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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-food_consumer_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-food_consumer_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Non-food consumer products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-food_consumer_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomass_and_biofuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass_and_biofuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biomass and biofuels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass_and_biofuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_wound_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_wound_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 In wound care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_wound_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Benin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameroon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameroon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Cameroon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cameroon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Ecuador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Ghana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Social and environmental impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_environmental_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social and environmental impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_vs._fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_vs._fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Food vs. fuel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_vs._fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Markets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Markets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_label_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_label_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Food label regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_label_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_chain_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_chain_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Supply chain institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_chain_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_Goods_Forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_Goods_Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Consumer Goods Forum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_Goods_Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition,_composition_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition,_composition_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Nutrition, composition and health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition,_composition_and_health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nutrition, composition and health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition,_composition_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Key components </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fatty_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fatty_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Fatty acids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fatty_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carotenes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carotenes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Carotenes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carotenes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmitic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmitic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Palmitic acid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmitic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Palm oil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="زيت النخيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيت النخيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="পাম তেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাম তেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_palma" title="Aceite de palma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aceite de palma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="پالم یاغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پالم یاغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="পাম তেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাম তেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Пальмавы алей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пальмавы алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Палмово масло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палмово масло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_de_palma" title="Oli de palma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oli de palma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmov%C3%BD_olej" title="Palmový olej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palmový olej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleji" title="Aleji – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Aleji" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmeolie" title="Palmeolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palmeolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%B6l" title="Palmöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palmöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmi%C3%B5li" title="Palmiõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palmiõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φοινικέλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φοινικέλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_palma" title="Aceite de palma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aceite de palma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmoleo" title="Palmoleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palmoleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmondo_olio" title="Palmondo olio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palmondo olio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84" title="روغن نخل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن نخل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_de_palme" title="Huile de palme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile de palme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_pailme" title="Ola pailme – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ola pailme" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceite_de_palma" title="Aceite de palma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceite de palma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%9C%EC%9C%A0" title="팜유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팜유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manja" title="Manja – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Manja" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Արմավենու յուղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արմավենու յուղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ताड़ का तेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताड़ का तेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmino_ulje" title="Palmino ulje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Palmino ulje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmanu_nri" title="Nmanu nri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nmanu nri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_sawit" title="Minyak sawit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak sawit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_di_palma" title="Olio di palma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio di palma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שמן דקלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמן דקלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sawit" title="Lenga sawit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lenga sawit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ತಾಳೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಳೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პალმის ზეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალმის ზეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawese" title="Mawese – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mawese" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmu_e%C4%BC%C4%BCa" title="Palmu eļļa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Palmu eļļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyvpalmi%C5%B3_aliejus" title="Alyvpalmių aliejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alyvpalmių aliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%BAta_ma_mb%C3%ADla" title="Mafúta ma mbíla – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mafúta ma mbíla" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lmaolaj" title="Pálmaolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pálmaolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Палмино масло – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палмино масло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="പാമോയിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാമോയിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="पाम तेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाम तेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_kelapa_sawit" title="Minyak kelapa sawit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minyak kelapa sawit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmolie" title="Palmolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palmolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E6%B2%B9" title="パーム油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーム油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmeolje" title="Palmeolje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palmeolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmeolje" title="Palmeolje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palmeolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92li_de_palma" title="Òli de palma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òli de palma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palma_yog%27i" title="Palma yog'i – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Palma yog'i" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84)_%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%93%D9%8A" title="د خرما (نخل) غوړي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د خرما (نخل) غوړي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_palmowy" title="Olej palmowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olej palmowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeite_de_dend%C3%AA" title="Azeite de dendê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azeite de dendê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulei_de_palmier" title="Ulei de palmier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulei de palmier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Пальмовое масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пальмовое масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaji_i_palm%C3%ABs" title="Vaji i palmës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vaji i palmës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palm oil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmov%C3%BD_olej" title="Palmový olej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palmový olej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmovo_olje" title="Palmovo olje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Palmovo olje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Палмино уље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палмино уље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmu%C3%B6ljy" title="Palmuöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palmuöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmolja" title="Palmolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palmolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="செம்பனை எண்ணெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்பனை எண்ணெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Пальма мае – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пальма мае" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="పామాయిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పామాయిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1" title="น้ำมันปาล์ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันปาล์ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_ya%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Palm yağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Palm yağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пальмова олія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пальмова олія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%91_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تاڑ کا تیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاڑ کا تیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%8D" title="Dầu cọ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dầu cọ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%A6%88%E6%B2%B9" title="棕榈油 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="棕榈油" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E6%B2%B9" title="棕櫚油 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="棕櫚油" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%AB%9A%E6%B2%B9" title="棕櫚油 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="棕櫚油" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_v%C9%94v%C9%94" title="Ami vɔvɔ – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ami vɔvɔ" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q231458#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Edible vegetable oil from fruit of oil palms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For oil created from the palm kernel, rather than the palm fruit, see <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg/220px-Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg/330px-Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg/440px-Huile_de_palme_biologique_350g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Palm oil block showing the lighter color that results from boiling</figcaption></figure> Palm oil is an edible <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy#Mesocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">mesocarp</a> (reddish pulp) of the fruit of <a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">oil palms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The oil is used in food manufacturing, in beauty products, and as <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>. Palm oil accounted for about 36% of global oils produced from oil crops in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> Palm oils are easier to stabilize and maintain quality of flavor and consistency in <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-processed foods">ultra-processed foods</a>, so they are frequently favored by food manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Globally, humans consumed an average of 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-4">[4]</a> Demand has also increased for other uses, such as cosmetics and biofuels, encouraging the growth of palm oil plantations in tropical countries. The use of palm oil has attracted the concern of <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">environmental and human right groups</a>. The palm oil industry is a significant contributor to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropic">tropics</a> where palms are grown and has been cited as a factor in social problems due to allegations of human rights violations among growers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2018, a report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> acknowledged that palm oil is much more efficient than other oils in terms of land and water usage; however, deforestation causes more biodiversity loss than switching to other oils.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The biggest global producers of palm oil are Indonesia, who produced 60% of it in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> followed by Malaysia, Thailand, and Nigeria. Indonesia produces <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> primarily from palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-deforestation-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg/300px-Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg/450px-Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg/600px-Elaeis_guineensis_MS_3467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">Oil palms</a> (Elaeis guineensis)</figcaption></figure> Humans used oil palms as far back as 5,000 years. In the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered a substance that they concluded was originally palm oil in a tomb at <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> dating back to 3,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Kiple-9">[9]</a> Palm oil from <a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Elaeis guineensis</a> has long been recognized in West and Central African countries, used widely as a <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe. Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> for machinery during Britain's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Palm oil formed the basis of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> products, such as <a href="/wiki/Lever_Brothers" title="Lever Brothers">Lever Brothers</a>' (now <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a>) "<a href="/wiki/Sunlight_(cleaning_product)" title="Sunlight (cleaning product)">Sunlight</a>" soap, and the American <a href="/wiki/Palmolive_(soap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmolive (soap)">Palmolive</a> brand.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries, which often led to oppressive labor practices, as highlighted in the account of Abina Mansah's life.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, this was overtaken by <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> in the 1880s with the introduction of colonial European cocoa plantations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Processing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg/220px-Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg/330px-Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg/440px-Elaeis_guineensis_fruits_on_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Oil palm fruits on the tree</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg/220px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg/330px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg/440px-Elaeis_guineensis_-_noix_de_palme_oil_palm_-_harvesting_fruits_from_the_the_cluster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>An oil palm stem, weighing about 10 kg (22 lb), with some of its fruits picked</figcaption></figure> Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a> content. It is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">kernel</a> of the same fruit<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> derived from the kernel of the coconut palm (<a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a>). The differences are in color (raw palm kernel oil lacks <a href="/wiki/Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a> and is not red), and in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a> content: palm mesocarp oil is 49% saturated, while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated fats, respectively. However, crude red palm oil that has been refined, neutralized, bleached and deodorized, a common <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> called RBD (refined, bleached, and deodorized) palm oil, does not contain carotenoids.<a href="#cite_note-nag-16">[16]</a> Many industrial food applications of palm oil use fractionated components of palm oil (often listed as "modified palm oil") whose saturation levels can reach 90%;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> these "modified" palm oils can become highly saturated, but are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenated</a>. The oil palm produces bunches containing many fruits with the fleshy mesocarp enclosing a kernel that is covered by a very hard shell. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> considers palm oil (coming from the pulp) and palm kernels to be primary products. The oil extraction rate from a bunch varies from 17 to 27% for palm oil, and from 4 to 10% for palm kernels.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Along with coconut oil, palm oil is one of the few highly saturated <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable fat">vegetable fats</a> and is semisolid at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Plant_cholesterol-19">[19]</a> Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil. Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and the high oxidative stability (<a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturation</a>) of the refined product when used for frying.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> One source reported that humans consumed an average 17 pounds (7.7 kg) of palm oil per person in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extraction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Oil_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Palm_Oil_0.jpg/220px-Palm_Oil_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Palm_Oil_0.jpg/330px-Palm_Oil_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Palm_Oil_0.jpg/440px-Palm_Oil_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Red Palm oil being sold on the side of the road in plastic bottles in Ghana. Artisanal production of palm oil is common in Ghana, providing a key staple food stuff in most traditional cooking.</figcaption></figure> Palm oil is traditionally, and still industrially, produced by <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milling</a> the fruits of oil palm.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-23">[23]</a> Besides milling, palm oil is produced by <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Mechanical_extraction" title="Vegetable oil">cold-pressing</a> the fruit of the oil palm since the 1990s. This type of artisanal palm oil is usually not further refined, so they keep the natural red color. It is bottled for use as a <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>, in addition to other uses such as being blended into <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salad_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salad oil">vegetable oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nag-16">[16]</a> The result of milling or cold-pressing is a mixture of water, crude palm oil, and fibers from the palm fruit. A minimum degree of processing is required to obtain the oil. The mixture is first passed through a filter to remove the solids, then separated by density to remove the water. Density treatment can also act as a basic form of degumming, provided that the fruit is steamed before milling to hydrolyze the gum, at a cost of also losing some triglycerides to hydrolysis.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-23">[23]</a> The result of basic processing is called a "crude palm oil"<a href="#cite_note-FAO-23">[23]</a> or a "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>red palm oil", referring to its intense color due to the high <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-Oguntibeju-24">[24]</a> Red palm oil is a traditional cooking oil in West Africa. The free fatty acids within provide a "bite" to the flavor.<a href="#cite_note-FAO-23">[23]</a> The triglyceride part is around 50% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>—considerably less than <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a>—and 40% <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fat</a> and 10% <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fat</a>. It is a source of Vitamin A and Vitamin E.<a href="#cite_note-Oguntibeju-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refining">Refining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil_refining" title="Edible oil refining">Edible oil refining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg/220px-Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg/330px-Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg/440px-Balung_Tawau_Sabah_Apas-Balung-Mill-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5519" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption>Worker walking near the boundary of an oil mill in Malaysia. Palm oil production is important part of economies in many parts of rural Malaysia, but is also a source of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">environmental conflict</a></figcaption></figure> Crude PO can be refined to remove its non-triglyceride components. <ol><li>Bleaching removes color from the oil. This is achieved by adding a clay absorbent called <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleaching earth">bleaching earth</a> in a vacuum mixer.<a href="#cite_note-Lidu2016-25">[25]</a></li> <li>Filters remove the clay from the oil.<a href="#cite_note-Lidu2016-25">[25]</a></li> <li>The oil enters the deodorizer, which is responsible for removing <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acid">free fatty acids</a> (FFA) generated by hydrolysis. One type of deodorizer works by distillating out the FFAs using a set of different temperatures. The FFA is collected as "palm fatty acid distillate" (PFAD).<a href="#cite_note-Lidu2016-25">[25]</a> PFAD is itself a valuable product used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washing_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing powder">washing powder</a> and other products.</li> <li>The final, refined oil is called "refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil" (RBD PO). RBD PO is the basic palm oil sold on the world's commodity markets.</li></ol> RBD PO is also known as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509">white palm oil. It can be further <a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">fractionated</a> using the different melting points of its components. The part with a higher melting point, which crystalizes out as a solid earlier, is called <a href="/wiki/Palm_stearin" title="Palm stearin">palm stearin</a>. It consists of mostly saturated fats. The remaining liquid part is called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_olein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palm olein (page does not exist)">palm olein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It is also possible to fractionate at a different point of processing, even with crude palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> RBD PO, or "palm <a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">shortening</a>", is extensively used in food manufacture. It is valued for its low polyunsaturated fat content, which offers high stability against <a href="/wiki/Rancidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancidity">rancidity</a> and allows it to replace hydrogenated fats in a variety of baked and fried products. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_janvier_2015._Kisangani,_Province_Orientale,_RD_Congo._Une_femme_pr%C3%A9pare_l%E2%80%99huile_de_palme_utilis%C3%A9e_pour_la_consommation_alimentaire_et_la_production_de_savon_(16219900844).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2_janvier_2015._Kisangani%2C_Province_Orientale%2C_RD_Congo._Une_femme_pr%C3%A9pare_l%E2%80%99huile_de_palme_utilis%C3%A9e_pour_la_consommation_alimentaire_et_la_production_de_savon_%2816219900844%29.jpg/276px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2_janvier_2015._Kisangani%2C_Province_Orientale%2C_RD_Congo._Une_femme_pr%C3%A9pare_l%E2%80%99huile_de_palme_utilis%C3%A9e_pour_la_consommation_alimentaire_et_la_production_de_savon_%2816219900844%29.jpg/414px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2_janvier_2015._Kisangani%2C_Province_Orientale%2C_RD_Congo._Une_femme_pr%C3%A9pare_l%E2%80%99huile_de_palme_utilis%C3%A9e_pour_la_consommation_alimentaire_et_la_production_de_savon_%2816219900844%29.jpg/552px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Palm oil production is done in some parts of the world artisanally, and the locally produced oil is used for food, handicrafts and other products. This woman in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is showing the palm fruit above a pot for processing the fruit.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_food">In food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In food">edit</a>]</div> The highly saturated nature of palm oil renders it solid at room temperature in temperate regions, making it a cheap <a href="/wiki/Fat_substitute" title="Fat substitute">substitute</a> for <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenated</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a> in uses where solid fat is desirable, such as the making of <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a> dough and baked goods. Palm oil is used in West African cuisine such as <a href="/wiki/Egusi_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Egusi soup">egusi soup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okra_soup" title="Okra soup">okra soup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Palm oil is sometimes used as a minor ingredient in calf milk replacer.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-food_consumer_products">Non-food consumer products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-food consumer products">edit</a>]</div> Palm oil is pervasively used in personal care and cleaning products, and it provides the foaming agent in nearly every soap, shampoo, or detergent. Around 70% of personal care products including soap, shampoo, makeup, and lotion, contain ingredients derived from palm oil. However, there are more than 200 different names for these palm oil ingredients and only 10% of them include the word "palm".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomass_and_biofuels">Biomass and biofuels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biomass and biofuels">edit</a>]</div> Palm oil is used to produce both methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-32">[32]</a> Palm oil methyl ester is created through a process called <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a>. Palm oil biodiesel is often blended with other fuels to create palm oil biodiesel blends.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Palm oil biodiesel meets the European <a href="/wiki/EN_14214" title="EN 14214">EN 14214</a> standard for biodiesels.<a href="#cite_note-Rojas-32">[32]</a> Hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenolysis" title="Hydrogenolysis">hydrogenolysis</a> of the fat into alkanes and propane. The world's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is the €550 million Finnish-operated <a href="/wiki/Neste_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neste (company)">Neste Oil</a> biodiesel plant in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, which opened in 2011 with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year and produces hydrodeoxygenated <a href="/wiki/NEXBTL" class="mw-redirect" title="NEXBTL">NEXBTL</a> biodiesel from palm oil imported from Malaysia and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-Yahya-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Significant amounts of palm oil exports to Europe are converted to biodiesel (as of early 2018: Indonesia: 40%, Malaysia 30%).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2014, almost half of all the palm oil in Europe was burned as car and truck fuel.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> As of 2018, one-half of Europe's palm oil imports were used for biodiesel.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Use of palm oil as biodiesel generates three times the carbon emissions as using fossil fuel,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and, for example, "biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> There are pressures for increased oil palm production from Indonesian palm-based biodiesel programs. The biodiesel currently contains a 30:70 palm oil to conventional diesel ratio (known as B30) at the gas pumps. The Indonesian government is aiming to produce 100% palm oil biodiesel (or B100) to transition out of using conventional diesel. The Indonesian government has estimated it would need to establish approximately 15 million hectares of oil palm plantations to meet these future demands.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The organic waste matter that is produced when processing oil palm, including oil palm shells and oil palm fruit bunches, can also be used to produce energy. This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as a biofuel.<a href="#cite_note-Choong-43">[43]</a> Additionally, palm oil that has been used to fry foods can be converted into methyl esters for biodiesel. The used cooking oil is chemically treated to create a biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel.<a href="#cite_note-JOPR_2006-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_wound_care">In wound care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In wound care">edit</a>]</div> Although palm oil is applied to wounds for its supposed <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> effects, research does not confirm its effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> In 2023–2024, world production of palm oil was 77.3 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> with 57% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-fas-46">[46]</a> The annual production of palm oil is projected to reach 240 million tonnes by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2022_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 food crises">2022 food crises</a> instigated by the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and crop failures in other parts of the world due to <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">extreme weather caused by climate change</a>, the Indonesian government banned exports of palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[48]</a> This combined with a reduced harvest in Malaysia greatly increased global prices, while reducing availability causing ripple effects in the global supply chain.<a href="#cite_note-:4-48">[48]</a> On 23 May 2022, the Indonesian government reopened trading hoping to balance supplies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Palm oil production in Indonesia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/250px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/375px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg/500px-Oil_palm_plantation_in_Cigudeg-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A palm oil plantation in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, producing 44 million tonnes in 2023-24.<a href="#cite_note-fas-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Palm oil production in Malaysia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg/250px-District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg/375px-District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg/500px-District-Kunak_Sabah_IOI-Baturong-Palm-Oil-Mill-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="3765" /></a><figcaption>A palm oil mill located on a palm oil plantation in Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/350px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/525px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg/700px-Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image showing deforestation in <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Borneo">Malaysian Borneo</a> to allow the plantation of <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is the world's second largest producer of palm oil, producing 19.7 million tonnes in 2023-24.<a href="#cite_note-fas-46">[46]</a> In 1992, in response to <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil#Deforestation" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">concerns about deforestation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a> pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation's land as <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morales-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Thomas2-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> As of 2023-24, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> was the fifth-largest producer, with 1.5 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-fas-46">[46]</a> Both small- and large-scale producers participate in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In much of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, palm oil is commonoly referred to as "red oil" (or red gold) to distinguish it from the "black oil" (<a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">crude oil</a>) which dominates production.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> is the world's third largest producer of crude palm oil, producing 3.6 million tonnes in 2023-24.<a href="#cite_note-fas-46">[46]</a> Nearly all of Thai production is consumed locally. Almost 85% of palm plantations and extraction mills are in south Thailand. At year-end 2016, 4.7 to 5.8 million <a href="/wiki/Rai_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (unit)">rai</a> (750,000 to 930,000 hectares; 1,900,000 to 2,300,000 acres) were planted in oil palms, employing 300,000 farmers, mostly on small landholdings of 20 rai (3.2 hectares; 7.9 acres). <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> as a region accounts for 52.5 million metric tons (57.9 million short tons) of palm oil production, about 85% of the world total and more than 90% of global exports. Indonesia accounts for 52% of world exports. Malaysian exports total 38%. The biggest consumers of palm oil are India, the European Union, and China, with the three consuming nearly 50% of world exports. Thailand's Department of Internal Trade (DIT) usually sets the price of crude palm oil and refined palm oil Thai farmers have a relatively low yield compared to those in Malaysia and Indonesia. Thai palm oil crops yield 4–17% oil compared to around 20% in competing countries. In addition, Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm plantations are 10 times the size of Thai plantations.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20180128-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benin">Benin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Benin">edit</a>]</div> Palm is native to the wetlands of western Africa, and south <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> already hosts many palm plantations. Its 'Agricultural Revival Programme' has identified many thousands of hectares of land as suitable for new oil palm export plantations. In spite of the economic benefits, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">Non-governmental organisations</a> (NGOs), such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_Tropicale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature Tropicale (page does not exist)">Nature Tropicale</a>, claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production in some existing prime agricultural sites. Other areas comprise <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat land</a>, whose drainage would have a deleterious <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impact</a>. They are also concerned <a href="/wiki/Genetic_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic modification">genetically modified</a> plants will be introduced into the region, jeopardizing the current premium paid for their non-GM crops.<a href="#cite_note-wrm-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> According to recent article by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, most palm oil in Benin is still produced by women for domestic use.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The FAO additionally states that peasants in Benin practice <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">agroecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> They harvest palm fruit from small farms and the palm oil is mostly used for local consumption. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameroon">Cameroon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cameroon">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> had a production project underway initiated by Herakles Farms in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However, the project was halted under the pressure of civil society organizations in Cameroon. Before the project was halted, Herakles left the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil early in negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The project has been controversial due to opposition from villagers and the location of the project in a sensitive region for biodiversity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, total palm oil production in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> reached 1.6 million metric tons (1.8 million short tons), representing some 8% of national agricultural <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and benefiting mainly <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholders</a> (65% of Colombia's palm oil sector).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> According to a study from the Environmental, Science and Policy, Colombia has the potential to produce sustainable palm oil without causing <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In addition, palm oil and other crops provide a productive alternative for illegal crops, like <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ecuador">edit</a>]</div> Ecuador aims to help palm oil producers switch to sustainable methods and achieve RSPO certification under initiatives to develop greener industries.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ghana">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> has a lot of <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm nut</a> species, which may become an important contributor to the agriculture of the region. Although Ghana has multiple palm species, ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric, it was only marketed locally and to neighboring countries. Production is now expanding as major investment funds are purchasing plantations, because Ghana is considered a major growth area for palm oil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>'s domestic production of edible oils covers about a third of its annual demand, estimated at 380,000 metric tons (420,000 short tons). The rest is imported at a cost of around US$140 million a year, making edible oil the country's second most important import after petroleum. Since 1993 a new <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> variety of cold-tolerant, high-yielding oil palm has been promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> in western Kenya. As well as alleviating the country's deficit of edible oils while providing an important cash crop, it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region, because it does not compete against food crops or native vegetation and it provides stabilisation for the soil.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> Palm oil was introduced to <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British Burma</a> (now Myanmar) in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-67">[67]</a> Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi Region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-67">[67]</a> In 1999, the ruling military junta, the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a>, initiated the large-scale development of such plantations, especially in Tanintharyi, the southernmost region of Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-:5-67">[67]</a> As of 2019, over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions have been awarded to 44 companies.<a href="#cite_note-:5-67">[67]</a> 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Nature_Reserve" title="Tanintharyi Nature Reserve">Tanintharyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenya_National_Park" title="Lenya National Park">Lenya National Parks</a>, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_tiger" title="Indochinese tiger">Indochinese tiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_environmental_impacts">Social and environmental impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social and environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></div> Forests have been cleared in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make space for oil-palm <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This has <a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">significant impacts on the local ecosystems</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. For example, these processes have resulted in significant acreage losses of the natural habitat of the three surviving species of <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>. One species in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutan</a>, has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> because of habitat loss due to palm oil cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palm_forest.jpg/250px-Palm_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="556" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palm_forest.jpg/375px-Palm_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palm_forest.jpg/500px-Palm_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the forest (F), is being replaced by oil palm plantations (G). These changes are irreversible for all practical purposes (H).</figcaption></figure> In addition to environmental concerns, palm oil development in regions that produce it has also led to significant <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflict</a>. Regions with fast growing palm oil production have experienced significant violations of indigenous land rights, influxes of illegal immigrant labor and labor practices, and other alleged related human rights violations. The palm oil industry has had both positive and negative impacts on workers, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> and residents of palm oil producing communities. Palm oil production provides employment opportunities, and has been shown to improve <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, social services and reduce poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Budidarsono-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norwana-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ismail-74">[74]</a> However, in some cases, oil palm plantations have developed lands without consultation or compensation of the indigenous people inhabiting the land, resulting in social conflict.<a href="#cite_note-IDMC-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colchester-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPP-77">[77]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a> in Malaysia has also raised concerns about working conditions within the palm oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-BMS_2012-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC_2014-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2013-80">[80]</a> Some social initiatives use palm oil cultivation as part of poverty alleviation strategies. Examples include the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation's hybrid oil palm project in Western Kenya, which improves incomes and diets of local populations, and Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a> and Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority, which both support rural development.<a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_vs._fuel">Food vs. fuel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Food vs. fuel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></div> The use of palm oil in the production of biodiesel has led to concerns that the need for fuel is being placed ahead of the need for food, leading to <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> in developing nations. This is known as the food versus fuel debate. According to a 2008 report published in the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_and_Sustainable_Energy_Reviews" title="Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews">Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</a>, palm oil was determined to be a sustainable source of both food and biofuel, and the production of palm oil biodiesel does not pose a threat to edible palm oil supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Man_Kee_Lam-82">[82]</a> According to a 2009 study published in the Environmental Science and Policy journal, palm oil biodiesel might increase the demand for palm oil in the future, resulting in the expansion of palm oil production, and therefore an increased supply of food.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_oil_manufacture_(9)_Lac_Mukamba,_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge,_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG/254px-Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG" decoding="async" width="254" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG/381px-Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG/508px-Palm_oil_manufacture_%289%29_Lac_Mukamba%2C_Teretoire_de_Dimbelenge%2C_Kasai_occ._RD_Congo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>The palm oil industry has a history of violating labor-related human rights, indigenous territorial right and environmental rights of communities in the contexts where the industry is prominent. Child labor violations are common in smallholder farming in many of the post-colonial contexts (such <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Africa" title="Child labour in Africa">as Africa</a>) in which palm oil is produced. </figcaption></figure> One report indicated numerous allegations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violations in the production of palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia, including exposure to hazardous <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, and unsafe carrying loads. These incidents may receive no response by the company or police, or are left unreported because victims fear retaliation from their abuser. Pesticides used by palm oil plantations include <a href="/wiki/Paraquat" title="Paraquat">paraquat</a>, which has been banned in Europe over links to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, which has been involved in a US class-action lawsuit regarding cancer<a href="#cite_note-ap-84">[84]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency" title="European Chemicals Agency">European Chemicals Agency</a> (ECHA) classified glyphosate as causing serious eye damage but did not find evidence implicating it as a carcinogen).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Reports of indigenous peoples and communities in Indonesia, indicate losing farmland and traditionally significant land due to palm oil industry expansion. In 2017, there were over 650 different land disputes between palm oil plantations and indigenous land owners.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-86">[86]</a> Indigenous communities also expressed concern over the loss of natural resources, such as wild rubber, reed, and adat forests (communal forests).<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-86">[86]</a> Indigenous communities have made some ground when it comes to land disputes, either through protest or legal means.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Other concerns when it comes to indigenous communities being impacted include lack of government oversight on palm oil plantations, political corruption, or the lacking of enforcement on laws meant to protect indigenous lands.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In countries such as Guatemala, palm oil plantations have significant leverage within the local justice system, leading local police to disregard land claims, going as far as using force to break up protests, and even murdering local leaders.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></div> While only 5% of the world's vegetable oil farmland is used for palm plantations, palm cultivation produces 38% of the world's total vegetable oil supply.<a href="#cite_note-spinks-90">[90]</a> In terms of oil yield, a palm plantation is 10 times more productive than <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> cultivation because the palm fruit and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">kernel</a> both provide usable oil.<a href="#cite_note-spinks-90">[90]</a> Palm oil has garnered criticism from environmentalists due to the environmental importance of where it is grown. However, it is indisputably more efficient in comparison to other oil-producing plants. In 2016, it was found that palm oil farms produce around 4.17 metric tons of oil per hectare. By contrast other oils, such as sunflower, soybean, or peanut only produce 0.56, 0.39, and 0.16 metric tons respectively per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Palm oil is the most sustainable vegetable oil in terms of yield, requiring one-ninth of land used by other vegetable oil crops.<a href="#cite_note-jp-92">[92]</a> In the future, laboratory-grown microbes might achieve higher yields per unit of land at comparable prices.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenpeace_Cooking-96">[96]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, loss of natural habitats,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a><a href="#cite_note-Foster-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> which have threatened <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered species">critically endangered species</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a><a href="#cite_note-cspi-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWF_2010-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a> techniques are still used to create new plantations across palm oil producing countries. From January to September 2019, 857,000 hectares of land was burned in Indonesia; peatlands accounted for more than a quarter of the burned area.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Indonesia, much of which is caused by palm oil production has often been described by academics as an <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/220px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/330px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg/440px-Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3406" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a>, to make way for an <a href="/wiki/Oil_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil palm">oil palm</a> plantation.<a href="#cite_note-deforestation-8">[8]</a></figcaption></figure> Environmental groups such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> oppose the use of palm oil biofuels, claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> caused by oil palm plantations is more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel and using the palms as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A 2018 study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) concluded that palm oil is "here to stay" due to its higher productivity compared with many other vegetable oils. The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jp-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> The IUCN advocates better practices in the palm oil industry, including the prevention of plantations from expanding into forested regions and creating a demand for certified and sustainable palm oil products.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Action_Network" title="Rainforest Action Network">Rainforest Action Network</a> surveyed eight global brands involved in palm oil extraction in the <a href="/wiki/Leuser_Ecosystem" title="Leuser Ecosystem">Leuser Ecosystem</a>, and said that none was performing adequately in avoiding "conflict palm oil".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Many of the companies told <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> they were working to improve their performance.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> A <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> scorecard rated only 15 out of 173 companies as performing well.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 2020 a study by <a href="/wiki/Chain_Reaction_Research" title="Chain Reaction Research">Chain Reaction Research</a> concluded that NDPE (No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation) policies cover 83% of palm oil refineries. NDPE policies are according to the Chain Reaction Research the most effective private mechanism to cut the direct link with deforestation, due to the economic leverage refineries have over palm oil growers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Palm oil is one of seven commodities included in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/EU_Regulation_on_Deforestation-free_products" title="EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products">EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products</a> (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or <a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">forest degradation</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-eudef-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Markets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/220px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/330px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg/440px-World_Production_Of_Main_Vegetable_Oils_By_Main_Producers_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Palm oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils</figcaption></figure> According to the Hamburg-based Oil World trade journal,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> in 2008 global production of oils and fats stood at 160 million tonnes. Palm oil and palm kernel oil were jointly the largest contributor, accounting for 48 million tonnes, or 30% of the total output. <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a> came in second with 37 million tonnes (23%). About 38% of the oils and fats produced in the world were shipped across oceans. Of the 60 million tonnes of oils and fats exported around the world, palm oil and palm kernel oil made up close to 60%; Malaysia, with 45% of the market share, dominated the palm oil trade. Production of palm oil that complies with voluntary sustainability standards is growing at a faster rate than conventional production. Standard-compliant production increased by 110% from 2008 to 2016, while conventional production increased by 2%.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The production of vegetable oils as a whole went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by a sharp increase in palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-:14-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_label_regulations">Food label regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Food label regulations">edit</a>]</div> Previously, palm oil could be listed as "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" on food labels in the European Union (EU). From December 2014, <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a> in the EU is no longer allowed to use the generic terms "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" in the ingredients list. Food producers are required to list the specific type of vegetable fat used, including palm oil. Vegetable oils and fats can be grouped together in the ingredients list under the term "vegetable oils" or "vegetable fats" but this must be followed by the type of vegetable origin (e.g., palm, sunflower, or rapeseed) and the phrase "in varying proportions".<a href="#cite_note-GAIN_Report-118">[118]</a> In Malaysia, it is illegal to label products in ways that "discriminate against" palm oil. Offenders can be fined up to <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a>250,000 or imprisoned for up to five years. One convenience store was raided for selling "no palm oil" ice cream, with all products seized.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_chain_institutions">Supply chain institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Supply chain institutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consumer_Goods_Forum">Consumer Goods Forum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Consumer Goods Forum">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Goods_Forum" title="Consumer Goods Forum">Consumer Goods Forum</a> passed a resolution that its members would reduce deforestation to net zero by 2020. They planned to do this through sustainable production of several commodities, including palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As of 2023 that goal has not been met.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_(RSPO)">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurich_RT2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zurich_RT2.jpg/220px-Zurich_RT2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zurich_RT2.jpg/330px-Zurich_RT2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Zurich_RT2.jpg/440px-Zurich_RT2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Roundtable No 2 (RT2) in Zürich in 2005</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a> (RSPO) was established in 2004 with the objective of promoting the growth and use of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> palm oil products through global standards and <a href="/wiki/Multistakeholder_governance_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Multistakeholder governance model">multistakeholder governance</a>. The seat of the association is in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, while the secretariat is currently based in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, with a satellite office in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. RSPO currently has 5,650 members from 94 countries.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The RSPO was established following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations about environmental impacts resulting from palm oil production.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Gunasegaran-123">[123]</a> 51,999,404 metric tonnes of palm oil produced in 2016 was RSPO certified.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) can carry the RSPO trademark.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Yulisman-125">[125]</a> Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers, environmental groups, and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products.No mention to well documented nocive health effects of palm oil is made by the organization, however. <a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Browne-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Gunasegaran-123">[123]</a> In 2014, Indonesia accounted for 40% of global palm oil production and 44% of the total RSPO-certified areas.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_:3-128">[128]</a> After the meeting in 2009, a number of environmental organisations were critical of the scope of the agreements reached.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Browne-127">[127]</a> Palm oil growers who produce CSPO have been critical of the organization because, though they have met RSPO standards and assumed the costs associated with certification, the market demand for certified palm oil remains low.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Gunasegaran-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_Yulisman-125">[125]</a> Even though deforestation has decreased in RSPO-certified oil palm plantations, peatlands continue to be drained and burned for the creation of new RSPO-certified palm plantations.<a href="#cite_note-Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil_:3-128">[128]</a></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg/220px-Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg/330px-Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg/440px-Palm_Oils_-_outer_pulp_vs_kernel_from_African_Oil_Palm_-_Elaeis_guineenisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Left, reddish palm oil made from the pulp of oil palm fruit. Right, clear <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">palm kernel oil</a> made from the kernels</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition,_composition_and_health">Nutrition, composition and health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nutrition, composition and health">edit</a>]</div> Palm oil is a food staple in many cuisines, contributing significant calories as well as fat.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Technical_Report-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Economist_2011-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradsher-131">[131]</a> Globally, humans consumed an average of 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-4">[4]</a> Although the relationship of palm oil consumption to disease risk has been previously assessed, the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> specifically assessing palm oil effects has been generally poor.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Consequently, research has focused on the deleterious effects of palm oil and palmitic acid consumption as sources of saturated fat content in edible oils, leading to conclusions that palm oil and saturated fats should be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a> in the diet.<a href="#cite_note-aha-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ejcn-134">[134]</a> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> and 2017 advisory from the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> indicated that palm oil is among foods supplying dietary saturated fat which increases blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL cholesterol</a> and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, leading to recommendations for reduced use or elimination of dietary palm oil in favor of consuming <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation#Food_industry" title="Hydrogenation">unhydrogenated</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aha-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun-135">[135]</a> A 2019 meta-analysis found no association between total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with risk of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE), <a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a> and 2-MCPD, are found especially in palm oils and palm fats because of their refining at high temperatures (approx. 200 °C (392 °F)).<a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[137]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Glycidol" title="Glycidol">glycidol</a>, the parent compound of GE, is considered genotoxic and carcinogenic, the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">EFSA</a> did not set a safe level for GE. According to the chair of the CONTAM (EFSA's expert Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain), "The exposure to GE of babies consuming solely <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a> is a particular concern as this is up to ten times what would be considered of low concern for public health".<a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[137]</a> The EFSA's tolerable daily intake (TDI) of <a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a> and its fatty acid esters was set to 0.8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day (μg/kg bw/day) in 2016 and increased to 2 μg/kg bw/day in 2017, based on evidence linking this substance to organ damage in animal tests and on possible adverse effects on the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Male_fertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Male fertility">male fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> According to the EFSA, there is not enough data to set a safe level for 2-MCPD.<a href="#cite_note-:1-137">[137]</a> As of December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Palm_Oil_Board" title="Malaysian Palm Oil Board">Malaysian Palm Oil Board</a> issued an amendment to its palm oil licensing conditions to include maximum limits of 1.25 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, to the amount of 3-MCPDE and GE that can be found in processed palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_components">Key components</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Key components">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fatty_acids">Fatty acids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fatty acids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acid</a></div> Palm oil, like all fats, is composed of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esterified</a> with <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>. Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat, specifically the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>, to which it gives its name. Monounsaturated <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> is also a major constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Tocotrienol" title="Tocotrienol">tocotrienol</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-oil-141">[141]</a> The linoleic acid content of palm oil is about 6.4 - 15%.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The approximate concentration of esterified fatty acids in palm oil is:<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:400px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#DDD"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Fatty acid content of palm oil (present as triglyceride esters)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Type of fatty acid</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Fraction</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">Myristic</a> saturated C14</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic</a> saturated C16</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:43.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">43.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic</a> saturated C18</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:4.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic</a> monounsaturated C18:1</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:36.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">36.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic</a> polyunsaturated C18:2</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:9.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other/unknown</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:5.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.5%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">black: saturated grey: monounsaturated blue: polyunsaturated</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carotenes">Carotenes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Carotenes">edit</a>]</div> Red palm oil is rich in carotenes, such as <a href="/wiki/Alpha-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-carotene">alpha-carotene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">lycopene</a>, which give it a characteristic dark red color.<a href="#cite_note-oil-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> However, palm oil that has been refined, bleached and deodorized from crude palm oil (called "RBD palm oil") does not contain carotenes.<a href="#cite_note-nag-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palmitic_acid">Palmitic acid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Palmitic acid">edit</a>]</div> Excessive intake of <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>, which makes up 44% of palm oil, increases blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) and total cholesterol, and so increases risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aha-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-ejcn-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSPI-145">[145]</a> Other reviews, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and the US <a href="/wiki/National_Heart,_Lung_and_Blood_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute">National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</a> have encouraged consumers to limit the consumption of palm oil, palmitic acid and foods high in saturated fat.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Technical_Report-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-aha-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-CSPI-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palm_oil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palm oil">Palm oil</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Palm_Oil_Producing_Countries" title="Council of Palm Oil Producing Countries">Council of Palm Oil Producing Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_agriculture" title="Tropical agriculture">Tropical agriculture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman2021" class="citation book cs1">Zuckerman, Jocelyn C. (2021). Planet palm : how palm oil ended up in everything-and endangered the world. 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Biomin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biomin&rft.atitle=Calf+milk+replacer%3A+Ingredients%2C+formulation+and+benefits+for+calves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomin.net%2Fspecies%2Fruminants%2Fcalf-milk-replacer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilk_Specialties_Global_Animal_Nutrition2019" class="citation web cs1">Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831160134/https://www.milkspecialties.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Calf-Milk-Replacer-2019-Final.pdf">"Calf Milk Replacer Guide"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milkspecialties.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Calf-Milk-Replacer-2019-Final.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calf+Milk+Replacer+Guide&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Milk+Specialties+Global+Animal+Nutrition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkspecialties.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FCalf-Milk-Replacer-2019-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTullis2019" class="citation news cs1">Tullis, Paul (19 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental">"How the world got hooked on palm oil"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+world+got+hooked+on+palm+oil&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.aulast=Tullis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F19%2Fpalm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rojas-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rojas_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas2007" class="citation news cs1">Rojas, Mauricio (3 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/">"Assessing the Engine Performance of Palm Oil Biodiesel"</a>. Biodiesel Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051402/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/1755/assessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiesel+Magazine&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Engine+Performance+of+Palm+Oil+Biodiesel&rft.date=2007-08-03&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodieselmagazine.com%2Farticles%2F1755%2Fassessing-the-engine-performance-of-palm-oil-biodiesel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahianIslamKhan2016" class="citation conference cs1">Nahian, Md. Rafsan; Islam, Md. Nurul; Khan, Shaheen (26 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312016794">Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI Engine</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Mechanical_Industrial_%26_Energy_Engineering" title="International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering">International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering</a> 2016, Kuet, Khulna, Bangladesh. CMIEE-PI-160160-4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Production+of+Biodiesel+from+Palm+Oil+and+Performance+Test+with+Diesel+in+CI+Engine&rft.pages=CMIEE-PI-160160-4&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft.aulast=Nahian&rft.aufirst=Md.+Rafsan&rft.au=Islam%2C+Md.+Nurul&rft.au=Khan%2C+Shaheen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F312016794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahya-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Yahya_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahya2011" class="citation news cs1">Yahya, Yasmine (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641">"World's Largest Biodiesel Plant Opens in Singapore"</a>. The Jakarta Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626075012/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/business/worlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore/427641">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=World%27s+Largest+Biodiesel+Plant+Opens+in+Singapore&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Yahya&rft.aufirst=Yasmine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2Fworlds-largest-biodiesel-plant-opens-in-singapore%2F427641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tuck, Andrew, ed. (July 2011). "Neste Oil_". Monocle. 05 (45): 73. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-2434">1753-2434</a>. <q>Petri Jokinen (right), managing director of Neste Oil Singapore [...] the €550m plant has an annual production capacity of 800,000 metric tons of NExBTL renewable diesel, which is distributed mainly in Europe [...] palm oil, is imported from neighbouring Malaysia and Indonesia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monocle&rft.atitle=Neste+Oil_&rft.volume=05&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2011-07&rft.issn=1753-2434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFhermes2018" class="citation web cs1">hermes (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl">"European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL"</a>. The Straits Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=European+ban+on+palm+oil+in+biofuels+upsets+Jakarta%2C+KL&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.au=hermes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Feuropean-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahyudi_SoeriaatmadjaTrinna_Leong2018" class="citation news cs1">Wahyudi Soeriaatmadja; Trinna Leong (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/european-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl">"European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2018. <q>For Indonesia, 40% of its palm oil exports to Europe are converted into biofuels. Europe is Malaysia's second-largest export market for palm oil, with 30% of it used for biodiesel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=European+ban+on+palm+oil+in+biofuels+upsets+Jakarta%2C+KL&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.au=Wahyudi+Soeriaatmadja&rft.au=Trinna+Leong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Feuropean-ban-on-palm-oil-in-biofuels-upsets-jakarta-kl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelanie_Hall2016" class="citation news cs1">Melanie Hall (1 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/new-palm-oil-figures-biodiesel-use-in-eu-fueling-deforestation/a-19298426">"New palm oil figures: Biodiesel use in EU fueling deforestation"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 November 2018. <q>In 2014, nearly half of the palm oil used in Europe ended up in the gas tanks of cars and trucks, according to data compiled by the EU vegetable oil industry association Fediol</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=New+palm+oil+figures%3A+Biodiesel+use+in+EU+fueling+deforestation&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.au=Melanie+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnew-palm-oil-figures-biodiesel-use-in-eu-fueling-deforestation%2Fa-19298426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert-Jan_BartunekAlissa_de_Carbonnel2018" class="citation news cs1">Robert-Jan Bartunek; Alissa de Carbonnel (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil/eu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F">"EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 23 November 2018. <q>Half of the EU's 6 billion euros ($7 billion) worth of palm oil imports are used for biodiesel, according to data from Copenhagen Economics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+to+phase+out+palm+oil+from+transport+fuel+by+2030&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.au=Robert-Jan+Bartunek&rft.au=Alissa+de+Carbonnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-eu-climatechange-palmoil%2Feu-to-phase-out-palm-oil-from-transport-fuel-by-2030-idUSKBN1JA21F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Spross2018" class="citation news cs1">Hans Spross (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/does-eu-biofuel-deal-compromise-the-environment-for-trade-with-southeast-asia/a-44350293">"Does EU biofuel deal compromise the environment for trade with Southeast Asia?"</a>. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 23 November 2018. <q>According to a 2015 study carried out on behalf of the European Commission, the production and use of palm oil biodiesel causes three times the carbon emissions of fossil diesel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Does+EU+biofuel+deal+compromise+the+environment+for+trade+with+Southeast+Asia%3F&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.au=Hans+Spross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdoes-eu-biofuel-deal-compromise-the-environment-for-trade-with-southeast-asia%2Fa-44350293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahm_Lustgarten2018" class="citation news cs1">Abrahm Lustgarten (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/20/magazine/palm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html">"Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2018. <q>six of the world's leading carbon-modeling schemes, including the E.P.A.'s, have concluded that biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Supposed+to+Help+Save+the+Planet.+Instead+It+Unleashed+a+Catastrophe.&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.au=Abrahm+Lustgarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F20%2Fmagazine%2Fpalm-oil-borneo-climate-catastrophe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJong2020" class="citation web cs1">Jong, Hans Nicholas (28 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/top-indonesia-palm-oil-news-story-2020/">"Top Indonesian Palm Oil Developments in 2020"</a>. Mongabay. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabay&rft.atitle=Top+Indonesian+Palm+Oil+Developments+in+2020&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft.aulast=Jong&rft.aufirst=Hans+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2020%2F12%2Ftop-indonesia-palm-oil-news-story-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choong-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Choong_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoong2012" class="citation news cs1">Choong, Meng Yew (27 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2012/3/27/lifefocus/9991812&sec=lifefocus">"Waste not the palm oil biomass"</a>. The Star Online. Retrieved 25 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star+Online&rft.atitle=Waste+not+the+palm+oil+biomass&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.aulast=Choong&rft.aufirst=Meng+Yew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Flifestyle%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2012%2F3%2F27%2Flifefocus%2F9991812%26sec%3Dlifefocus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOPR_2006-44"><a href="#cite_ref-JOPR_2006_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh_Soh_KheangChoo_Yuen_MayCheng_Sit_FoodMa_Ah_Ngan2006" class="citation report cs1">Loh Soh Kheang; Choo Yuen May; Cheng Sit Food; Ma Ah Ngan (18 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf">Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel</a> (PDF). 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/palm_oil_final_5-27-05.pdf">Cruel Oil: How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest & Wildlife</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> pp. iv, 3–5. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224985333">224985333</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306124811/http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/palm_oil_final_5-27-05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+Oil%3A+How+Palm+Oil+Harms+Health%2C+Rainforest+%26+Wildlife&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=iv%2C+3-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224985333&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Michael+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cspinet.org%2Fnew%2Fpdf%2Fpalm_oil_final_5-27-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalm+oil" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palm_oil&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Palm oil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_oil_palm" title="List of plants known as oil palm">Oil palms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attalea_(plant)" title="Attalea (plant)">Attalea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attalea_maripa" title="Attalea maripa">A. maripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalea_speciosa" title="Attalea speciosa">A. speciosa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis" title="Elaeis">Elaeis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">E. guineesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_oleifera" title="Elaeis oleifera">E. oleifera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis#Pests" title="Elaeis guineensis">Diseases and pests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Bagworm moth</a></li> <li>Basal stem rot (<a href="/wiki/Ganoderma_orbiforme" title="Ganoderma orbiforme">Ganoderma orbiforme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadang-cadang" title="Cadang-cadang">Cadang-cadang disease</a></li> <li>Little leaf syndrome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oryctes_rhinoceros" title="Oryctes rhinoceros">Oryctes rhinoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus_palmarum" title="Rhynchophorus palmarum">Rhynchophorus palmarum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oil palm bunch moth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_mundella" title="Tirathaba mundella">Tirathaba mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirathaba_rufivena" title="Tirathaba rufivena">Tirathaba rufivena</a></li></ul></li> <li>Red ring disease (<a href="/wiki/Bursaphelenchus_cocophilus" title="Bursaphelenchus cocophilus">Bursaphelenchus cocophilus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_(plant_structure)#Mesocarp" title="Fruit (plant structure)">Mesocarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">Palm kernel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauric_acid" title="Lauric acid">lauric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palm oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristic_acid" title="Myristic acid">myristic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_stearin" title="Palm stearin">stearin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_production" title="Biodiesel production">Biodiesel production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_hydrogenation" title="Fat hydrogenation">Fat hydrogenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionation" title="Fractionation">Fractionation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">Hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">Saponification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">Transesterification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_by_region" title="Biodiesel by region">by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste_Renewable_Diesel" title="Neste Renewable Diesel">Neste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scout_Cookies" title="Girl Scout Cookies">Girl Scout Cookies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleochemistry" title="Oleochemistry">Oleochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">fuel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Producers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumitama_Agri" title="Bumitama Agri">Bumitama Agri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Cumberbatch" title="Carson Cumberbatch">Carson Cumberbatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Palm_Oil" title="Equatorial Palm Oil">Equatorial Palm Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_Inc." title="Feronia Inc.">Feronia Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGV_Holdings" title="FGV Holdings">FGV Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOI_Group" title="IOI Group">IOI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Kepong_Berhad" title="Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad">Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sime_Darby" title="Sime Darby">Sime Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH_Plantations" title="TH Plantations">TH Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_International" title="Wilmar International">Wilmar International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Buyers / processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAK_(company)" title="AAK (company)">AAK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GreenPalm" title="GreenPalm">GreenPalm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neste" title="Neste">Neste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Governmental / non-governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FELCRA_Berhad" title="FELCRA Berhad">FELCRA Berhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Development_Authority" title="Federal Land Development Authority">Federal Land Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Commodity_and_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange">Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Derivatives_Exchange" title="Malaysia Derivatives Exchange">Malaysia Derivatives Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Palm_Oil_Board" title="Malaysian Palm Oil Board">Malaysian Palm Oil Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_on_Sustainable_Palm_Oil" title="Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil">Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies, impacts and debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_policy_of_Malaysia" title="Biofuel policy of Malaysia">Biofuel policy of Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_sustainable_palm_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified sustainable palm oil">Certified sustainable palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">Environmental impact of biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to biofuels">Issues relating to biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">Social and environmental impact of palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oils_as_alternative_energy" title="Vegetable oils as alternative energy">Vegetable oils as alternative energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia#Palm_oil" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Indonesia" title="Palm oil production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil_production_in_Malaysia" title="Palm oil production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_palm" title="Category:Oil palm">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palm_oil_production_by_country" title="Category:Palm oil production by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a 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cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> 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