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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family-specific_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family-specific_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family-specific features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-specific_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family-specific features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-specific_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indic_(Brahmic)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indic_(Brahmic)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indic (Brahmic)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indic_(Brahmic)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethiopic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borderline_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borderline_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Borderline cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Borderline_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Borderline cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Borderline_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowelled_abjads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowelled_abjads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowelled abjads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowelled_abjads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phagspa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phagspa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phagspa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phagspa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pahawh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pahawh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pahawh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pahawh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meroitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meroitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Meroitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meroitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shorthand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shorthand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Shorthand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shorthand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_abugidas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_abugidas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of abugidas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_abugidas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of abugidas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_abugidas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fictional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Fictional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abugida-like_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abugida-like_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Abugida-like scripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abugida-like_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abugida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A1%E1%8C%8A%E1%8B%B3" title="አቡጊዳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቡጊዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="أبجيدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجيدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="ধ্বনিগত বৰ্ণমালা লিপি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্বনিগত বৰ্ণমালা লিপি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuxida" title="Abuxida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abuxida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="শব্দীয় বর্ণমালা লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দীয় বর্ণমালা লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="आबुगीडा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आबुगीडा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Абугида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абугида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfasil%C2%B7labari" title="Alfasil·labari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfasil·labari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfasilabario" title="Alfasilabario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfasilabario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugido" title="Abugido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abugido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آبوگیدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبوگیدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire" title="Alphasyllabaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfasilabario" title="Alfasilabario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfasilabario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B6%80%EA%B8%B0%EB%8B%A4" title="아부기다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아부기다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="आबूगीदा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आबूगीदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfasillabario" title="Alfasillabario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfasillabario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="אבוגידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבוגידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Абугида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абугида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abogida" title="Abogida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abogida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE" title="അബുഗിഡാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അബുഗിഡാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan_abugida" title="Sistem tulisan abugida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem tulisan abugida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="अक्षरात्मक लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अक्षरात्मक लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%82%AE%E3%83%80" title="アブギダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブギダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਬੂਗੀਦਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਬੂਗੀਦਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ابوگیدا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابوگیدا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ابوګيدا ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابوګيدا ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_alfabetyczno-sylabiczne" title="Pismo alfabetyczno-sylabiczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo alfabetyczno-sylabiczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Абугида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абугида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" title="අබුගිඩා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අබුගිඩා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="அபுகிடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அபுகிடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="อักษรสระประกอบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรสระประกอบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Абугіда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абугіда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ابوگیدا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابوگیدا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%99%84%E6%A0%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="元音附标文字 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="元音附标文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="音素音節文字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="音素音節文字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%99%84%E6%A0%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="元音附标文字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元音附标文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Abugida" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q335806#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabary</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrase_sanskrit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/300px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/450px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/600px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of various abugidas descended from <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> for, <i>May <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Śiva</a> protect those who take delight in the language of the gods.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/40px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/60px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/80px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Canadian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of syllabics.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/40px-Javanese_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/60px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/80px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains letters from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Javanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Javanese characters.</div></div> </div> <p>An <b>abugida</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></span>-/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg/En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Abugida-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">አቡጊዳ</span></span>, <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">'äbugīda</i></span>) – sometimes also called <b>alphasyllabary</b>, <b>neosyllabary</b>, or <b>pseudo-alphabet</b> – is a segmental <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems#Segmental_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing systems">writing system</a> in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> letter, and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> notation is secondary, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical mark</a>. This contrasts with a full <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, in which vowels have status equal to consonants, and with an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, in which vowel marking is absent, <a href="/wiki/Abjad#Impure_abjads" title="Abjad">partial</a>, or optional – in less formal contexts, all three types of the script may be termed "alphabets".<sup id="cite_ref-Bright_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms also contrast them with a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, in which a single symbol denotes the combination of one consonant and one vowel. </p><p>Related concepts were introduced independently in 1948 by <a href="/wiki/James_Germain_F%C3%A9vrier" title="James Germain Février">James Germain Février</a> (using the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">néosyllabisme</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Février1948_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Février1948-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">David Diringer</a> (using the term <i>semisyllabary</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Diringer1948_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diringer1948-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Householder" title="Fred Householder">Fred Householder</a> (introducing the term <i>pseudo-alphabet</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopic</a> term "abugida" was chosen as a designation for the concept in 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bright_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Faber suggested "segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script", and in 1992 Bright used the term <i>alphasyllabary</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gnanadesikan and Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler have suggested <i>aksara</i> or <i>āksharik</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abugidas include the extensive <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic family of scripts</a> of Tibet, South and Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> Ethiopic scripts, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>. As is the case for syllabaries, the units of the writing system may consist of the representations both of syllables and of consonants. For scripts of the Brahmic family, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Akshara" title="Akshara">akshara</a></i> is used for the units. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, <i>abugida</i> traditionally meant letters of the Ethiopic or <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Ge‘ez script</a> in which many of these languages are written. Ge'ez is one of several segmental writing systems in the world, others include <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Indic/Brahmic scripts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics</a>. The word abugida is derived from the four letters, <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ä, bu, gi,</i> and <i>da</i>, in much the same way that <i><a href="/wiki/Abecedary" class="mw-redirect" title="Abecedary">abecedary</a></i> is derived from Latin letters <i>a be ce de</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>a b j d</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a></i> is derived from the names of the two first letters in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, <i>alpha</i> and <i>beta</i>. <i>Abugida</i> as a term in linguistics was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a> in his 1990 <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daniels_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniels-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Daniels used the word, an abugida is in contrast with a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, where letters with shared consonant or vowel sounds show no particular resemblance to one another. Furthermore, an abugida is also in contrast with an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> proper, where independent letters are used to denote consonants and vowels. The term <i>alphasyllabary</i> was suggested for the Indic scripts in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/William_Bright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bright">William Bright</a>, following South Asian linguistic usage, to convey the idea that, "they share features of both alphabet and syllabary."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bright_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formal definitions given by Daniels and Bright for abugida and alphasyllabary differ; some writing systems are abugidas but not alphasyllabaries, and some are alphasyllabaries but not abugidas. An abugida is defined as "a type of writing system whose basic characters denote consonants followed by a particular vowel, and in which diacritics denote other vowels".<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_glossary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This 'particular vowel' is referred to as the <i>inherent</i> or <i>implicit</i> vowel, as opposed to the <i>explicit</i> vowels marked by the 'diacritics'.)<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_glossary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alphasyllabary is defined as "a type of writing system in which the vowels are denoted by subsidiary symbols, not all of which occur in a linear order (with relation to the consonant symbols) that is congruent with their temporal order in speech".<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_glossary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bright did not require that an alphabet explicitly represent all vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a> is an example of an abugida because it has an <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>, but it is not an alphasyllabary because its vowels are written in linear order. Modern <a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao alphabet">Lao</a> is an example of an alphasyllabary that is not an abugida, for there is no inherent vowel and its vowels are always written explicitly and not in accordance to their temporal order in speech, meaning that a vowel can be written before, below or above a consonant letter, while the syllable is still pronounced in the order of a consonant-vowel combination (CV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental principles of an abugida apply to words made up of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. The syllables are written as letters in a straight line, where each syllable is either a letter that represents the sound of a consonant and its inherent vowel or a letter modified to indicate the vowel. Letters can be modified either by means of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> or by changes in the form of the letter itself. If all modifications are by diacritics and all diacritics follow the direction of the writing of the letters, then the abugida is not an alphasyllabary. However, most languages have words that are more complicated than a sequence of CV syllables, even ignoring tone. </p><p>The first complication is syllables that consist of just a vowel (V). For some languages, a <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">zero consonant</a> letter is used as though every syllable began with a consonant. For other languages, each vowel has a separate letter that is used for each syllable consisting of just the vowel. These letters are known as <i>independent vowels</i>, and are found in most Indic scripts. These letters may be quite different from the corresponding diacritics, which by contrast are known as <i>dependent vowels</i>. As a result of the spread of writing systems, independent vowels may be used to represent syllables beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, even for non-initial syllables. </p><p>The next two complications are <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> before a vowel (CCV) and syllables ending in a consonant (CVC). The simplest solution, which is not always available, is to break with the principle of writing words as a sequence of syllables and use a letter representing just a consonant (C). This <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">final consonant</a> may be represented with: </p> <ul><li>a modification of the final letter that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel (<a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a>),</li> <li>a lack of vowel marking on the letter (often with ambiguity between no vowel and a default <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>),</li> <li>vowel marking on the letter for a short or neutral vowel such as <i><a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a></i> (with ambiguity between no vowel and that short or neutral vowel), or</li> <li>a visually unrelated letter.</li></ul> <p>In a true abugida, the lack of distinctive vowel marking of the letter may result from the diachronic loss of the inherent vowel, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">syncope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">Hindi</a>. </p><p>When not separating syllables containing consonant clusters (CCV) into C + CV, these syllables are often written by combining the two consonants. In the Indic scripts, the earliest method was simply to arrange them vertically, writing the second consonant of the cluster below the first one. The two consonants may also merge as <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">conjunct consonant</a> letters, where two or more letters are graphically joined in a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a>, or otherwise change their shapes. Rarely, one of the consonants may be replaced by a gemination mark, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet#Gemination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi alphabet">addak</a></i>. </p><p>When they are arranged vertically, as in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a>, they are said to be 'stacked'. Often there has been a change to writing the two consonants side by side. In the latter case, this combination may be indicated by a diacritic on one of the consonants or a change in the form of one of the consonants, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Conjunct_consonants" title="Devanagari">half forms</a> of Devanagari. Generally, the reading order of stacked consonants is top to bottom, or the general reading order of the script, but sometimes the reading order can be reversed. </p><p>The division of a word into syllables for the purposes of writing does not always accord with the natural phonetics of the language. For example, Brahmic scripts commonly handle a phonetic sequence CVC-CV as CV-CCV or CV-C-CV. However, sometimes phonetic CVC syllables are handled as single units, and the final consonant may be represented: </p> <ul><li>in much the same way as the second consonant in CCV, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is the condensed, single-stack style, not the usual multi-stack style (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-TUS_Khmer_VC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TUS_Khmer_VC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Tham alphabet">Tai Tham</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tai_Tham_Unicode_Proposal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tai_Tham_Unicode_Proposal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scripts. The positioning of the components may be slightly different, as in Khmer and Tai Tham.</li> <li>by a special dependent consonant sign, which may be a smaller or differently placed version of the full consonant letter, or may be a distinct sign altogether.</li> <li>not at all. For example, repeated consonants need not be represented, homorganic nasals may be ignored, and in <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar script</a>, the syllable-final consonant was traditionally never represented.<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_Insular_SEA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_Insular_SEA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>More complicated unit structures (e.g. CC or CCVC) are handled by combining the various techniques above. </p><p><b>Examples using the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</b> </p> <ul><li><i>K</i> = /ka/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Devnag_ka.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="34" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Ki</i> = /ki/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_ki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Devnag_ki.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="47" /></a></span></li> <li><i>K*</i> = /k/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_k.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Devnag_k.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="44" /></a></span> (with a <i><a href="/wiki/Halant" class="mw-redirect" title="Halant">Halant</a></i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_halant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Devnag_halant.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="34" /></a></span> under the character)</li> <li><i>K*M</i> = /kma/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_kma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Devnag_kma.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></li> <li><i>İK</i> = /ika/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_ika.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Devnag_ika.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="37" /></a></span></li> <li><i>İK*</i> = /ik/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_ik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Devnag_ik.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></li> <li><i>İKi</i> = /iki/ = <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Devnag_iki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Devnag_iki.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="44" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family-specific_features">Family-specific features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family-specific features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by <i>diacritics, distortion,</i> or <i>orientation.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The oldest and largest is the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> family of India and Southeast Asia, in which vowels are marked with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> and syllable-final consonants, when they occur, are indicated with <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, diacritics, or with a special <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">vowel-canceling mark</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez alphabet">Ethiopic family</a>, vowels are marked by modifying the shapes of the consonants, and one of the vowel-forms serves additionally to indicate final consonants.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, vowels are marked by rotating or flipping the consonants, and final consonants are indicated with either special diacritics or superscript forms of the main initial consonants.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāna">Tāna</a> have dependent vowels and a zero vowel sign, but no inherent vowel. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature</th> <th>North Indic</th> <th>South Indic</th> <th>Tāna</th> <th>Ethiopic</th> <th>Canadian Aboriginal </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vowel representation<br />after consonant</td> <td colspan="3">Dependent sign (diacritic)<br />in distinct position per vowel</td> <td>Fused diacritic</td> <td>Rotate/reflect </td></tr> <tr> <td>Initial vowel<br />representation</td> <td>Distinct inline<br />letter per vowel<sup id="cite_ref-IVNI_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVNI-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">Glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">zero consonant</a><br />plus dependent vowel<sup id="cite_ref-IVSEA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVSEA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Glottal stop<br />plus dependent</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">Zero consonant</a><br />plus dependent </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">Inherent vowel</a><br />(value of no vowel sign)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, or <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-INHSEA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INHSEA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>No</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_Ethiopic_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_Ethiopic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">Zero vowel sign</a><br />(sign for no value)</td> <td>Often</td> <td colspan="2">Always used when<br />no final vowel<sup id="cite_ref-VRMSEA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRMSEA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ambiguous with ə (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>)</td> <td>Shrunk or separate letter<sup id="cite_ref-VRMCAN_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VRMCAN-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjunct_consonant" title="Conjunct consonant">Consonant cluster</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devanagari#Conjunct_consonants" title="Devanagari">Conjunct</a><sup id="cite_ref-CLUNI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLUNI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Stacked or separate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""Does 'separate' allow modification to inidicate the formation of a conjunct? (January 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-CLUSI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLUSI-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="3">Separate </td></tr> <tr> <td>Final consonant (not sign)</td> <td colspan="2">Inline<sup id="cite_ref-FCI_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCI-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">Inline</td> <td>Inline </td></tr> <tr> <td>Distinct final sign</td> <td colspan="2">Only for <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">ṃ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">ḥ</a><sup id="cite_ref-DFVAR_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFVAR-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DFSI_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFSI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="2">No</td> <td>Only in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics#Eastern_and_western_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Western</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Final sign position</td> <td>Inline or top</td> <td>Inline, top or occasionally bottom</td> <td colspan="2">N/A</td> <td>Raised or inline<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="In talk, there is the implication that signs can be lowered. Perhaps best to leave as 'Inline'. (January 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"> <dl><dt>Exceptions</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IVNI-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IVNI_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tibetan, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Róng">Róng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoṣṭhī">Kharoṣṭhī</a> use the glottal stop or zero consonant plus dependent vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IVSEA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IVSEA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pali in the Burmese, Khmer and Tai Tham scripts uses independent vowels instead, and they are also used in loan words in the local languages. The Cham script also uses both independent vowels and glottal stop consonant plus dependent vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Cham_Unicode_Proposal_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cham_Unicode_Proposal-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all three cases, the glottal stop letter is the same as the independent vowel letter for the inherent vowel. Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Lontara" title="Lontara">Lontara</a> script of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> uses zero consonant plus vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INHSEA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INHSEA_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lao has no inherent vowel – it is an alphasyllabary but not an abugida. There is also a Thai-script Pali orthography which has no inherent vowel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRMSEA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VRMSEA_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Thai, Lao, Tai Viet, Tai Tham and Khmer scripts often or always use the plain letter for word-final consonants, and normally do not use a zero vowel sign. However, the Thai script regularly uses it for Pali and Sanskrit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VRMCAN-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VRMCAN_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deviations include omissions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Sole evidence is discussion on Qalam (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and systematic use of i-forms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Sole evidence is a claim in the talk page (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLUNI-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CLUNI_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Often separate and unmodified as a result of <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">syncope</a>. Also, as a legitimate font fall-back, can occur as side-by-side consonants modified only by the inclusion of a virama.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLUSI-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CLUSI_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamil and Lao have conjuncts formed from straightforward ligation of side by side consonants. Burmese and Tai Tham have a few conjuncts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCI-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCI_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tibetan and Khmer occasionally and Tai Tham regularly write final consonants below the rest of the akshara. This practice is the origin of the Lao letter ຽ U+0EBD LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO, and a similar sign may be found in Javanese. Tai Tham may also write several final consonants above the rest of the akshara. The Rónɡ script writes final consonants above the rest of the akshara, except that final /ŋ/ <i>precedes</i> the rest. The Philippine scripts do not represent final consonants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFVAR-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DFVAR_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The symbol for ṃ represents the sound for /m/ or /ŋ/ in some languages, and the symbol for ḥ may represent a ɡlottal stop or even /k/. Not all scripts have these symbols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFSI-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DFSI_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tai Tham has superscript and subscript signs for final /k/. Javanese and related scripts have a superscript symbol for final /r/, though it is ultimately related to the normal letter for /r/.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indic_(Brahmic)"><span id="Indic_.28Brahmic.29"></span>Indic (Brahmic)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indic (Brahmic)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></div> <p>Indic scripts originated in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and spread to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. All surviving Indic scripts are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi alphabet">Brahmi alphabet</a>. Today they are used in most languages of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (although replaced by <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> and some other languages of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), mainland <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> archipelago (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Rencong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baybayin_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Baybayin script">Baybayin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunuo script">Hanunuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulitan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan script">Kulitan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Rencong</a>). </p><p>The primary division is with North Indic scripts, used in Northern India, Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia, and Russia; and Southern Indic scripts, used in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. South Indic letter forms are more rounded than North Indic forms, though <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Litumol_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Litumol script">Litumol</a> of Nepal script are rounded. Most North Indic scripts' full letters incorporate a horizontal line at the top, with <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> as exceptions; South Indic scripts do not. </p><p>Indic scripts indicate vowels through dependent vowel signs (diacritics) around the consonants, often including a sign that explicitly indicates the lack of a vowel. If a consonant has no vowel sign, this indicates a default vowel. Vowel diacritics may appear above, below, to the left, to the right, or around the consonant. </p><p>The most widely used Indic script is <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, shared by <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, and often <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. A basic letter such as <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari ka">क</a> in Hindi represents a syllable with the default vowel, in this case <i>ka</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kə]</span>). In some languages, including Hindi, it becomes a final closing consonant at the end of a word, in this case <i>k</i>. The inherent vowel may be changed by adding vowel mark (<a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>), producing syllables such as कि <i>ki,</i> कु <i>ku,</i> के <i>ke,</i> को <i>ko.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/300px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/450px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/600px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century manuscript in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Diacritic placement in Brahmic abugidas </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>position </th> <th>syllable </th> <th>pronunciation </th> <th>base form </th> <th>script </th></tr> <tr> <td>above</td> <td>के</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/keː/</span></td> <td rowspan="4">क <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k(a)/</span></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>below</td> <td>कु</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ku/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>left</td> <td>कि</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>right</td> <td>को</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/koː/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>around</td> <td>கௌ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kau̯/</span></td> <td rowspan="2">க <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>within </td> <td>கி </td> <td>/ki/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>surround</td> <td>កៀ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kie/</span></td> <td>ក <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑː/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>within</td> <td>ಕಿ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki/</span></td> <td>ಕ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannada_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada alphabet">Kannada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>within</td> <td>కి</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki/</span></td> <td>క <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telugu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu alphabet">Telugu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>below and extend<br />to the right</td> <td>ꦏꦾ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kja/</span></td> <td rowspan="2">ꦏ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>below and extend<br />to the left</td> <td>ꦏꦿꦸ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kru/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In many of the Brahmic scripts, a syllable beginning with a cluster is treated as a single character for purposes of vowel marking, so a vowel marker like ि <i>-i,</i> falling before the character it modifies, may appear several positions before the place where it is pronounced. For example, the game <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is क्रिकेट <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">krikeṭ</i></span>; the diacritic for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> appears before the <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kr/</span>, not before the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>. A more unusual example is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Batak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak alphabet">Batak alphabet</a>: Here the syllable <i>bim</i> is written <i>ba-ma-i-(virama)</i>. That is, the vowel diacritic and virama are both written after the consonants for the whole syllable. </p><p>In many abugidas, there is also a diacritic to suppress the inherent vowel, yielding the bare consonant. In <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, प् is <i>p,</i> and फ् is <i>ph</i>. This is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Vir%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Virāma">virāma</a></i> or <i>halantam</i> in Sanskrit. It may be used to form <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, or to indicate that a consonant occurs at the end of a word. Thus in Sanskrit, a default vowel consonant such as फ does not take on a final consonant sound. Instead, it keeps its vowel. For writing two consonants without a vowel in between, instead of using diacritics on the first consonant to remove its vowel, another popular method of special <a href="/wiki/Conjunct" title="Conjunct">conjunct</a> forms is used in which two or more consonant characters are merged to express a cluster, such as Devanagari, as in अप्फ <i>appha.</i> (Some fonts display this as प् followed by फ, rather than forming a conjunct. This expedient is used by <a href="/wiki/ISCII" class="mw-redirect" title="ISCII">ISCII</a> and South Asian scripts of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>.) Thus a closed syllable such as <i>phaṣ</i> requires two <i>aksharas</i> to write: फष् <i>phaṣ</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Róng">Róng</a> script used for the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha language</a> goes further than other Indic abugidas, in that a single <i>akshara</i> can represent a closed syllable: Not only the vowel, but any final consonant is indicated by a diacritic. For example, the syllable [sok] would be written as something like s̥̽, here with an underring representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and an overcross representing the diacritic for final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. Most other Indic abugidas can only indicate a very limited set of final consonants with diacritics, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, if they can indicate any at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethiopic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopic_genesis_(ch._29,_v._11-16),_15th_century_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII,_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>, an abugida of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic script">Ethiopic or Ge'ez script</a>, <i>fidels</i> (individual "letters" of the script) have "diacritics" that are fused with the consonants to the point that they must be considered modifications of the form of the letters. Children learn each modification separately, as in a syllabary; nonetheless, the graphic similarities between syllables with the same consonant are readily apparent, unlike the case in a true <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>. </p><p>Though now an abugida, the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez script</a>, until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<i>ca.</i> AD <a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a>), had originally been what would now be termed an <i><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez abugida">Ge'ez abugida</a> (or <i>fidel</i>), the base form of the letter (also known as <i>fidel</i>) may be altered. For example, ሀ <i>hä</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hə]</span> (base form), ሁ <i>hu</i> (with a right-side diacritic that does not alter the letter), ሂ <i>hi</i> (with a subdiacritic that compresses the consonant, so it is the same height), ህ <i>hə</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hɨ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> (where the letter is modified with a kink in the left arm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the family known as <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, which was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a> of India, vowels are indicated by changing the orientation of the <a href="/wiki/Syllabogram" title="Syllabogram">syllabogram</a>. Each vowel has a consistent orientation; for example, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> ᐱ <i>pi,</i> ᐳ <i>pu,</i> ᐸ <i>pa;</i> ᑎ <i>ti,</i> ᑐ <i>tu,</i> ᑕ <i>ta</i>. Although there is a vowel inherent in each, all rotations have equal status and none can be identified as basic. Bare consonants are indicated either by separate diacritics, or by superscript versions of the <i>aksharas</i>; there is no vowel-killer mark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borderline_cases">Borderline cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Borderline cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowelled_abjads">Vowelled abjads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowelled abjads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abjads are typically written without indication of many vowels. However, in some contexts like teaching materials or <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scriptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> are written with full indication of vowels via diacritic marks (<i><a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">harakat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a></i>) making them effectively alphasyllabaries. </p><p>The Arabic scripts used for <a href="/wiki/Sorani_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani Kurdish">Kurdish</a> in Iraq and for <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, as well as the Hebrew script of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, are fully vowelled, but because the vowels are written with full letters rather than diacritics (with the exception of distinguishing between /a/ and /o/ in the latter) and there are no inherent vowels, these are considered alphabets, not abugidas. </p><p>The Arabic script used for <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Alphabet#Azerbaijani_Arabic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Alphabet">South Azerbaijani</a> generally writes the vowel /æ/ (written as ə in North Azerbaijani) as a diacritic, but writes all other vowels as full letters (similarly to Kurdish and Uyghur). This means that when no vowel diacritics are present (most of the time), it technically has an inherent vowel. However, like the Phagspa and Meroitic scripts whose status as abugidas is controversial (see below), all other vowels are written in-line. Additionally, the practice of explicitly writing all-but-one vowel does not apply to loanwords from Arabic and Persian, so the script does not have an inherent vowel for Arabic and Persian words. The inconsistency of its vowel notation makes it difficult to categorize.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phagspa">Phagspa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phagspa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The imperial Mongol script called <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">Phagspa</a> was derived from the Tibetan abugida, but all vowels are written in-line rather than as diacritics. However, it retains the features of having an inherent vowel /a/ and having distinct initial vowel letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pahawh">Pahawh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pahawh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a> is a non-segmental script that indicates <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onsets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rimes</a>, such as consonant clusters and vowels with final consonants. Thus it is not segmental and cannot be considered an abugida. However, it superficially resembles an abugida with the roles of consonant and vowel reversed. Most syllables are written with two letters in the order rime–onset (typically vowel-consonant), even though they are pronounced as onset-rime (consonant-vowel), rather like the position of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> vowel in Devanagari, which is written before the consonant. Pahawh is also unusual in that, while an inherent rime <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/āu/</span> (with mid tone) is unwritten, it also has an inherent onset <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. For the syllable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kau/</span>, which requires one or the other of the inherent sounds to be overt, it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span> that is written. Thus it is the rime (vowel) that is basic to the system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meroitic">Meroitic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Meroitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is difficult to draw a dividing line between abugidas and other <a href="/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)" title="Segment (linguistics)">segmental</a> scripts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic script</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> did not indicate an inherent <i>a</i> (one symbol stood for both <i>m</i> and <i>ma,</i> for example), and is thus similar to Brahmic family of abugidas. However, the other vowels were indicated with full letters, not diacritics or modification, so the system was essentially an alphabet that did not bother to write the most common vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shorthand">Shorthand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shorthand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several systems of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> use diacritics for vowels, but they do not have an inherent vowel, and are thus more similar to <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish alphabet">Kurdish script</a> than to the Brahmic scripts. The <a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a> system and its derivatives modify the <i>following</i> consonant to represent vowels. The <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard script</a>, which was based on shorthand, also uses diacritics for vowels; the placements of the vowel relative to the consonant indicates <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a> uses straight strokes and quarter-circle marks in different orientations as the principal "alphabet" of consonants; vowels are shown as light and heavy dots, dashes and other marks in one of 3 possible positions to indicate the various vowel-sounds. However, to increase writing speed, Pitman has rules for "vowel indication"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the positioning or choice of consonant signs so that writing vowel-marks can be dispensed with. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the term <i>alphasyllabary</i> suggests, abugidas have been considered <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an intermediate step between alphabets and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a>. Historically, abugidas appear to have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> (vowelless alphabets).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They contrast with syllabaries, where there is a distinct symbol for each syllable or consonant-vowel combination, and where these have no systematic similarity to each other, and typically develop directly from <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic scripts</a>. Compare the examples above to sets of syllables in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> syllabary: か <i>ka</i>, き <i>ki</i>, く <i>ku</i>, け <i>ke</i>, こ <i>ko</i> have nothing in common to indicate <i>k;</i> while ら <i>ra</i>, り <i>ri</i>, る <i>ru</i>, れ <i>re</i>, ろ <i>ro</i> have neither anything in common for <i>r</i>, nor anything to indicate that they have the same vowels as the <i>k</i> set. </p><p>Most Indian and Indochinese abugidas appear to have first been developed from abjads with the <a href="/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoṣṭhī">Kharoṣṭhī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī scripts</a>; the abjad in question is usually considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> one, but while the link between Aramaic and Kharosthi is more or less undisputed, this is not the case with Brahmi. The Kharosthi family does not survive today, but Brahmi's descendants include most of the modern scripts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p>Ge'ez derived from a different abjad, the <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language#Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabean script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>; the advent of vowels coincided with the introduction or adoption of Christianity about AD 350.<sup id="cite_ref-WWS_Ethiopic_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWS_Ethiopic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopic script is the elaboration of an abjad. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics#History" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Cree syllabary</a> was invented with full knowledge of the Devanagari system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic script</a> was developed from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, within which various schemes of 'group writing'<sup id="cite_ref-Hoch_Semitic_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoch_Semitic-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been used for showing vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_abugidas">List of abugidas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of abugidas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">List of writing systems</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century BC</span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom alphabet">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese alphabet">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>, and possibly other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaiksuki alphabet">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhid alphabet">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen languages">Karen languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakma alphabet">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham alphabet">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, Sanskrit, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a> and other languages of northern India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha</a> – Sanskrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarāti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachchi language">Kachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhi script</a> – <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o alphabet">Hanunó’o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese alphabet">Javanese</a></li> <li>Kaganga – <a href="/wiki/Lampung_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung alphabet">Lampung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> and other languages of northern and eastern India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojki">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao alphabet">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepcha alphabet">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbu alphabet">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara alphabet">Lontara'</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar language">Makassar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhang-Zhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meithei_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Meithei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi alphabet">Modi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Multani alphabet">Multani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a> – Sanskrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal script">Newar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a>, Sanskrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> – Tamil, Sanskrit, various <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phags-pa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and other languages of the Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal Bhasa">Nepal Bhasa</a>, Sanskrit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81rad%C4%81_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāradā script">Sharada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddham_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddham script">Siddham</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurashtra alphabet">Sourashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palawan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan languages">Palawan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Le alphabet">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Takri alphabet">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigalari alphabet">Tigalari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirhuta">Tirhuta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhang zhung</a> scripts</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharo%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoṣṭhī">Kharoṣṭhī</a>, from the 3rd century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic alphabet">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ge'ez</a>, from the 4th century AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_syllabics" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Carrier syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional">Fictional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fictional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li>Ihathvé Sabethired<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abugida-like_scripts">Abugida-like scripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Abugida-like scripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> (an alphabet with an inherent vowel) – <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a> (possibly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> (abugida with no inherent vowel)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/abugida">"abugida"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=abugida&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fabugida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bright, William (2000). "A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas". <i>Studies in the Linguistic Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 63–71. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2142%2F9638">2142/9638</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Linguistic+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+Matter+of+Typology%3A+Alphasyllabaries+and+Abugidas&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-71&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2142%2F9638&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Février1948-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Février1948_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFévrier1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Germain_F%C3%A9vrier" title="James Germain Février">Février, James Germain</a> (1948). "Le Néosyllabisme". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HkhNAQAAIAAJ"><i>Histoire de l'écriture</i></a>. Payot. pp. 333–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+N%C3%A9osyllabisme&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27%C3%A9criture&rft.pages=333-83&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9vrier&rft.aufirst=James+Germain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkhNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diringer1948-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diringer1948_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiringer1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Diringer" title="David Diringer">Diringer, David</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1287"><i>The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind</i></a>. Philosophical Library. p. 601 (index).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet%3A+A+Key+to+the+History+of+Mankind&rft.pages=601+%28index%29&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Diringer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.1287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Householder, F. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3294984">Review of The Decipherment of Linear B by John Chadwick</a>, The Classical Journal, 54(8), 379–83. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602899">Fundamentals of Grammatology</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727–31. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be "alephbeth," in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to "alphabet" to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad," <i>[Footnote: I.e., the alif-ba-jim order familiar from earlier Semitic alphabets, from which the modern order alif-ba-ta-tha is derived by placing together the letters with similar shapes and differing numbers of dots. The abjad is the order in which numerical values are assigned to the letters (as in Hebrew).]</i> from the Arabic word for the traditional order of its script, which (unvocalized), of course, falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James-Germain Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "The second is that of Bright (1996, 1999) which follows Daniels in abjads and alphabets (Bright, 1999), but identifies instead of abugidas a category of alphasyllabaries. As Bright (1999) points out, the definition of abugida and the definition of alpha-syllabary differ. This fact alone suggests that at least one of the two classifications is either incomplete or inaccurate—or, at the very least, that they have two different purposes. This paper is intended as a (long-delayed) response to Bright (1999) and argues that both of these systems are in fact incomplete."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter T. Daniels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc60.pdf">Littera ex occidente: Toward a Functional History of Writing</a>, in Studies in Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics presented to Gene B. Gragg edited by Cynthia L. Miller pages 53–69: "Alongside the terms I rejected (neosyllabary [Février 1948], pseudo-alphabet [Householder 1959], semisyllabary [Diringer 1948], and alphasyllabary [Bright 1992]) because they imply exactly the notion I am trying to refute – that the abugida is a kind of alphabet or a kind of syllabary – I have just come across semialphabet in the Encyclopœdia Britannica Micropœdia (though what is intended by the distinction "the syllabic KharoœøÏ [sic] and semialphabetic BrΩhmÏ" [s.v. "Indic Writing Systems"] is unfathomable). W. Bright denies having devised the term alphasyllabary, but it has not yet been found to occur earlier than his 1992 encyclopedia (in 1990:136 he approved semisyllabary). Compare Daniels 1996b:4 n. * and Bright 2000 for the different conceptualizations of abugida and alphasyllabary: functional vs. formal, as it happens. The words abjad and abugida are simply words in Arabic and Ethiopic, respectively, for the ancient Northwest Semitic order of letters, which is used in those languages in certain functions alongside the customary orders in Arabic reflecting rearrangement according to shape, and in Ethiopic reflecting an entirely different letter-order tradition"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing Systems Research, 9:1, 14–35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "This type of script has been given many names, among them semi-alphabet (Diringer, 1948, referring to Brāhmī), semi-syllabary (Diringer, 1948, referring to Devanāgarī) or semi-syllabic script (Baker, 1997), syllabic alphabet (Coulmas, 1999), alphasyllabary (Bright, 1996, 1999; Trigger, 2004), neosyllabary (Daniels, 1990), abugida (Daniels, 1996a) and segmentally coded syllabically linear phonographic script (Faber, 1992) as well as the Sanskrit-inspired terms aksara system (Gnanadesikan, 2009) or āksharik script (Rimzhim, Katz, & Fowler, 2014). As is discussed further below, however, there is a considerable degree of typological diversity in this family of scripts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1990" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Peter T. (October–December 1990). "Fundamentals of Grammatology". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>119</b> (4): 727–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602899">10.2307/602899</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602899">602899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Fundamentals+of+Grammatology&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-731&rft.date=1990-10%2F1990-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602899%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He describes this term as "formal," i.e., more concerned with the graphic arrangement of symbols, whereas <i>abugida</i> was "functional," putting the focus on sound–symbol correspondence. However, this is not a distinction made in the literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWS_glossary-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_glossary_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glossary of Daniels & Bright (1996) <i>The World's Writing Systems</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TUS_Khmer_VC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TUS_Khmer_VC_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch16.pdf#G43687">"The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. August 2015. Section 16.4 Khmer, Subscript Consonants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch16.pdf#G43687">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+8.0&rft.pages=Section+16.4+Khmer%2C+Subscript+Consonants&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode8.0.0%2Fch16.pdf%23G43687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tai_Tham_Unicode_Proposal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tai_Tham_Unicode_Proposal_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonHosken,_Martin2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>; Hosken, Martin (6 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3121.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Group Document</i>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3121.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Group+Document&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Lanna+script+in+the+BMP+of+the+UCS&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hosken%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWS_Insular_SEA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWS_Insular_SEA_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel C. Kuipers & Ray McDermott, "Insular Southeast Asian Scripts". In Daniels & Bright (1996) <i>The World's Writing Systems</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Berry (2002:19) <i>Language Culture Type</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cham_Unicode_Proposal-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cham_Unicode_Proposal_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (6 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06257-n3120-cham.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Cham script in the BMP of the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06257-n3120-cham.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Cham+script+in+the+BMP+of+the+UCS&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06257-n3120-cham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWS_Ethiopic-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_Ethiopic_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWS_Ethiopic_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Getatchew Haile, "Ethiopic Writing". In Daniels & Bright (1996) <i>The World's Writing Systems</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/azturk_standard.pdf">"Standard Azeri"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>azeri.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azeri.org&rft.atitle=Standard+Azeri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azeri.org%2FAzeri%2Faz_arabic%2Fazturk_standard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitmanshorthand.homestead.com">"The Joy of Pitman Shorthand"</a>. <i>pitmanshorthand.homestead.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pitmanshorthand.homestead.com&rft.atitle=The+Joy+of+Pitman+Shorthand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitmanshorthand.homestead.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bright, William (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4818937.pdf">"A Matter of Typology: Alphasyllabaries and Abugidas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Written Language and Literacy</i>: 65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Written+Language+and+Literacy&rft.atitle=A+Matter+of+Typology%3A+Alphasyllabaries+and+Abugidas&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F4818937.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoch_Semitic-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoch_Semitic_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hoch (1994) <i>Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Periods</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Beng">"ScriptSource – Bengali (Bangla)"</a>. <i>scriptsource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=ScriptSource+%E2%80%93+Bengali+%28Bangla%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail%26key%3DBeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbugida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/conscripts/ihavsabeired.htm">"Ihathvé Sabethired"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span 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Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abugidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abugida&oldid=1257022723">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abugida&oldid=1257022723</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abugida_writing_systems" title="Category:Abugida writing systems">Abugida writing 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