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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rising status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rising_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rising status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rising_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conquest of Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madras_and_Calcutta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madras_and_Calcutta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Madras and Calcutta</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Bhutan_and_Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan_and_Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bhutan and Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan_and_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impeachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_ethos_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_ethos_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administrative ethos and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_ethos_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Warren Hastings</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B2" title="وارين هاستينغز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وارين هاستينغز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="ওয়ারেন হেস্টিংস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ারেন হেস্টিংস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="وارن هستینگز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وارن هستینگز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EB%9F%B0_%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%85%EC%8A%A4" title="워런 헤이스팅스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워런 헤이스팅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वारेन हेस्टिंग्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वारेन हेस्टिंग्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1" title="וורן הייסטינגס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וורן הייסטינגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വാറൻ ഹേസ്റ്റിങ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാറൻ ഹേസ്റ്റിങ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वॉरन हेस्टिंग्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉरन हेस्टिंग्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BA" title="ウォーレン・ヘースティングズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォーレン・ヘースティングズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਵਾਰਨ ਹੇਸਟਿੰਗਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਰਨ ਹੇਸਟਿੰਗਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="وارن ہیسٹنگز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وارن ہیسٹنگز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="وارن هېسټينگز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وارن هېسټينگز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гастингс, Уоррен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гастингс, Уоррен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="वारेन हेस्टिंग्स – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वारेन हेस्टिंग्स" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Warren Hastings" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="வாரன் ஹேஸ்டிங்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாரன் ஹேஸ்டிங்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For several vessels of this name, see <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings_(East_Indiaman)" title="Warren Hastings (East Indiaman)"><i>Warren Hastings</i> (East Indiaman)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings_(1789_ship)" title="Warren Hastings (1789 ship)"><i>Warren Hastings</i> (1789 ship)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Warren Hastings</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg/220px-Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg/330px-Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg/440px-Warren_Hastings_by_Tilly_Kettle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2883" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Tilly_Kettle" title="Tilly Kettle">Tilly Kettle</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Bengal">Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 October 1773 – 8 February 1785<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Macpherson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet">Sir John Macpherson, Bt</a><br /><small>As acting Governor-General</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Bengal">Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 April 1772 – 20 October 1773</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Cartier" title="John Cartier">John Cartier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1732-12-06</span>)</span>6 December 1732<br /><a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire" title="Churchill, Oxfordshire">Churchill, Oxfordshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1818<span style="display:none">(1818-08-22)</span> (aged 85)<br /><a href="/wiki/Daylesford,_Gloucestershire" title="Daylesford, Gloucestershire">Daylesford, Gloucestershire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_nationality_law" title="History of British nationality law">British</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Buchanan</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1756; died 1759)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Hastings" title="Marian Hastings">Marian Hastings</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1777)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylesford_House" title="Daylesford House">Daylesford House</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warren Hastings's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg/128px-Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg/192px-Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg/256px-Signature_of_Warren_Hastings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="83" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Warren Hastings</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span> (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Bengal">governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal)</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Bengal" title="Supreme Council of Bengal">Supreme Council of Bengal</a>, and so the first governor-general of Bengal in 1772–1785. He and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> are credited with laying the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an energetic organizer and reformer. In 1779–1784 he led forces of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> against a coalition of native states and the <a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French</a>. In the end, the well-organized British side held its own, while France lost influence in India. In 1787, he was accused of corruption and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings" title="Impeachment of Warren Hastings">impeached</a>, but he was eventually acquitted in 1795 after a long trial. He was made a <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">privy councillor</a> in 1814. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warren Hastings was born in <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Oxfordshire" title="Churchill, Oxfordshire">Churchill, Oxfordshire</a>, in 1732 to Reverend Penyston Hastings and his wife Hester (née Warren), who died soon after he was born.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glouc.1730_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glouc.1730-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyall1889_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyall1889-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawson1897_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawson1897-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within nine months of Warren's birth, his father remarried and moved to Barbados, leaving behind Warren and his elder sister Anne. Young Warren was raised by his grandfather (also called Penyston)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attended a charity school in Daylesford, Gloucestershire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he was taken in by his uncle, Howard Hastings, and moved with him to London in 1740.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings attended <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a>, where he coincided with the future prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shelburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cavendish_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a> and with the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quickly excelled as a top scholar but was forced to leave at sixteen, when his uncle died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> in 1750 as a writer (clerk) and sailed out to India, reaching <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in August 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he built up a reputation for diligence and spent his free time learning about India and mastering <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work won him promotion in 1752 when he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Kasimbazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasimbazar">Kasimbazar</a>, a major trading post in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where he worked for <a href="/wiki/William_Watts_(East_India_Company_official)" title="William Watts (East India Company official)">William Watts</a>. While there he gained further experience in the politics of East India. </p><p>British traders still relied on the whims of local rulers, so that the political turmoil in Bengal was unsettling. The elderly moderate <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bengal">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> was likely to be succeeded by his grandson <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a>, but there were several other claimants. This made British trading posts throughout Bengal increasingly insecure, as Siraj ud-Daulah was known to harbour <a href="/wiki/Anti-Europeanism" title="Anti-Europeanism">anti-European</a> views and to be likely to launch an attack once he took power. When Alivardi Khan died in April 1756, the British traders and a small garrison at Kasimbazar were left vulnerable. On 3 June, after being surrounded by a much larger force, the British were persuaded to surrender to prevent a massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings was imprisoned with others in the Bengali capital, <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, while the Nawab's forces marched on <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">captured it</a>. The garrison and civilians were then locked up under appalling conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrshestings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mrshestings.jpg/260px-Mrshestings.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mrshestings.jpg/390px-Mrshestings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Mrshestings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Warren Hastings with his wife Marian in their garden at <a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a>, c. 1784–87</figcaption></figure> <p>For a while, Hastings remained in Murshidabad and was even used by the Nawab as an intermediary; but, fearing for his life, he escaped to the island of Fulta, where a number of refugees from Calcutta had taken shelter. While there, he met, fell in love with, and married Mary Buchanan, the widow of Captain John Buchanan (one of the victims of the Black Hole of Calcutta).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards a British expedition from <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> arrived to rescue them. Hastings served as a volunteer in Clive's forces as they <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">retook Calcutta</a> in January 1757. After this swift defeat, the Nawab urgently sought peace and the war came to an end. Clive was impressed with Hastings when he met him and arranged for his return to Kasimbazar to resume his pre-war activities. Later in 1757, fighting resumed, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, where Clive won a decisive victory over the Nawab. Siraj ud-Daulah was overthrown and replaced by his commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a>, who initiated policies favorable to the East India Company traders, before falling out with them and being overthrown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rising_status">Rising status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rising status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1758, Hastings became the British <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">resident</a> in the Bengali capital of <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a> – a major step forward in his career – at the instigation of Clive. His role in the city was ostensibly that of an ambassador but as Bengal came increasingly under the dominance of the East India Company he was often given the task of issuing orders to the new Nawab on behalf of Clive and the Calcutta authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings personally sympathised with Mir Jafar and regarded many of the demands placed on him by the company as excessive. Hastings had already developed a philosophy that was grounded in trying to establish a more understanding relationship with India's inhabitants and their rulers, and he often tried to mediate between the two sides. </p><p>During Mir Jafar's reign, the East India Company exerted an increasingly large role in the running of the region, and effectively took over the defence of Bengal against external invaders when Bengal's troops proved insufficient for the task. As he grew older, Mir Jafar became gradually less effective in ruling the state, and in 1760, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">EIC troops</a> ousted him from power and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings expressed his doubts to Calcutta over the move, believing they were honour-bound to support Mir Jafar, but his opinions were overruled. Hastings established a good relationship with the new Nawab and again had misgivings about the demands he relayed from his superiors. In 1761, he was recalled and appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Bengal">Conquest of Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conquest of Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></div> <p>Hastings was personally angered when investigating trading abuses in Bengal. He alleged that some European and British-allied Indian merchants were taking advantage of the situation to enrich themselves personally. Persons travelling under the unauthorised protection of the British flag engaged in widespread fraud and illegal trading, knowing that local <a href="/wiki/Customs_official" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs official">customs officials</a> would be cowed into not interfering with them. Hastings felt this was bringing shame on Britain's reputation and urged the authorities in Calcutta to put an end to it. The Council considered his report but ultimately rejected Hastings' proposals. He was fiercely criticised by other members, many of whom had themselves profited from the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, little was done to stem the abuses, and Hastings began to consider quitting his post and returning to Britain. His resignation was only delayed by the outbreak of fresh fighting in Bengal. Once on the throne Qasim proved increasingly independent in his actions, and he rebuilt Bengal's army by hiring European instructors and <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> who greatly improved the standard of his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gradually felt more confident, and in 1764, when a dispute broke out in the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, he captured its British garrison and threatened to execute them if the East India Company responded militarily. When Calcutta dispatched troops anyway, Mir Qasim executed the hostages. British forces then went on the attack and won a series of battles culminating in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> in October 1764. After this, Mir Qasim fled into exile in Delhi, where he died in 1777. The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) gave the East India Company the right to <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">collect taxes</a> in Bengal on behalf of the Mughal emperor. </p><p>Hastings resigned in December 1764 and sailed for Britain the following month. He left deeply saddened by the failure of the more moderate strategy that he had supported, but which had been rejected by the hawkish members of the Calcutta Council. Once he arrived in London, Hastings began spending far beyond his means. He stayed at fashionable addresses and had his picture painted by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> even though, unlike many of his contemporaries, he had not amassed a fortune while in India. Eventually, having run up enormous debts, Hastings realised he needed to return to India to restore his finances, and applied to the East India Company for employment. His application was initially rejected as he had made many political enemies, including the powerful director <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sulivan" title="Laurence Sulivan">Laurence Sulivan</a>. Eventually, an appeal to Sulivan's rival Robert Clive secured Hastings the position of deputy ruler at the city of Madras. He sailed from Dover in March 1769. On the voyage on board, the <i>Duke of Grafton</i> became ill, and he was cared for<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the German <a href="/wiki/Marian_Hastings" title="Marian Hastings">Baroness Marian von Imhoff</a> (1749–1837)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her husband. He fell in love with the Baroness, and they began an affair, seemingly with her husband's consent. Hastings' first wife, Mary, had died in 1759, and he planned to marry the Baroness once she had obtained a divorce from her husband.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The process took a long time and it was not until 1777 that news of the divorce came from Germany, and Hastings was finally able to marry her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madras_and_Calcutta">Madras and Calcutta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Madras and Calcutta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings arrived in Madras shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First Anglo-Mysore War</a> of 1767–1769, when the forces of <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> had threatened the capture of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madras" title="Treaty of Madras">Treaty of Madras</a> (4 April 1769) ended the war but failed to settle the dispute and three further <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> followed (1780–1799). During his time at Madras, Hastings initiated reforms of trading practices which cut out the use of middlemen and benefited both the Company and the Indian labourers, but otherwise the period was relatively uneventful for him.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_52_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull_52-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this stage, Hastings shared Clive's view that the three major British presidencies (settlements) – <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> – should be brought under single rule rather than being governed separately as they currently were.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull_52_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull_52-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1772, he was appointed to be the governor of Calcutta, the most important of the presidencies. In Britain, moves were underway to reform the divided system of government and establish single rule across all of British-controlled regions in India with its capital in Kolkata (Calcutta). Hastings became the first governor general in 1773. </p><p>While governor, Hastings launched a major crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">bandits</a> operating in Bengal, which proved largely successful. He also faced the severe <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine</a>, which resulted in between two and ten million deaths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor-General">Governor-General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor-General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta,_Past_and_Present_p91.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png/220px-Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png/330px-Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png/440px-Calcutta%2C_Past_and_Present_p91.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Warren Hastings (<i>Calcutta, Past and Present</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Regulating_Act_1773" title="Regulating Act 1773">Regulating Act 1773</a> brought the presidencies of Madras and Bombay under Bengal's control. It raised Hastings from Governor to the new post of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a>, but limited his power by making the governor-general one member of a five-man Supreme Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was so confusingly structured that it was difficult to tell what constitutional position Hastings actually held.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">William Dalrymple</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He got quickly to work, beginning the process of turning the EIC into an administrative service. Hastings' first major change was to move all the functions of government from Murshidabad to Calcutta ... Throughout 1773, Hastings worked with extraordinary energy. He unified currency systems, ordered the codification of Hindu laws and digests of Muslim law books, reformed the tax and customs system, fixed land revenue and stopped the worst oppression being carried out on behalf of private traders by the local agents. He created an efficient postal service, backed a proper cartographical survey of India by <a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> and built a series of public granaries, including the great Gola at Patna, to make sure the famine of 1770-71 was never repeated ... Underlying all Hastings' work was a deep respect for the land he had lived in since his teens ... Hastings genuinely liked India, and by the time he became Governor spoke not only good Bengali and Urdu but also fluent court and literary Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019238–239_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019238–239-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 1774, Hastings assumed control of the East India Company's <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> The same year, he sent Company troops to support the wazir of <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a>, in <a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">a campaign</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohillas</a>, a people of Afghan origin. The Company troops were paid by the wazir for their assistance. This short campaign, while enlarging the Company's main ally in northern India, was the first of several wars which harmed Hastings's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_India">War in India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War in India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1777, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> (1775–1783), the Americans had captured a British field army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a>. This emboldened the French to sign a military alliance with the new United States of America and declare war on Great Britain. The French concentrated in the Caribbean islands, and in India. </p><p>The presidencies of Madras and Bombay became involved in serious quarrels with the greatest of the native states. Madras with the formidable <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> of Mysore and with the Nizam of Hyderabad, and Bombay with the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">Marathas</a>. France sent a fleet under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Pierre André de Suffren</a>. The combination meant Hastings faced a formidable challenge, with only Oudh as an ally.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In six years of intense and confused fighting, from 1779 to 1784, Hastings sent one army marching across India to help Bombay, and another to Madras. His greatest achievement was in breaking up the hostile coalition. By 1782 he made peace with the Marathas. The French fleet had been repeatedly delayed. Suffren finally arrived in 1782 to discover that the Indian coalition had fallen apart, that Hastings had captured all the French ports, and Suffren could achieve nothing. When the wars ended in 1784, British rule in India had not changed, but the French position was now much weaker. The East India Company now had an efficient system in operation. However, Hastings's multiple wartime operations needed large sums of money and London sent nothing. His methods of using the local treasuries later became the main line of attack in the impeachment brought against him.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan_and_Tibet">Bhutan and Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bhutan and Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1773, Hastings responded to an appeal for help from the Raja of the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar</a> to the north of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, whose territory had been invaded by Zhidar, the <a href="/wiki/Druk_Desi" title="Druk Desi">Druk Desi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> the previous year. Hastings agreed to help on the condition that Cooch Behar recognise British sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Raja agreed and with the help of British troops they pushed the Bhutanese out of the <a href="/wiki/Duars" class="mw-redirect" title="Duars">Duars</a> and into the foothills in 1773. </p><p>The Druk Desi returned to face civil war at home. His opponent Jigme Senge, the regent for the seven-year-old <a href="/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche" title="Zhabdrung Rinpoche">Shabdrung</a> (the Bhutanese equivalent of the Dalai Lama), had supported popular discontent. Zhidar was unpopular for his <a href="/wiki/Corvee" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvee">corvee</a> tax (he sought unreasonably to rebuild a major <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">dzong</a> in one year), as well as for his overtures to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Manchu emperors</a>, who threatened Bhutanese independence. Zhidar was soon overthrown and forced to flee to Tibet, where he was imprisoned and a new Druk Desi, Kunga Rinchen, installed in his place. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Panchen Lama">Sixth Panchen Lama</a>, who had imprisoned Zhidar, interceded on behalf of the Bhutanese with a letter to Hastings, imploring him to cease hostilities in return for friendship. Hastings saw the opportunity to establish relations with both the Tibetans and the Bhutanese and wrote a letter to the Panchen Lama proposing "a general treaty of amity and commerce between Tibet and Bengal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband19105–7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband19105–7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1782, news reached the headquarters of the EIC in Calcutta of the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama. Hastings proposed sending a mission to Tibet with a message of congratulation, designed to strengthen amicable relations established by Bogle on his earlier visit. With the assent of the EIC Court of Directors, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turner_(diplomat)" title="Samuel Turner (diplomat)">Samuel Turner</a> was appointed chief of the Tibet mission on 9 January 1783 with fellow EIC employee <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_(orientalist)" title="Samuel Davis (orientalist)">Samuel Davis</a> as "Draftsman & Surveyor".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner returned to the Governor-General's camp at Patna in 1784 where he reported he had been unable to visit the Tibetan capital at Lhasa, but received a promise that merchants sent there from India would be encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband191027_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband191027-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner was instructed to obtain a pair of <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a> on his travels, which he duly did. They were transported to Hasting's menagerie in Calcutta and on the Governor-General's return to England, the yaks went too, although only the male survived the difficult sea voyage. Noted artist <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a> subsequently painted the animal's portrait as <i>The Yak of <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></i> and in 1854 it went on to appear, albeit stuffed, at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a> at Crystal Palace in London.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hasting's return to England ended any further efforts to engage in diplomacy with Tibet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impeachment">Impeachment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impeachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Warren_Hastings" title="Impeachment of Warren Hastings">Impeachment of Warren Hastings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings,_1788.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg/400px-The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg/600px-The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg/800px-The_trail_of_Warren_Hastings%2C_1788.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>The trial of Warren Hastings in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1785, after 10 years of service, during which he helped extend and regularise the nascent Raj created by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive of India</a>, Hastings resigned. He was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a>; Cornwallis served as Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William, also known as the Bengal Presidency. </p><p>On return to England, Hastings was impeached in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> for alleged crimes in India, notably embezzlement, extortion and coercion, and an alleged judicial killing of <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Nandakumar" title="Maharaja Nandakumar">Maharaja Nandakumar</a>. At first thought unlikely to succeed,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prosecution was managed by MPs including <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, encouraged by Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_(English_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Francis (English politician)">Philip Francis</a>, whom Hastings had wounded during a duel in India,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolpert_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolpert-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>. When the charges of the indictment were read, the 20 counts took Edmund Burke two full days to read.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Mithi Mukherjee, the trial instituted debate between two radically opposed visions of empire – one based on ideas of power and conquest in pursuit of the exclusive national interests of the colonizer, and one represented by Burke, of sovereignty based on a recognition of the rights of the colonized.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the indictment by the House of Commons, Hastings was tried by his peers in the House of Lords; the trial started on 13 February 1788 and continued for 148 days of hearings over a period of seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hearings continued at great personal cost to Hastings, who complained that he was being bankrupted by the cost of defending himself. He is rumoured once to have said that the punishment would have been less extreme had he pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> acquitted him of all charges on 24 April 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Company subsequently compensated him with £4,000 annually, retroactive to the date he returned to England, but did not reimburse his legal fees, which he claimed to have been £70,000. He collected the stipend for nearly 29 years.<sup id="cite_ref-amdigital.co.uk_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amdigital.co.uk-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christie2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the years of the trial, Hastings lived in considerable style at his leased town house, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House,_Park_Lane" title="Somerset House, Park Lane">Somerset House, Park Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently sold the lease at auction for £9,450. </p><p>Among many who supported him in print was the pamphleteer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Broome_(pamphleteer)" title="Ralph Broome (pamphleteer)">Ralph Broome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others disturbed by the perceived injustice of the proceedings included <a href="/wiki/Frances_Burney" title="Frances Burney">Frances Burney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letters and journals of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> and her family, who knew Hastings, show that they followed the trial closely.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings' supporters from the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> East India Club and a number of other gentlemen from India gave a reportedly "elegant entertainment" for Hastings when he visited Edinburgh. There was a toast to "prosperity to our settlements in India" and a wish that "the virtue and talents which preserved them be ever remembered with gratitude."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1788, Hastings bought for £54,000 an estate at <a href="/wiki/Daylesford,_Gloucestershire" title="Daylesford, Gloucestershire">Daylesford, Gloucestershire</a>, including the site of the Hastings family's medieval seat.<sup id="cite_ref-Christie2000_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christie2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter he remodelled the house to designs by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys_Cockerell" title="Samuel Pepys Cockerell">Samuel Pepys Cockerell</a> with classical and Indian decoration and gardens landscaped by John Davenport. In 1801, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1816, he rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a> church, where he was buried two years later. In spite of substantial compensation from the East India Company, Hastings was technically insolvent on his death.<sup id="cite_ref-amdigital.co.uk_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amdigital.co.uk-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_ethos_and_legacy">Administrative ethos and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative ethos and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg/200px-Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg/300px-Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg/400px-Warren_Hastings_by_Johan_Joseph_Zoffany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Hastings painted by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Zoffany" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Zoffany">Johann Zoffany</a>, 1783–1784</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Hastings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Warren_Hastings.jpg/200px-Warren_Hastings.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Warren_Hastings.jpg/300px-Warren_Hastings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Warren_Hastings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Hastings in the late 18th century, as painted by <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott" title="Lemuel Francis Abbott">Lemuel Francis Abbott</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg/200px-Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg/300px-Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg/400px-Memorial_to_Warren_Hastings_St_Peters_Church_Daylesford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1100655.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>His memorial in <a href="/wiki/Daylesford,_Gloucestershire" title="Daylesford, Gloucestershire">Daylesford</a> churchyard</figcaption></figure> <p>In the last quarter of the 18th century, many senior administrators realised that to govern Indian society it was essential to learn its various religious, social, and legal customs and precedents. The importance of such knowledge to the colonial government was in Hastings' mind when he remarked in 1784, in his introduction to the English translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> by Wilkins:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every accumulation of knowledge and especially such as is obtained by social communication with people over whom we exercise dominion founded on the right of conquest, is useful to the state... it attracts and conciliates distant affections; it lessens the weight of the chain by which the natives are held in subjection; and it imprints on the hearts of our countrymen the sense of obligation and benevolence.... Every instance which brings their real character... home to observation will impress us with a more generous sense of feeling for their natural rights, and teach us to estimate them by the measure of our own. But such instances can only be obtained in their writings: and these will survive when the British dominion in India shall have long ceased to exist, and when the sources which once yielded of wealth and power are lost to remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During Hastings' term as governor-general, much administrative precedent was set, which profoundly shaped later attitudes towards the government of British India. Hastings had great respect for the ancient scripture of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and set the British position on governance as one of looking back to the earliest precedents possible. This allowed <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> advisors to mould the law, as no Briton thoroughly understood <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> until <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(philologist)" title="William Jones (philologist)">Sir William Jones</a>, and even then, a literal translation was of little use: it needed to be elucidated by religious commentators well versed in the lore and its application. This approach accentuated the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu caste system">Hindu caste system</a> and to an extent the frameworks of other religions, which had at least in recent centuries been somewhat more flexibly applied. So British influence on the fluid social structure of India can largely be seen as a solidification of the privileges of the Hindu caste system through the influence of exclusively <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">high-caste Hindu scholars</a> advising the British on their laws. Where British translators or interpreters read in the <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> a <i>caste system</i> in India, the actual wording speaks of <i>varna</i> and <i>jati</i>: skin-colour and birth, i.e. clan, and it speaks of the four societal classes, not castes: from upper-class Brahmin to lower-class Shudra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1781, Hastings founded <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_%27Aliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa 'Aliya">Madrasa 'Aliya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> (transformed in 2007 into Aliah University by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Government of West Bengal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1784, he supported the foundation of the Bengal Asiatic Society, now the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic Society of Bengal">Asiatic Society of Bengal</a>, by the oriental scholar Sir William Jones. This became a storehouse for information on the subcontinent and has remained in various institutional guises to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hastings' legacy as an administrator has been somewhat dualistic: as governor, he instituted reforms that would change the path India followed in subsequent years, but he retained the distinction of being also the "architect of British India and the one ruler of British India to whom the creation of such an entity was anathema."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a>, New Zealand, and the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> outer suburb of <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Victoria" title="Hastings, Victoria">Hastings, Victoria</a>, Australia, were named after him. There is also a road and the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Kolkata" title="Hastings, Kolkata">Hastings, Kolkata</a>, in India named after him. </p><p>"Hastings" is the name of one of the four schoolhouses in <a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a> (Kolkata). It is represented by the colour red. "Hastings" is also the name of one of the four schoolhouses in <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Westcott_Girls%27_School_(Ranchi)" title="Bishop Westcott Girls' School (Ranchi)">Bishop Westcott Girls' School, Ranchi</a>, again represented by the colour red. "Hastings" is a senior wing house at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's School, Darjeeling">St Paul's School, Darjeeling</a>, India, where all the senior wing houses are named after Anglo-Indian colonial figures. </p><p>RIMS <i>Warren Hastings</i> was a Royal Indian Marine troopship built by the Barrow Shipbuilding Co. and launched on 18 April 1893. The ship struck a rock and was wrecked off the coast of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> on the night of 14 January 1897. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hastings took an interest in seeing the Bhagavad Gita translated into English. His efforts led to a first translation by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a> appearing in 1785. He wrote the introduction to it which appeared on 4 October 1784 in <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gita-Garrett_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gita-Garrett-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Warren Hastings and His Bull", a short story by the Indian writer <a href="/wiki/Uday_Prakash" title="Uday Prakash">Uday Prakash</a>, was adapted for stage under the same title by the director <a href="/wiki/Arvind_Gaur" title="Arvind Gaur">Arvind Gaur</a>. It presents Hastings's interaction with traditional India in a work of socio-economic political satire. </p><p>A short story by the Hindi author Shivprasad Singh 'Rudra' Kashikeya called <i>Bahti Ganga</i> features <a href="/wiki/Chait_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chait Singh">Chait Singh</a>, then Raja of Banaras, in conflict with Hastings, who is imprisoned by the Raja, but escapes, though ordinary people of the city make fun of him. </p><p>The Hastings career is much discussed in the historical mystery novel, <i>Secrets in the Stones</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Harris" title="Tessa Harris">Tessa Harris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hastings is named in Book 5 of <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Middlemarch" title="Middlemarch">Middlemarch</a></i>, where his greed for Daylesford is compared to the character Joshua Rigg's greed for money. </p><p>Hastings was rumoured to be the biological father of <a href="/wiki/Eliza_de_Feuillide" title="Eliza de Feuillide">Eliza de Feuillide</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Austen_Hancock" title="Philadelphia Austen Hancock">Philadelphia Austen Hancock</a> and a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have seen parallels between Hastings and Colonel Brandon in Austen's <i><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility" title="Sense and Sensibility">Sense and Sensibility</a></i>: both left for India at age 17; both may have had illegitimate daughters named Eliza; both participated in a duel. Linda Robinson Walker argues that Hastings "haunts <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> in the character of Colonel Brandon."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bengal Public Consultations, 12 February 1785, No. 2. Letter from Warren Hastings, 8 February, formally declaring resignation of the office of Governor General.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_41.shtml">"Warren Hastings"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warren+Hastings&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fhistory%2Fempire%2Fepisodes%2Fepisode_41.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Warren Hastings, maker of British India". <i>Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">476–</span>480. 1935. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068373508725383">10.1080/03068373508725383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Central+Asian+Society&rft.atitle=Warren+Hastings%2C+maker+of+British+India&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068373508725383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Jeremy (2001). <i>Dawning of the Raj: The Life and Trials of Warren Hastings</i>. Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854107534" title="Special:BookSources/9781854107534"><bdi>9781854107534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawning+of+the+Raj%3A+The+Life+and+Trials+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781854107534&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glouc.1730-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glouc.1730_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gloucestershire, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538–1813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyall1889-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyall1889_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Alfred_Lyall1889" class="citation book cs1">Sir Alfred Lyall (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91491"><i>Warren Hastings</i></a>. Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warren+Hastings&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Sir+Alfred+Lyall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.91491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson1897-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson1897_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson1897" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Charles (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFigAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Private Life of Warren Hastings</i></a>. Madras Mail Press. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Madras+Mail+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFigAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Chambers1820" class="citation book cs1">John Chambers (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalillu00cham"><i>Biographical Illustrations of Worcestershire: Including Lives of Persons, Natives Or Residents, Eminent Either for Piety Or Talent</i></a>. W. Walcott. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalillu00cham/page/486">486</a>–501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Illustrations+of+Worcestershire%3A+Including+Lives+of+Persons%2C+Natives+Or+Residents%2C+Eminent+Either+for+Piety+Or+Talent&rft.pages=486-501&rft.pub=W.+Walcott&rft.date=1820&rft.au=John+Chambers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalillu00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1935" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Alfred Mervyn (1935). <i>Strange Destiny: A Biography of Warren Hastings</i>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598963864" title="Special:BookSources/9780598963864"><bdi>9780598963864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Destiny%3A+A+Biography+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=9780598963864&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Mervyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marshall, P. J. (4 October 2008) [2004]. "Hastings, Warren". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12587">10.1093/ref:odnb/12587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hastings%2C+Warren&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12587&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019145_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2019">Dalrymple 2019</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Turnbull, <i>Warren Hastings</i>. New English Library, 1975, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612205302/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/warren-hastings">"Warren Hastings — Statesman and Diplomat"</a>. <i>westminster-abbey.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/warren-hastings">the original</a> on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=westminster-abbey.org&rft.atitle=Warren+Hastings+%E2%80%94+Statesman+and+Diplomat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fwarren-hastings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull pp. 36–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/63512">"Marian Hastings"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F63512">10.1093/ref:odnb/63512</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marian+Hastings&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F63512&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F63512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG146264">"Marian Hastings"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Marian+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fterm%2FBIOG146264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnbull_52-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_52_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turnbull_52_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolpert-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolpert_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (2004) [First published 1977]. <i>A New History of India</i> (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516677-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516677-4"><bdi>978-0-19-516677-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+India&rft.pages=190&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516677-4&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Earl of Birkenhead, Famous Trials of History</i>, Garden City: Garden City Publishing Company, 1926, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019238–239-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019238–239_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2019">Dalrymple 2019</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7"><bdi>978-1-4780-1121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whites+are+Enemies+of+Heaven%3A+Climate+Caucasianism+and+Asian+Ecological+Protection&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Penderel Moon</a>, <i>Warren Hastings and British India</i>; (1947) pp 201–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_Muir" title="Ramsay Muir">Ramsay Muir</a>, <i>British History</i>, 1930, pp. 441–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Dodwell, "Warren Hastings and the Assignment of the Carnatic." <i>English Historical Review</i> 40.159, 1925, pp. 375–396 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/551858">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar Badri Narain Singh, "The War of American Independence and India" <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i> Vol. 38, 1977 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139119">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-07696-1"><bdi>978-0-313-07696-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+Around+the+World+A-Z&rft.pages=1556&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-07696-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfnWCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband19105–7-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband19105–7_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounghusband1910">Younghusband 1910</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisAris1982" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Samuel; Aris, Michael (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris/Views%20of%20Medieval%20Bhutan%20--%20the%20Diary%20and%20Drawings%20of%20Samuel%20Davis%201783%20Michael%20Aris#page/n29/mode/2up"><i>Views of Medieval Bhutan: the diary and drawings of Samuel Davis, 1783</i></a>. Serindia. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+of+Medieval+Bhutan%3A+the+diary+and+drawings+of+Samuel+Davis%2C+1783&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Serindia&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Aris%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FViewsOfMedievalBhutanTheDiaryAndDrawingsOfSamuelDavis1783MichaelAris%2FViews%2520of%2520Medieval%2520Bhutan%2520--%2520the%2520Diary%2520and%2520Drawings%2520of%2520Samuel%2520Davis%25201783%2520Michael%2520Aris%23page%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounghusband191027-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounghusband191027_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounghusband1910">Younghusband 1910</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2012" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Clare (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N979o0TR4uAC"><i>The Museum on the Roof of the World: Art, Politics, and the Representation of Tibet</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31747-2"><bdi>978-0-226-31747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+on+the+Roof+of+the+World%3A+Art%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Representation+of+Tibet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31747-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN979o0TR4uAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Babington Macaulay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/hastings/txt_complete.html#22">"Warren Hastings (1841)"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Earl of Birkenhead, <i>Famous Trials of History</i>, Garden City: Garden City Publishing Company, 1926, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mithi Mukherjee, "Justice, War, and the Imperium: India and Britain in Edmund Burke's Prosecutorial Speeches in the Impeachment Trial of Warren Hastings." <i>Law and History Review</i> 23.3 (2005): 589–630 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1922/1/Justice_War_and_the_Imperium_India_and_B.pdf">online</a>. Also see Mukherjee, <i>I <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198062509.001.0001/acprof-9780198062509">ndia in the Shadows of Empire: A Legal and Political History (1774-1950)</a></i> (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir Alfred Lyall, <i>Warren Hastings</i>, London: Macmillan and Co, 1920, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Earl of Birkenhead, <i>Famous Trials of History</i>, Garden City: Garden City Publishing Company, 1926, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Christenson, <i>Political Trials in History</i>, pp. 178–179, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-406-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-406-4">0-88738-406-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amdigital.co.uk-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amdigital.co.uk_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amdigital.co.uk_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amdigital.co.uk/about/blog/item/the-impeachment-of-warren-hastings,">'The captain-general of iniquity': The impeachment of Warren Hastings.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christie2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christie2000_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christie2000_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Christie2000" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Christie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-wOz1kFCdMC&pg=PA10"><i>The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4725-1"><bdi>978-0-7190-4725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Country+House+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4725-1&rft.au=Christopher+Christie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-wOz1kFCdMC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Park Lane", <i>Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings) (1980)</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42151#s29">pp. 264–289</a>, accessed 15 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIFA9lbJOIYC"><i>Letters from Simkin the Second to his dear brother in Wales, for the year 1790; giving a full and circumstantial account of all the most material points during the trial of Warren Hastings</i></a>. John Stockdale. 1790.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Simkin+the+Second+to+his+dear+brother+in+Wales%2C+for+the+year+1790%3B+giving+a+full+and+circumstantial+account+of+all+the+most+material+points+during+the+trial+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.pub=John+Stockdale&rft.date=1790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSIFA9lbJOIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Broome1791" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Broome (1791). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofsimkins00brooiala"><i>The letters of Simkin the second: poetic recorder of all the proceedings</i></a>. J. Stockdale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+letters+of+Simkin+the+second%3A+poetic+recorder+of+all+the+proceedings&rft.pub=J.+Stockdale&rft.date=1791&rft.au=Ralph+Broome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofsimkins00brooiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Broome1790" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Broome (1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elucidationofart00broo"><i>An Elucidation of the Articles of Impeachment Preferred by the Last Parliament Against Warren Hastings, Late Governor General of Bengal</i></a>. Stockdale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Elucidation+of+the+Articles+of+Impeachment+Preferred+by+the+Last+Parliament+Against+Warren+Hastings%2C+Late+Governor+General+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Stockdale&rft.date=1790&rft.au=Ralph+Broome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felucidationofart00broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame d'Arblay) I. 1791–1792</i>, p. 115 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://austenised.blogspot.com/2011/07/jane-austens-colonial-connections.html">Jane Austen's colonial connections.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. M. Gilbert, ed., <i>Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century</i>, Edinburgh, 1901, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo==%27EC%2F1801%2F14%27&dsqCmd=Show.tcl">"Fellows details"</a>. Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+details&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.royalsociety.org%2FDServe.exe%3FdsqIni%3DDserve.ini%26dsqApp%3DArchive%26dsqDb%3DCatalog%26dsqSearch%3DRefNo%3D%3D%2527EC%252F1801%252F14%2527%26dsqCmd%3DShow.tcl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavatgeetaor00humbgoog/page/n17/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Bhagavat-Geeta, Or, Dialogues of Krishna and Arjoon in Eighteen Lectures"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavat-Geeta%2C+Or%2C+Dialogues+of+Krishna+and+Arjoon+in+Eighteen+Lectures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavatgeetaor00humbgoog%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1997" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Bernard S (1997). <i>Colonialism and its forms of knowledge: The British in India</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564167-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564167-7"><bdi>978-0-19-564167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+its+forms+of+knowledge%3A+The+British+in+India&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564167-7&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aliah.ac.in/history-of-aliah-university">University History. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <i>India: A History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3797-0"><bdi>0-8021-3797-0</bdi></a>. <q>Not the least of Warren Hastings' achievements had been the foundation in 1784 of the Bengal Asiatic Society which, under the presidency of [Sir William] Jones, became a veritable clearing-house for intellectual data about India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8021-3797-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (1991). <i>The Honourable Company</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gita-Garrett-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gita-Garrett_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrettWilhelm1849" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, John; Wilhelm, Humboldt, eds. (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavatgeetaor00humbgoog"><i>The Bhagavat-Geeta, Or, Dialogues of Krishna and Arjoon in Eighteen Lectures</i></a>. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavat-Geeta%2C+Or%2C+Dialogues+of+Krishna+and+Arjoon+in+Eighteen+Lectures&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Mission+Press&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavatgeetaor00humbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTessa_Harris2016" class="citation book cs1">Tessa Harris (23 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZCmCQAAQBAJ&q=secrets+in+the+stones++warren+hastings&pg=PA336"><i>Secrets in the Stones</i></a>. Kensington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7582-9342-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7582-9342-8"><bdi>978-0-7582-9342-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+in+the+Stones&rft.pub=Kensington+Books&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7582-9342-8&rft.au=Tessa+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZCmCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsecrets%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bstones%2B%2Bwarren%2Bhastings%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span> excerpt from Secrets in the Stones, Postscript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelden2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Shelden, Michael</a> (7 September 2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4728689/Cousin-Eliza-the-incurable-flirt-who-inspired-Jane-Austen.html">"Cousin Eliza, the incurable flirt who inspired Jane Austen"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4728689/Cousin-Eliza-the-incurable-flirt-who-inspired-Jane-Austen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cousin+Eliza%2C+the+incurable+flirt+who+inspired+Jane+Austen&rft.date=2002-09-07&rft.aulast=Shelden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2F4728689%2FCousin-Eliza-the-incurable-flirt-who-inspired-Jane-Austen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Linda Robinson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jasna.org/persuasions/on-line/vol34no1/walker.html">"Jane Austen, the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and Colonel Brandon's Forcible Circumcision: A Rereading of <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>"</a>. <i>Persuasions On-Line</i>. <b>34</b> (1). Jane Austen Society of North America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persuasions+On-Line&rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%2C+the+Second+Anglo-Mysore+War%2C+and+Colonel+Brandon%27s+Forcible+Circumcision%3A+A+Rereading+of+Sense+and+Sensibility&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Linda+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjasna.org%2Fpersuasions%2Fon-line%2Fvol34no1%2Fwalker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (2019). <i>The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire</i>. Blooomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4"><bdi>978-1-63557-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchy%3A+The+East+India+Company%2C+Corporate+Violence%2C+and+the+Pillage+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Blooomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-395-4&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Anarchy-Company-Corporate-Violence-Pillage-ebook/dp/B07W952J1F/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Alfred Mervyn Davies, <i>Strange destiny: a biography of Warren Hastings</i> (1935)</li> <li>Suresh Chandra Ghosh, <i>The Social Condition of the British Community in Bengal: 1757–1800</i> (Brill, 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Feiling" title="Keith Feiling">Keith Feiling</a>, <i>Warren Hastings</i> (1954)</li> <li>Philip Lawson, <i>The East India Company: A History</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">P. J. Marshall</a>, <i>The Impeachment of Warren Hastings</i> (1965)</li> <li>P. J. Marshall, "Hastings, Warren (1732–1818)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, Oct 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12587,">accessed 11 Nov 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Penderel Moon</a>, <i>Warren Hastings and British India</i> (Macmillan, 1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.50196">online</a></li> <li>Patrick Turnbull, <i>Warren Hastings</i>. (New English Library, 1975)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounghusband1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Younghusband" title="Francis Younghusband">Younghusband, Francis</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich"><i>India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Tibet%3A+a+history+of+the+relations+which+have+subsisted+between+the+two+countries+from+the+time+of+Warren+Hastings+to+1910%3B+with+a+particular+account+of+the+mission+to+Lhasa+of+1904&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Younghusband&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiatibethistor00younrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>G. W. Forrest, ed., <i>Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India: Warren Hastings</i> (2 vols.), <a href="/wiki/Blackwell%27s" title="Blackwell's">Blackwell's</a>, Oxford (1910)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_George_Forrest1892" class="citation book cs1">Sir George Forrest (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbBJAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Administration of Warren Hastings, 1772-1785</i></a>. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Print.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+Warren+Hastings%2C+1772-1785&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Superintendent+of+Government+Print&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Sir+George+Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbBJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Hastings1782" class="citation book cs1">Warren Hastings (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51ZKAAAAYAAJ"><i>A Narrative of the Insurrection which Happened in the Zemeedary of Banaris in August 1781</i></a>. Calcutta: The Governor General.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+the+Insurrection+which+Happened+in+the+Zemeedary+of+Banaris+in+August+1781&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Governor+General&rft.date=1782&rft.au=Warren+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51ZKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Hastings1782" class="citation book cs1">Warren Hastings (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeoflatet00hastiala"><i>A Narrative of the Late Transactions at Benares</i></a>. London: J. Debrett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+the+Late+Transactions+at+Benares&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Debrett&rft.date=1782&rft.au=Warren+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeoflatet00hastiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Hastings1786" class="citation book cs1">Warren Hastings (1786). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsrelative00hastgoog"><i>Memoirs Relative to the State of India</i></a>. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+Relative+to+the+State+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1786&rft.au=Warren+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsrelative00hastgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Gleig1841" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Gleig (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufA5AAAAcAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Life of Warren Hastings</i></a>. Vol. I. London: Rich. Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rich.+Bentley&rft.date=1841&rft.au=G.+R.+Gleig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufA5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Gleig1841" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Gleig (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vA5AAAAcAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Life of Warren Hastings</i></a>. Vol. II. London: Rich. Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rich.+Bentley&rft.date=1841&rft.au=G.+R.+Gleig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vA5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._R._Gleig1841" class="citation book cs1">G. R. Gleig (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPE5AAAAcAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Life of Warren Hastings</i></a>. Vol. III. London: Rich. Bentley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+Warren+Hastings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rich.+Bentley&rft.date=1841&rft.au=G.+R.+Gleig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPE5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel_James_Trotter1892" class="citation book cs1">Lionel James Trotter (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warrenhasting00trotrich"><i>Warren Hastings</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warren+Hastings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Lionel+James+Trotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarrenhasting00trotrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Charles_Lawson1895" class="citation book cs1">Sir Charles Lawson (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66014"><i>The Private Life of Warren Hastings: First Governor-General of India</i></a>. London: S. Sonnenschein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Warren+Hastings%3A+First+Governor-General+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S.+Sonnenschein&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Sir+Charles+Lawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.66014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Charles_Lawson1897" class="citation book cs1">Sir Charles Lawson (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFigAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Private Life of Warren Hastings: press reviews</i></a>. Madras: Madras Mail Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Warren+Hastings%3A+press+reviews&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Madras+Mail+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Sir+Charles+Lawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFigAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren_Hastings1905" class="citation book cs1">Warren Hastings (1905). <a href="/wiki/Sydney_C._Grier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney C. Grier">Sydney C. Grier</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterswarrenha00griegoog"><i>The Letters of Warren Hastings to His Wife</i></a>. London: W. Blackwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Warren+Hastings+to+His+Wife&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Blackwood&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Warren+Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterswarrenha00griegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarren+Hastings" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Warren_Hastings" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_hastings_1841.html">"Warren Hastings" an essay by Thomas Babington Macaulay (October 1841)</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/28046">Warren Hastings</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (within <a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Historical_Essays_(Macaulay)" title="Critical and Historical Essays (Macaulay)">Critical and Historical Essays (Macaulay)</a>)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Warren+Hastings&author=Macaulay&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Warren Hastings</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007254">Newspaper clippings about Warren Hastings</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> </b><br />1773–1785 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Macpherson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet">John Macpherson</a>, <i>acting</i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kolkata topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kolkata_topics372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_of_Calcutta" title="Black Hole of Calcutta">Black Hole of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Bhurshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_flag" title="Calcutta flag">Calcutta flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihi_Panchannagram" title="Dihi Panchannagram">Dihi Panchannagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindapur,_Kolkata" title="Gobindapur, Kolkata">Gobindapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kolkata" title="History of Kolkata">History of Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Charnock" title="Job Charnock">Job Charnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat%E2%80%93Falta_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalighat–Falta Railway">Kalighat–Falta Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikata" title="Kalikata">Kalikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Roy_Choudhury" title="Sabarna Roy Choudhury">Sabarna Roy Choudhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Siege of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutanuti" title="Sutanuti">Sutanuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Archaeological_Museum" title="State Archaeological Museum">State Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warren Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah" title="Battle of Chinsurah">Battle of Biderra/Chinsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabakrishna_Deb" title="Nabakrishna Deb">Nabakrishna Deb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_region" title="Kolkata metropolitan region">Kolkata metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" title="Template:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">Neighbourhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Streets_of_Kolkata" title="Template:Streets of Kolkata">Streets (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Estate" title="Belvedere Estate">Belvedere Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Museum, Kolkata">Indian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Building" title="Currency Building">Currency Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankshall_Court" title="Bankshall Court">Bankshall Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Palace_(Kolkata)" title="Marble Palace (Kolkata)">Marble Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_India" title="National Library of India">National Library of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Bhawan" title="Netaji Bhawan">Netaji Bhawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Raj Bhavan, Kolkata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarna_Sangrahashala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarna Sangrahashala">Sabarna Sangrahashala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Minar,_Kolkata" title="Shaheed Minar, Kolkata">Shaheed Minar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe_Hall" title="Metcalfe Hall">Metcalfe Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">Writers' Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Building_(Kolkata)" title="Metropolitan Building (Kolkata)">Metropolitan Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Kolkata)" title="Grand Hotel (Kolkata)">Grand Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar_Rajbari" title="Shobhabazar Rajbari">Shobhabazar Rajbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Mansions,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata">Esplanade Mansions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">High<br />rises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chatterjee_International_Center" title="Chatterjee International Center">Chatterjee International Center</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_City" title="South City">South City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tata_Centre" title="Tata Centre">Tata Centre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Industry_House_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry House (Kolkata)">Industry House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Everest_House_(Kolkata)" title="Everest House (Kolkata)">Everest House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeevan_Sudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeevan Sudha">Jeevan Sudha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Building" title="Government of India Building">Government of India Building</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hiland_Park,_Kolkata" title="Hiland Park, Kolkata">Hiland Park</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_42_(Kolkata)" title="The 42 (Kolkata)">The 42</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbana, Kolkata">Urbana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uniworld_City" title="Uniworld City">Uniworld City</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kolkata" title="Education in Kolkata">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_College_(Kolkata)" title="Armenian College (Kolkata)">Armenian College and Philanthropic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Road_Government_Sponsored_H._S._School" title="B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School">B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Boys%27_School" title="Calcutta Boys' School">Calcutta Boys' School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Girls%27_High_School" title="Calcutta Girls' High School">Calcutta Girls' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Bosco_School,_Park_Circus" title="Don Bosco School, Park Circus">Don Bosco School, Park Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_School" title="Hare School">Hare School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendriya_Vidyalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendriya Vidyalaya">Kendriya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Calcutta">La Martiniere Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Schools,_Kolkata" title="Loreto Schools, Kolkata">Loreto Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagore_Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_High_School" title="Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School">Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vidyalaya,_Narendrapur" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur">Ramakrishna, Narendrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_Collegiate_School" title="Scottish Church Collegiate School">Scottish Church Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Point_School" title="South Point School">South Point School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Collegiate_School" title="St. Xavier's Collegiate School">St. Xavier's Collegiate School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27_School_(Kolkata)" title="St. James' School (Kolkata)">St. James' School (Kolkata)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliah_University" title="Aliah University">Aliah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asutosh_College" title="Asutosh College">Asutosh College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Engineering_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Engineering and Research Institute">Marine Engineering and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering_and_Ceramic_Technology" title="Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology">Government College of Engineering and Ceramic Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Art_%26_Craft" title="Government College of Art & Craft">Government College of Art & Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_National_Medical_College" title="Calcutta National Medical College">Calcutta National Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur">Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">IIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Kolkata" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata">IISER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Social_Welfare_and_Business_Management" title="Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management">Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_College" title="Maulana Azad College">Maulana Azad College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_Institute_of_Asian_Studies" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Open_University" title="Netaji Subhas Open University">Netaji Subhas Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Research_in_Bacterial_Infections" title="National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections">National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Bharati_University" title="Rabindra Bharati University">Rabindra Bharati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine">School of Tropical Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_College,_Kolkata" title="St. Xavier's College, Kolkata">St. Xavier's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="West Bengal University of Health Sciences">West Bengal University of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_School_of_Music" title="Calcutta School of Music">Calcutta School of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula_Institute_of_Technology" title="Narula Institute of Technology">Narula Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute">Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivek_Tirtha" title="Vivek Tirtha">Vivek Tirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and<br /><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kolkata" title="Economy of Kolkata">economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABP_Group" title="ABP Group">ABP Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Bank" title="Allahabad Bank">Allahabad Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMRI_Hospitals" title="AMRI Hospitals">AMRI Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yule_and_Company" title="Andrew Yule and Company">Andrew Yule and Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Group" title="Baidyanath Group">Baidyanath Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_Lawrie" title="Balmer Lawrie">Balmer Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanagar" title="Batanagar">Batanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Chemicals_and_Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals">Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berger_Paints" title="Berger Paints">Berger Paints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhari_Udyog_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam">Bharat Bhari Udyog Nigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biecco_Lawrie" title="Biecco Lawrie">Biecco Lawrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Jute_and_Export" title="Birds Jute and Export">Birds Jute and Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Corporation" title="Birla Corporation">Birla Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite_%26_Co." title="Braithwaite & Co.">Braithwaite & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braithwaite,_Burn_%26_Jessop_Construction_Company" title="Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company">Braithwaite, Burn & Jessop Construction Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_and_Roof_Company_(India)" title="Bridge and Roof Company (India)">Bridge and Roof Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Industries" title="Britannia Industries">Britannia Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn & Company">Burn & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnpur" title="Burnpur">Burnpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_Standard_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn Standard Company">Burn Standard Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESC_Limited" title="CESC Limited">Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(adhesive)#Production_Company" title="Dendrite (adhesive)">Chandras' Chemical Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_India" title="Coal India">Coal India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emami" title="Emami">Emami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exide_Industries" title="Exide Industries">Exide Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Reach_Shipbuilders_%26_Engineers" title="Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers">Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GKB_Opticals" title="GKB Opticals">GKB Opticals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Kolkata" title="Hawkers in Kolkata">Hawkers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Motor">Hind Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Ambassador" title="Hindustan Ambassador">Hindustan Ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IISCO_Steel_Plant" title="IISCO Steel Plant">IISCO Steel Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint,_Kolkata" title="India Government Mint, Kolkata">India Government Mint, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Limited" title="ITC Limited">ITC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Balaji_group" title="Jai Balaji group">Jai Balaji group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessop_%26_Company" title="Jessop & Company">Jessop & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata Port Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexulous" title="Lexulous">Lexulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtex" title="Limtex">Limtex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lux_Industries" title="Lux Industries">Lux Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma_Fincorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Magma Fincorp">Magma Fincorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Insurance_Company" title="National Insurance Company">National Insurance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Group" title="Peerless Group">Peerless Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saregama" title="Saregama">Saregama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclairs_Hotels_Limited" title="Sinclairs Hotels Limited">Sinclairs Hotels Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Global_Beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Global Beverages">Tata Global Beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Park_Hotels" title="The Park Hotels">The Park Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCO_Bank" title="UCO Bank">UCO Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Bank_of_India" title="United Bank of India">United Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISA_Steel" title="VISA Steel">VISA Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kolkata" title="Transport in Kolkata">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Tramways_Company" title="Calcutta Tramways Company">Calcutta Tramways Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Calcutta State Transport Corporation">Calcutta State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Expressway" title="Kalyani Expressway">Kalyani Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System">Kolkata Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Transport_Corporation" title="West Bengal Transport Corporation">West Bengal Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bengal_State_Transport_Corporation" title="South Bengal State Transport Corporation">South Bengal State Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belghoria_Expressway" title="Belghoria Expressway">Belghoria Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_Setu" title="Vidyasagar Setu">Vidyasagar Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Setu" title="Vivekananda Setu">Vivekananda Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivedita_Setu" title="Nivedita Setu">Nivedita Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw#India" title="Pulled rickshaw">Hand-pulled rickshaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metro" title="Kolkata Metro">Kolkata Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway" title="Kolkata Suburban Railway">Kolkata Suburban Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_zone" title="Eastern Railway zone">Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_zone" title="South Eastern Railway zone">South Eastern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kolkata" title="Trams in Kolkata">Trams in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Light_Rail_Transit" title="Kolkata Light Rail Transit">Kolkata LRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_railway_station" title="Howrah railway station">Howrah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_railway_station" title="Kolkata railway station">Kolkata railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station" title="Sealdah railway station">Sealdah railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_railway_station" title="Shalimar railway station">Shalimar railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Monorail" title="Kolkata Monorail">Kolkata Monorail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" title="Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose_International_Airport" title="Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of airports in the Kolkata metropolitan area">List of airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Rainbow_Pride_Walk" title="Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk">Kolkata Rainbow Pride Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Youth_Choir" title="Calcutta Youth Choir">Calcutta Youth Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Street_Coffee_House" title="College Street Coffee House">Coffee House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkin" title="Dwarkin">Dwarkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Kolkata" title="Festivals in Kolkata">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_International_Film_Festival" title="Kolkata International Film Festival">Kolkata International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Lane_Music_Conference" title="Dover Lane Music Conference">Dover Lane Music Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_in_the_media" title="Kolkata in the media">Kolkata in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandan_(Kolkata)" title="Nandan (Kolkata)">Nandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priya_Cinema_(Kolkata)" title="Priya Cinema (Kolkata)">Priya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byomkesh_Bakshi" title="Byomkesh Bakshi">Byomkesh Bakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanada" title="Ghanada">Ghanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenida" title="Tenida">Tenida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Tollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adda_(South_Asian)" title="Adda (South Asian)">Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Tirtha" title="Rabindra Tirtha">Rabindra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Tirtha" title="Nazrul Tirtha">Nazrul Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishti_Hub" title="Mishti Hub">Mishti Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_India" title="Football in India">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic enclaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Barracks" title="Bow Barracks">Bow Barracks</a> (Anglo-Indian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Kolkata">Chinatown, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangra,_Kolkata" title="Tangra, Kolkata">Tangra, Kolkata</a> (Chinese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Street" title="Zakaria Street">Zakaria Street</a> (Bihari Muslim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata#Armenian" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Armani-para</a> (Armenian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of<br />worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Mandir,_Kolkata" title="Birla Mandir, Kolkata">Birla Mandir, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kripamayee_Kali_Temple" title="Kripamayee Kali Temple">Kripamayee Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranagar_Math" title="Baranagar Math">Baranagar Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alambazar_Math" title="Alambazar Math">Alambazar Math</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="Holy Rosary Cathedral, Kolkata">Holy Rosary Cathedral (Portuguese Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Kolkata" title="St. John's Church, Kolkata">St. John's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Jain_Temple" title="Calcutta Jain Temple">Parasnath Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhoda_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhoda Masjid">Nakhoda Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temples_in_Kolkata" title="Chinese temples in Kolkata">Chinese temples in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Synagogue_(Kolkata)" title="Magen David Synagogue (Kolkata)">Magen David Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATK_(football_club)" title="ATK (football club)">ATK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat_Stadium" title="Barasat Stadium">Barasat Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.C._Roy_Trophy" title="B.C. Roy Trophy">B.C. Roy Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beighton_Cup" title="Beighton Cup">Beighton Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanipore_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhawanipore FC">Bhawanipore FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Polo_Club" title="Calcutta Polo Club">Calcutta Polo Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_South_Club" title="Calcutta South Club">Calcutta South Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Cricket_League#Teams" title="Celebrity Cricket League">Bengal Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_AC" title="Dalhousie AC">Dalhousie AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_FC" title="East Bengal FC">East Bengal FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal_Ground" title="East Bengal Ground">East Bengal Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railway_FC" title="Eastern Railway FC">Eastern Railway FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Football_Association" title="Indian Football Association">Indian Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFA_Shield" title="IFA Shield">IFA Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Milan_Sangha_FC" title="Kalighat Milan Sangha FC">Kalighat Milan Sangha FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Bharati_Krirangan" title="Kishore Bharati Krirangan">Kishore Bharati Krirangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata derby">Kolkata derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police_Friendship_Cup_Football_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament">Kolkata Police Friendship Cup Football Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Vipers" title="Kolkata Vipers">Kolkata Vipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_SC_(Kolkata)" title="Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Ground" title="Mohammedan Sporting Ground">Mohammedan Sporting Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Super_Giant" title="Mohun Bagan Super Giant">Mohun Bagan Super Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Ground" title="Mohun Bagan Ground">Mohun Bagan Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Arrows" title="Indian Arrows">Indian Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_SC" title="United SC">United SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar_Stadium" title="Rabindra Sarobar Stadium">Rabindra Sarobar Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunfeast_Open" title="Sunfeast Open">Sunfeast Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Samity" title="Southern Samity">Southern Samity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subroto_Cup" title="Subroto Cup">Subroto Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_FC" title="Aryan FC">Aryan FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Agragami_FC" title="Tollygunge Agragami FC">Tollygunge Agragami FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_football_team" title="West Bengal football team">West Bengal football team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adwaita" title="Adwaita">Adwaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoological_Garden,_Alipore" title="Zoological Garden, Alipore">Zoological Garden, Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Club">Bengal Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Club" title="Calcutta Club">Calcutta Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Rowing_Club" title="Calcutta Rowing Club">Calcutta Rowing Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Forensic_Science_Laboratory" title="Central Forensic Science Laboratory">Central Forensic Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese of Calcutta">Chinese of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_phase_of_printing_in_Calcutta" title="Early phase of printing in Calcutta">Early phase of printing in Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kolkata_constituencies" title="Template:Kolkata constituencies">Electoral constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kolkata" title="List of people from Kolkata">List of people from Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Jagadish_Chandra_Bose_Indian_Botanic_Garden" title="Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden">Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club,_Kolkata" title="Princeton Club, Kolkata">Princeton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sarobar" title="Rabindra Sarobar">Rabindra Sarobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Golf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Golf Club">Royal Calcutta Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonagachi" title="Sonagachi">Sonagachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park_Street_Cemetery" title="South Park Street Cemetery">South Park Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Club" title="Tollygunge Club">Tollygunge Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_tank" title="Tala tank">Tala tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Kolkata" title="Category:Kolkata">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333994#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081082597">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29571391">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/153371/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRxhhYg36DtYFpHRDcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118709011">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84108880">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121499870">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121499870">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00795035">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hastings, Warren <1732-1818>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V460750">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35178027">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=hka2010587329&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070537321">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90157016">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660531705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/141150">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262466405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14119217">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00651891?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500033781">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118709011">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/853395">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118709011.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118709011">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029991501">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qp6xz7">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65q4wwj">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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