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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Balme's_Defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Balme's_Defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>La Balme's Defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Balme's_Defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_Turtle's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Turtle's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Little Turtle's War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Turtle's_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Clair's_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Clair's_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>St. Clair's defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Clair's_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Battle of Fallen Timbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and tributes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_tributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and tributes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Burial site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indiana_sites_named_for_Little_Turtle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiana_sites_named_for_Little_Turtle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Indiana sites named for Little Turtle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiana_sites_named_for_Little_Turtle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio_sites_named_after_Little_Turtle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio_sites_named_after_Little_Turtle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ohio sites named after Little Turtle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio_sites_named_after_Little_Turtle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Turtle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84_(%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="ليتل تيرتل (زعيم قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليتل تيرتل (زعيم قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Малката костенурка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Малката костенурка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Little Turtle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Little Turtle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michikinikwa" title="Michikinikwa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Michikinikwa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michikinikwa" title="Michikinikwa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michikinikwa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8B%9C%ED%82%A4%EB%82%98%EC%B9%B4" title="미시키나카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미시키나카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccola_Tartaruga" title="Piccola Tartaruga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piccola Tartaruga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Little Turtle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Little Turtle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Маленькая Черепаха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маленькая Черепаха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Little Turtle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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<div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Little_Turtle" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Little_Turtle" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&oldid=1268418709" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Little_Turtle&id=1268418709&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLittle_Turtle"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLittle_Turtle"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Miami chief (c.1747–1812)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Little Turtle<br />Mihšihkinaahkwa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Little_Turtle.jpg/220px-Little_Turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Little_Turtle.jpg/330px-Little_Turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Little_Turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="441" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lithograph of Little Turtle, reputedly based upon a lost portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a> that was destroyed when the British <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burned Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">War chief of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami people</a></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1747/1752<br />Miami territory, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(modern <a href="/wiki/Whitley_County,_Indiana" title="Whitley County, Indiana">Whitley County, Indiana</a>, United States)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Balme%27s_Defeat" title="La Balme's Defeat">La Balme's Defeat</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rafert44_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafert44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Indian Wars">Northwest Indian Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Little Turtle</b> (<a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois</a>: <i lang="mia"><b>Mihšihkinaahkwa</b></i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1747 — July 14, 1812) was a <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">Sagamore</a> (chief) of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami people</a>, who became one of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> military leaders. Historian Wiley Sword calls him "perhaps the most capable Indian leader then in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he later signed several treaties ceding land, which caused him to lose his leader status during the battles which became a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. In the 1790s, Mihšihkinaahkwa led a confederation of native warriors to several major victories against U.S. forces in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Indian Wars">Northwest Indian Wars</a>, sometimes called "Little Turtle's War", particularly <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> in 1791, wherein the confederation defeated General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a>, who lost 900 men in the most decisive loss by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> against Native American forces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little Turtle is an English translation of <i>mihšihkinaahkwa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mih.ʃih.ki.naːh.kwa]</span>, the phonetic spelling of his name in the <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami-Illinois language</a>. His native name in historic records includes many variations, including Michikinikwa, Meshekunnoghquoh, Michikinakoua, Michikiniqua, Me-She-Kin-No-Quah, Meshecunnaquan, and Mischecanocquah. The word names a species of terrapin, probably the Midland <a href="/wiki/Painted_turtle" title="Painted turtle">painted turtle</a>. There is no diminutive on this name in the original Miami-Illinois language.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_physical_description">Early life and physical description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and physical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is little documentary evidence for most of Little Turtle's life. The exact year and place of his birth are uncertain. Still, sources generally indicate that he was born in 1747 or 1752,<sup id="cite_ref-GS233_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the years before or following the period that his parents lived in the Miami village of <a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a>. Some historians give 1752 as his probable date of birth; others prefer 1747.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact names of Little Turtle's parents have been long debated. Historian Andrew Cayton named Mishikinakwa (The Turtle) as his father and an unnamed Mohican refugee as his mother;<sup id="cite_ref-Cayton145-46_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton145-46-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, Little Turtle biographer Harvey Carter indicated that Little Turtle's father was Cinquenackqua.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafert38_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafert38-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little Turtle was born in what became present-day <a href="/wiki/Whitley_County,_Indiana" title="Whitley County, Indiana">Whitley County, Indiana</a>, at either a small Miami village along Devil's Lake or a larger nearby village known as Turtletown (present-day <a href="/wiki/Churubusco,_Indiana" title="Churubusco, Indiana">Churubusco, Indiana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle lived at Turtletown, along the <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(Wabash_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel River (Wabash River)">Eel River</a>, until 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-Cayton145-46_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton145-46-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little Turtle has been described as nearly six feet tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Sword175_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sword175-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disdained drunkenness<sup id="cite_ref-OSC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and presented himself as a serious man. Little Turtle was fond of wearing silver on his ears and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Sword175_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sword175-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chief Little Turtle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg/220px-Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg/330px-Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg/440px-Chief_Little_Turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Little Turtle, from U.S. Army Military History Institute<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Little Turtle was selected as the <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">war chief</a> of the <i>Atchatchakangouen</i> division of the Myaamiaki (<a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami people</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GS233_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through his demonstration of military prowess in battle. Although he was the war chief of the leading division of the tribe, Little Turtle was never the head chief of the Miami, which was a hereditary position.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Balme's_Defeat"><span id="La_Balme.27s_Defeat"></span>La Balme's Defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: La Balme's Defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Balme%27s_Defeat" title="La Balme's Defeat">La Balme's Defeat</a></div> <p>Little Turtle earned this designation during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> in action against a French force allied with the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">American patriots</a>, led by French military adventurer <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_La_Balme" title="Augustin de La Balme">Augustin de La Balme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafert44_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafert44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After raising a force of forty-to-fifty men at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a> and a similar number along the <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia%E2%80%93Cahokia_Trail" title="Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail">Kaskaskia–Cahokia Trail</a>, in October 1780 La Balme plundered <a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Indiana)" title="Fort Miami (Indiana)">Miamitown</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kekionga" title="Kekionga">Kekionga</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a>), as part of his campaign to attack the British in Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-greenevincennesknox_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenevincennesknox-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> When La Balme stopped to camp along the <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(Wabash_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel River (Wabash River)">Eel River</a> just three miles south of Little Turtle's village, Little Turtle received permission to lead an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-H89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, 1780, Little Turtle attacked La Balme, killing La Balme and forty of his men and taking the rest prisoner. The battle was a complete rout, and Little Turtle's army suffered almost no casualties. Many French soldiers were heard begging to surrender while they were scalped alive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several French officers were taken alive, three of whom were burnt at the stake, one of whom had his hands and feet cut off before being killed by having his face struck with a tomahawk, and four of whom were let go as a warning to the rest of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenevincennesknox_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenevincennesknox-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> When French forces allied to the Americans attempted to scout out the location a few days later, they saw that the heads of several French soldiers blocked the path impaled on pikes. After seeing this, they turned back.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events occurred in and around what is today <a href="/wiki/Columbia_City,_Indiana" title="Columbia City, Indiana">Columbia City, Indiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whitley_County,_Indiana" title="Whitley County, Indiana">Whitley County, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory ended the campaign and established Little Turtle's reputation as a war leader.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 1780s, Little Turtle continued to lead raids against colonial American settlements in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, fighting on the side of the British. However, the Miami bands did not uniformly support the British. The <a href="/wiki/Piankashaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Piankashaw">Piankashaw</a> Miami supported the rebel Americans, while the <a href="/wiki/Wea" title="Wea">Wea</a> Miami vacillated between the British and Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Turtle's_War"><span id="Little_Turtle.27s_War"></span>Little Turtle's War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Little Turtle's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></div> <p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, which ended the American Revolutionary War, the British abandoned their native allies and ceded the land between the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the U.S. government. (The United States considered this region to be theirs by right of conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Through the <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787, the U.S. government established <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native Americans living in the territory resisted the encroaching American settlements, and violence escalated in the area. Native tribes formed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Northwestern Confederacy</a> to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Indian lands and the United States. Little Turtle emerged as one of the war leaders of the Confederacy, which also included the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> under <a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a> under <a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a>. The war with the United States that followed became known as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>, also called "Little Turtle's War".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little Turtle helped to lead Native Americans against federal forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Josiah Harmar</a> in late 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-GS233_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To end the border war with native tribes in the area, the U.S. government sent an <a href="/wiki/Harmar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmar Campaign">expedition</a> of American troops under the command of General Harmar, but his forces lacked sufficient training and were poorly supplied.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Because the United States had mostly disbanded its military after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, it had few professional soldiers to send into battle, a weakness that Little Turtle and other native leaders fully exploited.) In October 1790, Little Turtle and Blue Jacket won two victories against Harmar's men. These successes encouraged further resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, previously reluctant leaders among the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> joined the confederacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1791, Little Turtle's daughter was among the women and children who were captured in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kenapacomaqua" title="Battle of Kenapacomaqua">raid</a> of a Miami village along the Eel River led by <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1791, a force of 1,400 to nearly 2,000 American soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> was moving north from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Fort Washington</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>), headed toward the Maumee-Wabash portage.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison29_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Clair's_defeat"><span id="St._Clair.27s_defeat"></span>St. Clair's defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: St. Clair's defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glaize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glaize.png/330px-Glaize.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glaize.png/500px-Glaize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Glaize.png/960px-Glaize.png 2x" data-file-width="8769" data-file-height="6063" /></a><figcaption>Native towns at the Glaize in 1792</figcaption></figure> <p>Little Turtle is generally credited with leading<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a coalition force of about 1,000 warriors that <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_Defeat" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Clair's Defeat">routed the U.S. forces</a> near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> on November 4, 1791. The battle remains the U.S. Army's worst defeat by American Indians, with 623 federal soldiers killed and another 258 wounded. The Indian confederacy lost an estimated 100 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison29_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Little Turtle and Blue Jacket claimed overall command of the combined native forces in the victory, causing tension within the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Calloway,_459_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calloway,_459-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1792, following the decision of a grand council of tribal leaders at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Auglaize_River" title="Auglaize River">Auglaize River</a>, Little Turtle led a force of 200 Miami and Shawnee past the U.S. outposts of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jefferson_(Ohio)" title="Fort Jefferson (Ohio)">Fort Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Clair" title="Fort St. Clair">Fort St. Clair</a>, reaching Fort Hamilton on November 3. The warriors intended to attack the U.S. settlements on the anniversary of St. Clair's Defeat. The warriors captured two prisoners and learned that a large convoy of packhorses had left for Fort Jefferson and was due back in the area within days. Little Turtle moved north and found the convoy of nearly 100 horses and 100 Kentucky militia under the command of Major <a href="/wiki/John_Adair" title="John Adair">John Adair</a> encamped outside Fort St. Clair.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle and his warriors attacked at dawn on November 4, just as Adair recalled his sentries. The militia fled into the fort, suffering six killed and four missing, while another five were wounded. Little Turtle's force lost two warriors but captured Adair's camp and its provisions. All the horses were killed, wounded, or driven off; only 23 were later recovered. Adair considered the battle to be a "triumph" for Little Turtle; James Wilkinson, at that time a lieutenant colonel in command of the U.S. Army at Fort Washington, believed that the loss of the horses made these advanced forts indefensible.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1792 and 1794, General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Legion of the United States">Legion of the United States</a> in a third expedition in the Northwest Territory against the Indian Confederacy. To avoid another defeat, Wayne rigorously trained 3,500 U.S. troops and carefully planned his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison29_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American forces successfully repulsed an exploratory <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">attack on Fort Recovery</a> with an estimated 1,000 warriors on June 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Little Turtle counseled his tribesmen to pursue negotiations and peace rather than suffering a defeat in battle, remarking that Wayne was " the chief that never sleeps."<sup id="cite_ref-Madison29_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Little Turtle was unable to persuade the leaders of the tribal Confederacy to negotiate peace, he stepped down as the intertribal war chief.<sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle is said to have ceded command to Blue Jacket, although he retained leadership of his group of Miami tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_(soldier)" title="William Wells (soldier)">William Wells</a>, a white man who was born in Kentucky and lived among the Miami for eight years after his capture in 1784, also sensed the defeat of the Indian alliance and switched his alliance to the Americans. Wells served as a scout for General Wayne's troops and later as an Indian Agent for the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Fallen Timbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian Confederacy, numbering around 1,000 warriors, was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> in August 1794 near the Maumee River.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sword331_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sword331-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, the Miamis abandoned Kekionga and relocated to other villages along the Eel, <a href="/wiki/Mississinewa_River" title="Mississinewa River">Mississinewa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a> Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison29_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Indian Confederacy's defeat at Fallen Timbers, their leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795), a turning point in their resistance to American expansion. Little Turtle traveled with his wife to <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Ohio" title="Greenville, Ohio">Greenville</a> and gave a speech before signing the treaty. He encouraged his people "to adopt American ways" and hoped the treaty would improve relations between the Americans and Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison30_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison30-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife died in camp the next day. Her funeral and burial included American soldiers as <a href="/wiki/Pallbearer" title="Pallbearer">pallbearers</a>, American music, and a three-gun salute.<sup id="cite_ref-Sword331_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sword331-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Indian resistance to the Americans diminished after the Treaty of Greenville was signed, Indian raids continued to threaten settlements along the frontier until 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison30_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison30-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the remainder of his life, Little Turtle was a committed peacekeeper, causing some to consider him an "accommodationist" who believed that his people would have to adapt to the Americans' way of life if they hoped to endure.<sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Turtle_silhouette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Little_Turtle_silhouette.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Silhouette of Little Turtle by Robert Wyer</figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat of the Western Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and signing the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, Little Turtle refused an alliance with the Shawnee chief <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>. Little Turtle continued to advocate for peace and accommodation instead of conflicts. He also began to adapt to United States cultural habits, including the acquisition of his land but remained adamant in his opposition to alcohol consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle made multiple trips east to meet with three U.S. presidents, although he refused to travel with Blue Jacket.<sup id="cite_ref-Calloway,_459_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calloway,_459-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accepted annuity payments, other rewards, and enslaved African Americans in exchange for his cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison,_p._36_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison,_p._36-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States more highly regarded Little Turtle than Blue Jacket.<sup id="cite_ref-Calloway460_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calloway460-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was recommended to President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> by General James Wilkinson,<sup id="cite_ref-Calloway460_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calloway460-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in November 1796, Little Turtle met with President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who presented him with a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial sword">ceremonial sword</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this trip he also met <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Volney" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Volney">Comte de Volney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cayton166_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rafert62_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafert62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account of the trip states that on his way to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, to meet the president, Little Turtle met General <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, who presented him with a matching pair of <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a><sup id="cite_ref-appletons_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with instructions to use them on "the first man who ever comes to subjugate you."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1797–98, during a second trip east, Little Turtle met with President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cayton166_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> also corresponded with Little Turtle to encourage the introduction of American agriculture to Miami society,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was <a href="/wiki/Moravians" title="Moravians">Moravian</a> missionaries who demonstrate farming methods to native tribes in the White River area and an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">East Coast</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> society from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, who sent <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Dennis">Philip Dennis</a> to work with tribes in Fort Wayne to establish a model farm.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison36-37_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison36-37-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little Turtle also made two trips to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1801–02 and 1809–09 to meet with President Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Little Turtle's and other chiefs' request, Jefferson provided agricultural equipment and livestock to the Miamis and Potawatomis to encourage the tribes to adopt farming.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison,_p._36_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison,_p._36-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these efforts, among others, most of the attempts at assimilation failed, a contributing factor to the federal government seeking further land cession treaties and the eventual removal of the territory's Native American inhabitants from the Northwest Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison36-37_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison36-37-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lifelong <a href="/wiki/Teetotaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Teetotaler">teetotaler</a>, Little Turtle made a personal plea to President Jefferson to prohibit the sale and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">alcohol in Native American communities</a>. On 14 January 1802 he delivered a speech to President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and members of the US Senate: </p> <blockquote><p>Father, nothing can be done to advantage unless the Great Council of the Sixteen Fires, now assembled, will prohibit any person from selling spirituous liquors among their red brothers. The introduction of this poison has been prohibited in our camps but not in our towns, where many of our hunters, for this poison, dispose of, not only their furs, etc., but also their blankets and guns, and return to their families destitute...Owing to the introduction of this fatal poison, we have become less numerous and happy.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jefferson and members of Congress were impressed with Little Turtle's arguments, and on 30 March 1802, Congress passed the revised <a href="/wiki/Indian_Nonintercourse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Nonintercourse Act">Indian Nonintercourse Act</a>. This and other federal laws restricting the sale of alcohol to Native Americans remained in effect until 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, Little Turtle suffered a break with other Miami leaders when <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>, came to Fort Wayne to renegotiate treaty terms.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with Little Turtle and his son-in-law, William Wells, Harrison succeeded in obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)" title="Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)">Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)</a>, which secured 2,500,000 acres (1,000,000 hectares) of land for the federal government from the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> representatives and other tribes who cooperated.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison39_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison39-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tribal leaders who opposed Little Turtle, including <a href="/wiki/Pacanne" title="Pacanne">Pacanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Richardville" title="Jean Baptiste Richardville">Jean Baptiste Richardville</a> (Pacanne's nephew), Owl, and Metocina, refused to relinquish any more land to the U.S. government. Harrison was forced to recognize the Mississinewa chiefs as the true representatives of the Miamis, not Little Turtle, and to declare that Little Turtle was not a Miami. Although Little Turtle was among the signers of the Treaty of Fort Wayne, afterward, he was "forcibly retired from Miami affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shawnee war chief <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (The Prophet), condemned the treaty and began talks with the British about allying. That alliance was attacked by the United States at the 1811 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a>, in which William Well's brother fought for the United States while another of Little Turtle's sons-in-law, <a href="/wiki/White_Loon" title="White Loon">White Loon</a>, fought for <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh's Confederacy">Tecumseh's Confederacy</a>. </p><p>Little Turtle retired to a Miami village twenty miles northeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-Young136-37_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young136-37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Siege of Fort Wayne</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, General <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a> ordered the destruction of all Miami villages within a two-day march of Fort Wayne, an order that may have been in retaliation for the negotiations in 1809. Harrison's forces also destroyed the village where Little Turtle resided,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but spared Little Turtle's home, which the U.S. government had built for his use.<sup id="cite_ref-Young136-37_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young136-37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States defeated the British and their Native American allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in 1813, destroying the power of the Native American Confederacy. As a result, many Native Americans moved farther west.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison39_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison39-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little Turtle died on July 14, 1812,<sup id="cite_ref-GS233_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS233-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the home of his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_(soldier)" title="William Wells (soldier)">William Wells</a>, not far from Kekionga. Little Turtle had been suffering from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was honored with a military-style funeral with full military honors at Fort Wayne. Little Turtle was buried in his ancestral burial ground near Spy Run.<sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Funk_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wells was killed one month later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Battle of Fort Dearborn</a>. </p><p>In 1912, Little Turtle's grave was accidentally disturbed. His remains were disinterred when workers discovered the burial site during a cellar excavation for a home on Lawton Place in Fort Wayne.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor12_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the plans for the house were altered and Little Turtle's remains were reinterred<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the objects initially placed in his grave- including the sword from President Washington, the pistols from Kosciusko, and other artifacts-<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were distributed to collectors and later gathered for public display.<sup id="cite_ref-GS234_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objects were placed in the collection of the Allen County-Fort Wayne Historical Society,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were eventually displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Old_City_Hall_Building" title="Fort Wayne Old City Hall Building">Fort Wayne Old City Hall Building</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Little Turtle's legacy was one of initial resistance and cooperation to preserve the lives and future of his people.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_tributes">Honors and tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honors and tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #abdb75; line-height: 140%;">Little Turtle Memorial</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/330px-Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/500px-Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg/960px-Little_Turtle_Memorial_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_b7e3369601dddc229a93cf320bef8a1037322fe2"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Little_Turtle&revid=1268418709&groups=_b7e3369601dddc229a93cf320bef8a1037322fe2" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Little_Turtle&revid=1268418709&groups=_b7e3369601dddc229a93cf320bef8a1037322fe2 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="category"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Municipal Park and Gravesite</td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">634 Lawton Place, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne">Fort Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACPL_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACPL-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Little_Turtle&params=41_05_29_N_85_7_56.3_W_region:US-CA_source:gnis_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°05′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°7′56.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.09139°N 85.132306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.09139; -85.132306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">0.13 acres (0.05 ha) <sup id="cite_ref-FWParks_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWParks-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1960<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_site">Burial site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Burial site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, Fort Wayne residents Mary Catherine Smeltzly and her sister, Eleanor Smeltzly, purchased Little Turtle's burial site to honor his peacemaking efforts by donating the property to the city as a public park. A bronze plaque attached to a granite boulder erected on the site was dedicated in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor12_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor12-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the memorial was improved with additional markers, and a trust was established for its maintenance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A small memorial stone placed at Little Turtle's gravesite reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>CHIEF LITTLE TURTLE 1752–1812 </p><p>ME-SHE-KI-NO-QUAH CHIEF OF THE MIAMI INDIANS TEACHER OF HIS PEOPLE FRIEND OF THE UNITED STATES </p><p>HIS ENDEAVORS TOWARD PEACE SHOULD SERVE AS AN INSPIRATION FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. </p><p>THIS PLOT OF GROUND, THE LAST RESTING PLACE OF CHIEF LITTLE TURTLE, IS DEDICATED TO THE CHILDREN OF AMERICA AND MADE A PUBLIC PARK IN 1959 THROUGH THE GENEROSITY OF </p><p>ELEANOR SMELTZLY AND MARY CATHERINE SMELTZLY </p><p>UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE ALLEN COUNTY–FORT WAYNE HISTORICAL SOCIETY </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indiana_sites_named_for_Little_Turtle">Indiana sites named for Little Turtle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indiana sites named for Little Turtle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Camp Chief Little Turtle (a <a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Indiana" title="Scouting in Indiana">Boy Scout</a> camping facility near <a href="/wiki/Ashley,_Indiana" title="Ashley, Indiana">Ashley</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Little Turtle Elementary School, Columbia City, Indiana.</li> <li>Little Turtle Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Allen_County_Public_Library" title="Allen County Public Library">Allen County Public Library</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit-casscounty.com/pop-up-trail/little-turtle-waterway/">Little Turtle Waterway</a> ( plaza in Logansport )</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohio_sites_named_after_Little_Turtle">Ohio sites named after Little Turtle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ohio sites named after Little Turtle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A neighborhood that includes a private golf course in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A street named "Little Turtle Court" in <a href="/wiki/Ross,_Ohio" title="Ross, Ohio">Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Ross Township, Butler County, Ohio">Ross Township</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Little Turtle, Ohio, a town founded by Roger Lippman in 1968.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Cannot verify in Wikipedia or Google (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Creek_(Little_Miami_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Creek (Little Miami River)">Turtle Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turtlecreek_Township,_Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Turtlecreek Township, Warren County, Ohio">Turtlecreek Township, Warren County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sites">Other sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Lake_Erie)" title="Turtle Island (Lake Erie)">Turtle Island</a>, astride the <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> border.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defiance_College_in_Defiance,_OH_honors_Chief_Little_Turtle_with_a_statue_outside_the_Pilgrim_Library.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defiance College in Defiance, OH honors Chief Little Turtle with a statue outside the Pilgrim Library. (page does not exist)">Defiance College in Defiance, OH honors Chief Little Turtle with a statue outside the Pilgrim Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_Lewis_Carter1987" class="citation book cs1">Harvey Lewis Carter (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflittl0000cart"><i>The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash</i></a></span>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflittl0000cart/page/62">62–63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01318-8"><bdi>978-0-252-01318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Little+Turtle%3A+First+Sagamore+of+the+Wabash&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01318-8&rft.au=Harvey+Lewis+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesoflittl0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafert44-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafert44_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafert44_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiley_Sword1985" class="citation book cs1">Wiley Sword (1985). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonanalys00girk_836"><i>President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795</i></a></span>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonanalys00girk_836/page/n119">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2488-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-2488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Washington%27s+Indian+War%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Old+Northwest%2C+1790%E2%80%931795&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2488-9&rft.au=Wiley+Sword&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatiseonanalys00girk_836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Costa1992" class="citation journal cs1">David J. Costa (1992). "Miami Illinois Animal Names". <i>Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algonquian+and+Iroquoian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Miami+Illinois+Animal+Names&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1992&rft.au=David+J.+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS233-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS233_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS233_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS233_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS233_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_C._Gugin_and_James_E._St._Clair2015" class="citation book cs1">Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). <i>Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+200%3A+The+People+Who+Shaped+the+Hoosier+State&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-387-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Leroy Eid gives 1752 as the date of birth, while Harvey Carter argues that 1747 "is fairly definite". See Carter, p. 45. Also: Eid, "Little Turtle," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Garraty_and_Mark_C._Carnes1999" class="citation book cs1">John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, ed. (1999). <i>American National Biography</i>. Vol. 13. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">753–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512792-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E753-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512792-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cayton145-46-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton145-46_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton145-46_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 145–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafert38-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rafert38_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Rafert1996" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Rafert (1996). <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People. 1654–1994</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-111-3"><bdi>978-0-87195-111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miami+Indians+of+Indiana%3A+A+Persistent+People.+1654%E2%80%931994&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-111-3&rft.au=Stewart+Rafert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Andrew Cayton indicates that Little Turtle was born near Blue Lake. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_R._L._Cayton1996" class="citation book cs1">Andrew R. L. Cayton (1996). <i>Frontier Indiana</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33048-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33048-2&rft.au=Andrew+R.+L.+Cayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sword175-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sword175_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sword175_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSC_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSC_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp">"Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812)"</a>. The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Turtle+%281752+%E2%80%93+July+1812%29&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Court+of+Ohio+%26+The+Ohio+Judicial+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.ohio.gov%2FMJC%2Fplaces%2FlittleTurtle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913073528/http://www.army.mil/media/220061/">"Little Turtle"</a>. United States Army Military History Institute. September 15, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/media/220061">the original</a> on September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Turtle&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Military+History+Institute&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Fmedia%2F220061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenevincennesknox-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenevincennesknox_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenevincennesknox_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreene1911" class="citation book cs1">Greene, George (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBQVAAAAYAAJ&dq=Augustin+de+La+Balme+Little+Turtle&pg=PA217"><i>History of Old Vincennes and Knox County</i></a>. S.J. Clarke Publishing Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Old+Vincennes+and+Knox+County&rft.pub=S.J.+Clarke+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBQVAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DAugustin%2Bde%2BLa%2BBalme%2BLittle%2BTurtle%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H89_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hogeland, pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Notes on Old Cahokia: Part Two: Fort Bowman (1778–1780)" Charles E. Peterson <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun. 1949), p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Notes on Old Cahokia: Part Two: Fort Bowman (1778–1780)" Charles E. Peterson <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun. 1949), pp. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"French Imperial remnants on the middle ground: The strange case of August de la Balme and Charles Beaubien" – Birzer, Bradley J. <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i>; Springfield Vol. 93, Iss. 2, (Summer 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaff, Alan D. (2004). "Bayonets in the Wilderness". Anthony Waynes <i>Legion in the Old Northwest</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3585-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 147–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, <i>Life and Times</i>, 72–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. government further subdivided the land north of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> in 1800 and what became the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1803. The Northwest Territory initially comprised most of the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, all of the present-day states of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, fragments of present-day <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> that were east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula</a> and the western half of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, and a narrow strip of land in present-day <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> that was northwest of Fort Recovery. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJervis_Cutler_and_Charles_Le_Raye1971" class="citation book cs1">Jervis Cutler and Charles Le Raye (1971) [1812]. <i>A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana</i>. New York: Arnot Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02839-7"><bdi>978-0-405-02839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+Description+of+the+State+of+Ohio%2C+Indiana+Territory%2C+and+Louisiana&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Arnot+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-405-02839-7&rft.au=Jervis+Cutler+and+Charles+Le+Raye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyeKeel2012" class="citation book cs1">Dye, D. H.; Keel, M. F. (2012). "The Portrayal of Native American Violence and Warfare: Who Speaks for the Past?". In Chacon, R.; Mendoza, R. (eds.). <i>The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1065-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-1065-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Portrayal+of+Native+American+Violence+and+Warfare%3A+Who+Speaks+for+the+Past%3F&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Anthropology+and+Amerindian+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-1065-2&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft.au=Keel%2C+M.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Madison2014" class="citation book cs1">James H. Madison (2014). <i>Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press+and+the+Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.au=James+H.+Madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, pp. 27, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 149–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison29-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison29_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison29_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison29_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison29_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison29_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eid, p. 754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian John Sugden states that Little Turtle is generally credited with the overall command of the Confederate Army that defeated St. Clair. See: See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sugden2000" class="citation book cs1">John Sugden (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluejacketwarrio00sugd/page/118"><i>Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluejacketwarrio00sugd/page/118">118–20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4288-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-4288-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Jacket%3A+Warrior+of+the+Shawnees&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=118-20&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4288-3&rft.au=John+Sugden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluejacketwarrio00sugd%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> Sugden also argues that Blue Jacket was the preeminent native leader. The notion that Little Turtle commanded the Confederacy was a myth perpetuated by Turtle and his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/William_Wells_(soldier)" title="William Wells (soldier)">William Wells</a>, and uncritically repeated by historians. See Sugden, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Michikinikwa?rec=240">"Michikinikwa"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=Michikinikwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FMichikinikwa%3Frec%3D240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/St._Clair's_Defeat?rec=557">"St. Clair's Defeat"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=St.+Clair%27s+Defeat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FSt._Clair%27s_Defeat%3Frec%3D557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calloway,_459-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calloway,_459_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calloway,_459_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calloway, p. 459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS234-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS234_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sword331-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sword331_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sword331_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison30-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison30_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison30_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison,_p._36-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison,_p._36_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison,_p._36_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calloway460-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calloway460_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calloway460_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calloway, p. 460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Little Turtle"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Little_Turtle">"Little Turtle" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Little+Turtle&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cayton166-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton166_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton166_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafert62-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rafert62_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/042/1300/1362.jpg">"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 1)"</a>. <i>The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. December 21, 1808<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thomas+Jefferson+Papers+Series+1.+General+Correspondence.+1651%E2%80%931827&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+letter+to+Chief+Little+Turtle+%28page+1%29&rft.date=1808-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Fmss%2Fmtj%2Fmtj1%2F042%2F1300%2F1362.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/042/1300/1363.jpg">"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 2)"</a>. <i>The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. December 21, 1808<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thomas+Jefferson+Papers+Series+1.+General+Correspondence.+1651%E2%80%931827&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+letter+to+Chief+Little+Turtle+%28page+2%29&rft.date=1808-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Fmss%2Fmtj%2Fmtj1%2F042%2F1300%2F1363.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> Also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/042/1300/1364.jpg">"Thomas Jefferson's letter to Chief Little Turtle (page 3)"</a>. <i>The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. December 21, 1808<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Thomas+Jefferson+Papers+Series+1.+General+Correspondence.+1651%E2%80%931827&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson%27s+letter+to+Chief+Little+Turtle+%28page+3%29&rft.date=1808-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Fmss%2Fmtj%2Fmtj1%2F042%2F1300%2F1364.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison36-37-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison36-37_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison36-37_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsp&fileName=007/llsp007.db&Page=655">Library of Congress, <i>A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875,</i> American State Papers, Senate, 7th Congress, 1st Session, Indian Affairs: Volume 1: p. 655</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Jill (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2432">"Martin, Jill E., "The Greatest Evil:" Interpretations Of Indian Prohibition Laws, 1832–1953"</a>. <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>: 2432. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725220432/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2432/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Martin%2C+Jill+E.%2C+%22The+Greatest+Evil%3A%22+Interpretations+Of+Indian+Prohibition+Laws%2C+1832%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=2432.&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fgreatplainsquarterly%2F2432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison39-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison39_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison39_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, pp. 39, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, pp. 48, 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young136-37-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young136-37_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young136-37_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvin_M._Young1914" class="citation journal cs1">Calvin M. Young (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENUqAAAAYAAJ&q=Little+Turtle&pg=PA414">"The Birthplace of Little Turtle"</a>. <i>Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b>. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society: <span class="nowrap">136–</span>37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Archaeological+and+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Birthplace+of+Little+Turtle&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Calvin+M.+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENUqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLittle%2BTurtle%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Theodore_Greve1904" class="citation book cs1">Charles Theodore Greve (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&q=1880+cincinnati&pg=PA40"><i>Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1</i></a>. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+History+of+Cincinnati+and+Representative+Citizens%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Biographical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Charles+Theodore+Greve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJxABLtxX60C%26q%3D1880%2Bcincinnati%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funk-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Funk_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Funk_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArville_Funk" class="citation book cs1">Arville Funk. <i>Sketchbook of Indiana History</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketchbook+of+Indiana+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.au=Arville+Funk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor12-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor12_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor12_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Taylor_Jr.,_Errol_Wayne_Stevens,_Mary_Ann_Ponder,_and_Paul_Brockman1989" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Taylor Jr., Errol Wayne Stevens, Mary Ann Ponder, and Paul Brockman (1989). <i>Indiana: A New Historical Guide</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%3A+A+New+Historical+Guide&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-048-2&rft.au=Robert+M.+Taylor+Jr.%2C+Errol+Wayne+Stevens%2C+Mary+Ann+Ponder%2C+and+Paul+Brockman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, pp. 140–42. See also: Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sword, pp. 335–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafert, <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana</i>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 234–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACPL-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACPL_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.acpl.lib.in.us/digital/collection/coll6/id/3438">"Allen County Fort Wayne Historical Society, 1960: presentation of the deed of property at 634 Lawton Place, Fort Wayne IN, containing the grave of Little Turtle. (l to r) William t. white, John H. Craig, Fred B. Shoaff, and Mary Catherine Smeltzly. Miss Smeltzly purchased the property and deeded it to the city. Shoaff, as president of the park board, accepted the deed"</a>. <i>Allen County Public Library Digital Library</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_County_Public_Library" title="Allen County Public Library">Allen County Public Library</a>. 2004-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allen+County+Public+Library+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Allen+County+Fort+Wayne+Historical+Society%2C+1960%3A+presentation+of+the+deed+of+property+at+634+Lawton+Place%2C+Fort+Wayne+IN%2C+containing+the+grave+of+Little+Turtle.+%28l+to+r%29+William+t.+white%2C+John+H.+Craig%2C+Fred+B.+Shoaff%2C+and+Mary+Catherine+Smeltzly.+Miss+Smeltzly+purchased+the+property+and+deeded+it+to+the+city.+Shoaff%2C+as+president+of+the+park+board%2C+accepted+the+deed.&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.acpl.lib.in.us%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fcoll6%2Fid%2F3438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWParks-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FWParks_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwayneparks.org/38-parks/park-page-links/323-little-turtle-memorial.html">"Little Turtle Memorial"</a>. <i>Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation</i>. City of Fort Wayne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fort+Wayne+Parks+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Little+Turtle+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortwayneparks.org%2F38-parks%2Fpark-page-links%2F323-little-turtle-memorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccltbsa.org/">"Camp Chief Little Turtle"</a>. <i>awaccclt</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=awaccclt&rft.atitle=Camp+Chief+Little+Turtle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccltbsa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littleturtlegc.com">"The Golf Club at Little Turtle"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golf+Club+at+Little+Turtle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littleturtlegc.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828005732/http://lebanonrr.com/history.htm">"Lebanon Mason Monroe (LM&M) Railroad History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanonrr.com/history.htm">the original</a> on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+Mason+Monroe+%28LM%26M%29+Railroad+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanonrr.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> (Archived version) See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116011830/http://www.turtlecreektownship.org/geninfo/history.htm">"Turtlecreek Township History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turtlecreektownship.org/geninfo/history.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turtlecreek+Township+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turtlecreektownship.org%2Fgeninfo%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> (Archived version)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter1987" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflittl0000cart"><i>The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash</i></a></span>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01318-8"><bdi>978-0-252-01318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Little+Turtle%3A+First+Sagamore+of+the+Wabash.&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01318-8&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harvey+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesoflittl0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2018" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G (2018). <i>The Indian World of George Washington</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190652166" title="Special:BookSources/9780190652166"><bdi>9780190652166</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028686">2017028686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+World+of+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017028686&rft.isbn=9780190652166&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCayton1996" class="citation book cs1">Cayton, Andrew R. L. (1996). <i>Frontier Indiana</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33048-2"><bdi>978-0-253-33048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33048-2&rft.aulast=Cayton&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosta,_David_J.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, David J. (1992). "Miami Illinois Animal Names". <i>Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algonquian+and+Iroquoian+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Miami+Illinois+Animal+Names&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Costa%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutler,_Jervis,_and_Charles_Le_Raye1971" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Jervis, and Charles Le Raye (1971) [1812]. <i>A Topographical Description of the State of Ohio, Indiana Territory, and Louisiana</i>. New York: Arnot Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02839-7"><bdi>978-0-405-02839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+Description+of+the+State+of+Ohio%2C+Indiana+Territory%2C+and+Louisiana&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Arnot+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-405-02839-7&rft.au=Cutler%2C+Jervis%2C+and+Charles+Le+Raye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Eid, Leroy V., "Little Turtle". In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarraty,_John_A.,_and_Mark_C._Carnes,_eds.1999" class="citation book cs1">Garraty, John A., and Mark C. Carnes, eds. (1999). <i>American National Biography</i>. Vol. 13. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">753–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512792-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E753-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512792-8&rft.au=Garraty%2C+John+A.%2C+and+Mark+C.+Carnes%2C+eds.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFunk,_Arville" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Arville. <i>Sketchbook of Indiana History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketchbook+of+Indiana+History&rft.au=Funk%2C+Arville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littleturtlegc.com">"The Golf Club at Little Turtle"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golf+Club+at+Little+Turtle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.littleturtlegc.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoltz" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goltz, Herbert C. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2557">"Michikinakoua"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online">Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michikinakoua&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography+Online&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Herbert+C.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D2557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreve,_Charles_Theodore1904" class="citation book cs1">Greve, Charles Theodore (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&q=1880+cincinnati&pg=PA40"><i>Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens</i></a>. Vol. 1. Biographical Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+History+of+Cincinnati+and+Representative+Citizens&rft.pub=Biographical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Greve%2C+Charles+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJxABLtxX60C%26q%3D1880%2Bcincinnati%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGugin,_Linda_C.,_and_James_E._St._Clair,_eds.2015" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C., and James E. St. Clair, eds. (2015). <i>Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+200%3A+The+People+Who+Shaped+the+Hoosier+State&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-387-2&rft.au=Gugin%2C+Linda+C.%2C+and+James+E.+St.+Clair%2C+eds.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828005732/http://lebanonrr.com/history.htm">"Lebanon Mason Monroe (LM&M) Railroad History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lebanonrr.com/history.htm">the original</a> on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebanon+Mason+Monroe+%28LM%26M%29+Railroad+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lebanonrr.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> (Archived version)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913073528/http://www.army.mil/media/220061/">"Little Turtle"</a>. United States Army Military History Institute. September 15, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/media/220061">the original</a> on September 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Turtle&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Military+History+Institute&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Fmedia%2F220061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp">"Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812)"</a>. The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Little+Turtle+%281752+%E2%80%93+July+1812%29&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Court+of+Ohio+%26+The+Ohio+Judicial+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.ohio.gov%2FMJC%2Fplaces%2FlittleTurtle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadison,_James_H.2014" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James H. (2014). <i>Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press+and+the+Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.au=Madison%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnin2005" class="citation book cs1">Magnin, Frédéric (2005). <i>Mottin de la Balme, cavalier des deux mondes et de la liberté</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-9080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-9080-8"><bdi>978-2-7475-9080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mottin+de+la+Balme%2C+cavalier+des+deux+mondes+et+de+la+libert%C3%A9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-9080-8&rft.aulast=Magnin&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=240">"Michikinikwa"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=Michikinikwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rafert, Stewart, "Little Turtle (Mishikinakwa)" In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoxie,_Frederick_E.1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoxie, Frederick E., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/342"><i>Encyclopedia of North American Indians</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi/page/342">342–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-66921-1"><bdi>978-0-395-66921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=342-44&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-66921-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofno00hoxi%2Fpage%2F342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRafert1996" class="citation book cs1">Rafert, Stewart (1996). <i>The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People. 1654–1994</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-111-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-111-3"><bdi>978-0-87195-111-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miami+Indians+of+Indiana%3A+A+Persistent+People.+1654%E2%80%931994&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-111-3&rft.aulast=Rafert&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/St._Clair's_Defeat?rec=557">"St. Clair's Defeat"</a>. <i>Ohio History Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Central&rft.atitle=St.+Clair%27s+Defeat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FSt._Clair%27s_Defeat%3Frec%3D557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugden2000" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bluejacketwarrio00sugd"><i>Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4288-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-4288-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Jacket%3A+Warrior+of+the+Shawnees&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4288-3&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbluejacketwarrio00sugd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSword1985" class="citation book cs1">Sword, Wiley (1985). <i>President Washington's Indian War. The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2488-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2488-9"><bdi>978-0-8061-2488-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Washington%27s+Indian+War.+The+Struggle+for+the+Old+Northwest%2C+1790%E2%80%931795.&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2488-9&rft.aulast=Sword&rft.aufirst=Wiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_Jr.,_Robert_M.Errol_Wayne_StevensMary_Ann_PonderPaul_Brockman1989" class="citation book cs1">Taylor Jr., Robert M.; Errol Wayne Stevens; Mary Ann Ponder; Paul Brockman (1989). <i>Indiana: A New Historical Guide</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-048-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%3A+A+New+Historical+Guide&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-048-2&rft.au=Taylor+Jr.%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Errol+Wayne+Stevens&rft.au=Mary+Ann+Ponder&rft.au=Paul+Brockman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116011830/http://www.turtlecreektownship.org/geninfo/history.htm">"Turtlecreek Township History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turtlecreektownship.org/geninfo/history.htm">the original</a> on November 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turtlecreek+Township+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turtlecreektownship.org%2Fgeninfo%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span> (Archived version)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Calvin_M.1914" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Calvin M. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ENUqAAAAYAAJ&q=Little+Turtle&pg=PA414">"The Birthplace of Little Turtle"</a>. <i>Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b>. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society: <span class="nowrap">105–</span>49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Archaeological+and+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Birthplace+of+Little+Turtle&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Young%2C+Calvin+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DENUqAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DLittle%2BTurtle%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittle+Turtle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Turtle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Little_Turtle" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maumeevalleyheritagecorridor.org/">Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1999-11-16/pdf/CREC-1999-11-16-pt1-PgH12066-2.pdf">"Northwest Territory of the Great Lakes Heritage Area"</a>, <i>Congressional Record – House</i>, Document H12066–12076 (November 16, 1999), includes a description of Little Turtle, pp. H12069–H12070.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-36-02-0168-0002">Address of Little Turtle to President Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 1802</a> at <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000035421615">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30347796">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/162961/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4y3XcMcXtDxfpGPR3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119484102">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85148424">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12079937w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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