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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rash Behari Bose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rash_Behari_Bose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Tokyo_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Tokyo_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Tokyo Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Tokyo_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_Malayan_Indian_Independence_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_Malayan_Indian_Independence_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>All Malayan Indian Independence League</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_Malayan_Indian_Independence_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangkok_Conference" 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data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_de_la_Independencia_India" title="Liga de la Independencia India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liga de la Independencia India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اتحادیه استقلال هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه استقلال هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_pour_l%27ind%C3%A9pendance_indienne" title="Ligue pour l'indépendance indienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ligue pour l'indépendance indienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97" title="भारतीय स्वतंत्रता लीग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय स्वतंत्रता लीग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Kemerdekaan_India" title="Liga Kemerdekaan India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liga Kemerdekaan India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ഇൻഡിപെൻഡൻസ് ലീഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ഇൻഡിപെൻഡൻസ് ലീഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய சுதந்திர லீக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய சுதந்திர லீக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇండియన్ ఇండిపెండెన్స్ లీగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇండియన్ ఇండిపెండెన్స్ లీగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a>, an Indian Freedom Fighting organisation based in the UK.</div> <p> The <b>Indian Independence League</b> (also known as <b>IIL</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">political organisation</a> operated from the 1920s to the 1940s to organise those living outside <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> into seeking the removal of British colonial rule over the region. Founded by Indian nationalists, its activities were conducted in various parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> Asia. It included Indian expatriates, and later, Indian nationalists in-exile under Japanese occupation following Japan's successful <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a> during the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. During the Japanese Occupation of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, the Japanese encouraged Indians in Malaya to join the League.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established primarily to foster Indian nationalism and to obtain Japanese support for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>, the League came to interact and command the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_Deb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh Deb">Mohan Singh</a> before it was dissolved. <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a> handed over the INA to <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>. Later, after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a> and the revival of the INA, the League came under his leadership, before giving way to <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the occupation of South-East Asia, a large expatriate Indian population had come under the Japanese occupation. A framework of local Indian associations had existed even before the war reached Malaya. <i>The biggest</i> of these included the likes of the pre-war Central Indian Association, the Singapore Indian Independence league and other organisations, and had amongst their members eminent Indian expatriates, e.g. <a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K. P. K. Menon</a>, Nedyam Raghavan, <a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a>, S.C. Goho and others. With the occupation authority's encouragement, these groups began amalgamating into the local Indian Independence leagues and became the predominant liaising organisation between the local Indian population and the Japanese occupation force. </p><p>Joining the Indian Independence League brought security and perks.<sup id="cite_ref-recruit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recruit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Displaying an IIL card smoothed the purchase of a railway ticket and allowed purchase at the IIL headquarters of hard-to-get items like tooth paste and soap at reasonable prices.<sup id="cite_ref-recruit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recruit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the means by which rations were issued.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, since the IIL was allowed to work with the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Swiss Red Cross</a>, members could receive and send letters to then hard to reach places, such as <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-recruit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recruit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rash_Behari_Bose">Rash Behari Bose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rash Behari Bose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></div> <p>Rash Behari Bose was an Indian revolutionary noted for his planning of the <a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose#Revolutionary_activities" title="Rash Behari Bose">Delhi-Lahore conspiracy of 1912</a> to assassinate the then <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hardinge">Lord Hardinge</a>, and his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Kartar_Singh_Sarabha#Revolt_in_Punjab" title="Kartar Singh Sarabha">Ghadr Conspiracy</a> of 1915. Sought by the Raj, Rash Behari fled to Japan where he found sanctuary among Japanese patriotic societies. Rash Behari subsequently learned the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language">Japanese Language</a>, married a Japanese woman, and became a naturalised Japanese citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and during the Malayan Campaign, Rash Behari had tried to interest Japanese efforts to aims of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a>. With encouraging reports from Fujiwara and the establishment of the local Independence leagues, the <a href="/wiki/IGHQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IGHQ">IGHQ</a> sought Rash Behari's help to expand and amalgamate the Indian movement taking shape. </p><p>Rash Behari advised the IGHQ to attach the evolving INA to a political organisation that would also speak for the civilian Indian population in South-east Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Tokyo_Conference">The Tokyo Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Tokyo Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1942, he invited the local leaders of the Indian Independence leagues to a conference in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. This invitation was taken up and the delegation met at a Tokyo hotel in late March 1942. </p><p>The Tokyo conference, however, failed to reach any definitive decisions. A number of the Indian delegation held differences with Rash Behari, especially given his long connection with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the current position of Japan as the occupying power in South-east Asia, and were wary of vested Japanese interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference agreed to meet again in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> at a future date.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian delegation returned to Singapore in April with Rash Behari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="All_Malayan_Indian_Independence_League">All Malayan Indian Independence League</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: All Malayan Indian Independence League"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, Rash Behari was invited to chair a public meeting that saw the proclamation of the All-Malayan Indian Independence League.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League was headed by Nedyam Raghavan, a <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a> and a prominent Malayan Indian. The governing board included <a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K.P. Kesava Menon</a> and S.C Goho, the latter the chairman of the Singapore Indian Independence League. The league made a number of proposals including creation of a Council of Action as the executive arm, formation of a body which the regional leagues would report to, as well as the relations between the INA and the council as well as those between the council and the Japanese authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was made to vote on these proposals by a representation larger than that had met at Tokyo, and meeting elsewhere than on Japanese soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also remains suggestions that members of the League, including Niranjan Singh Gill who directed the PoW camps, were apprehensive about Japanese intentions with regards to the league, and the Independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The league found widespread support among the Indian population; membership was estimated to be close to a hundred-thousand at the end of August. Membership in the league was of advantage for the population in the middle of war-time emergency and when dealing with the occupation authorities. The League's membership card identified the holder as Indian (and thus an ally), it was used to issue rations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=92_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the League took efforts to improve the conditions of the local Indian populace, including the cause of the now jobless plantation labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bangkok_Conference">Bangkok Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bangkok Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Conference" title="Bangkok Conference">Bangkok Conference</a></div> <p>In June 1942, the Bangkok conference was held. This saw the constitution of the Indian Independence League. The league consisted of a Council for Action and a Committee of representatives below it. Below the committee was to be the territorial and local branches.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rash Behari Bose was to chair the council, while <a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K.P. Kesava Menon</a>, Nedyam Raghavan were among the civilian members of the council. Mohan Singh and an officer by the name of Gilani were to be the INA's members.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee of representatives took members from the 12 territories with Indian population, with representation proportional to the representative Indian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bangkok resolution further decided that the Indian National Army was to be subordinate to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bangkok conference adopted a thirty-four point resolution to and expected the Japanese government to respond to each point. These included the demand that the Japanese government clearly, explicitly and publicly recognise India as an independent nation and the league as the nation's representatives and guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other points also demanded assurances of Japanese respect for her <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and her territorial integrity, to all of which the council unanimously demanded that Japan clearly and unequivocally commit themselves before the league proceeded any further in collaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution further demanded that the Indian National Army be accorded the status of an allied army and be treated as such, and that all Indian POWs be released to the INA. The Japanese must help the army with loans, and not to ask it to march in any other purpose than for the liberation of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution was duly forwarded to what was then the Japanese liaising office, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army#Iwakuro_Kikan" title="Indian National Army">Iwakuro Kikan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greater_East_Asia_Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greater East Asia Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/250px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/375px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/500px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>Participants of the Greater East Asia Conference</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></div> <p>In November 1943, the Greater East Asia Conference was held in Tokyo. The head of state who were the member of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was gathered. <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> participated as a Head of State of Provisional Government of Azad Hind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_in_time">Later in time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later in time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, noted Jakarta's Indian community leader Pritam Singh took part in both the Indian Independence League and also Indonesia's struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the Centre introduced the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Fighters_and_Rehabilitation_Division" title="Freedom Fighters and Rehabilitation Division">Swathantra Sainik Samman Pension Scheme</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through which independence activists were entitled to a pension.<sup id="cite_ref-pension_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pension-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was significant resistance to implementing the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-pension_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pension-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it took 24 years of legal fighting for S. M. Shanmugam to finally receive his pension in August 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-pension_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pension-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian Independence League received a prominent role in film maker K. A. Devarajan's 1998 film "Gopuram."<sup id="cite_ref-mission_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the film, the maternal grandfather of an Indian journalist is a 1930s independence activist in Japan who is wanted by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">Imperial Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the grandfather joins the Indian Independence League in Japan and his exploits are presented.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Palace" title="The Glass Palace">The Glass Palace</a></i> (2000), Ghosh chronicles the fictional Rangoon teak trade fortunes of Rajkumar Raha and his extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-east_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that book, Uma Dey is a widow and Indian Independence League activist.<sup id="cite_ref-east_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her appearance in the later half of the book is used as a device to characterize the post-colonial divisions for the remainder of the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-east_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-east-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sankar, Uthaya. (11 February 2004) <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516170410/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-91041258.html">What Tamil writers?</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-recruit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recruit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recruit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recruit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Balachandran, PK. (17 April 2006) <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilweek.com/Netaji_Army_0423.html">Netaji's army as seen by a Ceylonese recruit.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161204/http://www.tamilweek.com/Netaji_Army_0423.html">Archived</a> 17 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Colombo diary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay_1993_p=92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=92_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=92_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay_1993_p=91-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=91_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fay_1993_p=108-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fay_1993_p=108_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1948">Green 1948</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFay1993">Fay 1993</a>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Post">Jakarta Post</a>. (3 June 2003) <i>Indian community leader dies.</i> Section: Features; Page 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705165530/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_genadmin/synic1.pdf">"Swathantra Sainik Samman Pension Scheme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_genadmin/synic1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swathantra+Sainik+Samman+Pension+Scheme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kerala.gov.in%2Fdept_genadmin%2Fsynic1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Independence+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pension-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pension_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pension_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pension_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. (22 August 2006) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714061622/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/08/22/stories/2006082216680600.htm">Centre asked to pay pension to freedom fighter's widow.</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mission-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mission_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mission_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mission_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> (25 September 1998) <i>Film maker with a mission.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-east-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-east_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-east_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-east_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Urquhart, James. (7 August 2000) <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> <i>Monday Book: A 'Doctor Zhivago' for the Far East - Review of The Glass Palace.</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Independence_League&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFay1993" class="citation cs2">Fay, Peter W. (1993), <i>The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945</i>, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08342-8"><bdi>978-0-472-08342-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Army%3A+India%27s+Armed+Struggle+for+Independence%2C+1942-1945&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%2C+University+of+Michigan+Press.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08342-8&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Independence+League" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1948" class="citation cs2">Green, L.C. (1948), <i>The Indian National Army Trials. The Modern Law Review, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Jan., 1948), pp. 47-69</i>, London, Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+National+Army+Trials.+The+Modern+Law+Review%2C+Vol.+11%2C+No.+1.+%28Jan.%2C+1948%29%2C+pp.+47-69&rft.pub=London%2C+Blackwell.&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=L.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Independence+League" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/100px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/150px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/200px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Independence<br />League (IIL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Sen" title="Prafulla Kumar Sen">Swami Satyananda Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Council" title="Indian National Council">Indian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">I Fujiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Kikan" title="F Kikan">F Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._K._Menon" title="K. P. K. Menon">K.P.K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Sahay" title="A. M. Sahay">A.M. Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Ayer" title="S. A. Ayer">S.A. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidadary_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidadary Resolutions">Bidadary Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Conference">Tokyo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Iwakuro" title="Hideo Iwakuro">H Iwakuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Kikan" title="I Kikan">I Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Conference" title="Bangkok Conference">Bangkok Conference</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Dal" title="Azad Hind Dal">Azad Hind Dal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Independence_League" title="Category:Indian Independence League">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">C.R. Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Bose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-180" title="German submarine U-180">U-180</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_ur_Rahman_(Indian_National_Army_officer)" title="Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)">Habib-ur-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Category:Subhas Chandra Bose">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National<br />Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Battle of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh (general)">Mohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrer_Park_address" title="Farrer Park address">Farrer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First INA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Arakan_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arakan offensive">First Arakan offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Field_Force" title="Hindustan Field Force">Hindustan Field Force</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiffs" title="Jiffs">Jiffs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Brigade" title="Azad Brigade">Azad Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Brigade_(regiment)" title="Gandhi Brigade (regiment)">Gandhi Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Brigade" title="Subhas Brigade">Subhas Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Group" title="Bahadur Group">Bahadur Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Boys" title="Tokyo Boys">Tokyo Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zaman_Kiani" title="Mohammed Zaman Kiani">Mohammed Zaman Kiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Loganathan" title="A. D. Loganathan">A.D. Loganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Bhonsle">J.R. Bhonsle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaky_Athi_Nahappan" title="Janaky Athi Nahappan">Janaki Davar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasammah_Bhupalan" title="Rasammah Bhupalan">Rasammah Bhupalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Malik" title="Shaukat Malik">Shaukat Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thivy" title="John Thivy">John Thivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_and_operations_of_the_Indian_National_Army" title="Battles and operations of the Indian National Army">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Battle of Irrawaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Battle of Meiktila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army" title="Category:Indian National Army">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Indian National Army trials">Red Fort trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDIC(I)" title="CSDIC(I)">CSDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Sahgal" title="Prem Sahgal">Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-Din_of_Chitral" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral">Burhan-ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_Defence_Committee" title="INA Defence Committee">INA Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali" title="Asaf Ali">Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay mutiny</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Category:Indian National Army trials">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_of_Azad_Hind" title="Decorations of Azad Hind">Azad Hind Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selarang_Barracks_incident" title="Selarang Barracks incident">Selarang Barracks incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Burma_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Burma Area Army">Burma Area Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe" title="Masakazu Kawabe">Masakasu Kawabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">14th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_treasure_controversy" title="INA treasure controversy">INA treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Fay" title="Peter W. Fay">Peter Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Lebra" title="Joyce Lebra">Joyce Lebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Toye" title="Hugh Toye">Hugh Toye</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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