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An increasing number of small scale DAB multiplexes broadcast in a number of areas across the UK. From what began with ten trial multiplexes (London, Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham, Bristol, Portsmouth, Norwich, Brighton, Cambridge and Aldershot) with initially a nine-month trial, extended to March 2020 by Ofcom at the request of the Department of Culture, Media and Sport.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, the trial licences were extended again until December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial multiplexes have mostly been replaced by permanent licences as awarded by Ofcom. By 6 October 2023 more than 230 areas had been identified for SSDAB licenses across six licensing rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_terrestrial_television">Digital terrestrial television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital terrestrial television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg/300px-EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg/450px-EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg/600px-EmleyMoorMastSpring2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Transmitters including <a href="/wiki/Emley_Moor_transmitting_station" title="Emley Moor transmitting station">Emley Moor</a> (pictured) broadcast digital radio via DAB and digital terrestrial television</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Digital radio on the digital terrestrial platform started on 30 October 2002<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the launch of the BBC's digital only radio services, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC 1Xtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Sports_Extra" title="BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra">BBC Five Live Sports Extra</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC 6 Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC 7</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a>, as well as existing stations <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Five_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Radio Five Live">BBC Radio Five Live</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. All the stations broadcast on the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex (TV)">multiplex</a> B. </p><p>On the same day EMAP Radio (now owned by <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer Radio">Bauer Radio</a>) launched three radio stations, <a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits_Radio" title="Smash Hits Radio">Smash Hits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerrang!_Radio" title="Kerrang! Radio">Kerrang!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiss_100_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss 100 London">Kiss</a>. Two other <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial radio</a> stations also launched, <a href="/wiki/Oneword" title="Oneword">oneword</a> and <a href="/wiki/102.2_Jazz_FM" title="102.2 Jazz FM">Jazz FM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BBC later launched <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">Radio 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">Radio 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">Radio 4 FM</a> on multiplex A on 14 February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These channels later moved to Multiplex 1 on 3 October 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2022, the digital terrestrial platform has 28 radio stations broadcasting nationally from broadcasters including the BBC, Bauer Radio, <a href="/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global Radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Group">Wireless Group</a>, as well as numerous BBC local stations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_satellite_radio">Digital satellite radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital satellite radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike North America, the UK does not have a commercial <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> service. </p><p>There are radio stations broadcasting via <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a> to the United Kingdom, however these are aimed at home users for playback through their televisions since these same satellites are also used for television broadcast and usually use <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a>' <a href="/wiki/Astra_(satellite)" title="Astra (satellite)">Astra</a> series of satellites at <a href="/wiki/Astra_28.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 28.2°E">28.2° east</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_28A" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat 28A">28A</a> satellite at 28.5° east. Radio stations broadcast <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a> platforms and any <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> compliant <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> platform has all the BBC's national and regional digital radio stations as well as <a href="/wiki/BBC_London_94.9" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC London 94.9">BBC London 94.9</a> from the launch on 6 May 2008 on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_Astra_28.2%C2%B0E_(Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom)" title="List of free-to-air channels at Astra 28.2°E (Ireland and the United Kingdom)">EPG</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WorldSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldSpace">WorldSpace</a> was planning a <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription</a> based digital radio satellite service on the upper frequencies of the L band,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Qualcomm beat WorldSpace in 2008, securing the L band frequencies in the Ofcom auction process.<sup id="cite_ref-QualcommLBand_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QualcommLBand-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_cable_television">Digital cable television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Digital cable television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of digital radio stations also broadcast through <a href="/wiki/Digital_cable" title="Digital cable">digital cable</a> platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media" title="Virgin Media">Virgin Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/WightFibre" title="WightFibre">WightFibre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet_radio">Internet radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internet radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, over 350 of the UK's radio stations also <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">stream</a> their stations online, not including <a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licensed</a> radio stations, <a href="/wiki/Hospital_radio" title="Hospital radio">Hospital radio</a> stations and stations who solely broadcast online.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, about 2600 stations from the UK are streaming online.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the BBC and commercial radio operators launched <a href="/wiki/Radioplayer" title="Radioplayer">RadioPlayer</a> which allows over 400 radio stations to be listened to through its website and apps. In addition various radio stations and third parties allow streaming of internet radio stations through their own websites and apps. A number of British firms, including <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a>, Reciva, <a href="/wiki/Pure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Digital">Pure Digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Radio" title="Roberts Radio">Roberts Radio</a> and Acoustic Energy have brought out <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio_device" title="Internet radio device">Internet radio devices</a> which use the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> signal from a router to stream Internet radio stations within range of a Wi-Fi router.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the latter half of the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">smart speakers</a> have increased in popularity as a device for listening to live and on demand digital radio services.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RAJAR reported that in the period October 2016 to February 2017, 6% of BBC radio and 8% of commercial radio is listened to online and through apps.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5G_broadcast">5G broadcast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 5G broadcast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/5G_Broadcast" title="5G Broadcast">5G Broadcast</a></div> <p>The BBC is trialling <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> broadcast radio in the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the view to provide a digital radio platform across the United Kingdom and in particular, areas which will be unlikely or never covered by DAB via the existing radio and forthcoming 5G transmission infrastructure with <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> broadcasting being seen as the long term replacement for DAB.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC's national services and the local BBC radio service, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Orkney" title="BBC Radio Orkney">BBC Radio Orkney</a>, is being delivered through a specially adapted <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sounds" title="BBC Sounds">BBC Sounds</a> smartphone application to trialists. The BBC announced in May 2019 that it would extend the 5G broadcasting trial in Orkney until the end of September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_restrictions">Legal restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Phonographic_Performance_Limited" title="Phonographic Performance Limited">Phonographic Performance Limited</a> (PPL) announced that it would charge additional royalty fees on UK <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> stations if they broadcast outside the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-PPL_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPL-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio stations which stream online including <a href="/wiki/GCap_Media" title="GCap Media">GCap Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMG_Radio" title="GMG Radio">GMG Radio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have implemented <a href="/wiki/IP_blocking" class="mw-redirect" title="IP blocking">IP blocking</a> to prevent listeners outside the UK from listening to their radio stations and therefore avoided the increased fees.<sup id="cite_ref-PPL_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPL-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, <a href="/wiki/TuneIn" title="TuneIn">TuneIn</a> lost a court case brought by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> in the UK's <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a>. As a result of the case, radio stations not licensed by Ofcom in the UK can no longer legally be displayed on an "<a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">audio guide service</a>", listened or tuned into by a listener without paying a <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalty payment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_Radio_Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Digital Radio Mondiale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a> <i>(DRM – not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital Rights Management</a>)</i> was being considered by <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> for introduction in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> in 2012, on the present MW (medium wave) band. In the present day,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> transmissions are limited to a small number of broadcasts by the BBC and other international broadcasters.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, tests of DRM on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> radio from European transmitters broadcasting into the United Kingdom were performed by <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Virgin Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Gold" title="Classic Gold">Classic Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_Classic_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Radio Classic Rock">Virgin Radio Classic Rock</a>, Asian Sound and CVC.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> started broadcasting the BBC World Service on shortwave and <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> radio for a few hours a day<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across Europe from <a href="/wiki/Orfordness_transmitting_station" title="Orfordness transmitting station">Orford Ness</a> in Suffolk and <a href="/wiki/Kvits%C3%B8y" title="Kvitsøy">Kvitsøy</a> in Norway, the latter being receivable across England, Wales and Southern Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the BBC broadcasts the BBC World Service using DRM for one hour a day from the <a href="/wiki/Woofferton_transmitting_station" title="Woofferton transmitting station">Woofferton transmitting station</a> in Shropshire. </p><p>The BBC undertook a trial of the digital radio mondiale (DRM) technology, which allowed them to explore digital radio using medium-wave frequencies. The trial broadcast <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Devon" title="BBC Radio Devon">BBC Radio Devon</a> using the new technology in the Plymouth area from April 2007<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and closed down on 31 October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDRMDevon-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009, the BBC released a report on the trial in Devon. The report gave a number of conclusions about DRM from the trial:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRMTechnicalWhitePaper_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRMTechnicalWhitePaper-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The sound quality from the trial was better than AM quality, but not as good as average DAB quality;<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDRMDevon-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The daytime coverage of the DRM trial extended further than the discontinued AM service. However, the night-time service, as expected to be smaller than daytime coverage due to the characteristics of medium wave broadcasting,<sup id="cite_ref-DRMTechnicalWhitePaper_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRMTechnicalWhitePaper-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did cause problems with interference to the DRM trial. The BBC stated this interference can be avoided, but only with a redesign of the transmission network;<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Single-frequency_network" title="Single-frequency network">single frequency network</a> is possible and would be significantly <a href="/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">robust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCDRMDevon-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting">Digital Multimedia Broadcasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Digital Multimedia Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grid Wireless">National Grid Wireless</a> carried out a technical trial of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Multimedia Broadcasting">T-DMB</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DAB-IP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAB-IP (page does not exist)">DAB-IP</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Stoke_%26_Stafford_(DAB_Multiplex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoke & Stafford (DAB Multiplex)">Stoke & Stafford</a> (formerly UTV-EMAP/Bauer Stoke) ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial assessed the reception qualities of both technologies in urban and rural areas as well as the <a href="/wiki/Telematics" title="Telematics">mobile television</a> and radio services which could be delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an ongoing experimental DMB multiplex broadcast in London on L-Band and Cambridge on VHF Band III, used for video, audio and data applications which have since ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogue_switch-over">Analogue switch-over</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Analogue switch-over"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2010" title="Digital Economy Act 2010">Digital Economy Act 2010</a> has a requirement stating that the United Kingdom must prepare for digital switchover.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 January 2009 the UK Government's interim report into digital communication for the future by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Carter,_Baron_Carter_of_Barnes" title="Stephen Carter, Baron Carter of Barnes">Lord Carter</a>, <i>Digital Britain</i>, made the suggestion that DAB would be the future direction of digital radio in the United Kingdom. It states that only when the following conditions are met, a migration from FM to DAB would begin: </p> <ul><li>Digital radio listening figures hit at least 50%;</li> <li>Coverage of national DAB matches that of FM and local DAB reaches of 90% of the population and all major roads<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The original Interim Report of the Digital Radio Working Group published in 2008 specified that the 50% threshold for listening figures should be based on those for DAB. This was subsequently watered down to incorporate listening via any digital platform so as to make it easier to meet the criteria. </p><p>In 2010 the government created a digital action plan which was delivered in November 2013. On 16 December 2013 they announced that "now is not the time to commit to a switchover". An updated report was released in January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010 Ofcom has produced annual reports on the take-up of digital radio.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 2018 the BBC stated it would keep some FM radio for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180319_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180319-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 May 2018, RAJAR, the UK radio audience measurement research company for the UK radio industry published figures that stated that the UK had exceeded the threshold of 50% of radio listening was to digital radio platforms which will trigger the UK Government to begin a review of the progress of digital radio and assess future plans toward a potential digital switchover.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_and_licensing">Application and licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Application and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Kingdom media and communications regulator <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> (and before the formation of Ofcom, the Radio Authority) advertises and provides the licences for digital radio services in the United Kingdom, under the Broadcasting Acts of 1990 and 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-procedure_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procedure-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_and_licensing_procedures">Application and licensing procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Application and licensing procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ofcom awards licences for digital radio services differently depending on the type of service and the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-procedure_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procedure-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ofcom advertises the licences of new digital radio ensembles and are subject to an <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">open competition</a> to the highest bidder. Ensemble licence awards are awarded for twelve years. To broadcast a service on a DAB ensemble, a station must hold a Digital Sound Programme Service licence from Ofcom.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On digital television services, individual stations can apply for either a digital cable and satellite licence to broadcast on the aforementioned platforms,<sup id="cite_ref-procedure_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-procedure-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or apply for a digital terrestrial licence to broadcast on digital terrestrial television.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Digital Terrestrial Television and DAB, broadcasters also need to contact the ensemble or <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplex</a> operator of a local or national DAB ensemble or digital terrestrial multiplex to broadcast within a region.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DAB ensemble operators have three elements to the charges they levy on radio services<sup id="cite_ref-:4_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are subject to a minimum <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-term contract">fixed-term</a> and do not include any other possible one-off fees for scenarios such as a station moving its base of operations to another location: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fee </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carriage Fee </td> <td>A fee based on the capacity units and hours broadcast that a broadcaster pays. The more capacity units a service uses and the more hours a service broadcasts for, the higher the fee. </td></tr> <tr> <td>(Telecoms) Contribution Fee </td> <td>A fee paid for the encoding and distribution of an audio feed to the ensemble operator. Depending on the ensemble operator, this could be charged to stations at a distance outside of the transmission area or could be charged universally. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deposit </td> <td>A fee levied at the beginning of the contract agreement, non-refundable and used to pay fees in the last year of the contract period. Depending on the ensemble operator, this could be applied to new companies or companies without a long-standing trading record or it could be applied universally. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On Digital Satellite, radio stations need to secure capacity with a transponder operator and an uplink to a satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To broadcast on the <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky</a> platform, a broadcaster must also secure an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a> slot allowing viewers to navigate to their channel using the set-top-boxes provided by Sky. A request for an EPG slot must be done up to nine months in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same procedure applies to secure a slot on the <a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> platform, although stations need to contact Freesat UK Ltd instead of Sky. On Digital Cable, broadcasters need to contact a cable supplier for carriage. All stations broadcast in the UK must legally hold a music copyright licence from the <a href="/wiki/Phonographic_Performance_Limited" title="Phonographic Performance Limited">Phonographic Performance Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRS_for_Music" title="PRS for Music">PRS for Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical-Copyright_Protection_Society" title="Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society">Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society</a> in order for <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> to be paid to the <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a> the main bodies represent.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_national_ensemble">First national ensemble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First national ensemble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a></div> <p>On 24 March 1998, the Radio Authority advertised for the first (and at the time, the only one planned) national ensemble to be broadcast on DAB. The three national commercial services on FM and mediumwave had to be included as part of the ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/TalkSPORT" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkSPORT">talkSPORT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Virgin Radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The licence was awarded to the sole applicant, GWR Group and NTL Broadcast to form Digital One.<sup id="cite_ref-DigitalOne_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DigitalOne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original licence application included the following stations:<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Digital One Ltd (original application) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a> </td> <td>Classical music </td> <td>GWR (now part of <a href="/wiki/Global_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Radio">Global Radio</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Classic Gold Rock </td> <td>Rock music </td> <td>NTL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Club dance </td> <td>Dance music </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plays, books and music </td> <td>Comedy, drama and serials </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rolling news service </td> <td>Rolling news </td> <td>ITN </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soft AC </td> <td>Female contemporary music </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sports channel </td> <td>Live sports and comment </td> <td>Talk Radio UK </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TalkSPORT" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkSPORT">Talk Radio</a> (now talkSPORT) </td> <td>Talk radio </td> <td>Talk Radio UK (now owned by <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Group">Wireless Group</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teen and chart hits </td> <td>Pop and dance music </td> <td>GWR (now part of <a href="/wiki/Global_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Radio">Global Radio</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Virgin Radio</a> </td> <td>Complementary rock music </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SMG_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="SMG plc">SMG plc</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the closure of <a href="/wiki/PrimeTime_Radio" title="PrimeTime Radio">PrimeTime Radio</a> in 2006, the original licence was amended to allow the launch of a new classic and contemporary jazz service, <a href="/wiki/TheJazz" title="TheJazz">theJazz</a> which was launched on 25 December 2006, before 31 December 2006 deadline set in the licence amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009, Global Radio, which had acquired GCap Media – part owner of Digital One, sold its 63% stake in the ensemble to Arqiva, making them the sole owner and operator of the ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 July 2013, Digital One extended its broadcasts to Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, only one <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">Band III</a> frequency was allocated to Northern Ireland which was allocated to the local commercial ensemble. Block 11D became available in 2013 after digital television switchover in the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_ensembles">Local ensembles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Local ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Radio Authority (and subsequently Ofcom) continue to award regional ensemble licences to a number of radio groups with advertising of the licences starting from 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and licence awards being awarded from 10 May 1999, with the Birmingham ensemble being the first local licence being issued to CE Digital.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Birmingham ensemble licence award was followed by awards for licences in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, with more licences being awarded afterwards. </p><p>In October 2006, Ofcom announced a timetable of locations which would get its own DAB ensemble, where a local ensemble does not currently offer coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three blocks will be made available in VHF Band III. In May 2007, Ofcom replaced the York and Scarborough proposed licence area for a licence which covers the whole of North Yorkshire, and the Guildford plus Reigate and Crawley licences were merged to cover Surrey.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Areas covered are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Advertisement date </th> <th>Block </th> <th>Winning applicant </th> <th>Ensemble name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> </td> <td>December 2006 </td> <td>10D </td> <td>NOW Digital </td> <td>NOW Home Counties </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a> </td> <td>January 2007 </td> <td>10B </td> <td>NOW Digital (East Midlands) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NOW_Derbyshire" class="mw-redirect" title="NOW Derbyshire">NOW Derbyshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> </td> <td>February 2007 </td> <td>10D </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo North East Wales & West Cheshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> </td> <td>March 2007 </td> <td>10B </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo Hereford & Worcester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> </td> <td>April 2007 </td> <td>10C </td> <td>NOW Digital </td> <td>NOW Northampton </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> </td> <td>May 2007 </td> <td>10B </td> <td>NOW Digital </td> <td>NOW Oxford </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> </td> <td>July 2007 </td> <td>10C </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo Gloucestershire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> </td> <td>June 2007 </td> <td>12D </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo North Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a> </td> <td>August 2007 </td> <td>12D </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo Mid and West Wales </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> </td> <td>September 2007 </td> <td>10C </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo Surrey and Northern Sussex </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> </td> <td>October 2007 </td> <td>10D<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>MuxCo </td> <td>MuxCo Lincolnshire </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Economy_Act_2010" title="Digital Economy Act 2010">Digital Economy Act 2010</a> which gained <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> and became law on 8 April. 2010, some DAB ensembles will be reorganised and merged.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, local ensembles waited for both the act to commence on 12 June 2010 and a report on the planning of DAB coverage and frequencies across the UK, with the final publication made to Government on 1 May 2012 before going ahead with announcements on the launch of additional local ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a few additional areas not covered by a local ensemble were advertised:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Advertisement date </th> <th>Block </th> <th>Winning applicant </th> <th>Ensemble name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> </td> <td>April 2019 </td> <td>12A (or 11C) </td> <td>Bailiwick Broadcasting Limited<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>June 2019 </td> <td>12D<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>MuxCo Cumbria Limited<sup id="cite_ref-:5_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td>North and West <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> </td> <td>June 2019 </td> <td>11B </td> <td>Bauer Digital Radio Limited<sup id="cite_ref-:5_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Southwest Scotland</a> </td> <td>June 2019 </td> <td>10D </td> <td>No applicants </td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_ensembles">Regional ensembles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regional ensembles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first regional licence<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to cover a greater area of land compared to a local ensemble was awarded on 6 October 2000 to Switch Digital for Central Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas which were awarded and classed as regional licences include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Operator </th> <th>Licence award date </th> <th>On air date </th> <th>Closure date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Scotland</a> </td> <td>Switch Digital </td> <td>6 October 2000 </td> <td>June 2001 </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> </td> <td>MXR Ltd </td> <td>15 December 2000 </td> <td>July 2001 </td> <td>29 July 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Severn Estuary</a> </td> <td>MXR Ltd </td> <td>23 January 2001 </td> <td>July 2001 </td> <td>29 July 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> </td> <td>MXR Ltd </td> <td>9 February 2001 </td> <td>August 2001 </td> <td>27 August 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a> </td> <td>MXR Ltd </td> <td>9 March 2001 </td> <td>September 2001 </td> <td>24 September 2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> </td> <td>MXR Ltd </td> <td>28 November 2002 </td> <td>June 2003 </td> <td>29 June 2015<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In March 2009, Ofcom made a recommendation to the Government in their <i>Radio in Digital Britain</i> report that the regional ensembles should expand into a nationwide regionalised service to fill the gap made by the 4Digital Group pulling out of the second national ensemble. Ofcom cited that the regions for the second national ensemble would be:<sup id="cite_ref-RadioInDigitalBritain_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioInDigitalBritain-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, mid and southern Lincolnshire;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Midlands" title="South Midlands">South Midlands</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>;</li> <li>North East England and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>;</li> <li>North West England;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>;</li> <li>The West Midlands;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_of_England" title="West of England">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West of England</a>;</li> <li>Yorkshire, the <a href="/wiki/North_Midlands" title="North Midlands">North Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a>.</li></ul> <p>On 25 September 2012, it was announced that the MXR multiplexes will close between July and September 2013 after the shareholders <a href="/wiki/Global_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Radio">Global Radio</a> & <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a> decided not to renew the licences. Digital Radio UK stated that the released frequencies of the closed regional multiplexes would be reused for local DAB coverage roll-out.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_national_ensemble">Second national ensemble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Second national ensemble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_licence_advertisement">First licence advertisement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First licence advertisement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ofcom announced in 2005 that they would be advertising for the second national digital ensemble. As a result, <a href="/wiki/GCap_Media" title="GCap Media">GCap</a> threatened to take Ofcom to court after being told by the Radio Authority that there would not be another national ensemble. The court action was dropped after Ofcom assured GCap that none of the stations on the second ensemble would compete with existing stations on the Digital One ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December 2006, Ofcom advertised a licence for a second national digital ensemble to launch new digital radio and multimedia services on frequency block 11A (216.928 MHz).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications needed to be submitted to Ofcom by 28 March 2007. </p><p>On 29 March 2007, Ofcom announced that it had received two applications for the second national digital ensemble, from the <a href="/wiki/4_Digital_Group" title="4 Digital Group">4 Digital Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Wireless" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grid Wireless">National Grid Wireless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radio channels which made up both applications are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">4 Digital Group </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> Radio </td> <td>Speech </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_Radio" title="Channel 4 Radio">Channel 4 Radio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Closer </td> <td>Female music and lifestyle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="EMAP">EMAP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> </td> <td>Children's radio </td> <td>The Walt Disney Company </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E4_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="E4 (channel)">E4</a> Radio </td> <td>Youthful entertainment and music </td> <td>Channel 4 Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Original </td> <td>Album led alternative music </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CanWest_Global_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="CanWest Global Communications">CanWest Global Communications</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pure 4 </td> <td>Adult music and speech </td> <td>Channel 4 Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News Radio</a> </td> <td>Rolling news </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sky Broadcasting">British Sky Broadcasting</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Radio" title="Sunrise Radio">Sunrise Radio</a> </td> <td>Asian music and community programming </td> <td>Sunrise Radio Group </td></tr> <tr> <td>talkRadio </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UTV_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="UTV plc">UTV plc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Virgin Radio</a> Viva </td> <td>Younger female music station </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SMG_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="SMG plc">SMG plc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> service </td> <td>Various podcasts </td> <td>Various </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">National Grid Wireless </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a> </td> <td>Asian music and entertainment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Channel 4 Radio Station 1 </td> <td>TBA </td> <td>Channel 4 Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Channel 4 Radio Station 2 </td> <td>TBA </td> <td>Channel 4 Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colourful </td> <td>News and <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Afro-Caribbean</a> community radio </td> <td>Colourful Media Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confidential </td> <td>50+ radio station </td> <td>Confidential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confidential </td> <td>Adult-Album </td> <td>Confidential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confidential </td> <td>Asian radio station </td> <td>Confidential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confidential </td> <td>Love songs </td> <td>Confidential </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confidential </td> <td>Rolling news </td> <td>Confidential </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fun_Kids" title="Fun Kids">Fun Radio</a> </td> <td>Children's programming (13 hours) </td> <td>Children's Radio UK Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> programming </td> <td>London Christian Radio Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(DRM)" title="Radio Luxembourg (DRM)">Radio Luxembourg</a> </td> <td>Youthful alternative and indie music </td> <td>CLT/UFA </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radio Play </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Interactive participation radio</a> (6 hours) </td> <td>Somethin' Else </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 6 July 2007 Ofcom awarded the licence for the second national ensemble to the 4 Digital Group, who were required to launch its services one year after its licence award.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 10 October 2008 the 4 Digital Group pulled its plans for digital radio, including the launch of the second multiplex. Ofcom held talks with the other remaining shareholders of the 4 Digital Group to see if they were willing to continue with the launch.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2009, Ofcom recommended to the Government that the second national ensemble should be regionalised, formed by the existing regional ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioInDigitalBritain_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioInDigitalBritain-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_licence_advertisement">Second licence advertisement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Second licence advertisement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a></div> <p>On 1 July 2014, Ofcom re-advertised the second national ensemble licence on frequency 11A for interested parties to submit applications by 31 October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline was extended to 15:00 on 29 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 January 2015, it was announced that two bidders had applied for the licence to run the second national ensemble.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Listen2Digital, run primarily by Orion Media and Babcock International Group amongst others<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sound Digital, run by Arqiva, Bauer and UTV amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 March, Sound Digital was announced as the winning bidder.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of proposed radio stations submitted to Ofcom were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Listen2Digital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gem_106" class="mw-redirect" title="Gem 106">GEM</a> </td> <td>Female Adult Contemporary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orion_Media" title="Orion Media">Orion Media</a> </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fun_Kids" title="Fun Kids">Fun Kids</a> </td> <td>Children </td> <td>Children's Radio UK </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabras_Radio" title="Sabras Radio">Sabras Radio</a> </td> <td>Asian Contemporary </td> <td>Sabras Sound </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panjab Radio </td> <td>Asian Specialist </td> <td>Panjab Radio </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Share Radio </td> <td>Finance </td> <td>Share Radio </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Premier Christian Radio </td> <td>Christian (currently on Digital One) </td> <td>Premier Christian Communications </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Premier Gospel </td> <td>Christian Gospel </td> <td>Premier Christian Communications </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation Radio">Nation Radio</a> </td> <td>Male Adult Contemporary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Town & Country Broadcasting">Town & Country Broadcasting</a> </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Wireless </td> <td>Oldies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Age_UK" title="Age UK">Age UK</a> </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>Sports Radio </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>Food </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>Jazz </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>Modern Rock </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>Contemporary Hits </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio_1" title="RTÉ Radio 1">RTÉ Radio 1</a> </td> <td>Irish <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Service Broadcasting">Public Service Broadcasting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a> </td> <td>DAB+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaydio" title="Gaydio">Gaydio</a> </td> <td>LGBT </td> <td>Gaydio Digital </td> <td>DAB+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Country">Chris Country</a> </td> <td>Country </td> <td>Chris Country Broadcasting </td> <td>DAB+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Upload Radio </td> <td>Special Events </td> <td>Folder Media </td> <td>DAB+ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Sound Digital </th></tr> <tr> <td>talkRADIO </td> <td>Speech </td> <td>UTV Radio </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>talkSPORT 2 </td> <td>Sports Talk </td> <td>UTV Radio </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>talkBUSINESS </td> <td>Business </td> <td>UTV Radio </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magic Mellow </td> <td>Relaxing Music </td> <td>Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisstory" title="Kisstory">KISSTORY</a> </td> <td>"Old Skool" Dance </td> <td>Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heat_Radio" title="Heat Radio">heat radio</a> </td> <td>Pop Music </td> <td>Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_80s" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute 80s">Absolute 80s</a> </td> <td>80s Music (currently on Digital One) </td> <td>Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(radio_station)" title="Planet Rock (radio station)">Planet Rock</a> </td> <td>Rock Music (currently on Digital One) </td> <td>Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio" title="Absolute Radio">Virgin Radio</a> </td> <td>Rock & Pop </td> <td>UTV Radio/Bauer </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)" title="Jazz FM (UK)">Jazz FM</a> </td> <td>Jazz </td> <td>Jazz FM Investments Ltd </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters" title="United Christian Broadcasters">UCB Inspirational</a> </td> <td>Christian </td> <td>United Christian Broadcasters Limited </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Premier Christian Radio </td> <td>Christian (currently on Digital One) </td> <td>Premier Christian Communications </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunrise Radio </td> <td>Asian Music & Speech </td> <td>Sunrise Radio (London) Limited </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Muslim Radio </td> <td>Muslim </td> <td>Asian Sound Radio Limited </td> <td>DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td>TBC </td> <td>TBC </td> <td>Confidential </td> <td>DAB+ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_Scale_DAB">Small Scale DAB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Small Scale DAB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trials">Trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After experimentation on the Brighton experimental ensemble, Ofcom advertised for small scale DAB multiplexes<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to broadcast across the United Kingdom on ten localised multiplexes for a nine-month trial period,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then extended for an extra two years<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then until December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trials were intended to test the viability of using <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free and open source software</a> (FOSS) with low cost equipment<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to broadcast from a single transmitter, a single frequency network or channel repeaters to allow smaller radio stations to broadcast more cost effectively than is currently possible on local multiplexes.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Trial Ensembles </th></tr> <tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Operator </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Single Transmitter</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aldershot </td> <td>BFBS Aldershot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Birmingham </td> <td>Switch Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brighton and Hove </td> <td>Brighton and Hove Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bristol </td> <td>Celador Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manchester </td> <td>Niocast Digital </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norwich </td> <td>Future Digital Norfolk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portsmouth </td> <td>Angel Radio </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Single Frequency Network</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glasgow </td> <td>Brave Broadcasting </td></tr> <tr> <td>London </td> <td>U.DAB </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Channel Repeater</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambridge </td> <td>UKRD </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In September 2016, Ofcom released its final report into the experiences and results of the small scale DAB trials<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deeming them to be successful and technically sound. A number of conclusions were made regarding the trials: </p> <ul><li>The hardware and FOSS worked well with few technical problems. Issues identified regarding single frequency networks and software stability and usability have been identified and have either been fixed or are being worked on;</li> <li>Multiplex operators are working together, sharing experiences of running the trial multiplexes and furthering DAB features such as slideshows and additional DAB+ services. Seventy new services have launched across the ten multiplexes with a test and development multiplex launched afterward, inspired by the trials;</li> <li>There is demand for a roll-out of small scale DAB multiplexes across the UK which Ofcom deems as "technically possible and commercially sustainable".</li></ul> <p>A future roll-out of small scale DAB multiplexes would be performed with a number of DAB frequency blocks, subject to business users migrating away from those frequencies and also subject to Parliamentary approval through the Broadcasting (Radio Multiplex Services) Bill 2016–17 which gained <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> on 27 April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should allow at least one multiplex in most parts of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_small_scale_DAB_rollout">Permanent small scale DAB rollout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Permanent small scale DAB rollout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rollout of small scale DAB ensembles began from 1 September 2020 in areas with high demand for services and greatest benefit for small scale DAB services in round one and then ensembles within the North West of England for round two<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a further number of ensembles in each subsequent round. Applications for potential licensees are advertised for approximately two months before applicants are announced one month later. Licences are awarded from two months after the announcement of licence applicants with ensembles expected to launch by eighteen months from the date of their licence award.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first permanent small scale DAB multiplex launched in <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> on 11 December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small scale DAB multiplex licenses are grouped into rounds with the first covering the test services already established and some large cities. All round one areas were expected to be operational during 2022. Round two covered North West England with license awards in May 2022. Round three included more large towns with license awards completed in November 2022. Round 4 licenses were advertised in July 2022. Round 5 licenses which cover London and the South East of England were advertised in early 2023. 27 areas for round 6 were announced in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, UK DAB Networks one of the operators of SSDAB multiplexes started proceedings for Voluntary Liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_Radio_UK">Digital Radio UK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Digital Radio UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Digital Radio UK</b> is an organisation which represents the interests of the digital radio industry including the BBC, commercial radio companies and transmission network operator, <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a>. The organisation also promotes the use and take up of DAB in the United Kingdom and ensure that the deadline for digital migration in 2015 is met.<sup id="cite_ref-digitalradiouk_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalradiouk-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital Radio UK is formed from the Digital Radio Delivery Group which also absorbed the Digital Radio Development Bureau (DRDB).<sup id="cite_ref-digitalradiouk_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalradiouk-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of DRDB's plans, and under Digital Radio UK still is, will be to promote <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a> uptake through a website for consumers as well as print and <a href="/wiki/Radio_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio commercial">radio advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capacity units refer to a measure of a streams bitrate in addition to error correction added to the aforementioned stream. Capacity units are used to accurately determine the total capacity of a DAB ensemble.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regional ensembles for the West Midlands closed on 27 August 2013. Yorkshire closed on 29 June 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regional ensembles for the North East, South Wales and the Severn Estuary closed on 29 July 2013. North West closed on 24 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regional ensembles for the North East, South Wales and the Severn Estuary closed on 29 July 2013. North West closed on 24 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although not strictly classed as a digital radio service, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a> broadcast on digital terrestrial in audio only up until the launch of Freeview on 30 October 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One exception to this was jazzfm.com, which continued to be streamed outside the UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lincolnshire ensemble began broadcasts on block 12A after the Yorkshire ensemble closed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally advertised as two separate ensembles, Morecambe Bay as well as North and West Cumbria and Southwest Scotland. Plans were changed in June 2019 to allow applicants to decide which frequency blocks and areas they cover within the perspective area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12D is the internationally agreed frequency allotment for this area under the GE06 Plan. Wohnort's DAB Ensembles Worldwide website and the Arqiva coverage maps in the MuxCo Cumbria Limited application designate 11B as the frequency for this ensemble.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAB_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="DAB ensemble">DAB ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of radio stations in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy" title="Radio Academy">The Radio Academy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukwtv.de/cms/grossbritannien-dab/london-dab.html">"London DAB stations"</a>. <i>ukwtv.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919184735/https://ukwtv.de/cms/grossbritannien-dab/london-dab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+wants+to+keep+FM+radio+for+longer&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-43458695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukdigitalradio.com/advice/thebasics/">"ukdigitalradio: Advice"</a>. <i>www.ukdigitalradio.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193156/http://www.ukdigitalradio.com/advice/thebasics/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukdigitalradio.com&rft.atitle=ukdigitalradio%3A+Advice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukdigitalradio.com%2Fadvice%2Fthebasics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/2021_09/RAJAR%20Q3%202021%20-%20Chart%201%20-%20All%20Radio%20Listening%20-%20Clean.pdf">"RAJAR Data Release – All Radio Listening"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. RAJAR. 28 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028093510/https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/2021_09/RAJAR%20Q3%202021%20-%20Chart%201%20-%20All%20Radio%20Listening%20-%20Clean.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Will+licensing+kill+the+radio+star%3F&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.guardian.co.uk%2Fnewmedia%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1767058%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoossensPryorKong2019" class="citation web cs1">Goossens, Reed Smith LLP-Sophie; Pryor, Gregor; Kong, Hannah (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=01d4aa6f-a253-42e0-8d92-d9c2c0cc674d">"Warner and Sony vs. TuneIn – High Court mutes the radio star | Lexology"</a>. <i>www.lexology.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916142713/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=01d4aa6f-a253-42e0-8d92-d9c2c0cc674d">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lexology.com&rft.atitle=Warner+and+Sony+vs.+TuneIn+%E2%80%93+High+Court+mutes+the+radio+star+%7C+Lexology&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Goossens&rft.aufirst=Reed+Smith+LLP-Sophie&rft.au=Pryor%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Kong%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D01d4aa6f-a253-42e0-8d92-d9c2c0cc674d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/">"International radio stations now restricted on TuneIn"</a>. <i>RadioToday</i>. 14 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914102631/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/09/international-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioToday&rft.atitle=International+radio+stations+now+restricted+on+TuneIn&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2020%2F09%2Finternational-radio-stations-now-restricted-on-tunein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2020" class="citation web cs1">Thomas (13 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swling.com/blog/2020/09/tunein-ruling-may-lead-to-a-more-restrictive-future-for-uk-smart-speaker-and-internet-radio-users/">"TuneIn ruling may lead to a more restrictive future for UK smart speaker and Internet radio users"</a>. <i>The SWLing Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916191148/https://swling.com/blog/2020/09/tunein-ruling-may-lead-to-a-more-restrictive-future-for-uk-smart-speaker-and-internet-radio-users/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+SWLing+Post&rft.atitle=TuneIn+ruling+may+lead+to+a+more+restrictive+future+for+UK+smart+speaker+and+Internet+radio+users&rft.date=2020-09-13&rft.au=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswling.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F09%2Ftunein-ruling-may-lead-to-a-more-restrictive-future-for-uk-smart-speaker-and-internet-radio-users%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drm.org/what-can-i-hear/broadcast-schedule-2/">"Digital Radio Mondiale | Broadcast Schedule"</a>. <i>www.drm.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009131210/http://www.drm.org/what-can-i-hear/broadcast-schedule-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.drm.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Radio+Mondiale+%7C+Broadcast+Schedule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drm.org%2Fwhat-can-i-hear%2Fbroadcast-schedule-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405122240/http://www.drmradio.co.uk/html/drm_uk.html">"DRM UK"</a>. DRMRadio. 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British Broadcasting Corporation. 7 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061229085829/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/faq/news/story/2005/09/050907_drm_launch_release.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Launches+DRM+Service+in+Europe&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2005-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Ffaq%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2005%2F09%2F050907_drm_launch_release.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428233811/http://www.drm.org/livebroadcast/livebroadcast.php">"Live Broadcasts Schedule"</a>. Digital Radio Mondiale. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRM+Schedule+%E2%80%93+Kvitsoy&rft.pub=DRM+DX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaseportal.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbaseportal.pl%3Fhtx%3D%2Fdrmdx%2Fdetails%26cmd%3Dall%26Id%3D%3D199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/digitalmediumwave/index.shtml">"Digital Medium Wave"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306153743/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/digitalmediumwave/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Medium+Wave&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fdigitalmediumwave%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCDRMDevon-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCDRMDevon_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/devon/pdfs/project-mayflower-summary-report.pdf">"Project Mayflower: The DRM Trial Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Project+Mayflower%3A+The+DRM+Trial+Final+Report&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownloads.bbc.co.uk%2Fdevon%2Fpdfs%2Fproject-mayflower-summary-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/devon/pdfs/project-mayflower-final-audience-research-summary-report-february-2009.pdf">"Project Mayflower – Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) Trial – Final audience research summary report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=Advertisement+of+Local+Radio+Multiplex+Licence%3A+Channel+Islands&rft.date=2019-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0020%2F144821%2Flocal-dab-mux.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson2019" class="citation web cs1">Clarkson, Stuart (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/06/ofcom-changes-plans-for-north-lancashire-and-cumbria-dab/">"Ofcom changes plans for North Lancashire and Cumbria DAB"</a>. <i>Radio Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605183850/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/06/ofcom-changes-plans-for-north-lancashire-and-cumbria-dab/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Today&rft.atitle=Ofcom+changes+plans+for+North+Lancashire+and+Cumbria+DAB&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2019%2F06%2Fofcom-changes-plans-for-north-lancashire-and-cumbria-dab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/151434/advertisement-local-radio-multiplex-licences-morecambe-bay-north-and-west-cumbria-southwest-scotland.pdf">"Advertisement of Local Radio Multiplex Licence(s): Morecambe Bay, North and West Cumbria and Southwest Scotland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ofcom</i>. 11 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722155812/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/151434/advertisement-local-radio-multiplex-licences-morecambe-bay-north-and-west-cumbria-southwest-scotland.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=Advertisement+of+Local+Radio+Multiplex+Licence%28s%29%3A+Morecambe+Bay%2C+North+and+West+Cumbria+and+Southwest+Scotland&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0018%2F151434%2Fadvertisement-local-radio-multiplex-licences-morecambe-bay-north-and-west-cumbria-southwest-scotland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/175234/channel-islands-local-multiplex-award-statement.pdf">"Local radio multiplex licence award: Channel Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+radio+multiplex+licence+award%3A+Channel+Islands&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0022%2F175234%2Fchannel-islands-local-multiplex-award-statement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2019" class="citation web cs1">James, Jo (18 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/12/bauer-and-muxco-win-dab-multiplexes-in-cumbria/">"Bauer and MuxCo win DAB radio multiplexes in Cumbria"</a>. <i>RadioToday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185203/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/12/bauer-and-muxco-win-dab-multiplexes-in-cumbria/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioToday&rft.atitle=Bauer+and+MuxCo+win+DAB+radio+multiplexes+in+Cumbria&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2019%2F12%2Fbauer-and-muxco-win-dab-multiplexes-in-cumbria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wohnort.org/DAB/uknat.html">"DAB Ensembles Worldwide – United Kingdom & the Isle of Man"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723113442/http://www.wohnort.org/DAB/uknat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAB+Ensembles+Worldwide+%E2%80%93+United+Kingdom+%26+the+Isle+of+Man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wohnort.org%2FDAB%2Fuknat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/rau/newsroom/news-release/00/pr140.htm">"RADIO AUTHORITY AWARDS LOCAL DIGITAL MULTIPLEX LICENCE FOR CENTRAL SCOTLAND"</a>. <i>Ofcom</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=RADIO+AUTHORITY+AWARDS+LOCAL+DIGITAL+MULTIPLEX+LICENCE+FOR+CENTRAL+SCOTLAND&rft.date=2000-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fstatic%2Farchive%2Frau%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews-release%2F00%2Fpr140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220202111/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/html/radio-stations/digital/dl000036ba3yorkshire.htm">"Yorkshire"</a>. Ofcom. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yorkshire&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fstatic%2Fradiolicensing%2Fhtml%2Fradio-stations%2Fdigital%2Fdl000036ba3yorkshire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioInDigitalBritain-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioInDigitalBritain_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioInDigitalBritain_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710151343/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/radio_digitalbritain/digitalbrit.pdf">"Radio in Digital Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+in+Digital+Britain&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Fradio_digitalbritain%2Fdigitalbrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotoday.co.uk/2012/09/regional-mxr-digital-multiplexes-to-close/">"Regional MXR digital multiplexes to close"</a>. Radio Today. 25 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927064724/http://radiotoday.co.uk/2012/09/regional-mxr-digital-multiplexes-to-close/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+MXR+digital+multiplexes+to+close&rft.pub=Radio+Today&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2012%2F09%2Fregional-mxr-digital-multiplexes-to-close%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalradiotech.co.uk/articles/GCap-bottle-out-of-taking-Ofcom-to-court.php">"GCap bottle out of taking Ofcom to court"</a>. Digital Radio Tech. 30 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advertisement+of+National+Radio+Multiplex+Licence&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Frbl%2Fdcr%2Fadverts%2Fadvrt_national%2Fnational.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614133855/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/media/news/2007/03/nr_20070329a">"Ofcom receives two applications for the DAB National Radio multiplex licence"</a>. Ofcom. 29 March 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ofcom+receives+two+applications+for+the+DAB+National+Radio+multiplex+licence&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2Fnr_20070329a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-now.co.uk/news545.htm">"Second UK-wide national DAB digital radio multiplex draws two applicants"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+UK-wide+national+DAB+digital+radio+multiplex+draws+two+applicants&rft.pub=Radio-now.co.uk&rft.date=2007-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio-now.co.uk%2Fnews545.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/radio/4digital/services.html">"The Services"</a>. 4 Digital Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501074450/http://www.channel4.com/radio/4digital/services.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opendigitalradio.org&rft.atitle=Sixty+small-scale+radio+stations+take+to+the+air+in+UK+Ofcom+trials+%7C+Opendigitalradio.org&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Coinchon&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendigitalradio.org%2F2015%2F06%2Fsixty-small-scale-radio-stations-take-to-the-air-in-uk-ofcom-trials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2015/60-dab-trials/">"Sixty small-scale radio stations take to the air in Ofcom trials"</a>. <i>media.ofcom.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910182532/http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2015/60-dab-trials/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.ofcom.org.uk&rft.atitle=Sixty+small-scale+radio+stations+take+to+the+air+in+Ofcom+trials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ofcom.org.uk%2Fnews%2F2015%2F60-dab-trials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/other/radio-research/ssdab-final-report/">"Small Scale DAB Trials – Final Report"</a>. Ofcom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Small+Scale+DAB+Trials+%E2%80%93+Final+Report&rft.pub=Ofcom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstakeholders.ofcom.org.uk%2Fmarket-data-research%2Fother%2Fradio-research%2Fssdab-final-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2016-17/broadcastingradiomultiplexservicesbill.html">"Broadcasting (Radio Multiplex Services) Bill 2016–17 – UK Parliament"</a>. <i>services.parliament.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013344/http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2016-17/broadcastingradiomultiplexservicesbill.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=services.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Broadcasting+%28Radio+Multiplex+Services%29+Bill+2016%E2%80%9317+%E2%80%93+UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2016-17%2Fbroadcastingradiomultiplexservicesbill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/193662/statement-licensing-small-scale-dab.pdf">"Licensing small-scale DAB"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ofcom</i>. 7 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413055712/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0027/193662/statement-licensing-small-scale-dab.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=Licensing+small-scale+DAB&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0027%2F193662%2Fstatement-licensing-small-scale-dab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson2020" class="citation web cs1">Clarkson, Stuart (2 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/06/first-small-scale-dab-multiplexes-to-be-advertised-in-september/">"First Small Scale DAB multiplexes to be advertised in September"</a>. <i>Radio Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603094909/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/06/first-small-scale-dab-multiplexes-to-be-advertised-in-september/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Today&rft.atitle=First+Small+Scale+DAB+multiplexes+to+be+advertised+in+September&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2020%2F06%2Ffirst-small-scale-dab-multiplexes-to-be-advertised-in-september%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/201719/small-scale-radio-multiplex-licence-guidance.pdf">"Small-scale radio multiplex licences - Guidance notes for applicants and licensees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ofcom</i>. 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ofcom&rft.atitle=Small-scale+radio+multiplex+licences+-+Guidance+notes+for+applicants+and+licensees&rft.date=2022-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0020%2F201719%2Fsmall-scale-radio-multiplex-licence-guidance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK2021" class="citation web cs1">UK, RadioToday (10 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotoday.co.uk/2021/12/line-up-revealed-as-first-permanent-small-scale-dab-multiplex-launches/">"Line up revealed as first permanent small-scale DAB multiplex launches"</a>. <i>RadioToday</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RadioToday&rft.atitle=Line+up+revealed+as+first+permanent+small-scale+DAB+multiplex+launches&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.aulast=UK&rft.aufirst=RadioToday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2F2021%2F12%2Fline-up-revealed-as-first-permanent-small-scale-dab-multiplex-launches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ofcom.org.uk/manage-your-licence/radio-broadcast-licensing/small-scale-DAB-licensing/small-scale-multiplex-applications">"Small-scale multiplex applications and awards"</a>. <i>Ofcom</i>. 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+unites+to+prepare+for+digital+upgrade&rft.pub=mad.co.uk&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mad.co.uk%2FMain%2FNews%2FArticlex%2Fa003c95ceade48dbb0787dbdd79e0ab5%2FRadio-unites-to-prepare-for-digital-upgrade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/radio/digital-radio-company-to-prepare-uk-for-switch-off/5005938.article">"Digital radio company to prepare UK for switchover"</a>. Broadcast. 22 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929095528/http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/radio/digital-radio-company-to-prepare-uk-for-switch-off/5005938.article">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+radio+company+to+prepare+UK+for+switchover&rft.pub=Broadcast&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastnow.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fradio%2Fdigital-radio-company-to-prepare-uk-for-switch-off%2F5005938.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2009" class="citation news cs1">Plunkett, John (22 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/sep/22/digital-radio-uk-switchover">"Details of digital radio switchover body revealed"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183907/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/sep/22/digital-radio-uk-switchover">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Details+of+digital+radio+switchover+body+revealed&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2009%2Fsep%2F22%2Fdigital-radio-uk-switchover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923201157/http://radiotoday.co.uk/news.php?extend.5190">"Digital Radio UK to lead the way"</a>. Radio Today. 22 September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiotoday.co.uk/news.php?extend.5190">the original</a> on 23 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Radio+UK+to+lead+the+way&rft.pub=Radio+Today&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiotoday.co.uk%2Fnews.php%3Fextend.5190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdb.org/index.php?internalPage=cons.php&internalHeaderPage=cons_hd.html">"Consumers"</a>. Digital Radio Development Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928045159/http://www.drdb.org/index.php?internalPage=cons.php&internalHeaderPage=cons_hd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumers&rft.pub=Digital+Radio+Development+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdb.org%2Findex.php%3FinternalPage%3Dcons.php%26internalHeaderPage%3Dcons_hd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+radio+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitaletrend.nl/digitale-marketing/">https://digitaletrend.nl/digitale-marketing/</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_sites">Official sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Official sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getdigitalradio.com/">Digital Radio UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onastra.com/channel-guide/index.php">Guide to digital (radio and TV) channels on Astra satellites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_regional_multiplex_sites_operators">National and regional multiplex sites operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: National and regional multiplex sites operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bauermedia.co.uk/">Bauer Media UK website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukdigitalradio.com/">Digital One website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muxco.com/">MuxCo website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.now-digital.com/Default.htm">NOW Digital website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204010/http://www.now-digital.com/Default.htm">Archived</a> 12 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sounddigital.co.uk/">Sound Digital website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203033008/http://www.sounddigital.co.uk/">Archived</a> 3 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_scale_multiplex_sites_operators">Small scale multiplex sites operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Small scale multiplex sites operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.callsid.co.uk/">Brave Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futuredigital.info/">Future Digital Norfolk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niocast.com/">Niocast Digital website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solentwireless.com/">Solent Wireless</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://udab.co.uk/">U.DAB</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_Internet_radio">UK Internet radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: UK Internet radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/">Radiofeeds – UK Internet radio station database</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sites">Other sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wohnort.org/DAB/ukloc.html">DAB Ensembles Worldwide (also known as "Wohnort", the main part of the site is a list of services currently transmitting including the UK), wohnort.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004000138/http://wohnort.org/DAB/ukloc.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-now.co.uk/">Radio-now – UK Digital radio news and information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localDAB.co.uk/">LocalDAB – Services on the trial DAB ensembles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astra2sat.com/radio/uk-digital-radio-bitrates/">UK Digital Radio Bitrates</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="UK_national_newspapers,_magazines,_and_other_periodicals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newspapers(History,_Circulation)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">Newspapers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Circulation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_(newspaper)" title="Compact (newspaper)">Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-market_newspaper" title="Middle-market newspaper">Middle-market</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">Tabloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday People">The Sunday People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Star (United Kingdom)">Daily Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_Sunday" title="Daily Star Sunday">Daily Star Sunday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sport" title="Sunday Sport">Sunday Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Sport_(tabloid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend Sport (tabloid)">Weekend Sport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midweek_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Midweek Sport">Midweek Sport</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and<br />other periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines in the United Kingdom">List of magazines in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation#United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines by circulation">List of magazines by circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#National_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">National<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Sports_Extra" title="BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra">BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC Radio 6 Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_National_DAB" title="BBC National DAB">BBC National DAB</a> (multiplex)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Radio" title="Independent National Radio">Independent<br />/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio_Network" title="Absolute Radio Network">Absolute Radio Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">BFBS Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_Xtra" title="Capital Xtra">Capital Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)" title="Jazz FM (UK)">Jazz FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Network" title="Kiss Network">Kiss Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC_News" title="LBC News">LBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_(UK_radio_station)" title="Magic (UK radio station)">Magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_Classical" title="Magic Classical">Magic Classical</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RNIB_Connect_Radio" title="RNIB Connect Radio">RNIB Connect Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Smooth_Radio_(2014)" title="Smooth Radio (2014)">Smooth Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talksport" title="Talksport">talkSPORT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talkradio" title="Talkradio">TalkRadio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters" title="United Christian Broadcasters">UCB UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_UK" title="Virgin Radio UK">Virgin Radio UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Local_and_regional_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">Regional<br />and local<br />stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#BBC_Local_Radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of BBC Local Radio stations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Foyle" title="BBC Radio Foyle">BBC Radio Foyle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent<br />/ commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Community_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of community radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Commercial_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of local commercial radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Semi-national_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hospital_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of hospital radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pirate radio in the United Kingdom">Pirate radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> (RSL) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#RSL_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of RSL stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of satellite radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Student_and_schools_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of student and schools radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcasting in the UK">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy" title="Radio Academy">Radio Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy_Awards" title="Radio Academy Awards">Radio Academy Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Independents_Group" title="Radio Independents Group">Radio Independents Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened to programmes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Principalchannels(List)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal<br />channels<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of television channels in the United Kingdom">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBBC" title="CBBC">CBBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a>/<a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)" title="STV (TV channel)">STV</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV2" title="ITV2">ITV2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV3" title="ITV3">ITV3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV4" title="ITV4">ITV4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITVBe" title="ITVBe">ITVBe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel 4</a>/<a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)" title="E4 (TV channel)">E4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_Extra" title="E4 Extra">E4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Film4" title="Film4">Film4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/More4" title="More4">More4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4seven" title="4seven">4seven</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Star" title="5Star">5Star</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5USA" title="5USA">5USA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (British TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></dd> <dd>Nick Jr. Too</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)" title="Challenge (TV channel)">Challenge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Cinema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Crime" title="Sky Crime">Sky Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Documentaries" title="Sky Documentaries">Sky Documentaries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_(European_TV_channel)" title="History (European TV channel)">Sky History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H2_(A%26E_Networks)" title="H2 (A&E Networks)">Sky History 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Kids_(TV_channel)" title="Sky Kids (TV channel)">Sky Kids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Max" title="Sky Max">Sky Max</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mix" title="Sky Mix">Sky Mix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Nature" title="Sky Nature">Sky Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Replay" title="Sky Replay">Sky Replay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sci-Fi" title="Sky Sci-Fi">Sky Sci-Fi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Showcase" title="Sky Showcase">Sky Showcase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Box_Office" title="Sky Box Office">Sky Sports Box Office</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_F1" title="Sky Sports F1">Sky Sports F1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_News" title="Sky Sports News">Sky Sports News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Witness_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Witness (TV channel)">Sky Witness</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UKTV" title="UKTV">UKTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Alibi" title="U&Alibi">U&Alibi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Dave" title="U&Dave">U&Dave</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Drama" title="U&Drama">U&Drama</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Eden" title="U&Eden">U&Eden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Gold" title="U&Gold">U&Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26W" title="U&W">U&W</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Yesterday" title="U&Yesterday">U&Yesterday</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Planet (British TV channel)">Animal Planet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)">Boomerang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoonito_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoonito</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Discovery Channel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_History" title="Discovery History">Discovery History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Science_(European_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Science (European TV channel)">Discovery Science</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Turbo" title="Discovery Turbo">Discovery Turbo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/DMAX_(British_TV_channel)" title="DMAX (British TV channel)">DMAX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_1" title="Eurosport 1">Eurosport 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_2" title="Eurosport 2">Eurosport 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HGTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="HGTV (British and Irish TV channel)">HGTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Discovery_(European_TV_channel)" title="Investigation Discovery (European TV channel)">Investigation Discovery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (TV channel)">Quest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_Red" title="Quest Red">Quest Red</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Really_(TV_channel)" title="Really (TV channel)">Really</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TLC_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="TLC (British and Irish TV channel)">TLC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)" title="TNT Sports (United Kingdom)">TNT Sports</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative Entertainment UK Limited</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Action" title="Great! Action">Great! Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Movies" title="Great! Movies">Great! Movies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Romance" title="Great! Romance">Great! Romance</a></dd> <dd>Great! Real</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_TV" title="Great! TV">Great! TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Pop (British and Irish TV channel)">Pop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_Max" title="Pop Max">Pop Max</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services<br />and<br />platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_by_region#United_Kingdom" title="Cable television by region">cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_(VoD_service)" title="Channel 4 (VoD service)">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital television in the United Kingdom">digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">digital terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of DTT channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat%2B" title="Freesat+">Freesat+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-definition television in the United Kingdom">high-definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HD_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of HD channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local television in the United Kingdom">local television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(streaming_service)" title="Now (streaming service)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Player" title="Pop Player">Pop Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_television" title="Television in the United Kingdom">satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_Astra_28.2%C2%B0E_(Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom)" title="List of free-to-air channels at Astra 28.2°E (Ireland and the United Kingdom)">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B" title="Sky+">Sky+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B_HD" title="Sky+ HD">Sky+ HD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVPlayer" title="TVPlayer">TVPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(streaming_service)" title="U (streaming service)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FilmFlex" title="FilmFlex">FilmFlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%2B" title="V+">V+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue television in the United Kingdom">analogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">analogue terrestrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4oD" title="Film4oD">Film4oD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Up_TV" title="Top Up TV">Top Up TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Mills_Studios" title="3 Mills Studios">3 Mills Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales_New_Broadcasting_House" title="BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House">BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">BBC Elstree Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Pacific_Quay" title="BBC Pacific Quay">BBC Pacific Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_Yard_Studios" title="The Bottle Yard Studios">The Bottle Yard Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Belfast" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Bristol" title="Broadcasting House, Bristol">Broadcasting House, Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Street_Studios" title="Gas Street Studios">Gas Street Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leeds_Studios" title="The Leeds Studios">The Leeds Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maidstone_Studios" title="The Maidstone Studios">The Maidstone Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Mailbox Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roath_Lock" title="Roath Lock">Roath Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sharp_Project" title="The Sharp Project">The Sharp Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Studios_Manchester" title="Space Studios Manchester">Space Studios Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_London" title="Television Centre, London">Television Centre, London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Cardiff" title="Broadcasting House, Cardiff">Broadcasting House, Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickenson_Road_Studios" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Studios" title="Fountain Studios">Fountain Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_Club" title="The Hospital Club">The Hospital Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Studios" title="Limehouse Studios">Limehouse Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Studios" title="The London Studios">The London Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House,_Manchester" title="New Broadcasting House, Manchester">New Broadcasting House, Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Studios" title="Teddington Studios">Teddington Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne">Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Southampton" title="Television Centre, Southampton">Television Centre, Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Boat_Studios" title="Upper Boat Studios">Upper Boat Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Television in Northern Ireland">Television in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_TV_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of former TV channels in the United Kingdom">Defunct channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Television in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_British_television" title="List of years in British television">List of years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Viewing_statistics" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Viewing statistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most watched television broadcasts">Most-watched broadcasts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascential" title="Ascential">Ascential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay_UK_Productions" title="Banijay UK Productions">Banijay UK Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Audio_UK" title="Bauer Media Audio UK">Bauer Media Audio UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel Four Television Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust" title="Daily Mail and General Trust">Daily Mail and General Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu_International" title="Dentsu International">Dentsu International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global Media & Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Media_Group" title="Haymarket Media Group">Haymarket Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV plc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narrative Capital (page does not exist)">Narrative Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World" title="National World">National World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Broadcasting" title="News Broadcasting">News Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_%26_Shell" title="Northern & Shell">Northern & Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Holdings" title="Press Holdings">Press Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syco" class="mw-redirect" title="Syco">Syco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_book_publishers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of largest book publishers of the United Kingdom">List of largest UK book publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and<br />regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Board" title="BBC Board">BBC Board</a> (formerly: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Trust" title="BBC Trust">BBC Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_BBC" title="Board of Governors of the BBC">Board of Governors of the BBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee" title="Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Recognition_Panel" title="Press Recognition Panel">Press Recognition Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and<br />trades bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting,_Entertainment,_Cinematograph_and_Theatre_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union">Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcast" title="Clearcast">Clearcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_TV_Group" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyone_TV" title="Everyone TV">Everyone TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Publishers_Guild" title="Independent Publishers Guild">Independent Publishers Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists" title="National Union of Journalists">National Union of Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Publishers_Association" title="The Publishers Association">The Publishers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Television_Society" title="Royal Television Society">Royal Television Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Academy" title="BBC Academy">BBC Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_and_student_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional and student media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Media in England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_London" title="Media in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media in Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Dundee" title="Media in Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Glasgow" title="Media in Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media in Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Cardiff" title="Media in Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_student_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of student newspapers in the United Kingdom">Student press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Mass media in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" 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