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title="Vidéo cliquable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéo cliquable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipervideo" title="Ipervideo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ipervideo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Гипервидео – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипервидео" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hypervideo</b>, or <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, is a displayed video stream that contains embedded, interactive anchors,<sup id="cite_ref-tr02017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr02017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing navigation between video and other <a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">hypermedia</a> elements. Hypervideo is similar to <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a>, which allows a reader to click on a word in one document and retrieve information from another document, or another place in the same document. Hypervideo combines video with a non-linear information structure, allowing a user to make choices based on the content of the video and the user's interests. </p><p>A crucial difference between hypervideo and hypertext is the element of time. Text is normally static, while a video is dynamic; the content of the video changes with time. Consequently, hypervideo has different technical, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> requirements than a static hypertext page. For example, hypervideo might involve the creation of a link from an object in a video that is visible for only a certain duration. It is therefore necessary to segment the video appropriately and add the <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> required to link from frames—or even objects—in a video to the pertinent information in other media forms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kinoautomat" title="Kinoautomat">Kinoautomat</a></b></i> (1967) was advertised as the world's first <a href="/wiki/Interactive_cinema" title="Interactive cinema">interactive movie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern hypervideo systems implement some of core concepts of this movie such as nonlinear narrative and interactivity. </p><p>Video-to-video linking was demonstrated by the Interactive Cinema Group at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>. <i>Elastic Charles</i><sup id="cite_ref-Elastic_Charles_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elastic_Charles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a hypermedia journal developed between 1988 and 1989, in which annotations, called "micons", were placed inside a video, indicating links to other content. When implementing the Interactive <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon-Tiki">Kon-Tiki</a> Museum,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Listol used micons to represent video footnotes. Video footnotes were a deliberate extension of the literary footnote applied to annotating video, thereby providing continuity between traditional text and early hypervideo.<sup id="cite_ref-cpsc610_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpsc610-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Hirata et al.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered media-based navigation for hypermedia systems, where the same type of media is used as a query as for the media to be retrieved. For example, a part of an image (defined by shape, or color, for example) could link to a related image. In this approach, the content of the video becomes the basis of forming the links to other related content. </p><p><i>HotVideo</i> was an implementation of this kind of hypervideo, developed at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s China Research Laboratory in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_367_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_367-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navigation to associated resources was accomplished by clicking on a dynamic object in a video. In 1997, a project of the MIT Media Lab's <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab_Object-Based_Media" title="MIT Media Lab Object-Based Media">Object-Based Media Group</a> called <i>HyperSoap</i> further developed this concept. It was a short <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> program in which a viewer could click with an enhanced remote control on objects in the video to find information on how they could be purchased. The company Watchpoint Media was formed to commercialize the technology involved, resulting in a product called <i>Storyteller</i> oriented towards <a href="/wiki/Interactive_television" title="Interactive television">interactive television</a>. </p><p>Illustrating the progression to hypervideo from hypertext, <i>Storyspace</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hypertext writing environment, employs a spatial metaphor for displaying links. It utilizes 'writing spaces', generic containers for content, which link to other writing spaces. in 1996 <i>HyperCafe</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-hypercafe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hypercafe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a popular experimental prototype of hypervideo, made use of this tool to create "narrative video spaces". It was developed as an early model of a hypervideo system, placing users in a virtual cafe where the user dynamically interacts with the video to follow different conversations. </p><p>In 1997, the Israeli software firm Ephyx Technologies released a product called <i>v-active</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hershman_(1997)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hershman_(1997)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first commercial object-based authoring systems for hypervideo. This technology was not a success though: Ephyx changed its name to Veon in 1999, at which time it shifted focus away from hypervideo to the provision of development tools for <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-Computergram_(1998)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computergram_(1998)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eline Technologies, founded in 1999, developed a hypervideo solution called VideoClix<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that supports support <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> formats and has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a Service</a> solution to distribute and monetize clickable video on the web and mobile devices on <a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platforms</a> such as Brightcove, ThePlatform, and Ooyala.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_Use">Mainstream Use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mainstream Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first steps in hypervideo were taken in the late 1980s. Many experiments (<i>HyperCafe</i>, <i>HyperSoap</i>) have not been extensively explored further, and authoring tools are currently only available from a small number of providers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Smith et al. wrote in 2002 "Digital libraries are growing in popularity and scope, and video is an important component of such archives. All major news services have vast video archives, valuable footage that would be of use in education, historical research, even entertainment"<sup id="cite_ref-tr02017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr02017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct searching of pictures or videos, a much harder task than indexing and searching text, could be greatly improved by hypervideo methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_technical_challenges">Concepts and technical challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Concepts and technical challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hypervideo is challenging, compared to hyperlinked text, due to the unique difficulty video presents in node segmentation; that is, separating a video into <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmically</a> identifiable, linkable content. </p><p>Videos, fundamentally, are a sequence of images displaying information. In order to segment a video into meaningful pieces (objects in images, or scenes within videos), it is necessary to provide a context, both in space and time, to extract meaningful elements from this image sequence. Humans are naturally able to perform this task, but it's desirable to do so algorithmically. Developing a method to achieve this, however, is a complex problem. At an <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> frame rate of 30 frames per second,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even a short video of 30 seconds comprises 900 frames. The identification of distinct video elements would be tedious if human intervention were required for every frame. For moderate amounts of video material, manual segmentation is clearly unrealistic. </p><p>From the standpoint of time, the smallest unit of a video is a single frame.<sup id="cite_ref-cpsc610_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpsc610-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Node segmentation could be performed at the frame level—a straightforward task as a frame is easily identifiable. However, a single frame cannot contain video information, since videos are necessarily dynamic. Analogously, a single word separated from a text does not convey meaning. Thus, it is necessary to consider the scene, which is the next level of temporal organization. A scene can be defined as the minimum sequential set of frames that conveys meaning. This is an important concept for hypervideo, as one might wish a hypervideo link to be active throughout one scene, though not in the next. Scene granularity is therefore natural in the creation of hypervideo. Consequently, hypervideo requires algorithms capable of detecting scene transitions. One can imagine coarser levels of temporal organization: scenes can be grouped together to form a narrative sequence, which in turn are grouped to form a video. From the point of view of node segmentation, however, these concepts are not as critical. </p><p>Even if the frame is the smallest time unit, one can still spatially segment a video at a sub-frame level, separating the frame image into its constituent objects. This is necessary when performing node segmentation at the object level. Time introduces complexity in this case also, for even after an object is differentiated in one frame, it is usually necessary to follow the same object through a sequence of frames. This process, known as object tracking, is essential to the creation of links from objects in videos. Spatial segmentation of object can be achieved, for example, through the use of intensity gradients to detect edges, color histograms to match regions,<sup id="cite_ref-tr02017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr02017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> motion detection,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a combination of these and other methods. </p><p>Once the required nodes have been segmented and combined with the associated linking information, this metadata must be incorporated with the original video for playback. The metadata is placed conceptually in layers, or tracks, on top of the video; this layered structure is then presented to the user for viewing and interaction. Thus, the display technology and the hypervideo player, should not be neglected when creating hypervideo content. For example, efficiency can be gained by storing the geometry of areas associated with tracked objects only in certain keyframes, and allowing the player to interpolate between these keyframes, as developed for <i>HotVideo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the creators of <i>VideoClix</i> emphasize the fact that its content plays back on standard players, such as Quicktime and Flash.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary">Commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>User replies to video content, traditionally in the form of text or image links which are not embedded into the playback sequence of the video, have been allowed through such video hosting services as <a href="/wiki/Viddler" title="Viddler">Viddler</a> to become embedded both within the imagery of the video and within portions of the playback (via selected time lengths inside the <a href="/wiki/Progress_slider" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress slider">progress slider</a> element); this feature has become known as "video comments" or "audio comments". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_video" title="Interactive video">Interactive video</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tr02017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tr02017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tr02017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tr02017_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=From+hypertext+to+hypervideo&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ftechnology-quarterly%2F2006%2F09%2F23%2Ffrom-hypertext-to-hypervideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHypervideo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/tbuehler/video/ntsc.html">NTSC Basics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205122012/http://people.csail.mit.edu/tbuehler/video/ntsc.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Khan, Sohaib and Shah, Mubarak, Object Based Segmentation of Video Using Color, Motion and Spatial Information, Computer Vision Laboratory, University of Central Florida</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Patent 6912726</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypervideo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_SJDQTGG">From hypertext to hypervideo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/~l0f0954/academic/cpsc610/p-1.htm">A Picture of Hypervideo Today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083315/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6462754.html">U.S. Patent 6462754</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313151456/http://rockfish.cs.unc.edu/pubs/TR02-017.pdf">Technical Report TR02-017 UNC Chapel Hill</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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poetry">Digital poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hypertext" title="History of hypertext">History of hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive novel">Interactive novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Timeline of hypertext technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_hyperlinking_and_framing" title="Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing">Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Application_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain Application Protocol">Domain Application Protocol</a></li></ul> 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>4 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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