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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gaismas+lau%C5%A1ana" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gaismas+lau%C5%A1ana" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gaismas_laušanas_likums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaismas_laušanas_likums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gaismas laušanas likums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaismas_laušanas_likums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaismas_difūza_atstarošana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaismas_difūza_atstarošana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gaismas difūza atstarošana</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gaismas_difūza_atstarošana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Gaismas difūza atstarošana apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gaismas_difūza_atstarošana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaismas_staru_gaita_plakanparalēlā_plāksnē" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaismas_staru_gaita_plakanparalēlā_plāksnē"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gaismas staru gaita plakanparalēlā plāksnē</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaismas_staru_gaita_plakanparalēlā_plāksnē-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lēca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lēca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lēca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lēca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaismas_absorbcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaismas_absorbcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gaismas absorbcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaismas_absorbcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaismas laušana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 89 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligbreking" title="Ligbreking – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ligbreking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን ስብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="انكسار (فيزياء) – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انكسار (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraici%C3%B3n" title="Refraición – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Refraición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_s%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="İşığın sınması – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşığın sınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Праламленне – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праламленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peml%C3%A8ngsongan" title="Pemlèngsongan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pemlèngsongan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пречупване – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пречупване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3" title="Refracció – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refracció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_vln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Lom vlnění – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lom vlnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рефракци – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рефракци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plygiant" title="Plygiant – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plygiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διάθλαση – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakto" title="Refrakto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Refrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktsioon" title="Refraktsioon – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Refraktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errefrakzio" title="Errefrakzio – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errefrakzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="شکست (امواج) – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکست (امواج)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittuminen" title="Taittuminen – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taittuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction" title="Réfraction – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfraction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athraonadh" title="Athraonadh – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athraonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שבירה – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksyon" title="Refraksyon – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Refraksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s" title="Fénytörés – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénytörés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լույսի անդրադարձում – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույսի անդրադարձում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sbrot" title="Ljósbrot – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósbrot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazione" title="Rifrazione – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rifrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98" title="屈折 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屈折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksi" title="Refraksi – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Refraksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractio" title="Refractio – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Refractio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtrefraktioun" title="Liichtrefraktioun – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtrefraktioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazion" title="Rifrazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rifrazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ການຫັກລົບ – laosiešu" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຫັກລົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangos_l%C5%AB%C5%BEis" title="Bangos lūžis – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangos lūžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Прекршување (физика) – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прекршување (физика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അപവർത്തനം – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtbreking" title="Lichtbreking – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtbreking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksjon" title="Refraksjon – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbrytning" title="Lysbrytning – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysbrytning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraccion" title="Refraccion – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Refraccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabee_darbuu" title="Dabee darbuu – oromu" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dabee darbuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC)" title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼) – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakshion" title="Refrakshion – Nigērijas pidžinvaloda" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Refrakshion" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigērijas pidžinvaloda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcja" title="Refrakcja – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refrakcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrassion" title="Rifrassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rifrassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Refração – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrac%C8%9Bie" title="Refracție – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Refracție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Преломление – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преломление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лом світла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лом світла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – sanskrits" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazzioni" title="Rifrazzioni – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rifrazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje" title="Prelamanje – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelamanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්තනය – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_svetlobe" title="Lom svetlobe – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lom svetlobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupambuko_rweChiedza" title="Rupambuko rweChiedza – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupambuko rweChiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje_svetlosti" title="Prelamanje svetlosti – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelamanje svetlosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளி முறிவு – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వక్రీభవనం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్రీభవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB" title="การหักเห – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหักเห" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma_(fizik)" title="Kırılma (fizik) – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırılma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Заломлення – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заломлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%81" title="انعطاف – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انعطاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Refraksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Khúc xạ – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ברעכונג – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברעכונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiat-si%C4%81" title="Chiat-siā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiat-siā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q72277#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span class="hatnote noexcerpt">Šis raksts ir par gaismas laušanu. Par viļņu apliekšanos skatīt rakstu <a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija">Difrakcija</a>.</span></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Refraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/200px-Refraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/300px-Refraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/400px-Refraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Zīmulis izskatās salauzts, jo, gaismai pārejot no ūdens gaisā, mainās tās virziens</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gaismas laušana</b> jeb <b>refrakcija</b> ir parādība, kad <a href="/wiki/Gaisma" title="Gaisma">gaismai</a> pārejot no vienas vides citā vidē, kurā ir atšķirīgs gaismas izplatīšanās ātrums, tā maina gaismas staru izplatīšanās virzienu. Gaismai lūstot var novērot priekšmetu formu, novietojumu un izmēru izmaiņas. Gaismas atstarošana un gaismas laušana vienlaicīgi notiek, ja uz robežvirsmu starp divām caurspīdīgām vidēm krīt gaismas staru kūlis. Savukārt, viendabīgā vidē gaisma izplatās taisnā virzienā, bet ja tās ceļā ir šķēršļi, tad vietās, kur gaismas stari nenonāk, rodas <a href="/wiki/%C4%92na" title="Ēna">ēna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija">Astronomijā</a> par refrakciju dēvē gaismas stara noliekšanos, kas notiek, tam ejot cauri <a href="/wiki/Zemes_atmosf%C4%93ra" title="Zemes atmosfēra">Zemes atmosfērai</a>. Refrakcijas cēlonis ir Zemes atmosfēras nehomogenitāte. Refrakcijas dēļ visi redzamie debess spīdekļi ir nedaudz novirzīti uz <a href="/wiki/Zen%C4%ABts" title="Zenīts">zenīta</a> pusi no savas īstās atrašanās vietas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaismas_laušanas_likums"><span id="Gaismas_lau.C5.A1anas_likums"></span>Gaismas laušanas likums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Gaismas laušanas likums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Gaismas laušanas likums"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Pamatraksts: <a href="/wiki/Snelliusa_likums" title="Snelliusa likums">Snelliusa likums</a> </i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Snells_law-lv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Snells_law-lv.svg/220px-Snells_law-lv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Snells_law-lv.svg/330px-Snells_law-lv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Snells_law-lv.svg/440px-Snells_law-lv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Gaismas staru laušanas shēma</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaismas laušanas likums: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \alpha }{\sin \gamma }}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \alpha }{\sin \gamma }}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ae9d34a71c7c3e7134c11b926f24656f016eed2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.713ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \alpha }{\sin \gamma }}={\frac {v_{1}}{v_{2}}}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}},}"></span></dd></dl> <p>kur <span class="texhtml"><i>α</i></span> ir krišanas leņķis, <span class="texhtml"><i>γ</i></span> — laušanas leņķis, <span class="texhtml"><i>v</i></span> — gaismas ātrums attiecīgajā vidē, <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i></span> — gaismas laušanas koeficients attiecīgajā vidē. </p><p>Gaismai ir lielāks izplatīšanās ātrums optiski mazāk blīvā vidē. Gaismas krišanas leņķis ir lielāks kā gaismas laušanas leņķis, kad gaisma pāriet no optiski mazāk blīvas vides uz optiski blīvāku vidi. Savukārt, gaismas laušanas leņķis ir lielāks kā gaismas krišanas leņķis, kad gaisma pāriet no optiski blīvākas vides uz optiski mazāk blīvu vidi. Tātad, jo lielāks ir gaismas ātrums, jo gaismas laušanas koeficients, kas raksturo katru caurspīdīgu vielu, ir mazāks un gaismas stari mazāk lūst. </p><p>V. Snelliuss daudzu eksperimentu rezultātā 1660. gadā pierādīja, ka vienā plaknē atrodas krītošais stars, lauztais stars un arī perpendikuls, kas ir vilkts stara krišanas punktā pret robežvirsmu. Gaismas stars netiek lauzts, ja gaisma krīt perpendikulāri pret robežvirsmu starp divām caurspīdīgām vidēm. </p><p>Gaisma visātrāk izplatās <a href="/wiki/Vakuums" title="Vakuums">vakuumā</a>, bet pārējās caurspīdīgās vidēs gaisma izplatās ar mazākiem ātrumiem. Par optiski homogēnu vidi sauc tādu vidi, kuras visos punktos gaismas izplatīšanās ātrums ir vienāds. </p><p><b>Absolūtais gaismas laušanas koeficients</b> rāda, cik reizes gaismas ātrums konkrētā vidē ir mazāks nekā gaismas ātrums vakuumā. Vakuumā gaismas absolūtais laušanas koeficients ir 1. Gaismai pārejot no optiski blīvākas uz optiski mazāk blīvu vidi, krišanas leņķis ir mazāks nekā laušanas leņķis. Ja krišanas leņķis ir tik liels (šo leņķi sauc par krišanas robežleņķi), lai gaismas laušanas leņķis būtu 90<sup>0</sup>, tad lauztais stars neieiet otrajā vidē un lauztais stars slīd pa robežvirsmu starp abām vidēm. Savukārt, ja gaismas krišanas leņķis ir lielāks par gaismas krišanas robežleņķi, tad notiek process, ko sauc par pilnīgo gaismas atstarošanos, tas ir, gaisma pilnīgi atstarojas pirmajā vidē. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Glass_is_Liquide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/270px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/405px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Glass_is_Liquide.jpg/540px-Glass_is_Liquide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Gaismas laušana stiklā un šķidrumos</figcaption></figure> <p>Absolūtais gaismas laušanas koeficients (n) sarkanai gaismai: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Viela </th> <th>Laušanas koeficients </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimants" title="Dimants">Dimants</a> </td> <td>2,40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzintars" title="Dzintars">Dzintars</a> </td> <td>1,55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etilspirts" class="mw-redirect" title="Etilspirts">Etilspirts</a> </td> <td>1,36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rub%C4%ABns" title="Rubīns">Rubīns</a> </td> <td>1,76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">Ūdens</a> </td> <td>1,33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ledus" title="Ledus">Ledus</a> </td> <td>1,31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stikls" title="Stikls">Stikls</a> </td> <td>1,46 — 1,74 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaismas_difūza_atstarošana"><span id="Gaismas_dif.C5.ABza_atstaro.C5.A1ana"></span>Gaismas difūza atstarošana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Gaismas difūza atstarošana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Gaismas difūza atstarošana"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Par gaismas difūzu atstarošanu sauc parādību, kad gaismu atstarojošā virsma ir matēta, nevis spoguļgluda, un no tās gaisma atstarojas visos iespējamajos virzienos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaismas_staru_gaita_plakanparalēlā_plāksnē"><span id="Gaismas_staru_gaita_plakanparal.C4.93l.C4.81_pl.C4.81ksn.C4.93"></span>Gaismas staru gaita plakanparalēlā plāksnē</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Gaismas staru gaita plakanparalēlā plāksnē" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Gaismas staru gaita plakanparalēlā plāksnē"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Par plakanparalēlu plāksni sauc caurspīdīgu ķermeni, kuram divas pretējās virsmas ir paralēlas. Ja gaismas stars krīt uz plakanparalēlu plāksni, kuras abās pusēs ir vienāda vide, tas ir, vidē ir vienāds gaismas <a href="/wiki/Lau%C5%A1anas_koeficients" title="Laušanas koeficients">laušanas koeficients</a>, tad izejošais stars tiek nobīdīts no ieejošā stara par noteiktu attālumu, ko sauc par stara nobīdi. Stara nobīde ir atkarīga no gaismas laušanas koeficientiem, krišanas leņķa un plāksnes biezuma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lēca"><span id="L.C4.93ca"></span>Lēca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Lēca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Lēca"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/L%C4%93ca" title="Lēca"><b>Lēca</b></a> ir dzidrs caurspīdīgs ķermenis (visbiežāk stikla), kuru ierobežo divas liektas virsmas vai viena liekta un viena plakana virsma. </p><p>Par plānu lēcu sauc tādu lēcu, kuras biezums ir mazs, salīdzinot ar lēcas liekuma rādiusiem. </p><p>Lēcas optiskais centrs ir punkts, kas atrodas galvenās optiskās ass un lēcas vidējā šķēluma krustpunktā. </p><p>Par optisko blakusasi sauc <a href="/wiki/Taisne" title="Taisne">taisni</a>, kura novilkta caur lēcas optisko centru un veido leņķi ar galveno optisko asi. </p><p>Par lēcas galveno optisko asi sauc taisni, kura iet caur lēcu sfērisko virsmu centriem. </p><p><b>Izliekta lēca</b> ir lēca, kura gaismas starus sakopo, tāpēc to sauc arī par savācējlēcu. Ja uz izliektu lēcu, kura atrodas gaisā, krīt gaismas stari paralēli galvenajai optiskajai asij, tad, izejot no lēcas, šie stari saiet kopā vienā punktā, kuru sauc par lēcas galveno fokusu, uz galvenās optiskās ass. Savukārt, attālumu no lēcas līdz galvenajam fokusam, kurā krustojas gaismas stari, sauc par lēcas fokusa attālumu ( to parasti apzīmē ar burtu F). Fokusa attālums ir atkarīgs no lēcas virsmas izliekuma lieluma. Fokusa attālums ir lielāks, ja lēca ir mazāk izliekta. Lēcas optiskais stiprums ir lēcas fokusa attāluma apgrieztais lielums. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Savacejleca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/34/Savacejleca.png/300px-Savacejleca.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/34/Savacejleca.png/450px-Savacejleca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/34/Savacejleca.png/600px-Savacejleca.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Savācējlēca. F- lēcas galvenais fokuss.</figcaption></figure> <p>Viena dioptrija ir tāds lēcas optiskais stiprums, kuras fokusa attālums ir viens metrs. </p><p><b>Ieliekta lēca</b> ir tāda lēca, kura gaismas starus izkliedē un tāpēc to sauc par izkliedētājlēcu. Ieliekta lēca noliec gaismas starus nost no galvenās optiskās ass. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Izkliedetajleca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/c5/Izkliedetajleca.png/300px-Izkliedetajleca.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/c5/Izkliedetajleca.png/450px-Izkliedetajleca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/c5/Izkliedetajleca.png/600px-Izkliedetajleca.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption> Izkliedētājlēca. </figcaption></figure> <p>Izkliedētājlēcas optiskais stiprums ir negatīvs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tomass_Jangs" title="Tomass Jangs">Tomass Jangs</a> ir izskaidrojis acs akomodāciju ar acs lēcas liekuma maiņu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaismas_absorbcija">Gaismas absorbcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Gaismas absorbcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Gaismas absorbcija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daļēja <b>gaismas absorbcija</b> notiek gaismas staram ejot caur kādu vielu, jo notiek elektromagnētiskās enerģijas pārvēršanās <a href="/wiki/Siltums" title="Siltums">siltumā</a> un daudzos citos <a href="/wiki/Ener%C4%A3ija" title="Enerģija">enerģijas</a> veidos. Caurspīdīgas vielas vāji absorbē gaismu, savukārt, necaurspīdīgas vielas stipri absorbē gaismu. Vielas caurspīdību nosaka ņemot vērā gan vielas dabu, gan vielas slāņa biezumu. Gaismas intensitāte ir gaismas enerģijas plūsmas blīvums, kas ir enerģijas daudzums, ko 1 s pārnes gaisma caur 1 m<sup>2</sup>, kas ir perpendikulārs gaismas staram. Katrai vielai piemīt selektīva absorbcija, tas ir, absorbcijas koeficienta vērtība ir atkarīga no gaismas viļņa garuma. Piemēram, stikls laiž cauri redzamo gaismo, bet būtiski pavājina infrasarkano starojumu un gandrīz pilnīgi absorbē ultravioleto starojumu. Gaismas filtru darbības pamatā ir selektīvā absorbcija. Gaismas filtrs laiž cauri tikai konkrētas spektra daļas gaismas, bet absorbē visu pārējo starojumu. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Uniformity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/270px-Uniformity.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/405px-Uniformity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uniformity.jpg/540px-Uniformity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Gaismas laušana, tai izejot caur stiklu</figcaption></figure> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aizmetņa ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/40px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/53px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td><td><i>Šis ar <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fiziku</a> saistītais raksts ir <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Aizmetnis" title="Vikipēdija:Aizmetnis">nepilnīgs</a>. 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