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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variation_in_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Variation in pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementary_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementary_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Supplementary consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementary_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependent_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependent_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dependent vowels </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dependent_vowels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dependent vowels subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dependent_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modification_by_diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modification_by_diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Modification by diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modification_by_diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Consonants with no dependent vowel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ligatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Independent vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionary_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionary_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Dictionary order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionary_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacing_and_punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing_and_punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Spacing and punctuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing_and_punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Unicode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Khmer script</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="खमेर लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खमेर लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Khmer yazısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Khmer yazısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="খমের লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খমের লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Кхмерска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кхмерска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skritur_kmerek" title="Skritur kmerek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skritur kmerek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_khmer" title="Alfabet khmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet khmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmersk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Khmerské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Khmerské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer-Schrift" title="Khmer-Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Khmer-Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_camboyano" title="Alfabeto camboyano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto camboyano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="الفبای خمری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای خمری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphasyllabaire_khmer" title="Alphasyllabaire khmer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphasyllabaire khmer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A9%94%EB%A5%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="크메르 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크메르 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="खमेर लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खमेर लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara Khmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_khmer" title="Alfabeto khmer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto khmer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Khmer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%99" title="ອັກສອນຂະເໝນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອັກສອນຂະເໝນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer%C5%B3_ra%C5%A1tas" title="Khmerų raštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Khmerų raštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ഖമർ ലിപി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖമർ ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Khmer" title="Tulisan Khmer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Khmer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="クメール文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クメール文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Skraft" title="Khmer Skraft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Khmer Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer-skrift" title="Khmer-skrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Khmer-skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="کھمیر لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھمیر لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A" title="អក្សរខ្មែរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្សរខ្មែរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_khmerskie" title="Pismo khmerskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo khmerskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_quemer" title="Alfabeto quemer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto quemer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetul_khmer" title="Alfabetul khmer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetul khmer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кхмерское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кхмерское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Khmer script" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmeril%C3%A4inen_kirjaimisto" title="Khmeriläinen kirjaimisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Khmeriläinen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmerisk_skrift" title="Khmerisk skrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khmerisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_Hemer" title="Sulat Hemer – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat Hemer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3" title="อักษรเขมร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรเขมร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmer_alfabesi" title="Kmer alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kmer alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кхмерське письмо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кхмерське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Khmer" title="Chữ Khmer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Khmer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89%E6%96%87" title="高棉文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高棉文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Khmer" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Khmer <div style="font-weight:normal">Cambodian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_sample_script.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/220px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/330px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/440px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="106" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Âkkhârôkrâm Khmêr ("Khmer script") written in Khmer script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 611 – present<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054190?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a><a href="#cite_note-constitution-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician script">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Khmer</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Old Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Khmr <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(355), Khmer</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Khmer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1780.pdf">U+1780–U+17FF</a> Khmer</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U19E0.pdf">U+19E0–U+19FF</a> Khmer Symbols</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/40px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/60px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Aksar_Khmer.svg/80px-Aksar_Khmer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> text. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer script</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> and its descendants</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Northern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Landa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_script" title="Gaudi script">Gaudi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagspa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagspa script">Phagspa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li> <li>Drusha</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig" title="Tamyig">Tamyig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocharian alphabet">Tocharian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Southern Brahmic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li> <li>Proto-Tai script? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Noi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Noi script">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dai_Don_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dai Don script (page does not exist)">Dai Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Pao_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Pao script (page does not exist)">Lai Pao</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan script">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li>Lik-Tai scripts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Khamti script">Khamti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_alphabet" title="Mon alphabet">Modern Mon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu-Kannada_alphabet" title="Telugu-Kannada alphabet">Telugu-Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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.abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks abchis-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> 32nd <abbr title="century">c.</abbr> BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a> 32nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a> 3rd c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic">Proto-Sinaitic</a> 19th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> 15th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian</a> 9th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li>(see <a href="#tp-abchistory-phx">below</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1601</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a> 1989</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> 12th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hebrew">Paleo-Hebrew</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a> 6th c. BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> 3rd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a> 4th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a> 6th century</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer</a> 611</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> 7th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼPhags-pa">ʼPhags-pa</a> 1269</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> 10th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a> 1840</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic#Square_Aramaic_Alphabet" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Square Aramaic</a> 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> 3rd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a> 2nd c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a> 1949</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a> 2nd c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a> 6th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> 1204</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a> 2nd century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Etruscan</a> 8th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> 7th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a> 1854</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a> 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Syllabic_writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> 1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a> 1915</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect#Writing_system" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a> 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a> 2006</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic">Runic</a> 2nd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> 4th century</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a> 5th c. BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> 3rd century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a> 405 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 420</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic">Glagolitic</a> 862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 940 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Permic">Old Permic</a> 1372</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyco-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyco-Berber">Libyco-Berber</a> 10th c. BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a> 4th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh#Neo-Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a> 1970</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic</a> 7th c. BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> Khmer script (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: អក្សរខ្មែរ, Âksâr Khmêr <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[ʔaksɑː kʰmae]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Huffman-3">[3]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> (alphasyllabary) script used to write the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a>, the official language of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. It is also used to write <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand. Khmer is written from <a href="/wiki/Left_to_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Left to right">left to right</a>. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> between them. <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">Consonant clusters</a> within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each character represents a consonant sound together with an <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>, either â or ô; in many cases, in the absence of another vowel mark, the inherent vowel is to be pronounced after the consonant. There are some independent <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels, additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. There are also a number of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientKhmerScript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/220px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/330px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/AncientKhmerScript.jpg/440px-AncientKhmerScript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Khmer script engraved on stone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lolei_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lolei_%285%29.JPG/220px-Lolei_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lolei_%285%29.JPG/330px-Lolei_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lolei_%285%29.JPG/440px-Lolei_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>An inscription in Khmer script, at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Lolei" title="Lolei">Lolei</a></figcaption></figure> The Khmer script was adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, used in southern India and Southeast Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> which ultimately descended from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a> script.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The oldest dated <a href="/wiki/Khmer_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer inscription">Khmer inscription</a> was found at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Borei_District" title="Angkor Borei District">Angkor Borei District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Takéo Province">Takéo Province</a> south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Stelae of the Pre-Angkorean and Angkorean periods, featuring the Khmer script, have been found throughout the former <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> to what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Thailand">Northeast Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Slight differences can be seen between ancient Khmer inscriptions written in Sanskrit and those written in Khmer. These two different systems have evolved into the modern âksâr mul and âksâr chriĕng styles of Khmer script. The former is used for sacred inscriptions while the latter is used for general use.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The âksâr chriĕng style is a cursive form of âksâr mul, adapted to fit the Khmer language.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a> scripts are descendants of an older cursive form of the Khmer script, through the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai script</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonants">Consonants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> There are 35 Khmer <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> symbols, although modern Khmer only uses 33, two having become obsolete. Each consonant has an <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vowel" title="Inherent vowel">inherent vowel</a>: â /ɑː/ or ô /ɔː/; equivalently, each consonant is said to belong to the a-series or o-series. A consonant's series determines the pronunciation of the <a href="#Dependent_vowels">dependent vowel</a> symbols which may be attached to it, and in some positions the sound of the inherent vowel is itself pronounced. The two series originally represented <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> consonants respectively (and are still referred to as such in Khmer). <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound changes</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Khmer" title="Middle Khmer">Middle Khmer</a> period affected vowels following voiceless consonants, and these changes were preserved even though the distinctive voicing was lost (see <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language#Phonation_and_tone" title="Khmer language">phonation in Khmer</a>). Each consonant, with one exception, also has a subscript form. These may also be called "sub-consonants"; the Khmer phrase is ជើងអក្សរ cheung âksâr, meaning "foot of a letter". Most subscript consonants resemble the corresponding consonant symbol, but in a smaller and possibly simplified form, although in a few cases there is no obvious resemblance. Most subscript consonants are written directly below other consonants, although subscript r appears to the left, while a few others have ascending elements which appear to the right. Subscripts are used in writing <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> (consonants pronounced consecutively in a word with no vowel sound between them). Clusters in Khmer normally consist of two consonants, although occasionally in the middle of a word there will be three. The first consonant in a cluster is written using the main consonant symbol, with the second (and third, if present) attached to it in subscript form. Subscripts were previously also used to write final consonants; in modern Khmer this may be done, optionally, in some words ending -ng or -y, such as ឲ្យ aôy ("give"). The consonants and their subscript forms are listed in the following table. Usual phonetic values are given using the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA); variations are described below the table. The sound system is described in detail at <a href="/wiki/Khmer_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer phonology">Khmer phonology</a>. The spoken <a href="/wiki/Letter_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter name">name</a> of each consonant letter is its value together with its inherent vowel. Transliterations are given using the transcription system of the Geographic Department of the Cambodian Ministry of Land Management and Urban Planning used by the Cambodian government and the <a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> system;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-11">[11]</a> for other systems see <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Romanization of Khmer</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonant </th> <th rowspan="2">Subscript form </th> <th colspan="4">Name/Full value (with inherent vowel) </th> <th colspan="4">Consonant value </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>UNGEGN </th> <th>GD </th> <th>ALA-LC </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>ក</big> </td> <td><big>្ក</big> </td> <td>kâ </td> <td>ka </td> <td>ka </td> <td>[kɑː] </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>[k] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ខ</big> </td> <td><big>្ខ</big> </td> <td>khâ </td> <td>kha </td> <td>kha </td> <td>[kʰɑː] </td> <td>kh </td> <td>kh </td> <td>kh </td> <td>[kʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>គ</big> </td> <td><big>្គ</big> </td> <td>kô </td> <td>ko </td> <td>ga </td> <td>[kɔː] </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>g </td> <td>[k] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឃ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឃ</big> </td> <td>khô </td> <td>kho </td> <td>gha </td> <td>[kʰɔː] </td> <td>kh </td> <td>kh </td> <td>gh </td> <td>[kʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ង</big> </td> <td><big>្ង</big> </td> <td>ngô </td> <td>ngo </td> <td>nga </td> <td>[ŋɔː] </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>[ŋ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ច</big> </td> <td><big>្ច</big> </td> <td>châ </td> <td>cha </td> <td>ca </td> <td>[cɑː] </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>c </td> <td>[c] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឆ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឆ</big> </td> <td>chhâ </td> <td>chha </td> <td>cha </td> <td>[cʰɑː] </td> <td>chh </td> <td>chh </td> <td>ch </td> <td>[cʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ជ</big> </td> <td><big>្ជ</big> </td> <td>chô </td> <td>cho </td> <td>ja </td> <td>[cɔː] </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>j </td> <td>[c] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឈ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឈ</big> </td> <td>chhô </td> <td>chho </td> <td>jha </td> <td>[cʰɔː] </td> <td>chh </td> <td>chh </td> <td>jh </td> <td>[cʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ញ</big> </td> <td><big>្ញ</big> </td> <td>nhô </td> <td>nho </td> <td>ña </td> <td>[ɲɔː] </td> <td>nh </td> <td>nh </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>[ɲ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ដ</big> </td> <td><big>្ដ</big> </td> <td>dâ </td> <td>da </td> <td>ṭa </td> <td>[ɗɑː] </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td>[ɗ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឋ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឋ</big> </td> <td>thâ </td> <td>tha </td> <td>ṭha </td> <td>[tʰɑː] </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>ṭh </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឌ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឌ</big> </td> <td>dô </td> <td>do </td> <td>ḍa </td> <td>[ɗɔː] </td> <td>d </td> <td>d </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>[ɗ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឍ</big> </td> <td><big>្ឍ</big> </td> <td>thô </td> <td>tho </td> <td>ḍha </td> <td>[tʰɔː] </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>ḍh </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ណ</big> </td> <td><big>្ណ</big> </td> <td>nâ </td> <td>na </td> <td>ṇa </td> <td>[nɑː] </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td>[n] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ត</big> </td> <td><big>្ត</big> </td> <td>tâ </td> <td>ta </td> <td>ta </td> <td>[tɑː] </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>[t] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ថ</big> </td> <td><big>្ថ</big> </td> <td>thâ </td> <td>tha </td> <td>tha </td> <td>[tʰɑː] </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ទ</big> </td> <td><big>្ទ</big> </td> <td>tô </td> <td>to </td> <td>da </td> <td>[tɔː] </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>d </td> <td>[t] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ធ</big> </td> <td><big>្ធ</big> </td> <td>thô </td> <td>tho </td> <td>dha </td> <td>[tʰɔː] </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>dh </td> <td>[tʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ន</big> </td> <td><big>្ន</big> </td> <td>nô </td> <td>no </td> <td>na </td> <td>[nɔː] </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>[n] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ប</big> </td> <td><big>្ប</big> </td> <td>bâ </td> <td>ba </td> <td>pa </td> <td>[ɓɑː] </td> <td>b, p </td> <td>b, p </td> <td>p </td> <td>[ɓ], [p] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ផ</big> </td> <td><big>្ផ</big> </td> <td>phâ </td> <td>pha </td> <td>pha </td> <td>[pʰɑː] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>ph </td> <td>ph </td> <td>[pʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ព</big> </td> <td><big>្ព</big> </td> <td>pô </td> <td>po </td> <td>ba </td> <td>[pɔː] </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>b </td> <td>[p] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ភ</big> </td> <td><big>្ភ</big> </td> <td>phô </td> <td>pho </td> <td>bha </td> <td>[pʰɔː] </td> <td>ph </td> <td>ph </td> <td>bh </td> <td>[pʰ] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ម</big> </td> <td><big>្ម</big> </td> <td>mô </td> <td>mo </td> <td>ma </td> <td>[mɔː] </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>[m] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>យ</big> </td> <td><big>្យ</big> </td> <td>yô </td> <td>yo </td> <td>ya </td> <td>[jɔː] </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>[j] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>រ</big> </td> <td><big>្រ</big> </td> <td>rô </td> <td>ro </td> <td>ra </td> <td>[rɔː] </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>[r] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big> ល</big> </td> <td><big>្ល</big> </td> <td>lô </td> <td>lo </td> <td>la </td> <td>[lɔː] </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>[l] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>វ</big> </td> <td><big>្វ</big> </td> <td>vô </td> <td>vo </td> <td>va </td> <td>[ʋɔː] </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>[ʋ] </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E5E5E5"><big>ឝ</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E5E5E5"><big>្ឝ</big> </td> <td colspan="8" bgcolor="#E5E5E5">Obsolete; historically used for <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">palatal s</a> Used only for <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration<a href="#cite_note-KhUnicodeChart-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E5E5E5"><big>ឞ</big> </td> <td bgcolor="#E5E5E5"><big>្ឞ</big> </td> <td colspan="8" bgcolor="#E5E5E5">Obsolete; historically used for <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">retroflex s</a> Used only for <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> transliteration<a href="#cite_note-KhUnicodeChart-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ស</big> </td> <td><big>្ស</big> </td> <td>sâ </td> <td>sa </td> <td>sa </td> <td>[sɑː] </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>[s] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ</big> </td> <td><big>្ហ</big> </td> <td>hâ </td> <td>ha </td> <td>ha </td> <td>[hɑː] </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>h </td> <td>[h] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឡ</big> </td> <td>none<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>lâ </td> <td>la </td> <td>ḷa </td> <td>[lɑː] </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>ḷ </td> <td>[l] </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អ</big> </td> <td><big>្អ</big> </td> <td>'â </td> <td>'a </td> <td>ʿʹa </td> <td>[ʔɑː] </td> <td>' </td> <td>' </td> <td>ʿʹ </td> <td>[ʔ] </td></tr></tbody></table> The letter ប bâ appears in somewhat modified form (e.g. បា) when combined with certain dependent vowels (see <a href="#Ligatures">Ligatures</a>). The letter ញ nhô is written without the lower curve when a subscript is added. When it is subscripted to itself, the subscript is a smaller form of the entire letter: ញ្ញ -nhnh-. Note that ដ dâ and ត tâ have the same subscript form. In initial clusters this subscript is always pronounced [ɗ], but in medial positions it is [ɗ] in some words and [t] in others. The series ដ dâ, ឋ thâ, ឌ dô, ឍ thô, ណ nâ originally represented <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a> in the Indic parent scripts. The second, third and fourth of these are rare, and occur only for etymological reasons in a few Pali and Sanskrit loanwords. Because the sound /n/ is common, and often grammatically productive, in Mon-Khmer languages, the fifth of this group, ណ, was adapted as an a-series counterpart of ន nô for convenience (all other nasal consonants are o-series). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_in_pronunciation">Variation in pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation in pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> The aspirated consonant letters (kh-, chh-, th-, ph-) are pronounced with aspiration only before a vowel. There is also slight aspiration with k, ch, t and p sounds before <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language#Consonants" title="Khmer language">certain consonants</a>, but this is regardless of whether they are spelt with a letter that indicates aspiration. A Khmer word cannot end with more than one consonant sound, so subscript consonants at the end of words (which appear for etymological reasons) are not pronounced, although they may come to be pronounced when the same word begins a compound. In some words, a single medial consonant symbol represents both the final consonant of one syllable and the initial consonant of the next. The letter ប bâ represents [ɓ] only before a vowel. When final or followed by a subscript consonant, it is pronounced [p] (and in the case where it is followed by a subscript consonant, it is also romanized as p in the UN system). For modification to p by means of a diacritic, see <a href="#Supplementary_consonants">Supplementary consonants</a>. The letter, which represented /p/ in Indic scripts, also often maintains the [p] sound in certain words borrowed from Sanskrit and Pali. The letters ដ dâ and ឌ dô are pronounced [t] when final. The letter ត tâ is pronounced [ɗ] in initial position in a weak syllable ending with a nasal. In final position, letters representing a [k] sound (k-, kh-) are pronounced as a glottal stop [ʔ] after the vowels [ɑː], [aː], [iə], [ɨə], [uə], [ɑ], [a], [ĕə], [ŭə]. The letter រ rô is silent when final (in most dialects; see <a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Khmer language">Northern Khmer</a>). The letter ស sâ when final is pronounced /h/ (which in this position approaches [ç]). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplementary_consonants">Supplementary consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supplementary consonants">edit</a>]</div> The Khmer writing system includes supplementary consonants, used in certain <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>. These mostly represent sounds which do not occur in native words, or for which the native letters are restricted to one of the two vowel series. Most of them are <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, formed by stacking a subscript under the letter ហ hâ, with an additional treisăpt <a href="#Diacritics">diacritic</a> if required to change the inherent vowel to ô. The character for pâ, however, is formed by placing the musĕkâtônd ("mouse teeth") diacritic over the character ប bâ. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Supplementary consonant </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th> <th colspan="4">Full value (with inherent vowel) </th> <th colspan="4">Consonant value </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្គ</big> </td> <td>hâ + kô </td> <td>hkâ </td> <td>hka </td> <td>hga </td> <td>[ɡɑː] </td> <td>hk </td> <td>hk </td> <td>hg </td> <td>[ɡ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្គាស hkas [ɡaːh] ('gas'; from French gaz) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្គ៊</big> </td> <td>hâ + kô + diacritic </td> <td>hkô </td> <td>hko </td> <td>hg′a </td> <td>[ɡɔː] </td> <td>hk </td> <td>hk </td> <td>hg′ </td> <td>[ɡ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្គ៊ារ hkéar [giə] ('train station'; from French gare) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្ន</big> </td> <td>hâ + nô </td> <td>hnâ </td> <td>hna </td> <td>hna </td> <td>[nɑː] </td> <td>hn </td> <td>hn </td> <td>hn </td> <td>[n] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្នាំង/ហ្ន័ង hnăng [naŋ] ('shadow play' from Thai หนัง nǎng) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ប៉</big> </td> <td>bâ + diacritic </td> <td>pâ </td> <td>pa </td> <td>p′′a </td> <td>[pɑː] </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p′′ </td> <td>[p] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ប៉ាក់ păk [pak] ('to embroider'), ប៉័ង păng [paŋ] ('bread'; from French pain) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្ម</big> </td> <td>hâ + mô </td> <td>hmâ </td> <td>hma </td> <td>hma </td> <td>[mɑː] </td> <td>hm </td> <td>hm </td> <td>hm </td> <td>[m] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: គ្រូហ្ម kru hmâ [kruː mɑː] ('shaman'; from Thai หมอ mɔ̌ɔ) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្ល</big> </td> <td>hâ + lô </td> <td>hlâ </td> <td>hla </td> <td>hla </td> <td>[lɑː] </td> <td>hl </td> <td>hl </td> <td>hl </td> <td>[l] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្លួង hluŏng [luəŋ] ('king'; from Thai หลวง lǔuang) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្វ</big> </td> <td>hâ + vô </td> <td>hvâ </td> <td>hva </td> <td>hva </td> <td>[fɑː], [ʋɑː] </td> <td>hv </td> <td>hv </td> <td>hv </td> <td>[f], [ʋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pronounced [ʋ] in ហ្វង់ hváng [ʋɑŋ] ('clear'), [f] in កាហ្វេ kahvé [kaːfeː] ('coffee'; from French café) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្វ៊</big> </td> <td>hâ + vô + diacritic </td> <td>hvô </td> <td>hvo </td> <td>hv′a </td> <td>[fɔː], [ʋɔː] </td> <td>hv </td> <td>hv </td> <td>hv′ </td> <td>[f], [ʋ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្វ៊ីល hvil [fiːl] ('film'; from French film) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្ស</big> </td> <td>hâ + sâ </td> <td>hsâ </td> <td>hsa </td> <td>hsa </td> <td>[zɑː], [ʒɑː] </td> <td>hs </td> <td>hs </td> <td>hs </td> <td>[z], [ʒ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្សាស hsas [ʒaːh] ('jazz'; from French jazz), ភីហ្សា phihsa [pʰiːzaː] ('pizza') </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ហ្ស៊</big> </td> <td>hâ + sâ + diacritic </td> <td>hsô </td> <td>hso </td> <td>hs′a </td> <td>[zɔː], [ʒɔː] </td> <td>hs </td> <td>hs </td> <td>hs′ </td> <td>[z], [ʒ] </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Example: ហ្ស៊ីប hsib [ʒiːp] ('jeep'; from French jeep), ហ្សឺណេវ hsœnév [zəːneːw] ('Geneva'; from French Genève) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dependent_vowels">Dependent vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dependent vowels">edit</a>]</div> Most Khmer vowel sounds are written using dependent, or <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical</a>, vowel symbols, known in Khmer as ស្រៈនិស្ស័យ srăk nĭssăy or ស្រៈផ្សំ srăk phsâm ("connecting vowel"). These can only be written in combination with a consonant (or consonant cluster). The vowel is pronounced after the consonant (or cluster), even though some of the symbols have graphical elements which appear above, below or to the left of the consonant character. Most of the vowel symbols have two possible pronunciations, depending on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is added. Their pronunciations may also be different in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language#Stress" title="Khmer language">weak syllables</a>, and when they are shortened (e.g. by means of a diacritic). <a href="#Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel">Absence of a dependent vowel</a> (or diacritic) often implies that a syllable-initial consonant is followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. In determining the inherent vowel of a consonant cluster (i.e. how a following dependent vowel will be pronounced), <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> are dominant over <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>. For any consonant cluster including a combination of these sounds, a following dependent vowel is pronounced according to the dominant consonant, regardless of its position in the cluster. When both members of a cluster are dominant, the subscript consonant determines the pronunciation of a following dependent vowel. A non-dominant consonant (and in some words also ហ hâ) will also have its inherent vowel changed by a preceding dominant consonant in the same word, even when there is a vowel between them, although some words (especially among those with more than two syllables) do not obey this rule. The dependent vowels are listed below, in conventional form with a dotted circle as a dummy consonant symbol, and in combination with the a-series letter អ ’â. The IPA values given are representative of dialects from the northwest and central plains regions, specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Battambang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Battambang Province">Battambang</a> area, upon which <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard</a> Khmer is based. Vowel pronunciation varies widely in other dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Khmer language">Northern Khmer</a>, where diphthongs are leveled, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modal voice</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonations</a> are still contrastive. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Dependent vowel </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><a href="#cite_note-Huffman-3">[3]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th></tr> <tr> <td>(none) </td> <td><big>អ</big> </td> <td>[ɑː], [ɒː] in some dialects </td> <td>[ɔː] </td> <td>a </td> <td>o </td> <td>â </td> <td>ô </td> <td>a </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a> and <a href="#Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel">Consonants with no dependent vowel</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ា</big> </td> <td><big>អា</big> </td> <td>[aː] </td> <td>[iːə]<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>a </td> <td>ea </td> <td>a </td> <td>éa </td> <td>ā </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. អ៊ា, the o-series of ា, is slightly distinct from ៀ. (អ៊ា ~ "air" vs ៀ ~ "ear") </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ិ</big> </td> <td><big>អិ</big> </td> <td>[ə], [e] </td> <td>[ɨ], [i] </td> <td>e </td> <td>i </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td>ĭ </td> <td>i </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Pronounced [e]/[i] in syllables with no written final consonant (a glottal stop is then added if the syllable is stressed; however in some words the vowel is silent when final, and in some words in which it is not word-final it is pronounced [əj]). In the o-series, combines with final យ yô to sound [iː]. (See also <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ី</big> </td> <td><big>អី</big> </td> <td>[əj] </td> <td>[iː] </td> <td>ei </td> <td>i </td> <td>ei </td> <td>i </td> <td>ī </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឹ</big> </td> <td><big>អឹ</big> </td> <td>[ə] </td> <td>[ɨ] </td> <td>oe </td> <td>ue </td> <td colspan="2">œ̆ </td> <td>ẏ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឺ</big> </td> <td><big>អឺ</big> </td> <td>[əɨ] </td> <td>[ɨː] </td> <td>eu </td> <td>ueu </td> <td colspan="2">œ </td> <td>ȳ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ុ</big> </td> <td><big>អុ</big> </td> <td>[o] </td> <td>[u] </td> <td>o </td> <td>u </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td>ŭ </td> <td>u </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. In a stressed syllable with no written final consonant, the vowel is followed by a glottal stop [ʔ], or by [k] in the word តុ tŏk ("table") (but the vowel is silent when final in certain words). </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ូ</big> </td> <td><big>អូ</big> </td> <td>[ou] </td> <td>[uː] </td> <td>ou </td> <td>u </td> <td>o </td> <td>u </td> <td>ū </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Becomes [əw]/[ɨw] before a final វ vô. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ួ</big> </td> <td><big>អួ</big> </td> <td colspan="2">[uə] </td> <td colspan="2">uo </td> <td colspan="2">uŏ </td> <td>ua </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ើ</big> </td> <td><big>អើ</big> </td> <td>[aə] </td> <td>[əː] </td> <td>aeu </td> <td>eu </td> <td>aeu </td> <td>eu </td> <td>oe </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឿ</big> </td> <td><big>អឿ</big> </td> <td colspan="2">[ɨə] </td> <td colspan="2">oea </td> <td colspan="2">œă </td> <td>ẏa </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ៀ</big> </td> <td><big>អៀ</big> </td> <td colspan="2">[iə] </td> <td colspan="2">ie </td> <td colspan="2">iĕ </td> <td>ia </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>េ</big> </td> <td><big>អេ</big> </td> <td>[ei] </td> <td>[eː] </td> <td colspan="2">e </td> <td colspan="2">é </td> <td>e </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Becomes [ə]/[ɨ] before palatals (or in the a-series, [a] before [c] in some words). Pronounced [ae]/[ɛː] in some words. See also <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ែ</big> </td> <td><big>អែ</big> </td> <td>[ae] </td> <td>[ɛː] </td> <td>ae </td> <td>eae </td> <td colspan="2">ê </td> <td>ae </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ៃ</big> </td> <td><big>អៃ</big> </td> <td>[aj] </td> <td>[ɨj] </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ey </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ey </td> <td>ai </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ោ</big> </td> <td><big>អោ</big> </td> <td>[ao] </td> <td>[oː] </td> <td>ao </td> <td>ou </td> <td>aô </td> <td>oŭ </td> <td>o </td> <td style="text-align:left;">See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ៅ</big> </td> <td><big>អៅ</big> </td> <td>[aw] </td> <td>[ɨw] </td> <td>au </td> <td>ov </td> <td>au </td> <td>ŏu </td> <td>au </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The spoken name of each dependent vowel consists of the word ស្រៈ srăk [sraʔ]("vowel") followed by the vowel's a-series value preceded by a glottal stop (and also followed by a glottal stop in the case of short vowels). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modification by diacritics">edit</a>]</div> The addition of some of the <a href="#Diacritics">Khmer diacritics</a> can modify the length and value of inherent or dependent vowels. The following table shows combinations with the nĭkkôhĕt and reăhmŭkh diacritics, representing final [m] and [h]. They are shown with the a-series consonant អ ’â. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Combination </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#ALA-LC_Romanization_Tables" title="Romanization of Khmer">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th> <th>a-series </th> <th>o-series </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>អុំ</big> </td> <td>[om] </td> <td>[um] </td> <td>om </td> <td>um </td> <td>om </td> <td>ŭm </td> <td>uṃ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អំ</big> </td> <td>[ɑm] </td> <td>[um] </td> <td>am </td> <td>um </td> <td>âm </td> <td>um </td> <td>aṃ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">The word ធំ thum ("big") is pronounced [tʰom] (but [tʰum] in some dialects). </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អាំ</big> </td> <td>[am] </td> <td>[ŏəm] </td> <td>am </td> <td>oam </td> <td>ăm </td> <td>ŏâm </td> <td>āṃ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">When followed by ង ngô, becomes [aŋ]/[eəŋ] ăng/eăng. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អះ</big> </td> <td>[ah] </td> <td>[ĕəh] </td> <td>ah </td> <td>eah </td> <td>ăh </td> <td>eăh </td> <td>aḥ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អិះ</big> </td> <td>[eh] </td> <td>[ih] </td> <td>eh </td> <td>is </td> <td>ĕh </td> <td>ĭh </td> <td>iḥ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អុះ</big> </td> <td>[oh] </td> <td>[uh] </td> <td>oh </td> <td>uh </td> <td>ŏh </td> <td>ŭh </td> <td>uḥ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អេះ</big> </td> <td>[eh] </td> <td>[ih] </td> <td colspan="2">eh </td> <td colspan="2">éh </td> <td>eḥ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>អោះ</big> </td> <td>[ɑh] </td> <td>[ŭəh] </td> <td>aoh </td> <td>uoh </td> <td>aôh </td> <td>ŏăh </td> <td>oaḥ </td> <td style="text-align:left;">The word នោះ nŏăh ("that") can be pronounced [nuh]. </td></tr></tbody></table> The first four configurations listed here are treated as dependent vowels in their own right, and have names constructed in the same way as for the other dependent vowels (described in the previous section). Other rarer configurations with the reăhmŭkh are អើះ (or អឹះ), pronounced [əh], and អែះ, pronounced [eh]. The word ចា៎ះ "yes" (used by women) is pronounced [caː] and rarely [caːh]. The bânták (a small vertical line written over the final consonant of a syllable) has the following effects: <ul><li>in a syllable with inherent â, the vowel is shortened to [ɑ], UN transcription á</li> <li>in a syllable with inherent ô, the vowel is modified to [u] before a final <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, otherwise usually to [ŏə]; UN transcription ó</li> <li>in a syllable with the a dependent vowel symbol (<a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Khmer_a.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a>) in the a-series, the vowel is shortened to [a], UN transcription ă</li> <li>in a syllable with that vowel symbol in the o-series, the vowel is modified to [ŏə], UN transcription oă, or to [ĕə] eă before k, ng, h</li></ul> The sanhyoŭk sannha is equivalent to the a dependent vowel with the bântăk. However, its o-series pronunciation becomes [ɨ] before final y, and [ɔə] before final (silent) r. The yŭkôlpĭntŭ (pair of dots) represents [a] (a-series) or [ĕə] (o-series), followed by a glottal stop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel">Consonants with no dependent vowel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants with no dependent vowel">edit</a>]</div> There are three environments where a consonant may appear without a dependent vowel. The rules governing the inherent vowel differ for all three environments. Consonants may be written with no dependent vowel as an initial consonant of a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language#Stress" title="Khmer language">weak syllable</a>, an initial consonant of a strong syllable or as the final letter of a written word. In careful speech, initial consonants without a dependent vowel in weak initial syllables are pronounced with their inherent vowel shortened as if modified by the bânták diacritic (see previous section). For example the first-series letter "ច" in "ចន្លុះ" ("torch") is pronounced with the short vowel /ɑ/. The second-series letter "ព" in "ពន្លឺ" ("light") is pronounced with the short diphthong /ŏə/. In casual speech, these are most often reduced to /ə/ for both series. Initial consonants in strong syllables without written vowels are pronounced with their inherent vowels. The word ចង ("to tie") is pronounced [cɑːŋ], ជត ("weak", "to sink") is pronounced [cɔːt]. In some words, however, the inherent vowel is pronounced in its reduced form, as if modified by a bântăk diacritic, even though the diacritic is not written (e.g. សព [sɑp] "corpse"). Such reduction regularly takes place in words ending with a consonant with a silent subscript (such as សព្វ [sɑp] "every"), although in most such words it is the bânták-reduced form of the vowel a that is heard, as in សព្ទ [sap] "noise". The word អ្នក "you, person" has the highly irregular pronunciation [nĕəʔ]. Consonants written as the final letter of a word usually represent a word-final sound and are pronounced without any following vowel and, in the case of stops, with <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a> as in the examples above. However, in some words adopted from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, what would appear to be a final consonant under normal rules can actually be the initial consonant of a following syllable and pronounced with a short vowel as if followed by ាក់. For example, according to rules for native Khmer words, សុភ ("good", "clean", "beautiful") would appear to be a single syllable, but, being derived from Pali subha, it is pronounced [sopʰĕəʔ]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ligatures">edit</a>]</div> Most consonants, including a few of the subscripts, form <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a> with the vowel a (ា) and with all other dependent vowels that contain the same cane-like symbol. Most of these ligatures are easily recognizable, but a few may not be, particularly those involving the letter ប bâ. This combines with the a vowel in the form បា, created to differentiate it from the consonant symbol ហ hâ and also from the ligature for ច châ with a (ចា). Some more examples of ligatured symbols follow: <dl><dd>បៅ bau [ɓaw] Another example with ប bâ, forming a similar ligature to that described above. Here the vowel is not a itself, but another vowel (au) which contains the cane-like stroke of that vowel as a graphical element.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>លា léa [liə] An example of the vowel a forming a connection with the <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> of a consonant.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>ផ្បា phba [pʰɓaː] Subscript consonants with ascending strokes above the baseline also form ligatures with the a vowel symbol.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>ម្សៅ msau [msaw] Another example of a subscript consonant forming a ligature, this time with the vowel au.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>ត្រា tra [traː] The subscript for រ rô is written to the left of the main consonant, in this case ត tâ, which here forms a ligature with a.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_vowels">Independent vowels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independent vowels">edit</a>]</div> Independent vowels are non-diacritical vowel characters that stand alone (i.e. without being attached to a consonant symbol). In Khmer they are called ស្រៈពេញតួ sră pénh tuŏ, which means "complete vowels". They are used in some words to represent certain combinations of a vowel with an initial <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a>. The independent vowels are used in a small number of words, mostly of Indic origin, and consequently there is some inconsistency in their use and pronunciations.<a href="#cite_note-Huffman-3">[3]</a> However, a few words in which they occur are used quite frequently; these include: ឥឡូវ ĕlov [ʔəjləw] "now", ឪពុក âupŭk [ʔəwpuk] "father", ឬ rœ [rɨː] "or", ឮ lœ [lɨː] "hear", ឲ្យ aôy [ʔaoj] "give, let", ឯង êng [ʔaeŋ] "oneself, I, you", ឯណា ê na [ʔae naː] "where". <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Independent vowel </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#Geographic_Department" title="Romanization of Khmer">GD</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឥ</big> </td> <td>[ʔə], [ʔɨ], [ʔəj] </td> <td>e </td> <td>ĕ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឦ</big> </td> <td>[ʔəj] </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឧ</big> </td> <td>[ʔo], [ʔu], [ʔao] </td> <td>o </td> <td>ŏ, ŭ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E5E5E5"><big>ឨ</big> </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#E5E5E5">Obsolete (equivalent to the sequence ឧក)<a href="#cite_note-Unicode-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឩ</big> </td> <td>[ʔou], [ʔuː] </td> <td>ou </td> <td>not given </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឪ</big> </td> <td>[ʔəw] </td> <td>au </td> <td>âu </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឫ</big> </td> <td>[rɨ] </td> <td>rue </td> <td>rœ̆ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឬ</big> </td> <td>[rɨː] </td> <td>rueu </td> <td>rœ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឭ</big> </td> <td>[lɨ] </td> <td>lue </td> <td>lœ̆ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឮ</big> </td> <td>[lɨː] </td> <td>lueu </td> <td>lœ </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឯ</big> </td> <td>[ʔae], [ʔɛː], [ʔeː] </td> <td>ae </td> <td>ê </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឰ</big> </td> <td>[ʔaj] </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឱ, ឲ</big> </td> <td>[ʔao] </td> <td>ao </td> <td>aô </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ឳ</big> </td> <td>[ʔaw] </td> <td>au </td> <td>au </td></tr></tbody></table> Independent vowel letters are named similarly to the dependent vowels, with the word ស្រៈ sră [sraʔ] ("vowel") followed by the principal sound of the letter (the pronunciation or first of the pronunciations listed above), followed by an additional glottal stop after a short vowel. However the letter ឥ is called ស្រៈឥ sră ĕ [sraʔ ʔeʔ].<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diacritics">edit</a>]</div> The Khmer writing system contains several <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (វណ្ណយុត្តិ, vônnâyŭttĕ, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">[ʋannajut]</a>), used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diacritic </th> <th>Khmer name </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>ំ</big> </td> <td>និគ្គហិត nĭkkôhĕt </td> <td>The Pali niggahīta, related to the <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a>. A small circle written over a consonant or a following dependent vowel, it <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasalizes</a> the inherent or dependent vowel, with the addition of [m]; long vowels are also shortened. For details see <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ះ</big> </td> <td>រះមុខ reăhmŭkh "shining face" </td> <td>Related to the <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a>. A pair of small circles written after a consonant or a following dependent vowel, it modifies and adds final <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">aspiration</a> /h/ to the inherent or dependent vowel. For details see <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ៈ</big> </td> <td>យុគលពិន្ទុ yŭkoălpĭntŭ </td> <td>A "pair of dots", a fairly recently introduced diacritic, written after a consonant to indicate that it is to be followed by a short vowel and a glottal stop. See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៉</big> </td> <td>មូសិកទន្ត musĕkâtônd "mouse teeth" </td> <td>Two short vertical lines, written above a consonant, used to convert some o-series consonants (ង ញ ម យ រ វ) to a-series. It is also used with ប bâ to convert it to a p sound (see <a href="#Supplementary_consonants">Supplementary consonants</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៊</big> </td> <td>ត្រីស័ព្ទ treisăpt </td> <td>A wavy line, written above a consonant, used to convert some a-series consonants (ស ហ ប អ) to o-series. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ុ</big> </td> <td>ក្បៀសក្រោម kbiĕs kraôm </td> <td>Also known as បុកជើង bŏk cheung ("collision foot"); a vertical line written under a consonant, used in place of the diacritics treisăpt and musĕkâtônd when they would be impeded by superscript vowels. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>់</big> </td> <td>បន្តក់ bânták </td> <td>A small vertical line written over the last consonant of a syllable, indicating shortening (and corresponding change in quality) of certain vowels. See <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៌</big> </td> <td>របាទ rôbat រេផៈ réphă </td> <td>This superscript diacritic occurs in Sanskrit loanwords and corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> diacritic repha. It originally represented an r sound (and is romanized as r in the UNGEGN system). Now, in most cases, the consonant above which it appears, and the diacritic itself, are unpronounced. Examples: ធម៌ thôrm [tʰɔə] ("dharma"), កាណ៌ karn [kaː] (from karṇa), សួគ៌ា suŏrkéa [suəkiə] ("<a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a>"). </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៍</big> </td> <td>ទណ្ឌឃាដ tôndôkhéad </td> <td>Written over a final consonant to indicate that it is unpronounced. (Such unpronounced letters are still romanized in the UNGEGN system.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៎</big> </td> <td>កាកបាទ kakâbat </td> <td>Also known as a "crow's foot", used in writing to indicate the rising intonation of an exclamation or <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>; often placed on <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical particles">particles</a> such as /na/, /nɑː/, /nɛː/, /ʋəːj/, and on ចា៎ះ /caːh/, a word for "yes" used by females. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៏</big> </td> <td>អស្តា âsda "number eight" </td> <td>Used in a few words to show that a <a href="#Consonants_with_no_dependent_vowel">consonant with no dependent vowel</a> is to be pronounced with its inherent vowel, rather than as a final consonant. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>័</big> </td> <td>សំយោគសញ្ញា sâmyoŭk sânhnhéa </td> <td>Used in some Sanskrit and Pali loanwords (although alternative spellings usually exist); it is written above a consonant to indicate that the syllable contains a particular short vowel; see <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">Modification by diacritics</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៑</big> </td> <td>វិរាម vĭréam </td> <td>A mostly obsolete diacritic, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Vir%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Virāma">virāma</a>, which suppresses a consonant's inherent vowel. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictionary_order">Dictionary order</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dictionary order">edit</a>]</div> For the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">dictionary ordering</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> of words, main consonants, subscript consonants and dependent vowels are all significant; and when they appear in combination, they are considered in the order in which they would be spoken (main consonant, subscript, vowel). The order of the <a href="#Consonants">consonants</a> and of the <a href="#Dependent_vowels">dependent vowels</a> is the order in which they appear in the above tables. A syllable written without any dependent vowel is treated as if it contained a vowel character that precedes all the visible dependent vowels. As mentioned above, the four <a href="#Modification_by_diacritics">configurations with diacritics</a> exemplified in the syllables អុំ អំ អាំ អះ are treated as dependent vowels in their own right, and come in that order at the end of the list of dependent vowels. Other configurations with the reăhmŭkh <a href="#Diacritics">diacritic</a> are ordered as if that diacritic were a final consonant coming after all other consonants. Words with the bânták and sâmyoŭk sânhnhéa diacritics are ordered directly after identically spelled words without the diacritics. Vowels precede consonants in the ordering, so a combination of main and subscript consonants comes after any instance in which the same main consonant appears unsubscripted before a vowel. Words spelled with an <a href="#Independent_vowels">independent vowel</a> whose sound begins with a glottal stop follow after words spelled with the equivalent combination of អ ’â plus dependent vowel. Words spelled with an independent vowel whose sound begins [r] or [l] follow after all words beginning with the consonants រ rô and ល lô respectively. Words spelled with a consonant modified by a diacritic follow words spelled with the same consonant and dependent vowel symbol but without the diacritic. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Khmer_script#Dubious" title="Talk:Khmer script">discuss</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, words spelled with ប៉ (a bâ converted to a p sound by a diacritic) follow all words with unmodified ប bâ (without diacritic and without subscript). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Khmer_script#Dubious" title="Talk:Khmer script">discuss</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sometimes words in which ប is pronounced p are ordered as if the letter were written ប៉. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_numerals" title="Khmer numerals">Khmer numerals</a></div> The numerals of the Khmer script, similar to that used by other civilizations in Southeast Asia, are also derived from the southern Indian script. Western-style <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> are also used, but to a lesser extent. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Khmer numerals </th> <td>០ </td> <td>១ </td> <td>២ </td> <td>៣ </td> <td>៤ </td> <td>៥ </td> <td>៦ </td> <td>៧ </td> <td>៨ </td> <td>៩ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic numerals </th> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> In large numbers, <a href="/wiki/Digit_grouping" class="mw-redirect" title="Digit grouping">groups of three digits</a> are delimited with Western-style <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a> is represented by a comma. The Cambodian currency, the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">riel</a>, is abbreviated using the symbol <big>៛</big> or simply the letter <big>រ</big> rô. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacing_and_punctuation">Spacing and punctuation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spacing and punctuation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Space_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space (typography)">Spaces</a> are not used between all words in written Khmer. Spaces are used within sentences in roughly the same places as <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a> might be in English, although they may also serve to set off certain items such as numbers and proper names. Western-style <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation marks</a> are quite commonly used in modern Khmer writing, including French-style <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Non-English_usage_of_quotation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-English usage of quotation marks">quotation marks</a>. However, traditional Khmer punctuation marks are also used; some of these are described in the following table. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mark </th> <th>Khmer name </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td><big>។</big> </td> <td>ខណ្ឌ khând </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used as a <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> (the sign resembles an <a href="/wiki/Eighth_rest" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth rest">eighth rest</a> in music writing). However, consecutive sentences on the same theme are often separated only by spaces. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៘</big> </td> <td>ល៉ៈ lăk </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Etc." class="mw-redirect" title="Etc.">etc.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>ៗ</big> </td> <td>លេខទោ lékh toŭ ("figure two") </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Duplication sign (similar in form to the <a href="#Numerals">Khmer numeral</a> for 2). It indicates that the preceding word or phrase is to be repeated (<a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">duplicated</a>), a common feature in Khmer syntax. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៕</big> </td> <td>បរិយោសាន bârĭyoŭsan </td> <td style="text-align:left;">A period used to end an entire text or a chapter. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៚</big> </td> <td>គោមូត្រ koŭmutr ("cow urine") </td> <td style="text-align:left;">A period used at the end of poetic or religious texts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៙</big> </td> <td>ភ្នែកមាន់ phnêk moăn ("cock's eye") </td> <td style="text-align:left;">A symbol (said to represent the elephant trunk of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>) used at the start of poetic or religious texts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><big>៖</big> </td> <td>ចំណុចពីរគូស châmnŏch pir kus "two dots (and a) line" </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. (The middle line distinguishes this sign from a <a href="#Diacritics">diacritic</a>.) </td></tr></tbody></table> A <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> (សហសញ្ញា sâhâ sânhnhéa) is commonly used between components of personal names, and also as in English when a word is divided between lines of text. It can also be used between numbers to denote ranges or dates. Particular uses of Western-style periods include grouping of digits in large numbers (see <a href="#Numerals">Numerals</a> hereinbefore) and denotation of <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Styles">edit</a>]</div> Several styles of Khmer writing are used for varying purposes. The two main styles are âksâr chriĕng (literally "slanted script") and âksâr mul ("round script"). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG/220px-Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG/330px-Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG/440px-Bhuddha_Sutra_in_Thai-Khmer_Font.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Âksâr khâm (អក្សរខម), or Akson khom (อักษรขอม), an antique style of the Khmer script as written in Uttaradit, Thailand. In this picture, although it was written with Khmer script, all texts in this manuscript are in Thai languages.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Âksâr chriĕng (អក្សរជ្រៀង) refers to <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> letters. Entire bodies of text such as novels and other publications may be produced in âksâr chriĕng. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Standard_written_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard written English">written English</a>, oblique lettering does not represent any grammatical differences such as <a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">emphasis</a> or quotation. Handwritten Khmer is often written in the oblique style.</li> <li>Âksâr chhôr (អក្សរឈរ) or Âksâr tráng (អក្សរត្រង់) refers to upright or 'standing' letters, as opposed to oblique letters. Most modern Khmer <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> are designed in this manner instead of being oblique, as text can be italicized by way of word processor commands and other computer applications to represent the oblique manner of âksâr chriĕng.</li> <li>Âksâr khâm (អក្សរខម), also known as the <a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai script</a>, is a style used in Pali <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a>. It is characterized by sharper serifs and angles and retainment of some antique characteristics, notably in the consonant kâ (ក). This style is also for <a href="/wiki/Yantra_tattooing" title="Yantra tattooing">yantra tattoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantras</a> on cloth, paper, or engravings on brass plates in Cambodia as well as in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>Âksâr mul (អក្សរមូល) is <a href="/wiki/Calligraphical" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligraphical">calligraphical</a> style similar to âksâr khâm as it also retains some characters reminiscent of antique Khmer script. Its name in Khmer means literally 'round script' and it refers to the bold and thick lettering style. It is used for titles and headings in Cambodian documents, on books, banknotes, shop signs and banners. It is sometimes used to emphasize royal names or other important names.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmerscript-oblique.png" class="mw-file-description" title="âksâr chriĕng"><img alt="âksâr chriĕng" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Khmerscript-oblique.png" decoding="async" width="184" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="60" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">âksâr chriĕng</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmer_sample_script.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="âksâr chhôr"><img alt="âksâr chhôr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/191px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="191" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/287px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Khmer_sample_script.svg/382px-Khmer_sample_script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="106" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">âksâr chhôr</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmerscript-khom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="âksâr khâm"><img alt="âksâr khâm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Khmerscript-khom.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="58" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">âksâr khâm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khmerscript-round.png" class="mw-file-description" title="âksâr mul"><img alt="âksâr mul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Khmerscript-round.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="58" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">âksâr mul</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unicode">edit</a>]</div> The basic <a href="/wiki/Khmer_(Unicode_block)" title="Khmer (Unicode block)">Khmer block</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in version 3.0, released in September 1999. It then contained 103 defined code points; this was extended to 114 in version 4.0, released in April 2003. Version 4.0 also introduced an additional block, called <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Symbols" title="Khmer Symbols">Khmer Symbols</a>, containing 32 signs used for writing <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar dates</a>. The Unicode block for basic Khmer characters is U+1780–U+17FF: <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_(Unicode_block)" title="Khmer (Unicode block)">Khmer</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U1780_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1780_grey">[2]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U17A3_U17A4_deprecated">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1780.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+178x </td> <td title="U+1780: KHMER LETTER KA">ក </td> <td title="U+1781: KHMER LETTER KHA">ខ </td> <td title="U+1782: KHMER LETTER KO">គ </td> <td title="U+1783: KHMER LETTER KHO">ឃ </td> <td title="U+1784: KHMER LETTER NGO">ង </td> <td title="U+1785: KHMER LETTER CA">ច </td> <td title="U+1786: KHMER LETTER CHA">ឆ </td> <td title="U+1787: KHMER LETTER CO">ជ </td> <td title="U+1788: KHMER LETTER CHO">ឈ </td> <td title="U+1789: KHMER LETTER NYO">ញ </td> <td title="U+178A: KHMER LETTER DA">ដ </td> <td title="U+178B: KHMER LETTER TTHA">ឋ </td> <td title="U+178C: KHMER LETTER DO">ឌ </td> <td title="U+178D: KHMER LETTER TTHO">ឍ </td> <td title="U+178E: KHMER LETTER NNO">ណ </td> <td title="U+178F: KHMER LETTER TA">ត </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+179x </td> <td title="U+1790: KHMER LETTER THA">ថ </td> <td title="U+1791: KHMER LETTER TO">ទ </td> <td title="U+1792: KHMER LETTER THO">ធ </td> <td title="U+1793: KHMER LETTER NO">ន </td> <td title="U+1794: KHMER LETTER BA">ប </td> <td title="U+1795: KHMER LETTER PHA">ផ </td> <td title="U+1796: KHMER LETTER PO">ព </td> <td title="U+1797: KHMER LETTER PHO">ភ </td> <td title="U+1798: KHMER LETTER MO">ម </td> <td title="U+1799: KHMER LETTER YO">យ </td> <td title="U+179A: KHMER LETTER RO">រ </td> <td title="U+179B: KHMER LETTER LO">ល </td> <td title="U+179C: KHMER LETTER VO">វ </td> <td title="U+179D: KHMER LETTER SHA">ឝ </td> <td title="U+179E: KHMER LETTER SSO">ឞ </td> <td title="U+179F: KHMER LETTER SA">ស </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Ax </td> <td title="U+17A0: KHMER LETTER HA">ហ </td> <td title="U+17A1: KHMER LETTER LA">ឡ </td> <td title="U+17A2: KHMER LETTER QA">អ </td> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;" title="U+17A3: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAQ
[Deprecated]">ឣ </td> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;" title="U+17A4: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAA
[Deprecated]">ឤ </td> <td title="U+17A5: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QI">ឥ </td> <td title="U+17A6: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QII">ឦ </td> <td title="U+17A7: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QU">ឧ </td> <td title="U+17A8: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUK">ឨ </td> <td title="U+17A9: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUU">ឩ </td> <td title="U+17AA: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QUUV">ឪ </td> <td title="U+17AB: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RY">ឫ </td> <td title="U+17AC: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL RYY">ឬ </td> <td title="U+17AD: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LY">ឭ </td> <td title="U+17AE: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL LYY">ឮ </td> <td title="U+17AF: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QE">ឯ </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Bx </td> <td title="U+17B0: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI">ឰ </td> <td title="U+17B1: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE">ឱ </td> <td title="U+17B2: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE TWO">ឲ </td> <td title="U+17B3: KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAU">ឳ </td> <td title="U+17B4: KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AQ"> KIV  AQ </td> <td title="U+17B5: KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AA"> KIV  AA </td> <td title="U+17B6: KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA">ា </td> <td title="U+17B7: KHMER VOWEL SIGN I">ិ </td> <td title="U+17B8: KHMER VOWEL SIGN II">ី </td> <td title="U+17B9: KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y">ឹ </td> <td title="U+17BA: KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY">ឺ </td> <td title="U+17BB: KHMER VOWEL SIGN U">ុ </td> <td title="U+17BC: KHMER VOWEL SIGN UU">ូ </td> <td title="U+17BD: KHMER VOWEL SIGN UA">ួ </td> <td title="U+17BE: KHMER VOWEL SIGN OE">ើ </td> <td title="U+17BF: KHMER VOWEL SIGN YA">ឿ </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Cx </td> <td title="U+17C0: KHMER VOWEL SIGN IE">ៀ </td> <td title="U+17C1: KHMER VOWEL SIGN E">េ </td> <td title="U+17C2: KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE">ែ </td> <td title="U+17C3: KHMER VOWEL SIGN AI">ៃ </td> <td title="U+17C4: KHMER VOWEL SIGN OO">ោ </td> <td title="U+17C5: KHMER VOWEL SIGN AU">ៅ </td> <td title="U+17C6: KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT">ំ </td> <td title="U+17C7: KHMER SIGN REAHMUK">ះ </td> <td title="U+17C8: KHMER SIGN YUUKALEAPINTU">ៈ </td> <td title="U+17C9: KHMER SIGN MUUSIKATOAN">៉ </td> <td title="U+17CA: KHMER SIGN TRIISAP">៊ </td> <td title="U+17CB: KHMER SIGN BANTOC">់ </td> <td title="U+17CC: KHMER SIGN ROBAT">៌ </td> <td title="U+17CD: KHMER SIGN TOANDAKHIAT">៍ </td> <td title="U+17CE: KHMER SIGN KAKABAT">៎ </td> <td title="U+17CF: KHMER SIGN AHSDA">៏ </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Dx </td> <td title="U+17D0: KHMER SIGN SAMYOK SANNYA">័ </td> <td title="U+17D1: KHMER SIGN VIRIAM">៑ </td> <td title="U+17D2: KHMER SIGN COENG"> ្  </td> <td title="U+17D3: KHMER SIGN BATHAMASAT">៓ </td> <td title="U+17D4: KHMER SIGN KHAN">។ </td> <td title="U+17D5: KHMER SIGN BARIYOOSAN">៕ </td> <td title="U+17D6: KHMER SIGN CAMNUC PII KUUH">៖ </td> <td title="U+17D7: KHMER SIGN LEK TOO">ៗ </td> <td title="U+17D8: KHMER SIGN BEYYAL">៘ </td> <td title="U+17D9: KHMER SIGN PHNAEK MUAN">៙ </td> <td title="U+17DA: KHMER SIGN KOOMUUT">៚ </td> <td title="U+17DB: KHMER CURRENCY SYMBOL RIEL">៛ </td> <td title="U+17DC: KHMER SIGN AVAKRAHASANYA">ៜ </td> <td title="U+17DD: KHMER SIGN ATTHACAN">៝ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Ex </td> <td title="U+17E0: KHMER DIGIT ZERO">០ </td> <td title="U+17E1: KHMER DIGIT ONE">១ </td> <td title="U+17E2: KHMER DIGIT TWO">២ </td> <td title="U+17E3: KHMER DIGIT THREE">៣ </td> <td title="U+17E4: KHMER DIGIT FOUR">៤ </td> <td title="U+17E5: KHMER DIGIT FIVE">៥ </td> <td title="U+17E6: KHMER DIGIT SIX">៦ </td> <td title="U+17E7: KHMER DIGIT SEVEN">៧ </td> <td title="U+17E8: KHMER DIGIT EIGHT">៨ </td> <td title="U+17E9: KHMER DIGIT NINE">៩ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family:'Khmer Busra', 'Khmer Mondulkiri', 'Khmer OS', 'Khmer OS Battambang', 'Khmer OS Boker', 'Khmer OS Content', 'Khmer OS Fasthand', 'Khmer OS Freehand', 'Khmer OS Metal Chrieng', 'Khmer OS Muol', 'Khmer OS Muol Pali', 'Khmer OS Siemreap', 'Khmer OS System', 'Khmer Oureang', 'Khmer Ratanakiri', 'Noto Sans Khmer', 'Noto Serif Khmer', 'Khmer UI', 'Leelawadee UI', DaunPenh;"> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+17Fx </td> <td title="U+17F0: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK SON">៰ </td> <td title="U+17F1: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK MUOY">៱ </td> <td title="U+17F2: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PII">៲ </td> <td title="U+17F3: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BEI">៳ </td> <td title="U+17F4: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK BUON">៴ </td> <td title="U+17F5: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM">៵ </td> <td title="U+17F6: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-MUOY">៶ </td> <td title="U+17F7: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-PII">៷ </td> <td title="U+17F8: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BEI">៸ </td> <td title="U+17F9: KHMER SYMBOL LEK ATTAK PRAM-BUON">៹ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1780_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1780_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd> <dd>3.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U17A3_U17A4_deprecated">^</a> U+17A3 and U+17A4 are deprecated as of Unicode versions 4.0 and 5.2 respectively</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> The first 35 characters are the <a href="#Consonants">consonant letters</a> (including two obsolete). The symbols at U+17A3 and U+17A4 are deprecated (they were intended for use in Pali and Sanskrit transliteration, but are identical in appearance to the consonant អ, written alone or with the a vowel). These are followed by the 15 <a href="#Independent_vowels">independent vowels</a> (including one obsolete and one variant form). The code points U+17B4 and U+17B5 are invisible combining marks for inherent vowels, intended for use only in special applications. Next come the 16 <a href="#Dependent_vowels">dependent vowel signs</a> and the 12 <a href="#Diacritics">diacritics</a> (excluding the kbiĕh kraôm, which is identical in form to the ŏ dependent vowel); these are represented together with a dotted circle, but should be displayed appropriately in combination with a preceding Khmer letter. The code point U+17D2, called ជើង ceung, meaning "foot", is used to indicate that a following consonant is to be written in subscript form. It is not normally visibly rendered as a character. U+17D3 was originally intended for use in writing lunar dates, but its use is now discouraged (see the Khmer Symbols block hereafter). The next seven characters are the <a href="#Spacing_and_punctuation">punctuation marks</a> listed hereinbefore; these are followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_riel" title="Cambodian riel">riel</a> currency symbol, a rare sign corresponding to the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a>, and a mostly obsolete version of the vĭréam diacritic. The U+17Ex series contains the <a href="#Numerals">Khmer numerals</a>, and the U+17Fx series contains variants of the numerals used in <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> lore. The block with additional lunar date symbols is U+19E0–U+19FF: <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Symbols" title="Khmer Symbols">Khmer Symbols</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U19E0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U19E0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+19Ex </td> <td title="U+19E0: KHMER SYMBOL PATHAMASAT">᧠ </td> <td title="U+19E1: KHMER SYMBOL MUOY KOET">᧡ </td> <td title="U+19E2: KHMER SYMBOL PII KOET">᧢ </td> <td title="U+19E3: KHMER SYMBOL BEI KOET">᧣ </td> <td title="U+19E4: KHMER SYMBOL BUON KOET">᧤ </td> <td title="U+19E5: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM KOET">᧥ </td> <td title="U+19E6: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY KOET">᧦ </td> <td title="U+19E7: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII KOET">᧧ </td> <td title="U+19E8: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI KOET">᧨ </td> <td title="U+19E9: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON KOET">᧩ </td> <td title="U+19EA: KHMER SYMBOL DAP KOET">᧪ </td> <td title="U+19EB: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY KOET">᧫ </td> <td title="U+19EC: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII KOET">᧬ </td> <td title="U+19ED: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI KOET">᧭ </td> <td title="U+19EE: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON KOET">᧮ </td> <td title="U+19EF: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM KOET">᧯ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+19Fx </td> <td title="U+19F0: KHMER SYMBOL TUTEYASAT">᧰ </td> <td title="U+19F1: KHMER SYMBOL MUOY ROC">᧱ </td> <td title="U+19F2: KHMER SYMBOL PII ROC">᧲ </td> <td title="U+19F3: KHMER SYMBOL BEI ROC">᧳ </td> <td title="U+19F4: KHMER SYMBOL BUON ROC">᧴ </td> <td title="U+19F5: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM ROC">᧵ </td> <td title="U+19F6: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-MUOY ROC">᧶ </td> <td title="U+19F7: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-PII ROC">᧷ </td> <td title="U+19F8: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BEI ROC">᧸ </td> <td title="U+19F9: KHMER SYMBOL PRAM-BUON ROC">᧹ </td> <td title="U+19FA: KHMER SYMBOL DAP ROC">᧺ </td> <td title="U+19FB: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-MUOY ROC">᧻ </td> <td title="U+19FC: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PII ROC">᧼ </td> <td title="U+19FD: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BEI ROC">᧽ </td> <td title="U+19FE: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-BUON ROC">᧾ </td> <td title="U+19FF: KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM ROC">᧿ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U19E0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> The symbols at U+19E0 and U+19F0 represent the first and second "eighth month" in a lunar year containing a leap-month (see <a href="/wiki/Khmer_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer calendar">Khmer calendar</a>). The remaining symbols in this block denote the days of a lunar month: those in the U+19Ex series for waxing days, and those in the U+19Fx series for waning days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Romanization of Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHerbertAnthony_Crothers_Milner1989" class="citation book cs1">Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: languages and literatures : a select guide. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1267-0"><bdi>0-8248-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-East+Asia%3A+languages+and+literatures+%3A+a+select+guide&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8248-1267-0&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Anthony+Crothers+Milner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-2"><a href="#cite_ref-constitution_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressocm.gov.kh/en/archives/9539">"Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia"</a>. Office of the Council of Ministers. អង្គភាពព័ត៌មាន និងប្រតិកម្មរហ័ស. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Council+of+Ministers&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Cambodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressocm.gov.kh%2Fen%2Farchives%2F9539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huffman-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huffman_3-2">c</a> Huffman, Franklin. 1970. Cambodian System of Writing and Beginning Reader. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01314-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01314-0">0-300-01314-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Punnee Soonthornpoct: From Freedom to Hell: A History of Foreign Interventions in Cambodian Politics And Wars. Page 29. <a href="/wiki/Vantage_Press" title="Vantage Press">Vantage Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019), p.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Russell R. Ross: Cambodia: A Country Study. Page 112. Library of Congress, USA, Federal Research Division, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowman2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Lowman, Ian Nathaniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/06j1b9tp">The Descendants of Kambu: The Political Imagination of Angkorian Cambodia</a> (Thesis). UC Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Descendants+of+Kambu%3A+The+Political+Imagination+of+Angkorian+Cambodia&rft.inst=UC+Berkeley&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lowman&rft.aufirst=Ian+Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F06j1b9tp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Angkor: A Living Museum, 2002, p. 39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor%3A+A+Living+Museum&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1970" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Hans (1970). Sign, symbol and script: an account of man's efforts to write. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign%2C+symbol+and+script%3A+an+account+of+man%27s+efforts+to+write&rft.pages=392&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.30_corr1.pdf">"Geographical Names of the Kingdom of Cambodia"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508214101/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.30_corr1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+of+the+Kingdom+of+Cambodia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F8th-uncsgn-docs%2Finf%2F8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.30_corr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> Reports by Governments on the Situation in Their Countries and on the Progress Made in the Standardization of Geographical Names Since the Seventh Conference. Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002. Item 4 of the provisional agenda. </li> <li id="cite_note-un-11"><a href="#cite_ref-un_11-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_km.pdf">Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names – Khmer</a>, UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems, September 2013 (linked from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/">WGRS website</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-KhUnicodeChart-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KhUnicodeChart_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KhUnicodeChart_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1780.pdf">"Unicode 12.1 Character Code Charts – Khmer"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+12.1+Character+Code+Charts+%E2%80%93+Khmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1780.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> The letter ឡ lâ has no subscript form in standard orthography, but some fonts include one (្ឡ), as a form to be rendered if the character appears after the Khmer subscripting character (see under <a href="#Unicode">Unicode</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob1968" class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Judith M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoca0000jaco">Introduction to Cambodian</a>. Internet Archive. London; Bombay [etc.] : <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoca0000jaco/page/19">19</a>, 29–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Cambodian&rft.pages=19%2C+29-30&rft.pub=London%3B+Bombay+%5Betc.%5D+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoca0000jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKhmer+script" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1780.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart for Khmer</a> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Huffman (1970), p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Different dictionaries use slightly different orderings; the system presented here is that used in the official Cambodian Dictionary, as described by Huffman (1970), p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> May, Angela Marie. (2014). Sak Yant: The Transition from Indic Yantras to Thai Magical Buddhist Tattoos (Master's thesis) (p. 6). The University of Alabama at Birmingham. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Igunma, Jana. (2013). Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures. Tai Culture, 23: Route of the Roots: Tai-Asiatic Cultural Interaction. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Tsumura, Fumihiko. (2009). Magical Use of Traditional Scripts in Northeastern Thai Villages. Senri Ethnological Studies, 74, 63–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> This particular style of Khmer shall not be confused with another script with the same name, described by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Paul Sidwell</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom script (Ong Kommadam)</a>). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Vol I & II, 1967, L'institut Bouddhique (Khmer Language)</li> <li>Jacob, Judith. 1974. A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. London, Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniglot.com/writing/khmer.htm">Omniglot entry on Khmer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_km.pdf">Khmer Romanization Table</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li>Danish</li> <li>Finnish</li> <li>Greenlandic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li>Norwegian</li> <li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&oldid=1256142640">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_script&oldid=1256142640</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Khmer_script" title="Category:Khmer script">Khmer script</a></li><li><a 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